Databases of trade and industrial enterprises in Russia. Central Federal District Plants Central Federal District

Financial responsibility centers (FRC) are an integral part of budget management, which involves the division of responsibilities within the enterprise.

Key Features

Key aspects:

• financial hierarchical structure, including the Central Federal District;
• budget structure that allows the preparation of reports and plans in relation to different central financial districts.

Budget management through the Central Federal District has the following distinctive features:

• transfer of tasks for individual indicators to different levels within the company, those who form this factor are appointed responsible;
• formation of plans and their implementation, working in a unified coordinate system of the enterprise;
• focus on financial performance;
• analysis of the results obtained taking into account the factors noted in the plan;
• identifying the correspondence of goals and obtained indicators.

Terminology

The financial responsibility centers of an enterprise are separate structural units within the organization. Their performance affects the economic efficiency of the company. The main task is responsibility for the correct preparation of financial plans and achievement of the stated results.

In addition to the CFA, CFA (financial accounting) plays an important role in the company’s activities. These units influence the economic performance of the company and are designed to keep track of what has been achieved. Cost center (cost center) is a unit that provokes a level of costs known in advance by the very fact that it exists. The central financial department is responsible for the cost center, and the central financial department carries out current accounting.

Financial structure

A typical cost center is a technological object. For its correct functioning, it is necessary to regularly invest in raw materials, materials and other expense items. From a management point of view, the expenses associated with the operation of a cost center are too small, therefore it is unacceptable to single out an object as an independent central financial district.

The financial hierarchical structure is a system that combines all the financial centers of the company. It determines what the subordination is in the organization and at what level of nesting a particular center is located. This logic of work allows you to achieve increased efficiency with integrated management of financial indicators.

Classification: indicators

The centers of financial responsibility of an enterprise can be classified in different ways - there are many theories that offer original approaches. Each of them has positive aspects and weaknesses. Finding a universal solution is not easy. Experts recommend paying attention primarily to the economic indicators for which the CFDs in question are responsible. A division based on this principle is equally suitable for all enterprises, regardless of their size, industry and scope.

The main economic indicators on the basis of which financial responsibility centers are identified in the budgeting system:

• profit in a given time period;
• costs for the same period;
• intermediate results (conventionally they can be designated as “marginal income”);
• investment indicators as a percentage of invested funds and profit received through them;
• indicators of profit received from all items of income, minus costs incurred during the same period.

Classification of the Central Federal District

Taking into account the previously described indicators, the financial responsibility centers of an organization can be divided into categories as follows:

• Responsible for costs (purchasing, production process, administrative department, commercial services).
• Income centers that form the direction of the enterprise.
• MRI (marginal income), responsible for a specific direction and the profit it brings to the enterprise. The composition necessarily includes a central budget, reflecting direct production expenses, and a central budget, showing the profitability of the direction. The CMD can be a separate structure or a combination of several points in the organizational business chain.
• CPU (profit) responsible for the positive balance after taking into account all costs. Typically, a CPU is an enterprise or a group of such and combines a central control center, a central control center, and a central management center (depending on the characteristics of the structure of a particular organization).
• CI (investment). These types of financial responsibility centers are engaged in investing; their functions include changing non-current assets. The main task of CI is operational efficiency in terms of invested funds. This is calculated based on the ROI coefficient. CI structure: several united CPUs, enterprise, holding, group of companies. Often CPU and CI are one and the same object. This situation is typical when considering an independent company that makes a profit and invests in some projects.

CZ: features and activities

When studying the indicators of financial responsibility centers, attention is first paid to costs directly related to the efficiency of using resources and the company’s activities in general.

Central Plants are units that are engaged in similar work. These can be divided into two groups:

• production;
• functional.

PCPs are intensive both in terms of material investments and labor costs. This includes all production departments. These elements do not directly participate in pricing, but they consume the company’s resources and accumulate expenses. PCP managers are responsible for costs: they know the planned level and monitor its compliance. The boss's main task is to minimize costs.

FZZ are responsible for general economic needs, costs associated with economic transactions, financial and legal transactions.

Financial structure of an enterprise: financial responsibility centers as an example

The construction of a central financial district begins with an analysis of the company’s organizational structure. For this:

• identify organizational units and form a list;
• build a hierarchy of subordination between links (start with the general director, end with the lower positions - individual performers);
• The links are numbered, taking into account nesting.

From the organizational structure and analysis of activities, one can draw correct conclusions about the direction of the company’s business. Next, the financial structure is formed. For this purpose, a directory is compiled, where each link is indicated and it is noted that it is characteristic: CD, CI, CP, CD. Some lines will have marks in several columns of belonging to centers, others will have only one column. The resulting matrix helps classify the links in the organizational chain.

