Gzhel - from the 17th century to the present day. Blue-eyed Gzhel A message on the history of the origin of Gzhel painting
This craft got its name from the name of the village of Gzhel in the Moscow region, where it actually originated.
In the Gzhel region, starting from the 17th century, clay mining was widely carried out. Local clay was highly valued and considered one of the best. In 1663, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued a decree on the extraction of clay in the Gzhel volost for the manufacture of medical vessels.
The history of fishing in Gzhel begins in the 18th century. The range of products of Gzhel craftsmen was very large: dishes, bricks, tiles and even children's toys. Gzhel supplied Moscow with all this. Craftsmen produced hundreds of thousands of clay toys alone per year. The demand for the products was great.
Each master had his own style of painting, and the product reflected his idea of the world around him. The fishing industry was also greatly influenced by the tastes of buyers. In the middle of the 18th century, pottery in Russia began to develop rapidly, but no one managed to compete with the Gzhel masters.
The Gzhel craft reached its highest historical flourishing at the end of the 18th century. At this time, craftsmen who made jugs, kumgans and kvass achieved special skill. The master had to have great patience and high painting skills, since it was done on an unfired product that was covered with white enamel. In addition to dishes and clay toys, small majolica sculptures were made in Gzhel. Most often these were scenes from Everyday life- soldiers, peasant women, ladies and men, busy with their own affairs. Everything was done in a simple and intelligible, but very expressive form.
For several decades, Gzhel craftsmen also made painted stove and fireplace tiles. The history of fishing in Gzhel can be traced from the surviving samples. Products of Gzhel masters are presented in the largest museums in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Kitchen utensils - jugs, mugs, kvass, large plates - were painted by craftsmen with flowers, birds, trees and architectural structures. The drawings convey an excellent understanding of their decorative purpose. For painting we used blue, green, yellow colors with brown outlines. The dishes made and painted by Gzhel craftsmen were necessarily supplemented with figures of animals or people. Jugs, kumgans, teapots became part of the plot composition. The handle of such a jug could be made in the shape of a branch, and the spout in the shape of a bird's head. There was no point in looking for similarities between each element of such a composition and reality, since the master embodied his vision of the world in them.
In 1802, light clay was found near the village of Minino, after which the production of semi-faience began in this region. Jugs and ferments were made from it. However, these products looked rough and were short-lived due to the fragility of the material. From the second half of the twenties of the 19th century, blue colors began to predominate in Gzhel painting.
At the beginning of the 19th century, white clay suitable for making porcelain was found in Bronnitsky district, after which the first porcelain factory was built in the village of Volodino. The founder of this factory, Pavel Kulikov, learned the secrets of producing porcelain products at a factory in the village of Perovo. According to evidence, in order to keep porcelain technology a secret, Kulikov was engaged in production himself, resorting to the help of two potters and one worker. From this small enterprise Porcelain production began to develop in Gzhel.
In 1812, twenty-five factories producing porcelain tableware were already operating. The Laptev and Ivanov factories in the village of Kuzyaevo are especially popular. Many craftsmen left their mark or signature on their products, which is how the names of the masters Kokun, Srosley, and Gusyatnikov have come down to us. Factories used porcelain to produce toys in the shape of birds and animals, as well as figurines with scenes of Russian life. The products were covered with white glaze, onto which a design was applied. Painters used blue, yellow, purple and brown paint, and the drawings were in a folk style. Flowers, leaves, grass are the main motifs of Gzhel painting.
Over time, the demand for porcelain increased, which contributed to the growth of production. Meanwhile, the production of traditional Gzhel majolica was declining. Gradually, porcelain and earthenware became the basis of Gzhel crafts. The time of economic prosperity of Gzhel is coming, craft workshops become small factories.
The range of products produced is also expanding. Now, along with jugs, kumgans and dishes, they began to produce cups, milk jugs, teapots, oil dishes, inkwells and candlesticks. All products continue to be painted with multicolor designs. Gzhel craftsmen complement table sets with sculptures of the same theme. Despite competition from large porcelain factories, Gzhel's products were in demand due to the preservation of the folk character of art and the touching naivety of depicting scenes from the surrounding life.
Starting from the second half of the 19th century, Gzhel painting acquired a restrained character; now only cobalt blue is used for it. Blue pattern on a white background, enhanced by gold outlines - new stage development of art in Gzhel. Late XIX century becomes the period of greatest prosperity in the history of Gzhel fishing. At this time they are improving technological processes making earthenware and porcelain. Since the middle of the 19th century, porcelain production in Gzhel has been concentrated in the hands of the Kuznetsov brothers. With coming Soviet power factories were nationalized and production fell into decline. The restoration of the Gzhel fishery began only in the middle of the 20th century.
The excellent porcelain products made in these parts, covered with painting on a white background, are called Gzhel.
The history of Gzhel has deep roots. The first written evidence about Gzhel was found in written publications dating back to 1339. These sources were a spiritual document that belonged to Ivan Danilovich Kalita. According to the sources found, Gzhel was considered one of the profitable volosts and belonged to the great Moscow princes and kings.
