Geography 5 air envelope of the earth atmosphere presentation. Presentation "Earth's Atmosphere"
History of origin The history of the origin and development of the atmosphere is quite complex and long, it dates back about 3 billion years. During this period, the composition and properties of the atmosphere changed several times, but over the past 50 million years, according to scientists, they have stabilized.
The mass of the modern atmosphere is approximately one millionth the mass of the Earth. With height, the density and pressure of the atmosphere sharply decrease, and the temperature changes unevenly and complexly, including due to the influence of solar activity and magnetic storms on the atmosphere. The change in temperature within the atmosphere at different altitudes is explained by the unequal absorption of solar energy by gases. The most intense thermal processes occur in the troposphere, and the atmosphere is heated from below, from the surface of the ocean and land.
Significance It should be noted that the atmosphere is of very great ecological importance. It protects all living organisms of the Earth from the harmful effects of cosmic radiation and meteorite impacts, regulates seasonal temperature fluctuations, balances and equalizes the daily cycle. If the atmosphere did not exist, the daily temperature fluctuation on Earth would reach ±200 °C.
The atmosphere is not only a life-giving “buffer” between space and the surface of our planet, a carrier of heat and moisture, photosynthesis and energy exchange, the main processes of the biosphere, also occur through it. The atmosphere influences the nature and dynamics of all exogenous processes that occur in the lithosphere (physical and chemical weathering, wind activity, natural waters, permafrost, glaciers).
The development of the hydrosphere also largely depended on the atmosphere due to the fact that the water balance and regime of surface and underground basins and water areas were formed under the influence of precipitation and evaporation. The processes of the hydrosphere and atmosphere are closely related.
Presentation on physics Presentation on physics Teacher: Vasylyk M.V.
Earth's atmosphere
Atmosphere pressure
“The atmosphere brings life to the Earth. Oceans, seas, rivers, streams, forests, plants, animals, people - everything lives in the atmosphere and thanks to it. The earth floats in an ocean of air; its waves wash both the tops of the mountains and their bases; and we live at the bottom of this ocean, covered by it on all sides, completely imbued with it... It is none other than her who covers our fields and meadows with greenery, nourishes both the delicate flower that we admire and the huge, centuries-old tree that stores the work of a sunbeam in order to give it back to us later.” Camille Flammarion (19th century French astronomer) The atmosphere is the shell of air surrounding the Earth. (from Greek atmos- steam, air and sphere– ball) In its structure, the ocean of air resembles a house, which has its own floors. First floor" - troposphere . First floor" - troposphere . It got its name from the Greek word " tropos- turn. This layer extends to an average of 11 km above sea level, and its temperature decreases with altitude. About 4/5 of the total mass of the atmosphere is concentrated in the troposphere. This is where almost all the water vapor is located. The troposphere is the birthplace of clouds. Most of the weather phenomena we observe are formed in this layer.
Northern lights
Meteor Rain
Second floor" - stratosphere . Second floor" - stratosphere . Its name comes from the Latin word " stratum" - flooring, layer. It is located between 11 and 55 km above sea level. The stratosphere is 1/5 of the atmosphere by mass. Here is the kingdom of cold, with an approximately constant temperature of -40˚C. Only occasionally do so-called nacreous clouds appear here, consisting of tiny ice crystals and drops of supercooled water. The sky of the stratosphere is black or dark purple. Third floor" - mesosphere. Third floor" - mesosphere. Its name comes from the Greek " meso"- average, intermediate. This layer occupies the space between 55 and 80 km from the Earth. The air here is very thin. Its pressure is approximately 1/25,000 of normal atmospheric pressure. It is in this layer that the gas is located ozone, which protects all life on Earth from the destructive effects of ultraviolet rays of the Sun. Sometimes foggy noctilucent clouds appear in the mesosphere, which are visible only at dusk. Fourth floor" - thermosphere . Fourth floor" - thermosphere . The air in the thermosphere is even more rarefied. There is unprecedented heat here: 1000-2000˚C. It’s not for nothing that this layer is so named: in Greek “thermo” means heat. However, if a person were here, he would not feel this heat, because the air density in this layer is extremely low. Fifth floor" - exosphere, Fifth floor" - exosphere, i.e., the outer shell of the atmosphere. The height of this layer is 500-600 km. The air here is even more rarefied than in the thermosphere. This “floor” is also called the “scattering layer” because air molecules here, moving at enormous speeds, sometimes fly into interplanetary space. It turns out that our atmosphere seems to be evaporating? Won't it boil away completely? Yes, the earth’s atmosphere is gradually evaporating, but there is nothing to fear: there will be enough air for many billions of years to come! It turns out that our atmosphere seems to be evaporating? Won't it boil away completely? Yes, the earth’s atmosphere is gradually evaporating, but there is nothing to fear: there will be enough air for many billions of years to come! Soviet cosmonauts were able to see what the earth's atmosphere looks like from the outside. This is how pilot-cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov poetically described what he saw through the windows of the Vostok-2 ship: “The Earth’s horizon is surrounded by a halo of soft blue color, which gradually darkens, becoming turquoise, blue, violet and, finally, turns into black...”