For example, for our conditional company this will give the following result:

• CI: company.
• CPU: company.
• CD: sales.
• TsZ: marketing, administration, financiers, HR.

Based on the information received, a hierarchical list is compiled, with nesting reflecting the subordination between departments. Next, for each identified central financial district, a manager is selected and assigned responsibility for the work of the center. Structured information is stored in tabular form.

CFO and management accounting

The financial accounting center and the financial responsibility center in the company are tools that allow decentralizing the management of the organization, partially transferring responsibility from top managers to middle and lower levels of personnel. It is worth remembering that work done, products manufactured and services provided cannot always be quantified by income.

Not every financial structure, the centers of responsibility of which are distributed correctly, is structured in such a way that responsible managers have the right to distribute the profit received by the central financial institution, despite the fact that they are the ones who deal with both the expenditure and income components of the enterprise. The more complex the organizational and technological structure of a company, the more precarious this issue. At the same time, only by taking into account responsibility can plans and their implementation be assessed, measured, and weighed within each individual center.

According to established practice, management accounting is considered to be the most effective, since only it allows access to up-to-date data, on the basis of which the correct financial decision can be made. The work uses relevant information generated by accounting if a specific financial management goal has been set at the forefront. Databases are generated and reports are created using:

• structural divisions.

Analyzed:

• financial decisions;
• technological introductions;
• specific products.

To implement this in practice, it is recommended to use a convenient, simple information system. This is developed taking into account the decentralized power in the enterprise and the fact that managers are personally responsible for the financial performance of the company.

Decentralization and company structure

If a company is built on the idea of ​​decentralized responsibility, if there is a center of financial responsibility, budgeting, and a hierarchical structure that takes into account the characteristics of a particular type of activity, quick and positive success can be achieved. Why is this happening? The traditional approach places too much emphasis on what mistakes were made by line managers. But with the option under consideration, the focus is only on the result of the work process, and not on technical issues. Managers are not afraid to take initiative; the company more often introduces innovative, innovative ideas, which leads to quick and high-quality solutions to routine problems. As a result, optimization of the activities of the entire company as a whole.

Financial responsibility centers do not have to coincide with the company structure (organizational, production). It is necessary to assign auxiliary, main directions of the company’s work to some interconnected and top-managed central financial districts. It is also important to provide information infrastructure.

Algorithm of V. E. Khrutsky

A well-known domestic economist and analyst proposed the method described below that allows one to identify central financial districts, on the basis of which to implement effective financial planning by responsibility centers.

1. A list is being compiled that includes all types of economic entrepreneurship within the organization. They also make a list, including the products they sell.
2. Analysts identify the organizational management structure. There are two types: linear functional and divisional.
3. They distribute types of activities among departments within the company, highlighting those that are not sources of profit.
4. Calculate expenses, income, expenses for each department. The regulated and unregulated components of an enterprise's expenses are distinguished separately.
5. There are divisions that are responsible for financial flows and their adjustment.

Financial and organizational: what is the difference?

The centers of financial responsibility that form the financial structure of the enterprise are built taking into account the relationships of monetary and economic. The organizational structure is formed based on the functionality of a particular department. Each of the cost centers is occupied with one type of finance, while the organizational structure involves the grouping of such functions, the execution of which is associated with the presence of specific skills and knowledge.

The financial structure shows the hierarchical system of responsibility in the company. For her, the key concept will be “result”. For the organizational structure, the main concept is “subordination”. When creating such a structure, it is allowed to resort to compromise solutions, based on personal factors. The financial structure is built strictly on the realities of the market, without discounts on personal impressions and relationships.

Obviously, these two structures are fundamentally different. This is associated with certain management difficulties: it’s like driving a car with distorted controls. For maximum efficiency of an enterprise, it is necessary to adjust the organizational structure to the financial one.

What else should you pay attention to?

A mandatory concept is the budget of the financial responsibility center. This is carried out taking into account all expenses and profits of the unit that accompany the operation. In this case, it is allowed to neglect:

• BBL (according to the balance sheet).
• BDDS (money movement).

This is due to the fact that the Central Federal District does not control the types of activities that are reflected in these documents.

The responsibility inherent in the CFD is quite limited. This is due to the fact that financial responsibility centers are formed to achieve specific indicators. At the same time, you should remember about financial accounting centers, which, in turn, monitor compliance with standards and restrictions. TsFU are also classified as CFD.

Classification of the Central Federal District: features of a commercial enterprise

If the company is a commercial one, then the most correct method for classifying the central financial district is considered to be based on the functionality and tasks of the centers. Highlight:

• auxiliary;
• basic.

