During the Soviet era, half of industrial production was concentrated in the defense industry. The defense industry was the source of the most important geopolitical advantage of the USSR. The system of professional technical training, higher educational institutions, the Academy of Sciences, closed and semi-closed cities worked for him. Defense enterprises were provided with leading scientific and technical developments, staffed with highly qualified personnel, and equipped with modern equipment. There was no shortage of funding within the framework of the state defense order. As a result, nuclear, rocket, space and aviation projects implemented in the interests of the country's defense capability turned out to be innovations on a global scale. Many developments of those years are still relevant today.

HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS

The sharp decline in production volumes in Russia since 1990 and the unstable position of many enterprises producing high-tech products in recent years indicate the absence of established market mechanisms for the reproduction of the high-tech sector of Russian industry. In fact, only those enterprises in knowledge-intensive industries that began working on foreign markets were able to adapt to new conditions (in the 20 years since the beginning of perestroika!). At the same time, the bulk of the developments used by enterprises are made before 1990, and the products are mostly modifications of those produced earlier.

The potential of the modern Russian economy, to a greater extent than the Soviet one, is aimed at servicing the export of raw materials to the world market. Due to sharp fluctuations in the commodity market, the economy cannot be in a state of stable equilibrium for a long time. The growth of knowledge-intensive markets is possible with the redistribution of financial, labor and other resources from other markets. The economies of dynamically developing countries and companies are characterized by high intensity and effectiveness of scientific, technical and innovative activities, and the development of resource-saving technologies. The successful implementation of scientific and technological developments in these countries allows them to occupy a dominant position in world markets. In addition, the final products of knowledge-intensive industries have a larger share of added value than in other industries.

When creating many knowledge-intensive industries, due to the need for significant investments, there is a natural process of integration of resources, primarily financial and sales networks. Belonging to the category of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy is characterized by the indicator of the knowledge intensity of products, which is determined by the ratio of R&D costs to total costs or sales volume. It is believed that for knowledge-intensive industries this figure should be 1.2-1.5 times higher than the average level for the manufacturing industry of industrialized countries. It is problematic to identify an exact criterion for knowledge intensity, since, in addition to differences in the indicator by industry, in one industry in different countries (due to differences in the structure of costs attributed to R&D), there is a tendency for the share of R&D to increase over time. The minimum threshold is currently around 5%.

The main characteristic features of knowledge-intensive industries are:

The presence of scientific schools, teams of designers and technologists capable of creating unique and competitive products on the world market (such as the schools of V.P. Glushko, A.N. Tupolev and other outstanding chief designers of the last century);

The predominance of highly qualified engineering and technical employees and production personnel in the total number of employees of the enterprise;

A publicly accessible and effective system for training highly qualified personnel;

An effective system for protecting intellectual property rights;

Prompt implementation of developments that ensure increased competitiveness and high production dynamism;

Government incentives and support (legislative, financial and tax);

Active and effective investment and innovation activities;

Use of advanced technologies in production;

The long life cycle of many types of products, reaching, for example, in civil aviation, according to The Airline Monitor for past years, 30-40 years: 5-7 years - development, 1-2 years - production, 27 years - average service life;

High unit costs for R&D and a number of other factors.

The availability of financial resources for the implementation of an R&D project depends on the state of the company, determined by its activities. Therefore, the company’s cash flows, both during the implementation of a specific project and in general, must be assessed with the greatest possible accuracy. Carrying out high-quality calculations requires highly qualified economists and financial managers. However, there are a number of tasks that require the involvement of external consultants. Such tasks include the assessment of high-tech products, which requires adequate techniques and highly qualified specialists. Such projects include, for example, a project to assess the market value of the Sukhoi Superjet100 aircraft at the manufacturing stage, carried out by specialists from BF-Otsenka CJSC, part of the Bona Fide Finance Group.

An important component of any major project is marketing research aimed at forecasting product sales volumes (this article does not cover products purchased exclusively by the Ministry of Defense). In most cases, the cost of product development and subsequent sales volumes are the deciding factors in the decision to initiate financing. The practice of the well-known marketing company “Consulting House “Grifon” has shown that potential investors especially feel the relevance of conducted marketing research when there are negative conclusions regarding future sales of products. Potential savings in this case amount to at least tens of millions of dollars.

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

The life cycle of a product begins from the moment the financing of the research and development stage begins, during which the appearance of the product is determined. This is followed by the development of technical documentation, carrying out research and development work, manufacturing and testing of individual components and assemblies. This stage ends with the release of documentation and the creation of a prototype. Next, the prototype is tested and the product is finalized.

After successful testing, during which confirmation of the specified characteristics is obtained, serial production and operation of the products becomes possible. The operation of the product after the cessation of serial production continues to such a level of obsolescence that even after deep modernization it is unable to provide the required level of efficiency (subject to normal physical condition and economic feasibility of modernization).

Costs at all of these stages affect the cost of the product. A significant component of the life cycle cost is the cost of operating and repairing the product. To carry out operation, it is also necessary to create an appropriate service.

COST ESTIMATE

The main feature of projects to evaluate high-tech products is the uniqueness of the objects themselves. When conducting an assessment, it is necessary to take into account many factors, such as market development, the economic life of the product, inflation, changes in GDP, changes in fuel prices and others. The assessment is carried out, as a rule, using three approaches: cost, comparative and income (reflecting the past, present and future).

For example, the methodology for assessing an aircraft at the manufacturing stage can be formalized as follows.

Within the cost approach, R&D costs are determined in relation to the planned number of products for production, and the average cost of producing the product is added to the resulting value.

As part of the comparative approach, comparisons are made based on key parameters. It is necessary to study the dependence of prices of analogues on flight technical and operational characteristics. The most significant indicators that influence catalog and market prices for aircraft include the number of seats (passenger capacity), flight range, operating costs (you can choose other parameters).

Within the framework of the income approach, a reduced cash flow is determined, calculated for the most typical operating conditions, based on the distance of routes, operating conditions and other factors.

Conducting an economic assessment (before the start of manufacturing, at the manufacturing stage, efficiency assessment, etc.) is relevant for development companies and manufacturing companies that bear risks at the design and manufacturing stage, air carriers interested in minimizing operating costs, and leasing companies interested in in the timely receipt of leasing payments, as well as in some cases financing the manufacture of products.

The quality of management in knowledge-intensive industries has far-reaching consequences, while the cost of error and responsibility for decisions made is much higher than in other industries.

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There are a large number of characteristics and parameters for assessing objects and events. One of them is knowledge intensity. This is a parameter that is used in production in the development of products and equipment. This article will tell you more about this.

Science intensity is an important component of modern production

This indicator is used to display the proportion that exists between production and scientific and technical activities in the form of the amount of costs that go to scientific development in terms of per unit of goods or services. This parameter is given a quantitative assessment. Also, knowledge intensity can be presented as the ratio of the number of employees engaged in research activities to the total number of production personnel in an enterprise or even in an entire industry.

Thus, science intensity can be determined by the amount of costs allocated for research and their ratio to the volume of product sales. There is a tendency to increase the share of production costs. Therefore, we can say that knowledge intensity is one of the important indicators of the competitiveness of manufactured goods or services provided.

What technologies are called knowledge-intensive?

Such designations are used for segments of various fields that implement developed innovations and that are difficult or impossible to recreate in unsuitable conditions. High technology implies investment in research to obtain results. These include:

• electronics;
• robotics;
• wireless technologies;
• software;
• nanotechnology;
• security systems;
• environmentally friendly technologies that have a positive effect on energy saving;
• alternative energy;
• navigation technologies;
• biotechnology;
• developments in the field of medicine;
• technologies with dual and defense purposes.

As you can see, science and technology move together. Let's take a closer look at why these areas are important for us.

The importance of high technology

As you may have noticed, the areas presented above can make life a lot easier. All of them are the results of scientific research. It should be noted that their use is not mandatory, but think about how difficult it will be to go to the nearest well to fetch water? Or what will be the efficiency of agriculture if you have to dig everything up with shovels instead of tractors? Science intensity is an important parameter that allows an increasing number of people to simplify physical labor with the help of progressive developments. Theoretically, in the future it will be possible to achieve that the majority of human resources will be directed to scientific or cultural delights. Accordingly, science and technology will significantly improve the lives of the planet's inhabitants.

How to calculate science intensity?

This issue was briefly covered a little earlier. But let's take a closer look at determining the knowledge intensity of industries.

So, to do this, calculate a set of parameters such as:

1. Research and development costs in relation to volumes or Also produced and volume of shipped products can be used as a comparative parameter.
2. The number of specialists who carry out research and those who help them in relation to the total number of people involved in the industry.
3. The cost of scientific development to the amount that is used for production and industrial personnel and the volume of fixed assets of the industry that are involved in the manufacture of products.