- Soviet cosmonauts were able to see what the earth's atmosphere looks like from the outside. This is how pilot-cosmonaut German Stepanovich Titov poetically described what he saw through the windows of the Vostok-2 ship: “The Earth’s horizon is surrounded by a halo of soft blue color, which gradually darkens, becoming turquoise, blue, violet and, finally, turns into black...”
- Nitrogen – 78.09%
- Oxygen – 20.95%
- Argon – 0.93%
- Carbon dioxide – 0.03%
- The amount of other gases in the air is negligible: hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton, radon, xenon and others.
- Studies have shown that up to an altitude of about 100 km, the composition of the atmosphere does not change significantly.
- Due to gravity, the upper layers of air, like ocean water, compress the lower layers.
- The layer of air immediately adjacent to the Earth is compressed the most.
- As a result of this, the earth's surface and the bodies located on it experience atmospheric pressure.
- Air can be a healer. The doctor brings burning cotton wool soaked in alcohol into the jar, the air in the jar heats up, expands and partially comes out. The jar is pressed against the body, atmospheric pressure presses part of the skin inside the jar.
Tree frogs
Sticky fish Elephant Swamp Animals swamps Questions: 1. It is assumed that the Moon was once surrounded by an atmosphere, but gradually lost it. How can this be explained? 2.To inhale air, a person expands his chest with the help of muscles. Why does air enter the lungs? How does exhalation occur?
Slide 2
What is atmospheric pressure?
Air, like all bodies around us, has mass. Scientists have calculated that a column of air presses on the Earth's surface with an average force of 1.03 kg per cm².
Slide 3
For the first time, atmospheric pressure was measured by the Italian scientist E. Torricelli using a mercury barometer. The pressure was determined by the height of the mercury column in the glass tube, which balances the corresponding air column in the atmosphere. And since then it has been customary to measure atmospheric pressure in mmHg.
Slide 4
Now there are more modern barometers, such as the aneroid barometer.
Slide 5
What atmospheric pressure is considered normal? It is generally accepted that atmospheric pressure measured at sea level in mid-latitudes at an air temperature of 0°C is considered normal and amounts to 760 mmHg.
Slide 6
If the readings are lower or higher than normal, then it is customary to say that the pressure is reduced (low) - denoted by the letter H, or increased (high) - denoted by the letter B.
Slide 7
So, what is atmospheric pressure?! Atmospheric pressure is the force with which air presses on the surface of the Earth and on all bodies located on it.
Slide 8
What does air pressure depend on?
As the altitude of the area increases, the pressure decreases. After all, at the same time, the column of air that presses on the surface of the Earth becomes smaller. Accordingly, if we descend into the lowlands, the pressure will increase.
Slide 9
In addition, if the temperature on the surface of the Earth is high, then the air heats up, it becomes lighter and rises upward - the pressure decreases, and if the air cools, it becomes heavier and denser, which means it sinks down - the pressure increases.
Slide 10
Why does the wind blow?
What happens during the day: - land, buildings on it, and from them the air heats up faster than water; - warm air rises above the land; - pressure over land decreases; - the air above the water does not have time, its pressure is still higher than above the land; - air from an area of higher pressure above the water tends to take place above the land and begins to move, equalizing the pressure. Conclusion: The wind blew from the sea to the land.
Slide 11
At night the opposite happens, i.e. the wind will blow from land to sea. The land and the air above it cools faster, and the pressure over the land becomes higher than over the water. Water cools more slowly, and the air above it remains warm longer. It rises and the pressure over the sea decreases. Such a wind, changing direction twice a day, is called a breeze.
Slide 12
Besides the breeze, there is another wind called monsoon. Its principle of direction of movement is the same as that of a breeze, only on a larger scale. It changes its direction 2 times a year in winter and summer. In summer it blows on land, and in winter on the ocean. This wind can be observed in Russia - the Far East.