The main ones work on manufacturing products, providing services and performing work. The costs here are the cost of the product. Shops and sales departments are classic representatives of the main central federal districts.

Auxiliary ones include those that serve the main ones. It is customary to subdivide their costs by OCFO, sum up the resulting values, and only then estimate the real cost. VTsFO is administrative maintenance, technical control, repair, tool workshops.

Responsibility and costs

Some enterprises have implemented hierarchical systems in which the responsibility centers are identical to the central centers. Then they talk about coinciding CFDs. Otherwise, they are called "non-matching". Costs arise in specific structural units that consume resources. In relation to such units, plans are drawn up, standards are established and records are kept, designed to control costs and ensure cost accounting within the organization.

If the cost location corresponds to the Central Federal District, such a structure is considered optimal. In practice, the Central Federal District is often responsible for several departments at the same time. At the same time, the head of a structural unit may refuse to take responsibility for the costs associated with the work of another department. In such controversial situations, the final decision will be made by the company administration. Analysts decide exactly how to classify costs and how much detail the process of their formation needs to be considered. Based on the decisions made, expenses are assigned to a specific central financial district.

On the territory of the Central Federal District, a complex industrial complex of predominantly manufacturing industries and industries has formed, with a fairly high level of interconnectedness.

The district's leading industries: mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, light industry. The food industry, coal mining, electric power, metallurgy, woodworking, building materials, glass and earthenware industries have developed greatly in the district.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The machine-building complex of the Central Federal District has no equal in the country in terms of the number of employees and marketable products. Among the branches of mechanical engineering, the leading place belongs to those that are most dependent on the availability of qualified personnel and use the powerful scientific and technical potential of the district. The machine tool and tool industry of the Central Federal District produces 1/5 of metal-cutting machines and about 1/3 of metalworking tools in the CIS. Enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in the Ryazan (Ryazan, Sasovo), Ivanovo (Ivanovo) and Kaluga (Sukhinichi) regions. Enterprises of the electrical industry are concentrated in the capital and in the region (Podolsk, Serpukhov), as well as in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Vladimir, Kolchugino. Instrument making is most developed in Moscow and the region, as well as in the Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.

The leading production association in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is the Moscow Automobile Plant named after. I.A. Likhacheva. The company specializes in the production of medium-tonnage trucks and low-volume high-class passenger cars. ZIL branches are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Yartsevo, Mtsensk and other cities. On the basis of ZIL vehicles, the production of dump trucks (Mytishchi) and buses (Likino-Dulevo) was created in the Moscow region. Moscow plant named after. Lenin Komsomol is the parent enterprise of the Moskvich Production Association, which has branches in the Ivanovo and Tver regions.

The Central Federal District is the birthplace of domestic railway engineering. The production of diesel locomotives is concentrated in Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinovo, Murom; cars - in Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi. The district's aviation industry is highly concentrated. Its enterprises are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Rybinsk (engine production). In the Volga-Oka interfluve - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Gorokhovets - shipbuilding is localized.

Of fundamental importance are the expansion and reconstruction of numerous tractor (Vladimir) and agricultural (Lyubertsy, Ryazan, Tula, Bezhetsk) mechanical engineering enterprises in the Central Federal District. The Central Federal District has no equal in the production of equipment for the textile industry (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kolomna, Klimovsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kostroma), clothing (Podolsk, Tula, Rzhev), chemical (Yaroslavl, Mytishchi, Kostroma), coal (Tula, Uzlovaya, Skopin, Yasnogorsk), energy (Podolsk, Semibratovo), building materials industry, woodworking, printing (Rybinsk), etc.

Chemical and petrochemical industry. In these industries, the district has significant fixed assets, a large scientific base and a capacious consumer. However, the development of the industry is hampered by a shortage of raw materials, water, energy, and the difficult environmental situation of a highly urbanized district.

The Central Federal District occupies a leading position in the production of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. The largest suppliers of complex fertilizers (including nitrogen) are the Novomoskovsk and Shchekino Azot Production Association (Tula Region), and the Dorogobuzh Plant (Smolensk Region). Phosphorus fertilizers are produced by Minudobreniya PA in Voskresensk, which uses imported apatite concentrates. Phosphate rock is produced on the basis of local phosphorites in the Moscow and Bryansk regions. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in the Moscow and Tula regions, plastic products - in Moscow, Moscow (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Zhilevo, Lyubuchany) and Smolensk (Safonovo) regions. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country in the production of chemical fibers (Klin, Serpukhov, Moscow region; Ryazan, Tver, Shchekino and Shuya). Synthetic rubber is produced in Yaroslavl and Efremov using imported oil and gas raw materials. The Yaroslavl and Moscow tire factories produce approximately 1/4 of the tire production; the production of rubber products is concentrated in these same centers, and in Moscow - rubber shoes. Synthetic dyes are produced in the Ivanovo region, varnishes and paints - in the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions; New productions of chemical reagents and photochemicals are also located here. In terms of development of the chemical and petrochemical industry in the Central Federal District, Moscow, Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl regions stand out.