Around the 16th century. Gzhel craftsmen brought the remaining supplies of household goods to Moscow, and brought clay to the potters in Yauzskaya Sloboda. Other masters remained to work in these parts. They also loved to visit local fairs. It was at fairs that they became acquainted with the paintings of other masters from Russia and other countries. Thus, over time, the so-called Gzhel peasant layer of the population was formed.
Around 1800 in the village. Volodino, the Kulikov brothers discovered a mixture of white earthenware. In connection with this, around 1800-1804, the first factory for the production of porcelain products was opened here.
In the 70s - 80s of the 18th century. Gzhel becomes the Russian center for the production of highly artistic majolica.
But in addition to the factory, there were many folk craftsmen who worked in their own workshops from early morning until late evening, creating true porcelain masterpieces. The work of each master was distinguished by its unique Gzhel style, accumulated experience and knowledge, and its own horizons and worldview.
In the middle of the 18th century. Gzhel porcelain products began to gain popularity in almost all corners of Russia. And the end of the 18th century. was marked by the flourishing of Gzhel majolica; products of local craftsmen such as jugs, kvass, and kumgans became very famous. The Gzhel and majolica dishes made at that time, depicting not only natural landscapes, but also people, as well as humorous life scenes, also attract attention.
For centuries, Gzhel craftsmen created paintings and tiles of unsurpassed beauty to decorate stoves and fireplaces. The Hermitage's rich collection includes more than 500 examples of paintings.
At the end of the 18th century. and during the 19th century. The production of simple faience or so-called semi-faience also developed rapidly.
And blue began to be considered the classic color of faience. It was paintings in blue that replaced contour images with polychrome paint. It turns out that blue paint combines perfectly with glaze, unlike other types of paint, and when fired, the degree of defectiveness decreases. The shining, rich color can preserve the beauty and sophistication of the painting for many years.
The first Gzhel Partnership was formed in 1972 in the process of uniting 6 small workshops.
The range of ceramic porcelain products is very diverse: porcelain majolica dishes, porcelain toys, tiles and tiles, porcelain vessels, porcelain figurines, etc.
To this day, Gzhel craftsmen continue to create excellent artistic masterpieces from porcelain. Using the experience of our ancestors and investing their own labor, masters create inimitable products of porcelain art, erasing the time line of centuries.
Galina Mutina
Direct educational activities in senior group.
Subject: « Getting to know the history of Gzhel painting. Painting a teapot».
Target: Develop aesthetic perception of folk crafts, teach to see their beauty; teach children to paint teapot based on Gzhel painting.
Tasks:
- introduce Gzhel painting in blue tones;
Teach children to draw Gzhel patterns conveying characteristic elements murals("curbs"- wavy lines with dots, "twigs", "droplets" and etc.);
Strengthen the ability to paint with watercolors, learn to paint with the end of a brush;
Learn the technique of blurring colors;
Foster interest in folk decorative art; evoke a positive emotional response to beauty.
Materials: presentation "Blue Tale", background music "Gusli", visual material, products Gzhel masters, drawing sheets with pictures teapot and outline of Gzhel patterns, watercolors, brushes, cups of water, napkins.
Progress of the lesson:
1. Surprise moment.
Guys, a pig has come to visit you. Look at it, how unusual it is, covered in beautiful patterns. What is it made of? (children assume (clay, ceramics, then let it touch).What colors is it painted in? (White background, blue, light blue). what patterns? (flowers) Guys, this is not an ordinary pig, this pig was made Gzhel masters.
2. Getting to know the history of Gzhel, Gzhel painting.
(children sit on mats in front of the projector) View the presentation "Blue Tale". You have watched the presentation. What folk craft did you learn about? (children's answers)
Not far from Moscow on the river bank Gzhelki there is a village famous for its craftsmen Gzhel. The area in which ceramics was produced was also called Gzhel. Ceramic dishes were fired and burned in ovens. What happened was called "zhgel" or « Gzhel» .
Blue-blue roses, leaves, birds.
Seeing you for the first time, everyone will be surprised.
A miracle on porcelain - a blue font.
It's called simply Gzhel painting.
Look, guys, what products are being painted Gzhel masters. (view visual material - products Gzhel masters)
"Paint blue miracle - fabulous Gzhel» - this is how people in Rus' affectionately called ceramic products: toys, dishes, souvenirs.
After some time in Gzhel began to produce fine porcelain tableware, and for it murals chose cobalt blue. Gold strokes complemented painting. It started to stand out Gzhel among other crafts.
Let's remember. How did the word come about? « Gzhel» ? What colors are used to create Gzhel? (children's answers)
Physical education moment (depict)
Miracle with blue flowers, blue petals,
Blue flowers, delicate curls.
On white porcelain, like on a snowy field.
Blue flowers grow from under the white snowball.
Really, haven't you heard of Gzhel.
Guys, guess the riddle:
He puffs like a locomotive
It is important to keep your nose up.