According to the results of research in our country, methods are most often used where the amount of money that is allocated for the search is at the forefront. This indicator is paired either with the price basis or with the number and qualifications of personnel. Ultimately, combination methods are often used to obtain the best possible result.

Nuances of science intensity

Quantity does not always lead to quality. The knowledge intensity factor is, of course, important in order to assess the state of affairs in production, but it is not decisive. It is necessary to remember that people differ in their character, pace of work, knowledge, talents and other parameters and characteristics. Also, luck can also play a certain role: it is worth remembering the discovery of X-ray radiation. Therefore, you cannot be sure of obtaining the same result with identical characteristics.

More details about the knowledge intensity factor

People usually remember him when talking about new industries. They, in turn, gravitate towards large scientific centers, which are large cities. The result was something new. These are specialized technology parks and technopolises.

They carry out the entire technological chain, starting from the sale of invented products. Let's take a closer look at the main subjects:

1. Technopark. This is the name given to an agglomeration of knowledge-intensive firms that are grouped around a university, institute or laboratory. The main task of these forms of organization is to reduce the time it takes for scientific ideas to be introduced into practice.
2. Technopolis. This is the name given to an integrated research and production town, which was specially built to engage in advanced technologies, training of specialized personnel and high-tech industries.

Conclusion

So, knowledge intensity is an important factor in determining the efficiency of an economy. Of course, this option does not solve all problems on its own. It should be noted that research in some areas of science is not carried out because it is too expensive and does not lead to quick profits. Therefore, developments in such areas lie mainly on the shoulders of the state.

GOU VPO Omsk State Technical University

Faculty of Economics and Management

Department of "Organization and management of knowledge-intensive industries"

Discipline: “Organization and management of high-tech industries”

Course work

Development of a plan for the production of high-tech products using the example of the Elkom LLC company, operating in the field of electronic communications production

Completed by: Akhmetova K.S.

student of group MVT-510

Checked by: Evchenko M.A.

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department

Omsk 2014

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for developing a production plan for high-tech products

1 The concept and essence of planning

2 Specifics of high-tech products

Chapter 2. Organizational characteristics of Elcom LLC

1 General characteristics of the activities of Elcom LLC

2 Assessment of the planning function when developing production plans for high-tech products at Elcom LLC

Chapter 3. Development of a production plan for high-tech products

1 Characteristics of products planned for production

2 Plan for the production of high-tech products

Conclusion

Bibliography

Annex 1

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that business entities, carrying out their economic activities, strive to increase its efficiency through the implementation of the results of fundamental and applied research. In this regard, the role of scientific and technological development in modern conditions in the context of the economic formation of any state is increasing. The results of fundamental research, applied developments and the introduction of technological innovations make it possible to increase the efficiency of social production and achieve the growth of the national economic system. In this regard, the production of knowledge-intensive products by domestic enterprises, which, in modern geopolitical conditions and Russia’s orientation towards import substitution, must carry out a reorientation of production processes taking into account new realities and prospects for the development of economic activity, is of particular importance.

The main problem in the area under study is the objective need to select effective directions for the implementation of high-tech products, which, in addition to their innovative and technological nature, must have economic and commercial potential. In modern conditions, this becomes the basis for both the economic development of enterprises and, in general, achieving GDP growth and raising the standard of living of the population.

The purpose of writing a course work is to, based on studying the theoretical foundations of developing a plan for the production of high-tech products, propose the implementation of such a plan using the example of a specific enterprise.

In accordance with this, the following tasks were identified:

– study the theoretical foundations for developing a plan for the production of high-tech products;

– study the activities of an enterprise operating in the field of knowledge-intensive production;

– develop a plan for the production of high-tech products.

The object of the study is the Elkom LLC enterprise, which produces semiconductor elements for electronic communication systems

The subject of the study is the socio-economic relations that arise in the process of developing a plan for the production of high-tech products.

The following scientific methods were used in the study: dialectical method of cognition, induction method, comparative analysis method, comparison, analytical method, systematic approach, expert method.

The complexity of the tasks determined the structure of the course work, which is represented by an introduction, a main part consisting of three chapters and six paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices.

Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for developing a production plan for high-tech products

.1 Concept and essence of planning

The economic content of the planning process in modern economic conditions reflects its nature as one of the management functions. The multidimensional nature of planning reflects the many existing definitions of this economic category. Being one of the key processes of management activity, according to N.I. Astakhova, “planning is the development of plans that determine the future state of the economic system, ways, means and means of achieving it through the adoption of planning decisions by authorized bodies or persons.” This approach rightly assumes the possibility of forming a concept for the development of an organization. In accordance with this, we can also agree with the definition according to which “planning is one of the components of enterprise management, which consists in the development and practical implementation of plans to achieve a certain state of a business entity.” Therefore, for enterprises, planning is of fundamental importance for the implementation of economic activities. Planning is an integral management function of an enterprise, characterizing its production and commercial activities in the future.

It should also be noted the point of view of V.V. Goncharov, who defines planning as “a type of management activity associated with determining the goals of the functioning of the managed system, identifying effective means and rational methods for achieving these goals, as well as the formation of a certain set of indicators that allow assessing the degree of their achievement.” This approach reflects the functional nature of planning. Thus, planning is an integral part of the rational functioning of a business entity. This point of view is also shared by E.L. Maslova, who points out that “the result of planning is a plan, which is a document containing both target indicators and characteristics of the technological methods used to achieve them.” In general, this approach is the most objective, reflecting the specifics of making management decisions based on plans. Figure 1 shows the cycle of developing management decisions based on plans.

Figure 1 - Cycle of development of management decisions based on plans

In accordance with this concept, planning includes four stages:

– development of general goals of a business entity;

– detailing and specifying goals for the development stage;

– determination of ways, economic and other means of achieving these goals;

– monitoring the achievement of goals.

Consequently, it can be noted that planning is indicative in nature and is carried out directly at the enterprise by its employees who are responsible for this process and have the appropriate authority. In addition, as part of the planning process, the manager not only sets certain goals, but also takes into account constantly changing operating conditions. Accordingly, planning must take into account ways to overcome possible difficulties that arise during the implementation of the plan. Thus, one must agree with the statement that “if enterprises did not develop plans, it would be impossible to determine how far current events deviate from what managers originally wanted to achieve.”

Taking this into account, planning at enterprises involves the development of conceptual development scenarios, increasing production volumes, introducing new products, etc. Within the framework of such plans, in order to achieve the set goals, certain tasks are put forward that the enterprise needs to solve.

The managerial aspects of planning are expressed by its practical orientation, in accordance with certain tasks that it must solve. Planning as a type of management activity presupposes the need to formulate a list of possible upcoming problems in the operation of an enterprise or to identify potential threats of an external and internal nature, as well as to identify proposed ways to solve them, taking into account the existing development opportunities of the organization.

As part of the management process, planning the put forward strategies, goals and objectives that the enterprise plans to implement in the coming period reflects the features of designing the desired future of the organization. At the same time, determining the main means of achieving set goals and objectives, selecting or creating the necessary means to move closer to the desired future allows us to formulate an objectively justified plan for upcoming actions. In accordance with the tasks facing the organization, the plan must reflect the needs for resources, their volume and structure, taking into account the timing of their receipt. Considering the complexity of the planning process, as a special type of management activity, monitoring the implementation of the developed plans is a mandatory element.

It is convenient to represent key goals in the form of a tree of goals. “Tree of Goals” is a structured, hierarchically constructed set of enterprise goals, in which the following are highlighted: a global goal (“top of the tree”); subgoals of the first, second and subsequent levels (“tree branches”) subordinate to it. The name “goal tree” is due to the fact that the schematically presented set of goals distributed across levels resembles an inverted tree in appearance.

A problem tree is a graph that facilitates the formation of problems and their solution at an enterprise, allowing you to determine the range of interrelated causes and consequences of a problem, almost completely excluding the influence of external subjective factors. problem tree. The problem tree consists of three parts: roots, trunk and crown. Roots are the reasons why the problem arose. The trunk is the problem itself. Crohn's disease is any consequences that the problem entails.

Thus, the end result of the management planning process is the expected “economic effect, which determines the degree of achievement of specified planned indicators, socio-economic and other goals, which is the basis for assessing the final results achieved.” The key characteristics of planning are optimality and consistency. The optimality of intra-company planning involves the inclusion in the planned indicators only of those that the enterprise is able to influence, while external indicators and the dynamics of the development of the national economic system should be taken into account when planning. Systematic planning provides for coverage of the entire process of the main economic activity of the enterprise and the business cycle, starting with the preparation of resources, ending with the sale of products, works and services.