Ferrous metallurgy. The territory of the Central Federal District is home to the country's second largest ferrous metallurgy base in terms of importance and scale of production: the first place in Russia in the extraction of iron ore, the second in the smelting of cast iron, steel and rolled products, the third in the smelting of ferroalloys. The iron ore industry, the main production volumes of cast iron, steel and rolled products, gravitate to the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). In the central and northern regions of the district, pigment metallurgy predominates, mainly the smelting of high-quality steels and the production of rolled products in the metallurgical shops of machine-building plants.

The largest enterprises in the industry: Lebedinsky and Stoilensky mining and processing plants, Yakovlevsky mine, Novolipetsk and Stary Oskol metallurgical plants, Tula metallurgical plants, Elektrostal plant near Moscow, Oryol steel rolling plant.

Fuel and energy complex. The fuel and energy complex of the Central Federal District only partially satisfies the needs of the district. Coal production in the Moscow region is declining. The Central Federal District occupies a leading place in Russia in peat extraction. The largest peat enterprises operate here with a capacity of 1-2 million tons of peat per year. Most of the production comes from the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. But in the district’s fuel balance, the share of local fuels has decreased to 10-15%. Most peat is used not for energy purposes, but for agricultural needs.

Currently, the Central Federal District is one of the leaders in the country in the production of electrical and thermal energy. The fuel and energy complex is based on large state district power plants and thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kW each - Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Kashirskaya, Ryazan state district power plants, Moscow thermal power plants, etc. Following the first nuclear power plant in the country - Obninskaya - large nuclear power plants were built: Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Kurskaya. A powerful cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the Volga River. The CER's needs for petroleum products are largely met by the Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow oil refineries.

Agriculture. The Central Federal District is one of the country's leading agricultural districts. Favorable natural and climatic conditions contributed to the development of highly intensive agriculture. The federal district accounts for 43.1% of the gross flax fiber harvest, 47.7% of the sugar beet harvest, 33% of the gross potato harvest, 17.2% of the gross grain harvest, 15.2% of the sunflower seeds harvest, 23.3% of the vegetable harvest, 28.4% milk production, 21% meat production.

The main wheat crops are in the black soil regions of the district - Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The Central Black Earth Region also accounts for the bulk of cereal crops. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western regions, with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture, buckwheat is grown.

Of the industrial crops, the production of flax and sugar beets is of greatest importance. Flax growing is represented in the most humid areas of the non-chernozem zone of the district - Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions. Sugar beet crops occupy significant areas of arable, highly fertile black soil in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. Hemp crops are widespread in the Voronezh and Kursk regions, and tobacco and shag are grown in the Tambov region. In the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, essential oil crops are also grown - anise and coriander. In the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, gardening has developed, especially in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions. The Federal District also specializes in the production of vegetable crops and potato growing.

Light industry. The district's light industry is highly concentrated, primarily the textile industry. The district's light industry accounts for 1/3 of the industry's production, which is explained by the presence of a powerful production base, large research institutes, qualified personnel, and broad consumer demand. Enterprises of the district produce almost 80% of cotton fabrics in Russia, while enterprises in the Ivanovo, Moscow, and Vladimir regions account for 4/5 of the total production of cotton fabrics in the district. The largest textile center in the country is Ivanovo.

Silk industry enterprises, which produce 45% of silk fabrics, are located mainly in the capital and region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir and Ryazan regions. Linen industry enterprises, which also produce 80% of the total volume of linen fabrics in the Russian Federation, are located in places where the raw material grows - fiber flax (Vladimir, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions). The main center of the flax industry is Kostroma, but recently enterprises have appeared in the Smolensk region. The district produces 60% of the total output of woolen fabrics, but the capital region accounts for 2/3 of the district's fabrics. Among other regions, Bryansk, Ivanovo and Tver stand out. The textile industry of the district is especially characterized by broad inter-district connections - 3/4 of all textile products are exported, including more than 4/5 of cotton.

