Yeltsin biography. The first president of Russia Boris Yeltsin

Brief biography of B.N. Yeltsin

The first President of Russia, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, was born in February 1931 into a simple peasant family in Siberia.

Having received an education as a civil engineer, he began to build a party career.

For nine years, from 1976 to 1985, he served as first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU.

From 1985 to 1987 he was the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.

Note 1

However, for active criticism of the pace of perestroika, he was removed from this post and removed from candidate membership in the Politburo.

In 1990, Yeltsin was elected people's deputy of the RSFSR, having previously left the Communist Party.

Subsequently, in June 1991, Boris Nikolaevich became the first President of the Russian Federation, and in August 1991 he led the opposition during the putsch. On August 21, 1991, on his initiative, the activities of the Communist Party were prohibited.

Note 2

Among his achievements is the agreement on the creation of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) after the collapse of the USSR in December 1991.

Boris Nikolaevich also won the second presidential election in Russian history.

Beginning of B.N.'s presidency Yeltsin

Note 3

First of all, it is worth noting that the country Yeltsin inherited during the perestroika period had many economic and social problems.

The distinctive features of that time were a fall in production and income of the population, an unrealistic increase in inflation, the criminalization of society, as well as a blatant and unlimited redistribution of state property and the country's wealth between newly emerging entrepreneurs.

Example 1

The paradoxical events in the history of Russia of that period are most fully illustrated by the world-famous footage of the storming of Parliament from a CNN live broadcast.

However, his cabinet still managed to cope with some of the problems of the USSR's legacy, such as acute shortages of goods. Also, the government of Boris Yeltsin was able to convince the countries of the former Soviet Union to abandon nuclear weapons.

Chechen campaigns of the 90s

Yet the most difficult and controversial issue of Yeltsin's presidency was the introduction of troops into Chechnya in December 1994. This was preceded by the republic's unilateral declaration of independence from Russia.

Note 4

The introduction of Russian troops marked the beginning of one of the most brutal military campaigns of recent decades, which resulted not only in a huge number of casualties, but also led to an increase in terrorist attacks by Chechens, both in Chechnya itself and in the rest of Russia.

As Yeltsin himself later admitted, this step was a “mistake.” However, later the situation worsened even more, so after the signing of the “Khasavyurt agreements” in 1996, in order to stop military operations in Chechnya, not only the money allocated for the restoration of the region, but also hundreds of people began to disappear.

As a result, Russia was forced to resume military operations after attacks by Chechen units in 1999 on Dagestan villages.

Results of the presidency of B.N. Yeltsin

Note 5

A distinctive feature of B.N. Yeltsin's presidency was not only his election to this post for the first time in Russian history, but also his voluntary resignation six months before the official expiration of power on December 31, 1999.

The resignation was due to the crisis of the last year of Boris Nikolayevich’s reign, when, against the backdrop of surrounding political and economic processes, there was a sharp drop in the population’s trust in the authorities, a change of government officials, as well as a struggle among oligarchic groups among themselves.

When leaving, Yeltsin apologized for failing to fulfill all the promises he made to the people before his election.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (born 1931 - died 2007), first president of the Russian Federation (elected June 12, 1991), re-elected for a second term in June 1996.

Born on February 1, 1931 in the village of Butka, Talitsky district, Sverdlovsk region, into a peasant family. After graduating from high school, he entered the construction department of the Ural Polytechnic Institute named after. S.M.Kirova (Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg), completed the course in 1955. For almost 13 years he worked in his specialty. He went through all the steps of the service hierarchy in the construction industry: from the foreman of a construction trust to the director of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant.

Take as much sovereignty as you can swallow. I don’t want... to be a brake on the development of national self-awareness in each republic.
(at a meeting with the public of Kazan on August 8, 1990)

Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich

In 1961 Yeltsin joined the CPSU. He began his party career in 1968 as head of the construction department of the Sverdlovsk regional party committee. Then he was elected secretary (1975-1976) and first secretary (1976-1985) of the regional committee. For a short time he worked as head of the construction department of the Central Committee, then was elected secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1985). In December 1985, Yeltsin became the first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU and a candidate member of the Politburo of the Party Central Committee (1986-1988).

In Moscow, Yeltsin took energetic, but often ostentatious and excessively harsh measures to renew the party committees of the capital's districts. In a short time, on his initiative, almost half of the first secretaries of the district party committees were replaced (there were 32 of them in the city). New and not always prepared people appeared in the apparatus of city and district committees, executive committees of councils of people's deputies. The personnel “purge” did not spare a single city government structure. The first secretary of the city committee fought against privileges, often met with people, visited various groups, and found a common language with any audience.

Practically unable to drive a car, he once drove around Moscow behind the wheel of a Moskvich, and also rode on a tram several times. These advertising pictures were shown on television; they increased his personal rating among voters, but did not have any influence on the fight against privileges.