“Planning as a function of the process of managing high-tech products consists of the reasonable formation of the main directions and proportions of high-tech production in accordance with established development goals, resource supply capabilities and existing market demand.” The importance of planning high-tech products lies in the fact that during planned calculations the following is ensured: detailing of goals and bringing them to individual structural units and performers; establishing the composition of projects being implemented; distribution of tasks among participants in science-intensive projects; determining the composition of the necessary resources, agreeing on the priority and timing of the implementation of individual works and ensuring the fulfillment of tasks established for each period of time.

Thus, we can conclude that planning at enterprises consists of scientific substantiation of the goals of economic development, selection of the best ways to achieve them, taking into account the market situation, as well as establishing indicators of production and economic activity, which, with full use of available resources, can lead to the achievement of those predicted in future qualitative and quantitative results.

1.2 Specifics of high-tech products

The need to plan knowledge-intensive products and strengthening its role in ensuring the competitiveness of organizations in modern conditions is associated with the following aspects:

– expansion of the scale and complexity of science-intensive projects;

– multivariate and probabilistic nature of knowledge-intensive production;

– development of specialization and expansion of cooperation in the field of knowledge-intensive production;

– expanding economic independence and increasing the economic responsibility of organizations for the results of innovative activities.

The concept of science-intensive products is based on the assumption that there is a relationship between the characteristics of the development of science and the results of a specific production and industrial process or production technology itself. The most objective definition seems to be: “high-tech products are products in the cost of which the costs of research and development (R&D) account for at least 2.5-5%.”

In accordance with this, knowledge-intensive industries include those areas of economic activity that “are characterized by an advanced scientific and technical production apparatus; highly qualified human resources of researchers and workers; relatively high research costs."

It should be noted that high-tech products, as follows from the above definitions, are produced in accordance with the advanced achievements of technical and technological progress, using the results of fundamental or applied research, which significantly increases its competitiveness. The results of scientific achievements, affecting primarily the quality side of the production process or the properties of products, influence, first of all, the progressive development of production as a whole, which makes it possible to create new products or develop technologies that have a high share of R&D costs.

At the same time, in order to produce high-tech products, it is necessary that they have commercial potential or other advantages that could be transformed into economic benefits. “Commercial potential is the total ability of an enterprise to determine, form and maximally satisfy the needs of customers for goods and services in the process of rational use of available resources and optimal interaction with the external environment.” For knowledge-intensive products, commercial potential reflects how in demand these products are, thus corresponding to the level of demand. Consequently, the commercial potential of high-tech products can be objectively represented as the competitiveness of an enterprise in the target market.

In this regard, it is also necessary to take into account that high-tech products must have a certain technical level. “The technical level of high-tech products is a relative characteristic based on a comparison of indicators that reflect only the technical excellence of the products being assessed in comparison with the basic corresponding indicators.”

Features of high-tech products include:

– unique products, the properties of which must be explained to consumers;

– technically complex products that require particularly qualified scientific labor to create;

– most often expensive products, whose nominal value is superior to the analogue they replace, although cheaper per unit of useful effect.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has developed a classification of industries by technological intensity and knowledge-intensive products, which is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - OECD classification of industries and knowledge-intensive products

When developing a production plan for high-tech products, it is possible to use one of the four methods presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Methods for developing a production plan for high-tech products

Thus, we can conclude that when developing a production plan for high-tech products, one of these methods should be used to organize the production process.

Chapter 2. Organizational characteristics of Elcom LLC

.1 General characteristics of the activities of Elcom LLC

The base enterprise for the study is Elkom LLC. Full name of the enterprise: Limited Liability Company "Elkom". The organizational and legal form of the enterprise is Limited Liability Company. The company is a legal entity under Russian law: it owns separate property and is liable for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights in its own name, bear responsibilities, and be a plaintiff and defendant in court. The organizational structure of the enterprise is given in Appendix 1. The constituent documents are the Charter and the constituent agreement. The authorized capital is fully formed in accordance with the Charter. The activities of the enterprise are carried out on the basis of the Charter of the enterprise. The company has all the necessary licenses to carry out business activities. The company has no licenses that will expire in the next 3 years.

Form of ownership - private. The Company is an independent economic entity operating on the basis of full economic accounting, self-financing and self-sufficiency.

The purpose of the activities of Elcom LLC is stated in the Charter: the main purpose of the Company’s activities is to combine economic interests, material, labor, intellectual and financial resources for the implementation of economic, that is, aimed at making a profit, activities, with the exception of those prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The main activity of Elkom LLC is the production of semiconductor elements, fiber optic products and devices, the production of communication components, transmitters, transmitters, the company also provides services for installation, repair, maintenance of communications facilities and performs commissioning work. In its activities, Elkom LLC uses imported components and components of its own production.

Elcom LLC has the following distinctive features:

– full cycle production, from idea to finished product;

– management of the company’s activities in the development, production and sales of electronic components based on market research and customer needs;

– sale of any volumes of products;

– factory warranty and after-sales service.

Production is carried out using equipment from Germany, Russia and Japan. Today, the products of Elkom LLC are presented in various regions of Russia, and they are also supplied to Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Armenia. A distinctive feature of Elkom LLC is the level of technical equipment of production. Over the period of its development, Elkom LLC gradually expanded its production base, dynamically developing, increasing production capacity, regularly updating and modernizing equipment. At the beginning of its development, production was carried out using equipment purchased from the Saratov Radio Instrument Plant. It was subsequently supplemented by German equipment for the production of semiconductor products from Westfen and Japanese equipment from Hitachi for the production of element bases.

In 2009, Elkom LLC acquired new equipment for the production of fiber-optic devices and communication components from OJSC Pravdinsky Radio Relay Equipment Plant. Through the use of new production equipment, Elcom LLC solves the following problems:

– Material savings

– Reduced energy costs

– Improving product quality

– Reducing the level of defects to values ​​close to zero

– Reduced cycle time

– Reduced maintenance costs

This distinguishes Elkom LLC from other enterprises. As a result, the communications components produced are far superior in quality to competitors' products, while providing comparable or lower costs than products from foreign manufacturers. It should also be noted that the technological process has been significantly reduced through the use of modern equipment. In addition, Elkom LLC is capable of fulfilling one-time and unique orders from contractors. Our own developments, engineering and design solutions allow us to produce a diverse range of semiconductor elements.

The design of semiconductor elements, equipment and tools for their production, structural calculations, and the creation of programs for processing machines are carried out using modern computer technologies.

The company's future plans include the following:

– expansion of sales geography;

– modernization of equipment;

– increase in market share;

– introduction of advanced network and information technologies into the company’s activities.

Thus, Elkom LLC is a successfully developing production-oriented company operating in the field of electronic communications production.

2.2 Assessment of the planning function when developing production plans for high-tech products at Elcom LLC

At Elcom LLC, the planning system is under the jurisdiction of the financial and economic department. The CEO does not provide a single plan for the entire company or special plans for each department. The financial and economic department draws up separate plans for each division, which are in one way or another connected with the economic activities of the enterprise. In a company, this method is used to draw up a financial plan, production and commercial plan. Each of these plans is submitted to the general director for review, after which a decision is made on its acceptance or the need to refine it.

The General Director of Elcom LLC draws up an organizational plan that coordinates the performance of departments’ functions in order to ensure the most efficient production process and avoid excesses in relation to determining the timing of construction and installation work.

The company also has a three-year strategic plan. The plan is regularly updated and adjusted in accordance with the changing operating conditions of the organization.

Plans drawn up by departments must be designed in such a way that they do not conflict with the company's strategic plan. The director of Elcom LLC is responsible for compliance with this rule. To develop strategic decisions, management should rely on the following capabilities:

– Study of the main competitors and their positions in the market;

– Protecting your own positions and conquering new ones;

– Expansion of services provided;

– Improving mechanisms for attracting financial resources.

The mission of Elcom LLC is formulated as follows: “Elkom LLC is an effective manufacturing company that promotes advanced high-tech technologies in the field of telecommunications and is an innovator in this field.”

The long-term goals of Elcom LLC include:

– stable growth of the company;

- high performance;

– growth in profitability.

The short-term goals of Elkom LLC are:

– growth in the volume and range of products produced;

– attracting new consumers;

– improving the quality of electronic products.

The main principles that guide the company: professionalism, quality and integrity.

The methodology for analyzing the implementation of plans at Elcom LLC is traditional in nature and is carried out based on the results of assessing the following aspects:

– dynamics and degree of implementation of the plan;

– determination of changes in the value of target indicators.