Food industry. The sugar and oil industry is concentrated in the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov and, to a lesser extent, Lipetsk regions), where they are confined to the main areas of cultivation of sugar beets and sunflowers. The Central Federal District is the main producer of beet sugar in Russia, and in terms of crop area, collection of sunflower seeds and production of vegetable oil, it ranks second in the country after the Southern Federal District. Dairy cattle breeding is the main branch of livestock specialization in the district; its share in milk production in the country exceeds a quarter. Dairy cattle breeding increases as you move from south to north, where there is a better supply of succulent feed. Potato and vegetable growing are developed everywhere. However, the density of their crops increases in suburban areas. The role in the production of potatoes and vegetables is especially great in the Moscow region and the administrative districts of neighboring regions bordering on it. The district ranks first in Russia in terms of total potato harvest, and in vegetable production it shares first and second places with the Southern Federal District.

Transport complex. The Central Federal District has a developed transport system. There is a high density of railways and roads, significantly exceeding the average for Russia. From Moscow, 11 railways radiate in different directions, which, branching out on the periphery, form more than 25 exits. The transit role of the district is great, located at the crossroads of routes from the oil-rich Volga region, the forested North, the industrial Urals and the grain-growing South. The major railway transport hubs of the system were Moscow, Orel, Kursk, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Smolensk. There are 15 highways leaving Moscow in different directions. The creation of a Moscow multi-lane ring road with multi-level interchanges makes it possible to carry out transit traffic bypassing the city center. The Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Oryol, Ryazan, Voronezh, and Belgorod regions are distinguished by high road density. Almost 60% of paved roads have an improved surface. Waterways are of great importance, especially in the transportation of bulky goods. Moscow is not only a port. The capital's three airports (Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo) are considered the largest hubs of interdistrict and international air routes. Pipeline transport is also developed within the district, represented by a system of oil and gas pipelines.

Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District has high industrial potential, is a capital region, leading in population, economic and social development, has a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

Administrative-territorial composition:

Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.

Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2 . Population - 37.1 million people.

The administrative center is Moscow.

The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions (Fig. 5.2.)

Rice. 5.2. Administrative-territorial composition

The territory of the district belongs to Central Russia with its characteristic relative unity of natural, geographical, demographic and economic development features.

Table 5.3

Share of economic indicators

Central Federal District in all-Russian

The sectors of specialization of industrial production in the district based on the localization coefficient are highlighted in Table 5.4.

The Central Federal District, in accordance with calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 5.4), specializes in the following types of economic activities: manufacturing, including the production of food products, including drinks, and tobacco, textile and clothing production, production of leather, leather goods and footwear production, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, other production; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

Table 5.4

Industrial production specialization

Central Federal District

The Central Federal District (CFD) is a capital region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and roads.

Based on natural conditions, location and development of productive forces on the territory of the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.

Central economic region

The central economic region has a favorable economic and geographical location. It is located at the intersection of water and land routes, which have always contributed to the development of economic ties. The central region borders on Belarus and Ukraine, the North-Western, Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Volga and Central Black Earth economic regions, with which economic relations are developing and interregional associations are being formed.

Natural resource potential

The territorial resources of the Central Economic Region are relatively small and are inferior to the size of the eastern regions, and in the European regions to the North and the Volga region.

The relief is mostly flat, the climate is temperate continental. The climate allows for the cultivation of grain and industrial crops, potatoes, vegetables, the development of horticulture and various livestock sectors.

Fuel reserves are represented by the Moscow Region brown coal basin, which is located on the territory of five regions: Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan. Low-quality brown coal located near Moscow at its mining site turns out to be 2.8-3 times more expensive than coal from other basins. OJSC Mosbassugol is in a state of crisis: the enterprise's income does not cover the costs of maintaining the mines in working order, wage arrears are accumulating, and the natural and environmental conditions of mining lead to an increase in the cost of mined coal.

Reforming the region’s coal industry makes it possible to receive funding from the state budget, which, in turn, revives the local “lignite” (brown coal consumption) electric and thermal power industry and makes it possible to solve social problems, since 70% of all mines and open-pit mines are city-forming enterprises.

There are peat deposits in the region in the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, and Moscow regions. The deposits are in the last stage of development.

Oil and gas areas have been explored in the Yaroslavl region, but are not yet being developed.

A few deposits of iron ore are known from mineral raw materials (Tula and Oryol regions). The Kosogorsk metallurgical plant was founded on the use of Tula ores (from the 16th-17th centuries).

Agronomic ores are represented by phosphorites in Bryansk (Polpinskoye deposit), in Moskovskaya (Egoryevskoye deposit). Cement raw materials, limestones, and marls are available in the Bryansk, Moscow, Ryazan, and Oryol regions.

Diamond deposits and deposits of rare earth metals have been discovered in the area (Tula and Oryol regions).