In 1987, his political fate took a sharp turn. At the October plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Yeltsin made a speech that fell out of the context of the general conversation about the 70th anniversary of the October Revolution. The speech contained criticism of Politburo member E.K. Ligachev and a demand for more decisive reforms. The plenum condemned this speech as politically erroneous and removed Yeltsin from leadership of the city party committee. The very fact of his performance became widely known. Later, at the 19th party conference, Yeltsin called his speech erroneous and asked the party conference to make a decision on his political rehabilitation.

In 1987-1989, Yeltsin worked as first deputy chairman of the USSR State Committee for Construction with the rank of minister. In the first free elections in March 1989, Yeltsin became a people's deputy of the USSR, and then chairman of the construction committee of the Supreme Council. Along with A.D. Sakharov, G.Kh. Popov and others, he was elected co-chairman of the Interregional Deputy Group (more than 300 people's deputies of the USSR) - the first for many parliamentary opposition.

In 1990, Yeltsin received the mandate of people's deputy of the RSFSR and, despite the resistance of the party apparatus, was elected chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies, on his initiative, adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, which essentially became the first step towards the collapse of the USSR. On March 17, 1991, a referendum was held on the issue of preserving the USSR as a renewed federation of equal and sovereign republics. Russian citizens were also asked a second question: about the establishment of the post of President of Russia. More than 70% of voters voted in favor, and on June 12, 1991, Yeltsin was elected president of the RSFSR.

At 15:45 on Monday April 23, 2007, the first President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, suddenly died at the Central Clinical Hospital at the age of 77. The Medical Center for the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation stated that the cause of death was the progression of cardiovascular multiple organ failure. To put it simply, Yeltsin died due to sudden cardiac arrest.

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was born in the village of Butka, Talitsky district, Sverdlovsk region on February 1, 1931. In 1955, he graduated from the Ural Polytechnic Institute with a degree in civil engineering. Yeltsin joined the CPSU in 1961. His party career developed gradually. His first significant position was the post of head of the construction department at the Sverdlovsk regional party committee, which he took in 1968.

By 1976, Yeltsin was already the head of the entire regional party committee. He continued to follow the construction line, becoming in 1981 the head of the construction department of the CPSU Central Committee. The most that Yeltsin achieved in the party field was the post of Secretary of the Party Central Committee for Construction Issues. At the same time, from December 1985 to November 1987, he held the much more prestigious position of first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.

On the initiative of the then head of state and party Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin was removed from this post due to ideological differences with the leadership and sent into honorable exile as the first deputy head of the USSR State Construction Committee.

But Yeltsin got a taste for big politics and, not wanting to focus exclusively on economic activities, was elected in March 1989 as a people's deputy of the USSR, and a year later as a people's deputy of the RSFSR. On May 29, 1990, he was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, and in July of the same year, Yeltsin finally broke with communist ideology by leaving the party.

The entire 1990s went down in Russian history as the Yeltsin era. He was first elected President of the Russian Federation on June 12, 1991, and on July 3, 1996, he was re-elected for a second term.

Yeltsin himself ended his political career when he retired early. Moreover, he did this in his usual spectacular manner, announcing the resignation of presidential powers in an unexpected New Year's address to the people at noon on December 31, 1999. According to the constitution, the position of acting head of state in the event of his resignation is occupied by the chairman of the government, who at that time was Vladimir Putin. Three months later, Putin got rid of the “acting” prefix, becoming a full-fledged president of the country following the election results.

Yeltsin's biography as head of state is full of contradictory moments. In 1991, he spoke out against the putschists from the State Emergency Committee, refusing to give him full power after Gorbachev’s return from captivity in Foros. He got the communist Gorbachev, who was still formally the head of the Soviet Union, to ban the activities of the CPSU.

In December 1991, in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Yeltsin, together with the heads of Ukraine and Belarus, signed an agreement on the dissolution of the USSR, after which large-scale political and economic reforms began in Russia. With his support, the privatization of state property was carried out in 1992-93, which contributed to the transition of the Russian economy to capitalist lines.

In 1993, the conflict between Yeltsin and the leadership of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia led to an armed confrontation in the center of Moscow, which ended with the shooting of the parliament building from tanks. A year later, the first military campaign in Chechnya began, leading to numerous casualties, both from the military and civilians.

By the end of the 1990s, the Russian economy was on the rise, which unexpectedly ended with the August 1998 default caused by the collapse of the GKO pyramid. The then head of government, Sergei Kiriyenko, resigned. During the year, Yeltsin replaced two more prime ministers - Yevgeny Primakov and Sergei Stepashin, until in August 1999 he chose Vladimir Putin, whom he introduced to the citizens of the country as his successor.

When Putin became the legally elected head of state, he provided Yeltsin and his family with guarantees of personal security and lifelong security. In the last years of his life, Yeltsin and his relatives lived at a government dacha in Barvikha.

It is known that by the mid-1990s, Yeltsin’s health had deteriorated sharply. Shortly before the 1996 presidential election, he underwent coronary artery bypass surgery, in which an artificial valve is implanted into the heart.

Since then, Yeltsin has been constantly under close medical supervision. Sources close to his family claim that Yeltsin spent about a week in the Central Clinical Hospital before his death.