Identification of internal reserves for increasing revenue and profit is one of the key areas of planning in the context of determining the foreseeable prospects for the development of Elcom LLC in accordance with the main directions of its economic development. In accordance with this, the objects of planning and analysis are production volumes, quality of products, product structure and main directions of sales; operational work schedules are also information sources.

Control of planned activities at Elcom LLC is carried out with the involvement of specialized third-party organizations:

– audit firms - to conduct audits of financial and economic activities;

– specialized organizations for checking the quality of electrical products.

Thus, we can conclude that in Elkom LLC planning, in general, corresponds to the size of the enterprise and meets the scale of its activities, performing the necessary functions to a sufficient extent. At the same time, Elkom LLC has objectively justified opportunities for using the existing development prospects of the organization based on its existing reserves for expanding its core economic activities.

planning knowledge-intensive electronic commercial

Chapter 3. Development of a production plan for high-tech products

.1 Characteristics of products planned for production

It is proposed to organize the production of Wi-Fi repeaters on the basis of Elcom LLC. This product relates to electronic communications and is designed to improve the quality of communication in a certain area. A repeater is a complex of radio engineering devices that is used to receive a signal from a certain communication node and its subsequent transmission to another node, which can be a receiving station or another repeater. A key feature of repeaters is their ability to subject the transmitted signal to processing, which allows filtering out interference and enhancing signal transmission.

Building a chain of repeaters allows you to create a stable communication channel in any terrain conditions. Currently, this is becoming especially relevant in urban areas, when telecom operators begin to cover certain areas of the city with free Wi-Fi networks, as well as for organizations that need to organize a communication channel between several remote objects.

Advantages of Wi-Fi repeaters:

– allows you to create a network or communication channel without laying a physical cable, which reduces the cost of deploying or expanding the network;

– it is possible to create wireless coverage with a communication channel in places where cable laying is impossible, including in protected buildings, outside buildings or in conditions of significant obstacles;

– it is possible to provide access to the communication channel using mobile and wireless devices at any coverage point, regardless of the distance of the signal source;

– prevalence due to the compatibility of any equipment certified accordingly;

– mobility of the communication channel;

– an almost unlimited number of users who can connect to the communication channel through a repeater;

– low level of electromagnetic radiation.

In modern conditions, a very small number of manufacturers are engaged in the production of universal Wi-Fi repeaters; in addition, a small number of models are produced for industrial purposes and for the needs of telecom operators. The main reason is that at the moment the technology is focused mostly on end users. At the same time, the use of Wi-Fi repeaters is due to their high noise immunity, which makes them applicable in facilities with many metal structures. In turn, Wi-Fi repeaters and connected devices do not create significant interference with narrowband radio signals. In addition, the technology becomes relevant in remote or hazardous production, where the presence of personnel is associated with increased danger or is completely difficult. An example is the oil and gas industry, where data from various telemetry devices and sensors is important, or the mining industry, where it can be used to monitor the movement of personnel and vehicles in mines and mines, as well as to find the location of personnel in emergency situations.

The Wi-Fi repeater model proposed for production is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - Wi-Fi repeater

From a production point of view, the production of Wi-Fi repeaters is organized according to the principles of mass production. In general, mass production is characterized by a narrow range and high volume of output of products that are continuously manufactured over a long period of time.

Taking into account the specifics of the product and the scope of activity of Elkom LLC, production will be carried out using the in-line method, which ensures the coordinated execution of technological process operations over time.

Technologically, the production of Wi-Fi repeaters will be organized to ensure automatic movement of manufactured parts along the line, i.e. on the conveyor. This approach corresponds to the current organization of production at the enterprise.

The implementation of a Wi-Fi repeater production line does not require the creation of a new workshop or production site. Currently, Elkom LLC has a technological process for the manufacture of electronic components and devices used in the field of electronic communications, which corresponds to and can be used for the production of Wi-Fi repeaters. However, to implement a production line for Wi-Fi repeaters, it is necessary to include an additional line of conveyor equipment into the overall technological process.

At the same time, the introduction of a new line will not affect changes in the technological process, since parallel production of other electronic components will be ensured. From the point of view of organizing production, Wi-Fi repeaters will be produced on our own assembly line, and the preparation and post-processing of finished products will be carried out on the existing line. This is possible thanks to the automation of the production process and the ability to flexibly change the process through equipment changeover.

Thus, Elkom LLC has the technical and production capabilities to introduce a new product line. At the same time, there is no need to expand production areas or create new production workshops.

3.2 Plan for the production of high-tech products

Currently, Elcom LLC is experiencing difficulties with the sale of a number of electronic components of telecommunications equipment manufactured using imported components. In accordance with this problem, we will build a problem tree in Figure 4.

This problem is due to the impossibility of starting production on the element base due to the lack of a complete set of domestically produced substitutes, as well as the impossibility of quickly reorienting to other suppliers. Given the instability in the market and the difficult geopolitical situation, the cost of imported element base may rise unjustifiably, which also complicates the sale of electronic components manufactured using imported element base.

Figure 4 - Problem tree of Elcom LLC

Since Elkom LLC does not have a line of equipment for the production of the necessary components and element base, it is impossible to eliminate this problem through its own production.

Given the causes of the problem, its consequence is a decrease in the number of orders for telecommunications equipment, as well as a possible reduction in the share of the target market in the medium term. If this problem persists for an indefinite period of time, a significant decrease in revenue and profit of Elcom LLC may occur, and serious financial difficulties may also arise. At the same time, given the nature of production, Elcom LLC cannot reorient the production lines available at the enterprise to manufacture its own element base necessary for the implementation of orders for telecommunications equipment. As a result, relationships with regular customers and clients deteriorate.

In accordance with this, we can conclude that it is necessary to develop measures aimed at eliminating this problem. The global goal of Elcom LLC in this case is to eliminate the problem with the difficulties of selling electronic components manufactured on the basis of imported components. In accordance with the directions for achieving this goal, it is necessary to formulate key goals, which can be represented as a tree of goals in Figure 5.

Figure 5 - Tree of goals of Elcom LLC

For Elcom LLC, the goals of subsequent levels are goals that contribute to the real implementation of the global goal, i.e. eliminating the problem of difficulties in selling electronic components made on the basis of imported components. Such goals could be: modernization of production and introduction of a new production line; expansion of the range of elements of our own production; improving customer service; improvement of production processes; development of an integrated approach to the manufacture of electronic components. They will be the key goals of the company. To implement them, it is necessary to solve certain tasks or subgoals within the framework of achieving the global goal. These tasks do not contradict either the tasks in other areas, or the goals of other areas, or the global goal. Taking into account the correct coordination of all its elements, we can judge the successful program-target concept for eliminating the Elcom LLC problem with the difficulties in implementing electronic components manufactured on the basis of imported components.

Products at Elkom LLC are manufactured in accordance with current GOSTs. Each type of product is regulated by a separate GOST. The production of Wi-Fi repeaters will be carried out in accordance with the following standards:

– GOST 30668-2000 Electronic products. Marking;

– GOST 2.052-2006 ESKD. Electronic model of the product. General provisions.

To introduce the production of Wi-Fi repeaters at Elcom LLC, it will be necessary to purchase a production line to organize a new production site within the existing technological structure. This requires conveyor equipment to produce new electronic components. Let's calculate the need for fixed assets to organize production. Since the implementation of the project does not require expansion of production facilities, the need for them is eliminated.

The composition of the line of automated equipment necessary for organizing the production of Wi-Fi repeaters at Elcom LLC is shown in Table 2.

Calculation of the need for fixed assets for organizing the production of Wi-Fi repeaters allows us to conclude that the total cost of fixed assets required for the acquisition is 932,000 rubles.

table 2

Cost of an equipment line for the production of fitness crackers

Name of fixed production assets	Requirement for fixed assets
	Quantity, pcs.	price, rub.	Total, rub.
Horizontal element transmitter RBT-250
Transport and loading unit TL-500 (receiver, cutter, conveyor)
Vacuum furnace V-5/LTR-200
Selective soldering installation E100TRZ-1100
Machine component installer V3400SKR
Reflow oven for lead-free soldering BP-M645
Thermal profiler TDU-500
Solder paste mixer В2800А
Four-axis automatic soldering robot RAP-S400
Processing unit TLU-600
Dry storage cabinet TRSH-1428A

From the data presented in the table, it follows that the most expensive component of the equipment line for the production of Wi-Fi repeaters is the installation of a soldering robot. Considering the nature of production and the lack of possibility of unifying the technological process for the production of heterogeneous types of products at Elcom LLC, one can reasonably judge the high degree of complexity in the implementation of such projects. However, investments in fixed assets, taking into account the technical and technological level of the production line, are justified, since without individual technological units it is impossible to organize a continuous process for the production of high-tech products.