Natural resources are mainly of intra-regional importance.

Population and labor resources

Occupying a small part of the territory of Russia, the Central Region is distinguished by a particularly large population. The increase in numbers occurs due to intensive migration processes. Currently, the population density of the Central region is  62 people. per 1 km 2, the most densely populated are the Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, and Ryazan regions.

The region is characterized by a high proportion of urban population - 83%. There are 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the region, and the largest urban agglomeration in the country is located - Moscow. The capital region is characterized by the most developed social infrastructure.

The main demographic problem of the Central region is the problem of employment, which is currently being solved quite successfully, especially in the metropolitan areas.

The leading branch of market specialization is highly developed diversified mechanical engineering, which specializes in the production of cars, machine tools, tools, instruments, electrical equipment for the light and food industries.

The main place in mechanical engineering belongs to transport engineering, which is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, carriages and river vessels.

The center of the automotive industry is Moscow, where the Joint Stock Moscow Company “Plant named after I.A. Likhachev” (AMO ZIL) is located, transformed in 1992 from the production association named after I.A. Likhachev (ZIL), specializing mainly in the production of medium-duty trucks; OJSC AZLK, which produces Moskvich passenger cars; OJSC Avtoframos, created as a joint venture between Renault and the Moscow Government; OJSC SeAZ (Serpukhov Automobile Plant), which produces Oka cars.

In Likino-Dulevo (Moscow region) there is a bus plant, Likinsky Bus LLC. One of the country's largest transport engineering plants is the diesel locomotive building plant in Kolomna, Moscow region. OJSC Kolomensky Zavod is the only Russian manufacturer and leader in the production of modern mainline passenger diesel locomotives, a developer and manufacturer of a new generation of passenger electric locomotives and freight diesel locomotives for the railways of Russia, the CIS and the Baltic countries. The company is part of the Transmashholding company and is an active participant in the implementation of the Comprehensive program for the modernization and renewal of traction and rolling stock, implemented by Russian Railways OJSC as part of the transport strategy of Russia.

River shipbuilding and ship repair centers are Moscow, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) and Kostroma.

The main centers of machine tool manufacturing are Moscow (Krasny Proletary, Stankokonstruktsiya, Stankolit, Stankonormal plants), Ryazan, Kolomna. Instrument making is developed in Moscow (factories "Energopribor", "Fizpribor", "Manometer", watch factories, etc.), Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.

Electrical engineering is represented by the Moscow plants "Dynamo", "Moskabel" and plants in Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Alexandrov (Vladimir region).

The Central region is a consumer of Ural rolled ferrous metals and rolled products from the Central Chernozem region and Siberia, as well as from Cherepovets.

The industry of specialization is the chemical industry. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers OJSC (Moscow Region) and Bryansk Phosphates State Unitary Enterprise. Novomoskovsk joint-stock company "Azot" (Tula region) produces nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture. Nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by the joint chemical company Shchekinoazot (Tula region) and Dorogobuzh OJSC (Smolensk region).

It should be noted that the chemical industry is characterized by integration processes, for example, OJSC Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers is part of OJSC United Chemical Company URALCHEM, Novomoskovsk Joint Stock Company Azot is part of OJSC Mineral and Chemical Company EuroChem, etc. .

The region has developed organic synthesis chemistry, whose enterprises produce synthetic rubber, artificial fibers, and plastics. Synthetic rubber factories are located in Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region).

The oldest industry in the region is the textile industry. The central region produces more than 85% of all fabrics produced in the country. The cotton industry is represented by the Trekhgornaya Manufactory plant in Moscow, the Glukhovsky Cotton Plant in Noginsk (Moscow Region), and plants in Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Yaroslavl, etc. Linen fabrics are produced in Kostroma, Smolensk, Vyazniki (Vladimir Region). The footwear industry produces 12% of the country's leather footwear.

The central region specializes in the printing industry.

The area has a developed food industry, represented by enterprises producing confectionery, pasta, bakery, meat, dairy, alcohol and tobacco products. The largest food industry enterprises are located in Moscow.

The electricity management of the Central region is at the stage of reform. The energy system of the region is dominated by thermal power plants, the largest of which are Kostroma, Konakovskaya, Cherepetskaya, Shchekinskaya state district power plants. Nuclear power plants are located on the territory of the region: Kalininskaya and Smolenskaya. The Verkhnevolzhsky hydroelectric power station cascade includes two hydroelectric power stations: Rybinsk and Uglich. The Zagorskaya PSPP operates in the area and the Zagorskaya PSPP-2 is under construction.

The construction materials industry is developed in the region (Moscow, Tver, Bryansk, Vladimir regions).