The burial place of the first president of Russia has not yet been determined. Boris Yeltsin is survived by his wife Naina, two daughters, five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

Soviet party and state, as well as Russian political figure. Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR (1990-1991), President of the Russian Federation (1991-1999).

Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the village of Butkinsky district of the Ural region (now) in the family of Nikolai Ignatievich Yeltsin (1906-1978). In 1935, the family moved to the Perm region for the construction of the Bereznikovsky potash plant.

In 1945-1949, B. N. Yeltsin studied at secondary school No. 1 (now named after) in. In 1950-1955, he studied at the construction department of the Ural Polytechnic Institute, upon graduation he received the specialty of civil engineer.

In 1955-1968, B. N. Yeltsin worked as a foreman, foreman, chief engineer of the construction department of the Yuzhgorstroy trust, chief engineer, and head of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant. In 1961 he joined the CPSU. In 1968-1976, B. N. Yeltsin headed the construction department of the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee. In 1975, he was elected secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU and was responsible for the industrial development of the region.

In 1976-1985, B. N. Yeltsin served as first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU. In 1978-1989, he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (he was a member of the Council of the Union). In 1984-1985 and 1986-1988 he was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

In 1981, at the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, B. N. Yeltsin was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee (he remained a member until 1990). In the same year, he headed the construction department of the CPSU Central Committee. Since June 1985, he was Secretary of the Party Central Committee for Construction Issues.

In 1985-1987, B. N. Yeltsin served as first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU. Having arrived at this post, he fired many senior officials of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU and the first secretaries of district committees. He became famous for his personal inspections of stores and warehouses using public transport. Organized food fairs. In the last months of his work at the Moscow City Committee, he began to publicly criticize the party leadership.

In November 1987, B. N. Yeltsin was removed from the post of first secretary of the Moscow City Committee. In February 1988, he was removed from the list of candidates for membership in the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. In 1987-1989 he served as deputy chairman of the USSR State Construction Committee.

In March 1989, B. N. Yeltsin was elected people's deputy of the USSR and returned to “big politics”. In 1989-1990, he headed the Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on construction and architecture.

On May 29, 1990, at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, B. N. Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR with the active support of the Democratic Russia bloc. He held this post until June 1991. On July 12, 1990, at the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU, he left the ranks of the party.

On June 12, 1991, during nationwide direct open elections, B. N. Yeltsin was elected the first President of the RSFSR. In this post, Yeltsin also served as Chairman of the Constitutional Commission, Chairman of the Emergency Food Commission and Chairman of the Supreme Advisory Coordination Council.

In August 1991, when a coup attempt was made, democratic forces united around B.N. Yeltsin. In September 1991, he signed a decree suspending the activities of the Communist Party of the RSFSR.

In December 1991, B. N. Yeltsin, together with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus, signed the Agreement on the Commonwealth of Independent States (Belovezhskaya Agreement), which led to the liquidation of the USSR.

From November 1991 to May 1993, B. N. Yeltsin headed the Russian Government. In October 1991, he spoke at the V Congress of People's Deputies with a program of radical economic reforms, which was based on the methods of “shock therapy” developed by E. T. Gaidar. The reform program provided for the speedy introduction of free prices for goods, liberalization of domestic and foreign trade, widespread privatization, and reduction of social spending. The goal of the reforms was to form a layer of private owners and increase production efficiency, creating a market economy and a democratic society. The first results of the reforms were rising prices, an even greater decrease in household incomes, depreciation of deposits in savings banks, and a depreciation of the ruble. The majority of the population found themselves below the poverty line. In the summer of 1992, check (voucher) privatization was carried out, which did not give the expected result. The continuation of “shock therapy” led to the impoverishment of the population, the ruin of enterprises in the light and food industries and the agricultural complex. Radical reforms caused discontent among the population and widespread opposition in the Supreme Council.

A serious conflict between the executive and legislative branches led to a new political crisis and the October 1993 coup. President B. N. Yeltsin announced the termination of the powers of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council refused to obey, swearing in A. V. Rutsky as head of state. The use of the army at the decisive moment allowed B. N. Yeltsin to suppress the putsch (October 4-5, 1993). Taking advantage of the current situation, he eliminated the system of Soviets of People's Deputies. The country became a presidential republic, which was enshrined in the new Constitution of 1993.

The priority areas of foreign policy activity during B. N. Yeltsin’s stay in power were the establishment of cooperation with Western countries, and above all with the United States, as well as building relations with the newly independent states of the near abroad.

On July 3, 1996, during direct popular elections in two rounds, B. N. Yeltsin was re-elected President of the Russian Federation for a second term. His further rule did not lead to changes in the economic and social spheres. The Chechen War (1994-1996) also did not contribute to the stabilization of society. Growing dissatisfaction with the President's policies led to his early resignation.

On December 31, 1999, B. N. Yeltsin voluntarily ceased to exercise the powers of the President of the Russian Federation. On April 5, 2000, he was awarded certificates of a pensioner and a labor veteran.

B. N. Yeltsin died in