Equipment line power: 195 kW (annual consumption at 8 hour operating cycle - 391560 kW).

Production capacity of the equipment line: 200 units/hour.

One type of electronic product can be produced on the line at a time. Switching between products does not require equipment readjustment: it is enough to change the program of the soldering robot and switch the operating mode of selective soldering units.

Thus, by introducing into production a new line of Wi-Fi repeater products, Elcom LLC will be able to develop a new segment of the telecommunications equipment market and create additional competitive advantages over competitors through its own production. It should be noted that the main trend in recent years has been the expansion and modernization of the production base of enterprises involved in the production of radio-electronic and telecommunication devices and components. The electronic components segment has developed steadily and progressively over the past decade. The first batch of Wi-Fi repeaters is planned to be released in the amount of 8,000 pieces.

From a financial and economic point of view, this project is a long-term investment in order to increase the production capacity of the enterprise to increase the volume of profits received. Achieving profit growth will be achieved by expanding the range of products that will qualitatively meet the needs of the markets.

This project is focused on the medium term, as it involves the rapid implementation of all activities within the project and obtaining a quick effect from the invested money.

From the point of view of the content of the activities carried out within the framework of this project, it represents the acquisition of new fixed assets associated with an existing technological project and allows the production of products similar to those that the enterprise is currently producing, but aimed at a qualitatively different market. The project does not have significant risks, since it is not fundamental or applied research work that is being financed, the results of which cannot be assessed in terms of commercial benefit in advance.

Activities for the implementation of the project for the introduction of a new product line are presented in Table 3

Table 3

Equipment acquisition schedule

	Events	Responsible persons	Implementation period
	Development of project implementation stages	Shadchin I.S., Selivanov D.M., Klimova T.A., Dmitriev R.A.
	Analysis of equipment supply options	Selivanov D.M.
	Determining the best offer	Selivanov D.M., Klimova T.A.
	Conclusion of an agreement	Agapov I.Yu., Dmitriev R.A., Klimova T.A.
	Analysis of your own capabilities for operating equipment	Selivanov D.M., Shadchin I.S.
	Determining the mechanism for incorporating a new product line into the overall technological process	Grozd A.I., Selivanov D.M., Shadchin I.S.
	Determining personnel qualifications to work on new equipment	Shagov O.V.
	Equipment delivery, process setup, line launch	Shagov O.V., Dmitriev R.A.
	Correction of the technological process taking into account the introduction of a new line	Shadchin I.S.
	Organization of control over the operation of a new line of equipment	Agapov I.Yu.
	Initial assessment of the results of introducing a new product line	Shagov O.V.
	Final control of the results and effectiveness of the introduction of a new product line	December 2015

For successful implementation of the project, it is necessary to ensure strict compliance with the planned activities.

The project is proposed to begin at the end of January 2015.

It is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the acquisition of new fixed assets after a certain period in order to be able to analyze the dynamics. Thus, primary control should be carried out based on the results of the first half of 2015, and final control in December 2015. We also note who performs the functions of implementing each of the listed activities for the implementation of the project for the acquisition of vehicles and equipment under the leasing agreement. The functions of developing the implementation of the project, analyzing possible proposals from both leasing companies and suppliers of purchased equipment, as well as selecting the most profitable proposals lie with the management of Elcom LLC and the heads of the relevant departments. The organization of control activities is entrusted to the financial department of the enterprise.

The preliminary forecast is based on the cost per unit of production of 577.73 rubles. and selling price 675.74 rubles.

Table 4

Preliminary sales forecast

Considering the cost of investments in the amount of 932,000 rubles, we can determine the payback period:

/ 784107 = 1.19 years or 15 full months.

Thus, we can conclude that the developed schedule of activities takes into account the necessary strategic actions up to December 2015, when the main stage of introducing the new product line ends, and allows us to achieve the goal. Based on the proposed organizational measures, it follows that the introduction of a new product line is effective and expedient in organizational and managerial terms, since they correspond to the current situation within the organization and meet the modern conditions of the external and internal environment in which the company operates.

Conclusion

Planning is the systematic preparation of decisions about ends, means and actions through a purposeful comparative assessment of various alternative actions under expected conditions. In modern conditions, the efficiency of an enterprise’s functioning is determined by many circumstances, including market, socio-political ones, but technical and technological factors that determine the efficiency of the production activities of enterprises are of particular importance.

Each business entity strives for the optimal combination of used resources and capabilities and plans its activities based on its existing potential. One of the key aspects of the intensive development of enterprises in modern conditions is the production of high-tech products, which can significantly increase the efficiency of the main economic activity of the enterprise, due to its technical and technological development. In conditions of fierce competition, the introduction of knowledge-intensive products into the production, economic and financial activities of modern production-oriented enterprises is the most important condition for their competitiveness, economic growth and prosperity.

During the study, the company Elkom LLC, which produces semiconductor elements and electronic communications equipment, was studied. The analysis showed that the enterprise is developing relatively successfully in conditions of intense competition. Based on the results of studying the state of the planning system at the enterprise, it was found that it corresponds to the level of development of the organization and performs the necessary functions to a sufficient extent.

In order to further develop the enterprise, it was proposed to introduce into the production of Elcom LLC a new line of high-tech products, namely Wi-Fi repeaters, which are in demand equipment in modern electronic communications, as well as in organizing remote communication systems and wireless data transmission channels. In accordance with this, a plan was developed for the introduction of high-tech products into production, which involves the creation of a special line of equipment for the production of Wi-Fi repeaters. When developing the plan, the current focus of domestic manufacturers on import substitution was taken into account, a tree of problems and a tree of goals were drawn up, and a schedule of activities was developed for the introduction of a new line of electronic communications products into the production of Elcom LLC.

Bibliography

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Annex 1

Organizational structure of Elcom LLC

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Introduction

1. Science-intensive products and macrotechnologies

3.Global macrotechnology markets. Russia's place in the market

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Macrotechnology, as a set of all technological processes (research and development, development, preparation of production, production, sales and service support of the project) to create a certain type of product with given parameters, is an important area of ​​development at the present time.

The share of 9 highly developed countries (out of approximately 150 countries with market-type economies) accounts for about 80-90% of all high-tech products and almost all of their exports; Russia's share is only 0.3%. These countries own 46 of the 50 macro technologies. The USA accounts for 20-22 macro-technologies in which they either share or hold the lead, Germany - 8-10, Japan - 7, England and France - 3-5, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Switzerland - - 1-2 macrotechnologies, for the rest of the world - 3-4 macrotechnologies. Russia's share is only 0.3%.

The economic “miracle” of Singapore, Taiwan, and Hong Kong occurred primarily due to the fact that the “powers that be” implanted 1-2 macrotechnologies into these countries. Singapore owns only one macrotechnology - microelectronics and has a turnover of $6.8 billion per year.

Russia for the period until 2025 could set the task of priority development for 12-16 macro-technologies, given that for 6-7 macro-technologies our total level of knowledge is equal to or exceeds the world level (aviation, space, nuclear energy, shipbuilding, special metallurgy and energy mechanical engineering). Therefore, the task of Russia's industrial policy is to maintain the achieved advantage in the development of macro-technologies, master new macro-technologies and bring the corresponding production to the world level.

1.Knowledge-intensive products and macrotechnologies

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, a new model of scientific and technological development of the most developed countries was formed - the production of high-tech products based on macro-technologies - a body of knowledge, specific technologies and production capabilities for the production of products and services with potential markets on a global scale. Macrotechnologies are acquiring the significance of a key specialization in the global market and are of a criterion nature in relation to a country’s relation to the group of developed or developing ones.

The civilian sector of science and industry has become a leader in the scientific and technological sphere: 60-70% of scientific and technological developments used for the defense industrial complex (DIC) of developed countries are the result of scientific and technological work in the civilian sectors of the economy and science. This is due to the fact that weapon systems are developed and produced for a long time, for decades. The rate of change in the market for civilian goods and technologies is significantly higher and is accelerating every day.

Modern scientific and technological development and production of high-tech products in the world are associated with only 50-55 macrotechnologies. Among the macrotechnologies that determine the future of the global economy are:

Biotechnology (biotechnology, gene therapy);

Aerospace engineering;

Information and communication technologies;

Nanotechnology - the creation of new materials with predetermined properties;

Energy and thermonuclear technologies, non-traditional energy, etc.