Agriculture in the Central region is largely of suburban importance. Cereals, sugar beets, hemp, potatoes and vegetables, etc. are grown. Dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig farming, and poultry farming are developed in the region.

The central region has a transport network represented by all types of transport. The leading place belongs to railway transport. The road network has a radial structure. Moscow is the largest hub of 11 railway lines, all of them electrified. The area has a pipeline system. Moscow is connected through a system of canals and the Volga to the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.

The following goods are imported into the region: energy resources, timber and timber, building materials, bread, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, sugar, cotton.

Exports are dominated by industrial products - machinery and equipment, automobiles, machine tools, instruments, instruments, electrical products, household appliances, fabric, shoes, etc.

Intradistrict differences

Moscow is the country's control center and main information center. Moscow has a special capital status and is subordinated directly to the Russian government.

In the region, technology-innovation special economic zones have been formed in the cities of Zelenograd and Dubna.

The Moscow region specializes in mechanical engineering, chemical, light (textile) and food industries.

The Yaroslavl region specializes in mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, and textile industries.

The Ivanovo region is distinguished by its textile industry, especially cotton. Mechanical engineering and chemistry serving the textile industry are developed.

The main industries of the Vladimir region are mechanical engineering, chemical, textile and glass industries.

The Tula region in industry specializes in mechanical engineering, metalworking, metallurgy, chemistry, and mining of coal near Moscow.

The Smolensk region specializes in mechanical engineering, light and food industries. Mechanical engineering produces radio engineering, electrical engineering, and instruments.

In the Tver region, the leading place in industry is occupied by mechanical engineering and textile industries, and in agriculture - flax farming and dairy farming.

In the Central region, market reforms are being implemented more intensively than in many other economic regions.

Main prospects for the development of the Central Economic Region:

improving the management of socio-economic processes;

restoration and development of economic ties with other regions of Russia, with countries near and far abroad;

agrarian reforms;

reconstruction and re-equipment of enterprises;

development of production and social infrastructure.

Capital investments directed into the region's economy are highly effective. In this regard, the share of investment in the region’s economy is projected at 21-22% of the total volume in the Russian Federation.

Central Black Earth economic region

In the all-Russian division of labor, the Central Black Earth Region specializes in the mining, metallurgical, engineering, chemical, food industries and the production of certain types of building materials, as well as agricultural production.

Natural resource potential

The Central Black Earth economic region has huge deposits of iron ore resources. In terms of the size of iron ore reserves and the technical and economic indicators of their extraction, the iron ore basin of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is of national importance.

The region is also rich in non-metallic minerals in molding sands (in the vicinity of Tambov). In the Belgorod region there is a large deposit of cement raw materials. There are significant reserves of refractory and refractory clays and glass sands. The Belgorod region has colossal reserves of chalk and limestone.

The Chernozem Center is poor in energy resources (it has small reserves of peat, mainly in the north), but its proximity to areas rich in energy resources makes it possible to solve the fuel and energy problem.

The climate of the Chernozem Center is moderate continental.

The hydrographic network in the area is poorly developed. The Don and its tributaries, the Seim (tributary of the Desna), Tsna (tributary of the Moksha) and the Seversky Donets flow here. In the lower reaches of the Don, it is navigable.

The forested area makes up only 10% of the region's territory. Forests are located in the North and are represented mainly by broad-leaved species.

The soils only in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic, gray forest soils, in the rest of the soil there are chernozems, which represent the country’s enormous wealth. Irrational exploitation of land has led to a deterioration in the structure of chernozems and a decrease in their fertility.

Population and labor resources

The Chernozem Center is a densely populated region of the country. The highest population density is in the Lipetsk region, the lowest in the Tambov region. Almost the entire territory of the region is characterized by natural population decline and low birth rates. In recent years there has been a significant influx of refugees, especially into rural areas.

The national composition of the population is homogeneous, the Russian population predominates. In the southern part there is a fairly high percentage of Ukrainians.

Location and development of the main sectors of the economy

The leading industry of market specialization in the Central Black Earth economic region is the mining and metallurgical industry.

In the Soviet economy, a large TPK was formed in the Kursk and Belgorod regions on the basis of the iron ore resources of the KMA. The geographical position of the complex was extremely advantageous, since its territory is crossed in the latitudinal and meridial directions by railway lines, which provide access to the Central region, industrialized regions of Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus. The territory has an extensive network of roads, gas pipelines, and power lines. The energy base of the complex was created using the capacities of the Kursk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants. The development of the KMA contributed to the creation of a metallurgical base in the central European part of Russia.

The modern structure of the metallurgical base is formed by large metallurgical companies.