Assessing the current situation in the world, one can note that Russia’s position in high-tech markets does not correspond to the status of a developed country. Approximately 8% of GDP growth in the Russian Federation is achieved through high-tech sectors (in developed countries - 60%). And Russia's share in the global high-tech market does not exceed 1%. The existing set of problems of the Russian economy can only be solved on the basis of a new type of economy, which produces high-tech intellectual goods and connects the production of knowledge and technology with economic activity.

Recent years in Russia (2006-2011) have become a turning point in terms of the country’s economic development strategy; its priorities began to unfold from the previous “raw materials” to “high-tech”. If previously the main emphasis was on stimulating new scientific developments and innovations, now the emphasis is shifting towards the commercialization of innovations. This is a fundamentally important change towards intensifying the state’s scientific and technical policy in the direction of obtaining real results. We see this both from the results of the implementation of federal target programs (FTP) of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and from the results of the activities of industry-specific organizations and subordinate organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, in the field of dual technologies. Today, the most promising is the symbiosis of civil and defense technologies in new developments. These examples indicate that teams that have worked in the defense industry for a long time, or have left this industry, have accumulated extensive scientific, technological and organizational experience in solving a wide variety of scientific and technological projects, are now beginning to actively engage in civilian technologies that can be used in the defense industry.

Throughout the entire period of market reforms in Russia, research continued in the field of designing industrial, competition, as well as scientific and technical policies. These studies have become especially intensified since 2003. Works devoted to the theory and methodology of the “new economy” began to appear. These are the works of E.F. Avdokushina, V.S. Sizova, A.L. Gaponenko, N.N. Dumnoy, L.E. Mindeli and others. However, they do not pay enough attention to the influence of the “new economy” on the industrial sector, competition and competitiveness in it, i.e. Issues of increasing the competitiveness of industry are not specifically considered and are of a subordinate nature.

There are still few studies devoted to the methodological aspects of innovation-based competitiveness management. For the first time in Russia, the work examined the issues of assessing the competitiveness of high-tech mechanical engineering products using expert assessment methods based on fuzzy logic and neural network technologies. These issues are especially relevant for Russia, where in the structure of the national economy there are high-tech components of the “new economy” in the form of accumulated and preserved research and technological potential in the defense industry, the information and telecommunications technology sector, but the predominance of industries with low scientific research component and innovative activity.

Since it is not industries that compete in world markets, but products (goods, services) based on macro-technologies, the formation of a competitive industry, on the principle of its structuring in accordance with macro-technologies, allows, by overcoming organizational and managerial barriers, to create new high-tech objects of innovative activity.

There is a need for a comprehensive and systematic study of the competitiveness of high-tech products, methodological support for the theory and practice of managing them, taking into account the new economic reality, the formation and development of new competitive objects, which are becoming macrotechnologies.

Macrotechnologies are a natural result of the stage of complication and development of technologies as a way to overcome organizational and managerial barriers between different industries. Through inter-farm technological and financial interaction, rational use of production resources is achieved. This necessitates effective integration that ensures stable mutually beneficial relationships among participants in the production process of high-tech products. We are talking not only about intercompany integration, but also about the expansion and deepening of production and technological interaction, within the framework of which macrotechnology can develop.

Diversification of production within companies is an objective process of rejection of the industry management principle, when a business forms structures that best suit its interests not only from the point of view of minimizing costs, but also building mechanisms focused on the production of innovative products. The intersectoral management principle is being institutionalized by intersectoral formations of various legal entities formed on the basis of contracts, focused on the production and sale of final products that are in consistently high demand. In conditions of disunity of the components of technological processes that form a single macro-technology, “contract corporations” act as a means of overcoming the economic disunity of production.

Macrotechnology at the organizational and economic level is a form of organizational integration that includes a whole range of coordination mechanisms from contractual relationships to strategic alliances, network associations and other integration structures.

Structuring industry according to macrotechnologies creates fundamentally new requirements for technological development. The formation of innovative high-tech reproduction complexes characterizes the new look of modern industry, which allows us to evaluate this structural shift as a change in the technical, economic and organizational-managerial paradigm of industrial development, when instead of “bushes” of enterprises, “bushes” of technologies are formed. The peculiarity of this paradigm is that the formed branched “clusters” of technologies are not constantly tied to specific enterprises, and their replacement in macro-technological complexes of interconnected production occurs in accordance with the logic of macro-technology: only those that qualitatively meet the technical and technological level of the final product remain. The transition to macro-technologies as a new object of management is due to the ideology and practice of business process reengineering, when it became clear that in order to form the most progressive areas of production there is no need to finance and support the entire corporation, but it is necessary to focus attention only on that part of it where the most advanced technologies, rationalizing their interaction.

Within the framework of macrotechnology, a new mechanism for the process interaction of business entities is being formed, which creates the prerequisites for rationalizing material and financial flows, coordinating domestic prices, facilitating the struggle for foreign markets, reducing financial risks and the need for working capital, streamlining the interaction of economic agents based on specialization and cooperation. The subject of macrotechnology management can be the state or a large economic entity.

With well-functioning forms of public-private partnership, with established forms of attracting business to solve national problems, as was practiced, for example, in Japan when implementing fifth-generation computer programs, the state becomes a consolidating force in mobilizing the private sector to solve national problems in the formation of macro-technologies.

Macrotechnology, being a form of cooperation and consolidation of independent economic entities, generally has its own coordination mechanism, which makes it similar to a business organization. Being a qualitatively new phenomenon of the modern economy, it becomes a center of attraction for a whole complex of new technologies in various industries, and through this it is a form of qualitative change in the state of the country’s production potential, modernization of the main sectors of the national economy, necessary for the production of modern and competitive products. Each macrotechnology draws hundreds of enterprises from a wide variety of industries into cooperation in the production of its final products and, in order to achieve its goals, determines the interaction of large, medium and small businesses. By drawing medium and small businesses into the orbit of the trajectory of their movement and development, macrotechnologies give them the opportunity to operate in a niche of high competitiveness, while simultaneously demanding from them high returns in terms of quality and manufacturability. By this, macro-technologies contribute to raising the technological level of the entire industrial sector of the country and increasing the competitiveness of all companies admitted to it, regardless of their size and profile.

Macrotechnologies are becoming high-tech objects of innovation that have the following properties that are generally significant for the socio-economic development of the country:

Bring an effect beyond the scope of the companies involved in each specific macro-technology, promoting industrial restructuring and diversification;

Have the potential for broad cross-sectoral use;

Have a breakthrough character, i.e. open new potential markets;

Create new products and technologies that can dynamize the entire process of developing new markets.

The implementation of these properties of macrotechnology is feasible in conditions of coordination of the goals of all business partners and the state in the process of commercial and non-commercial interaction. At the present stage of development in Russia, macrotechnologies should become objects of state regulation of the economy.

2. Signs and criteria for assessing knowledge-intensive markets and industries

knowledge-intensive market products macrotechnology

The process of rapid growth of costs for science and education in the structure of material production is reflected in the concept of “knowledge intensity” of economic sectors. In general, the products of any production or industry are called F-intensive if the share of costs for factor F in its cost is higher than the average share of similar costs in the cost of products of other industries or sectors of the economy.

It is customary to classify as knowledge-intensive products those products in the production of which the share of research and development costs in total costs or sales volume is at least 3.5-4.5%. This barrier value of the criterion for the knowledge intensity of products is not strict and universal: firstly, it varies in different countries; secondly, the methodology for attributing R&D costs (that is, their structure) is also different in different countries. There is another indicator - science productivity, which is understood as the ratio of sales volume of high-tech products to R&D expenses for a certain period of time (usually a year). The criterion for the effectiveness of science output is the relative growth in sales of new (from the point of view of the next generation of technical products, qualitatively different from the previous one) high-tech products with high consumer qualities on the market compared to the growth of the entire knowledge-intensive market (including outdated products developed earlier, but still sold on the market ).

The quality of growth of the knowledge-intensive market is influenced by two circumstances: the first is that the market is growing mainly due to sales of products and services that correspond to the level of advanced technology and technology in the consumer market and the manufacturing sector; second, the share of the population focused on consuming high-tech products should increase.

Knowledge-intensive markets are markets for products of the fifth and higher technological structures. The core of the fifth technological order consists of the electronics industry, computing, fiber optic technology, software, telecommunications, robotics, gas production and processing, and information services. Currently, the industrial development of the sixth technological structure is taking place, the core of which includes nanoelectronics, genetic engineering, multimedia interactive information systems, high-temperature superconductivity, space technology, fine chemistry, etc.

The main distinctive and characteristic features of the formation of knowledge-intensive industries and the formation of a knowledge-intensive market sector in industrialized countries are:

Advanced science and scientific schools in all main areas of fundamental and applied research;

An effective and accessible system of education and training of highly qualified personnel, traditions and authority of high technical culture;

The emergence of a new type of social entity with specific needs for scientific and technical innovations;

An effective system for protecting intellectual property rights and disseminating innovations;

The national importance of a number of branches of science in addressing the issue of defense capability and technological independence of the country;

The ability and determination to obtain, master and, most importantly, large-scale and operational use in industry of scientific and technical achievements that ensure technological leadership and increased competitiveness;

Integration into the global financial system and active ability to create a favorable investment climate in one’s own country;

Skillful use of the advantages of a program-targeted methodology for planning and financing large scientific and technical projects, combining the targeted focus of research, development and production on a specific result with promising areas of work for system-wide, fundamental purposes;

High dynamism of production, manifested in the constant updating of its elements (objects of research, development and production, technologies, circuit and design solutions, information flows, etc.). In changing quantitative and qualitative indicators, in improving the scientific and production structure and management system;

The ability for active and effective investment and innovation activities (in production, in accordance with global practice, the rate of renewal of the active part of fixed production assets should reach 10-13%, in the scientific and experimental base - 30-40% per year);

A high share of experimental and pilot production in the structure of the production apparatus of the economy;

Preferential use of only advanced technologies in mass production;

High unit costs for R&D in the structure of mass production;

The long full life cycle of many types of products (from conception to disposal), reaching 10-15 or more years (airplanes, for example, are in operation for 30-40 years, constantly needing preventive maintenance and repair, and to this stage we must also add the stages of their development and production; in electronics, instrument making, etc. the situation is, of course, different);

The key role of state support (primarily financial and tax) for innovative projects and industries at the initial stage of their formation;

Improving the pricing system, the content of which is to take into account all production costs, including the costs of research and development, the management system for innovative projects, the system of education and advanced training of workers, the system of recreation of highly qualified personnel, etc.;

Availability of highly qualified scientific, engineering, technical and production personnel, absolutely predominant in the total number of employees;

The presence of unique scientific schools and development teams capable of creating products that are competitive on the world market, maintaining leadership in the development of the necessary scientific directions and technologies, etc.

The development of a knowledge-intensive market is closely related to the globalization of the economy. These processes are not only interconnected, but also mutually dependent: without one there is no other. The growth of knowledge-intensive markets occurs due to the redistribution of financial, production, material and labor resources from other markets. Companies operating in the high-tech sector of the economy, on the one hand, take advantage of this process, and on the other hand, they themselves accelerate it through their activities.

It is difficult to call a sufficiently complete and perfect study of the mechanism of capital movement in the new economy using scientific and technological achievements. As a rule, standard explanations apply:

The high profitability of such industries, associated with high industry productivity, makes them attractive to investors;

Enterprises use their monopoly position and, through the price mechanism, redistribute value by exploiting economic entities operating in other markets.

The emergence of knowledge-intensive industries is the result of the natural evolution of technological development, when the ever-increasing costs of science and education required the creation of a closed reproduction loop in the economy, ensuring a return on the funds spent, including expanding the research and development base and improving the education system. In addition, as noted in studies of technical, economic and technological development, the idea of ​​a functional connection between the costs of science development and the scientific and technical level of manufactured products is explicitly or implicitly present.

The profitability of knowledge-intensive industries at all stages of their development is higher than in industries with a conservative type of development. A characteristic feature of the largest and most successful high-tech industries is that most of their products are designed to meet the needs of the general population. Hence the high profitability indicators (as is known, on average in the world economy the level of profitability to investment capital of 7-8% is considered normal). Information published in the Financial Times about the first 50 top companies in the world with a return on investment capital of over 15% shows that they mainly produce products that correspond to the latest technological order (fifth or sixth according to the existing chronology). Companies involved in the extraction and processing of minerals have long since left this list. This is natural: the share of R&D costs in these companies is relatively small. For example, for the largest oil companies, the ratio of research and development costs to sales does not reach 1%. In Russia, the picture is different: in 1999, of the 20 largest companies, 18 were raw materials and processing companies (electric power, gas, oil, metallurgical), and two were machine-building companies - AvtoVAZ and GAZ - and were not classified as knowledge-intensive.

Analyzing international experience, it should be noted that the development of the knowledge-intensive sector of the economy always and everywhere aggravates the problem of highly qualified personnel. Inviting specialists from other countries does not completely solve this problem; the shortage exists and is increasing. According to the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), the labor shortage in the US computer industry in 1998 was about 350 thousand people. (in 1997 -190 thousand people). The Office of Engineering and Technology Policy at the US Department of Commerce estimates that by 2005 the labor shortage in this industry will exceed 1 million people. Similar problems arise in some other industrialized countries that have made a breakthrough into the information economy. Consequently, in order to maintain growth rates in high-tech knowledge-intensive industry, countries developing it have to use the intellectual potential of less developed countries, where the cost of scientific labor is lower. As a result, a new trend has emerged: companies in the USA, Western Europe and Japan are transferring part of their research laboratories to those countries that have a good education system, including Russia.

The emerging general trend is that in the future, the countries of the “golden billion” will monopolize the functions of strategic planning and management of most medium- and high-tech industries. This is logical, since they will also be the main investors and consumers of the products of these industries.

International cooperation and attracting foreign investment provide significant opportunities to expand the scope of new technologies. The creation of many knowledge-intensive industries is prohibitive for the economies of even large states. Therefore, there is a natural process of integration of resources, primarily financial, as well as sales networks, since integration contributes to penetration into domestic markets. The processes of integration and concentration taking place in the high-tech sectors of the economy of the United States, Western Europe and Asia may soon leave the domestic mechanical engineering industry no chance to produce competitive products.

In addition, the scientific resources of the global economy are concentrated in a small number of countries. The United States accounts for about half of all financial resources allocated to R&D. Other centers include Western Europe, Japan and Russia.

Small developed countries (Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, etc.) are among the leaders only in certain, relatively narrow areas of scientific and technological progress, often in cooperation with companies from other countries. Some newly developed countries (South Korea) and key developing countries (India) are breaking through into the ranks of the leaders in certain areas.

The United States has the world's largest scientific and technological potential. The annual allocations for R&D in them exceed the similar expenses of other leading countries in scientific and technological terms taken together. In the early 90s. The total number of people employed in science and scientific services in the United States is approaching 1 million. people Combined with the high level of qualifications of scientists and technical equipment of research centers, this ensures the leading role of the United States in world science. The United States remains the world's largest producer of high-tech products: its share in the world production of these products was in the mid-90s. about 40%.

Western Europe is one of the world's main centers of science. The total number of scientists in it exceeds 700 thousand people, to which we should add researchers in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe - 300 thousand people. The leading countries in the region spend over 2% of GDP on scientific and technological research.

In 1997, there were 62 technopolises in Germany, 40 in Great Britain, and 30 in France.

For a long time, Western Europe lagged noticeably behind the United States and Japan, primarily in research in the field of high technology. This gap, although reduced, still persists to this day. R&D expenditure per capita in Western Europe is generally lower than in the United States and Japan. Advanced technology is not widely used in this region of the world. The scientific and technological potential of Western European countries is largely focused on fundamental research.

Until the beginning of the 80s. Japan noticeably lagged behind the United States and partly Western Europe in terms of scientific and technical potential, especially in the field of fundamental research. But then, having exhausted the extensive factors of economic development, Japan switched to accelerated growth of knowledge-intensive industries. To this end, the state and private companies have focused their efforts on developing their own research instead of predominantly using scientific and technological advances, as was the case in the 50s and 60s. Japan's R&D expenditure increased from 2.1% of GDP in 1975 to 3.1% of GDP in 1985 and 3.0 in 1996. But, despite the success of Japanese firms in the development of high-tech industries, there is still a significant dependence on American technology.

The absolute superiority of the United States in the financial and personnel support of the scientific and technical sphere as a whole took place throughout the entire post-war period. The accelerated build-up of scientific potential in Japan led to only a slight decrease in the US share in the early 90s (48% of G7 costs) and, according to our calculations, this purely quantitative advantage will remain in the future (moreover, the US intends to increase its share again up to 50%). In addition, Japan, despite its success in organizing cost-effective production and export of electronics, has not yet managed to become the undisputed leader of any fundamentally important new direction.

The length of the period during which the US government and private sector made increasing investments in the scientific and technical sphere also provides a qualitative effect - the balance of all parts of the innovation system, their susceptibility to new impulses of supply and demand, and the comparative painlessness of structural changes.