OJSC NLMK is a vertically integrated metallurgical company, the structure of which includes: Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (Lipetsk); OJSC Stoilensky GOK (Belgorod region), which is the main supplier of iron ore raw materials; OJSC Dolomite, which produces flux and converter dolomite (Dankov, Lipetsk region); OJSC Studenovskaya Joint-Stock Mining Company (Stagdok) (Lipetsk), mining and processing flux and technological limestone; and other enterprises, including those outside the area. NLMK Group produces about 15% of all Russian steel.

The mining division of the Metalloinvest holding includes Lebedinsky (Belgorod region) and Mikhailovsky (Kursk region) mining and processing plants. The metallurgical division in the region is represented by the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant, which produces high-quality steel using the direct reduction of iron method, bypassing the blast furnace process. It is the only one in Russia with domain-free environmentally friendly technology.

JSC Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant Svobodny Sokol produces cast iron and a wide range of pipe products.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking are the leading market industries. It is located mainly in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod. The district's factories produce mining equipment, excavators, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for the food and cement industries, chemical equipment, machine tools, instruments, radio engineering and electrical products.

The chemical industry is also a branch of specialization and is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and rubber tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, aniline dyes in Tambov, synthetic resins in the Belgorod region, varnishes in Dankov (Lipetsk region).

Industries of market specialization also include the production of building materials, in particular, cement production and chalk mining. There are cement factories - Belgorod, Lipetsk, Podgorensky (Voronezh region), Starooskolsky (Belgorod region).

One of the most important sectors of market specialization is the food industry. The main branch of the food industry is sugar. It is located in accordance with the raw material base in the Kursk, Belgorod, and Voronezh regions. Other branches of the food industry include flour-grinding, oil-processing, meat, dairy and cheese-making, alcohol-vodka, tobacco and tobacco-making industries, which mainly use local agricultural raw materials.

The industries that complement the territorial complex and serve the immediate needs of the region's population include various light industries and the service sector.

The Central Black Earth region has favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The leading place in agricultural land is occupied by grains - 55%, 28% is occupied by fodder crops, 12% by industrial crops and 5% by potatoes and melons and vegetables.

Sugar beet crops are located mainly in the Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod regions. In these same regions and in Tambov, sunflower crops are common.

The branches of agricultural specialization in farming are grain farming (winter wheat), production of factory-made sugar beets, oilseed crops (sunflower) and shag.

Animal husbandry has a meat and dairy direction, pig farming and poultry farming are developed.

Transport and economic relations

The area has a significant railway network. In the southern direction there are railways: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow-Donbass; Moscow - Kursk - Kharkov. In the east direction: Saratov - Tambov - Michurinsk; Voronezh - Kursk - Kyiv; Valuyki - Minsk, etc. Large highways pass through the area: Moscow - Simferopol; Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow - Tambov. Trunk pipelines pass through the territory of the Black Earth Center.

Iron ore, building materials, metal, grain, sugar, etc. are exported from the region. Fuel, timber, mineral fertilizers, and goods for the population are imported.

Intradistrict differences

The Voronezh region is distinguished by its skilled mechanical engineering, chemical industry, and production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the production of wheat, sugar beets, and sunflowers.

Large enterprises in Voronezh produce excavators, agricultural machines, forging equipment, equipment for the food industry, televisions, as well as synthetic rubber and tires.

The Kursk region is distinguished by its mining industry, primarily the extraction of iron ores and their primary processing. The region has developed mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries.

Machine-building plants of Kursk produce calculating machines, batteries, tractor parts, mobile power plants, and equipment for the food industry.

Mechanical engineering, chemical, food and wool weaving industries have developed in the Tambov region. Tambov enterprises produce equipment for the food, chemical, light industries, and household appliances.

The Lipetsk region specializes in the production of ferrous metals, mining, tractor manufacturing, lime production, and the food industry, especially sugar.

The industry of specialization of the Belgorod region is ferrous metallurgy. The region has developed production of building materials, food industry and agriculture.

Main problems and development prospects

There was a need for a structural reorganization of the region's economy in conditions of market relations.

A factor constraining the economic development of the region is the limited water resources. This is due to the poor development of the river network. The solution to this problem is to create closed and recycled water supply systems, use groundwater for industrial purposes, increase fees for water use, etc.

Prospects for the development of the region are associated with the formation of a special economic zone of industrial production type “Lipetsk” on the territory of the Gryazinsky district of the Lipetsk region. Industrial production orientation includes manufacturing industries, including: production of machinery and equipment, household electrical appliances, electrical machines, plastic and metal products, electrical and electronic equipment, furniture and other products.