In the last decade of the twentieth century. American leadership has strengthened on a number of fundamental positions. First of all, this is the rapid spread and use of Internet technologies in all areas - in science and education, trade and transport, the financial sector and business services, leisure and telecommunications. In 1999 and 2000 Electronic commerce has entered the stage of “hypergrowth” in the United States, and most quickly it has embraced business-to-business relationships, that is, logistics and sales of companies. According to experts, in the UK and Germany a similar stage of e-commerce development will occur in about two years, in Japan, Italy and France - even later.

At the same time, although in the near future the United States remains the leader in global scientific and technological development in terms of the scale of financial and human resources involved, other developed countries may come out ahead in relative terms. Thus, in terms of the knowledge intensity of the economy, Japan may take first place, which is already ahead of the United States in terms of the share of civilian R&D expenditures in GNP (2.7% versus 2% in the United States). In the manufacturing industry, American manufacturers retain leadership in the knowledge intensity of pharmaceutical products, computers and communications equipment, but are already inferior to Japan in the knowledge intensity of instrument making.

If we take into account the scientific activities of multinational, international and transnational corporations and look at the market through their eyes, then all differences across regions are directly related to the investment climate and the size of sales markets. Thus, fluctuations in the level of knowledge intensity of a country’s economy can be reduced to the issue of the investment attractiveness of a given economy as a whole. And since innovative projects are more risky compared to other types of long-term investments, the level of economic stability of the region should be at a level that allows for strategic planning in the range of up to 25 - 30 years.

3. Global macrotechnology markets. Russia's place in the market

There are plenty of concepts and forecasts regarding the future of Russia put forward. The approaches and opinions in them are very different.

Some Western countries, speaking about the future of Russia, predict its role as a storehouse of resources for the needs of the West, adding that for this Russia a population of 40-50 million will be enough. If we accept the logic of such a forecast, then the financial elite generated by transnational corporations, which rules the world, has in fact already made a choice for Russia - the “stoker” and the “hallway”. But then this very elite will have to be attributed a number of rather paradoxical qualities - short-sightedness, imprudence, and a tendency to create hotbeds of tension. By provoking instability and hurting the pride of a still nuclear power, the global financial elite, if one exists, looks too desperate and malicious.

The alternative scenario is based on the so-called economic growth strategy. It is based on a focus on enhancing the competitive advantages of the Russian economy. There are eight of them.

1. Level of education combined with an orientation towards collectivism.

2. Natural resources.

3. Territory and capacious domestic market.

4. Cheap and sufficiently qualified labor.

5. Scientific and industrial potential.

6. Scientific schools and competitive technologies.

7. Free production capacity.

8. Experience in exporting high-tech products and industrial cooperation.

To realize all these advantages, of course, a system of economic and administrative measures must be thought out. Calculations already in the medium term promise sustainable economic growth of at least 7% per year, a general increase in investment by at least 15% per year, and in knowledge-intensive industry and new technologies - up to 30%. Inflation will also be limited to 30% per year.

Many experts directly place their main hopes on the realization of the country’s scientific and industrial potential. Russia, which has 12% of the world's scientists, actually has no other serious alternative. In terms of raw materials, even with 28% of world reserves, it is impossible to achieve an acceptable economic growth.

According to forecasts, its consumption will only double by 2015, and we are already about 10 times behind developed countries in terms of gross domestic product per capita (GDP). But the volume of the global market for science-intensive products today is 2 trillion. 500 billion dollars (Russia's share - 0.3%). By 2015 it will reach approximately 4 trillion. dollars. Even a tenth of this amount is approximately an order of magnitude higher than potential Russian oil and gas exports. On the other hand, the chances of promoting the innovation process on a national scale, allowing inflation to reach 30% per year, seem problematic. It is known from world experience (Argentina) that this is the maximum level above which inflation becomes the main obstacle to economic growth.

In all major indicators, the country has the same industrial infrastructure as Western countries. And only in terms of the development of the technological environment (quality assurance systems, standards, automation of development, computerization of production, etc.) are we very far behind them. The level of development of technological infrastructure is a kind of watershed between industrial and post-industrial countries. This is what Russia must overcome.

Analysis of the world market shows: the production of high-tech products is ensured by only about 50 macro-technologies (macro-technology is a set of knowledge and production capabilities for releasing specific products onto the world market - aircraft, reactors, ships, materials, computer programs, etc.). The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macro-technologies, hold 80% of this market. The United States annually receives about 700 billion dollars from the export of high-tech products, Germany - 530, Japan - 400. Future forecasts have already been made for 16 macro-technologies.

There is fierce competition in the global market. Thus, over the past 7-10 years, the United States has lost 8 macro-technologies and, accordingly, their markets. As a result, we ended up with a deficit of effective demand of $200 billion. The reason for this is that about 15 years ago the Europeans formed a common program with the goal of winning back part of the market from the United States and Japan. Technologies were rebuilt to accommodate it, fundamental research was carried out, and industry was restructured.

Now a European aviation consortium is undertaking a similar targeted attack. Its experts have identified the opportunity to win 25% of the heavy aircraft market ($300 billion). A corresponding international program was formed. Even American competitors were drawn into it by buying up their companies. Russia was offered to create a joint research center and signed contracts with our factories. In general, 20% of the total volume of the program became Russian.

In a word, the history of this largest transnational project clearly shows: when distributing orders, business expediency is, above all, decisive.

According to our experts, Russia is quite capable of competing for the market of 10-15 macrotechnologies out of the 50 that determine the potential of developed countries.

The choice of macro-technological priorities in our country should be carried out on a completely new principle for us. Supporting dozens of priority scientific and technical programs across the entire front of conceivable research is completely futile. Even the richest country cannot afford this today.

To assign a particular macrotechnology the status of a priority for our country, it is proposed to compare the costs of creating a knowledge base on it (complete or sufficient) and the possible effect from the sale of competitive products created on its basis.

Federal target programs are formed for each priority macrotechnology. The government places orders for them on a competitive basis with institutes and design bureaus. As a result, industry receives a related set of tasks for the design of integral technological systems. (By the way, according to a similar scheme, Russia, having adopted the target program “Fighter-90s” 15 years ago, won a market worth $5 billion; a similar analogy arises if we recall the program for the creation of rocket and space technology). A competitive technological environment harmonized with international standards is being created. And since all target programs are deliberately focused on world-class final products, their attractiveness for Western and Russian investors and creditors will be quite high. The role of the state is to guarantee risk loans.

Table 3.1. - Macrotechnology market (billion dollars)

Technologies
Aviation
Space
Shipbuilding
Automotive industry
Transport engineering
Chemical Engineering
Special metallurgy; special chemicals;
new materials
Oil production and refining
Gas production and transportation
Power engineering engineering
Industrial equipment;
machine tool industry
Micro- and radioelectronic
Computer and information
Communication, connection
Biotechnology

For Russia, now more than ever, integration of high-tech technology into the world market is relevant. There is almost no effective demand in the country for some high-tech products, which leads to stagnation and aging of the most advanced technological base (aviation, astronautics, electronics, computer science, communications, etc.). According to forecasts, the volume of exports of priority macrotechnologies already in the first decade of the 21st century will make it possible to increase the solvency of the population by 2-3 times and ensure demand for high-tech products in the domestic market. This will stimulate further economic growth.

The concept of national macrotechnological priorities has met with interest not only among specialists, but also in the government. This allows us to hope that in the 21st century we are still able to make a worthy choice - not in favor of the “stoker” and the “hallway”.

CONCLUSION

The implementation of existing theories and models of economic reform is seriously complicated in the context of a shortage of investments. Historically, the macro-technological structure of the economy dominated in Russia. Macrotechnologies are technologies that allow the production of large industrial products that are characterized by high capital intensity. It is noted that in economically developed countries, supplying industries and consuming industries are closely interconnected and form fairly pronounced homogeneous clusters (“clumps”) in which enterprises strive to form an optimal vertical value chain according to the stages of the production process. Clusters in Russia can be formed on a regional basis, according to industry and technology characteristics. The prerequisites for the active development of macrotechnologies in Russia are noted. In fairness, it must be said that in recent years the Russian Government has been taking certain measures to rehabilitate and develop industries with high technology (a list of such programs is provided and their shortcomings are emphasized). According to experts, with the normal functioning of the financial system and the scientific and production complex, Russia is able to lay claim to approximately 10% of the world market for knowledge-intensive (capital-intensive) products.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. World scientific and technological priorities: http://www.kapital-rus.ru/articles/article/615

2. Forecast of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation.: mon.gov.ru›files/materials/5053/prog.ntr.pdf

3. Shestakov A.V. Economics and law: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2000. - 568 p.

4. Innovation policy and innovative business in Russia // Analytical Bulletin 2001 No. 15

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