Make some noise, calm down -
Invite the seagull to have a drink.
(children's answers) Well done, that's right kettle.
Guys, piglet found out that you really like to draw, and he brought you coloring books Gzhel teapot. And our little pig is a wizard, he knows a spell that will turn you into Gzhel apprentices.
If we close our eyes we will Magic world Let's open it.
One, two, three, four, five you are artists again.
(children close their eyes. The teacher puts on an apron and takes the artist) Now you are students, journeyman, and I am yours Gzhel master. I suggest you learn how to color with elements Gzhel patterns. (children sit at tables)
3. Showing elements Gzhel painting.
Most common among flowers Gzhel painting meets a rose, sometimes its petals. As well as elements such as curls, spiral curls. We will draw a rose using the technique of blurring the color. Using the end of the brush, outline the outline of the rose with dark blue paint. Then clean with a damp brush gradually "blur" color, the result is "volume" blue-blue flower. (visual demonstration by the teacher with comments).
When we draw with the end of a brush, what lines do we get? (thin lines - children's answers). This is how you will draw spiral curls. Like this (show).
How to make a wide stripe? (children's answers) wide stripes are obtained when drawing with the side of the pile (show).
Look, now I press the brush hard, and now weakly. What do you notice (children's answers (if you press harder on the brush, you get a dark color. And if you press it weaker, then a light shade). And if we apply the brush flat, you get a stroke, and from them you can draw flowers and leaves.
4. Children work at the blackboard. (one child)
Guys who want to try to draw elements on the board.
5. Painting a teapot in Gzhel style. Productive activity. And so now you get started. Be careful and careful. And so that the work goes well, let me play music for you "Gusli".
6. Exhibition of children's works.
Look how beautiful it turned out, what fabulously beautiful patterns, and this despite the fact that murals We used only one color - blue.
What elements you learned Gzhel patterns? Did you like our lesson? And now we’ll close our eyes again and won’t peek, and again in an instant we’ll become children again. End of class.
With frost on white. Residents of the village of Gzhel say: their sky is bluer than anywhere else, so they decided to transfer the heavenly colors to white porcelain. Interesting Facts Natalya Letnikova collected information about the development of the ancient craft.
Gzhel is not only a village and a craft, but a whole pottery region.
27 villages, the so-called “Gzhel bush”. The first mention was during the time of Ivan Kalita.
They made ceramics, and when the peasants, the Kulikov brothers, unearthed white clay, they switched to porcelain.
Gzhel clay - strategic resource.
In the 17th century, by decree of Alexei Mikhailovich, it was used for apothecary and alchemical vessels.
During the time of Petrova it was used to make bricks, under Empress Elizabeth - for the first porcelain factory in Russia.
Illustration: Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. A.P. Antropov. Late 50s - early 60s of the 18th century
They have been struggling with the secret of making porcelain since the time of Peter I.
Sending spies did not bring success - the scientists managed it.
Lomonosov's friend, chemist Dmitry Vinogradov, described the production technology of Chinese porcelain.
Illustration: Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov. Miniature by unknown artist
All the secrets of painting are in the “ABC of Strokes”.
Alexander Saltykov has collected the experience of generations under one cover.
The count, ceramic scientist, and art critic revived the craft almost from scratch in the middle of the last century.
It is based on the collection of the State Historical Museum.
Illustration: Gzhel ornaments
Even during the times of serfdom, Gzhel artists were considered free.
From the 16th century they were assigned to the Palace and Specific Departments and were engaged only in ceramic craft.
Illustration: working on a potter's wheel
Initially, Gzhel was multi-colored.
The fashion for cobalt came from Europe and Asia in the 19th century. Dutch white and blue tiles and Chinese porcelain set the tone.
I “tried on” cobalt Gzhel - and it remained white and blue.
Illustration: colorful Gzhel
The Gzhel pattern is applied with black cobalt, and receives its blue after firing.
Gzhel masters distinguish 20 shades of blue.
Whether the color will be lighter or darker, it all depends on the artist. How he puts a stroke with a brush.
Illustration: painting of Gzhel porcelain
The favorite pattern of Gzhel masters is the rose. Nicknamed Agashka in the craft community.
At the porcelain factories of the 19th century, there were many Agafias among the peasant women artists. So the name stuck.
Illustration: Gzhel teapot with traditional pattern
Agitporcelain is the main theme of Gzhel painting during the Civil War.
Invented by the French during the bourgeois revolution. IN Soviet years the ideas of communism in ceramics were exported.
Today the price of ideological heritage at a London auction is up to four thousand pounds.
Illustration: porcelain figurine from the USSR era
The main secret of Gzhel has not yet been revealed - where the name of the fishery came from.
There are several versions: from the old Russian “zhgel” - the dishes are fired in the oven. In honor of the Gzhelka River in the Smolensk region.
Or from “grziolka”, as the wagtail used to be called. They have been guessing for more than a century now.
Illustration: Gzhel dishes with traditional patterns.
Gzhel – folk craft in the form of painted porcelain products. A distinctive feature of such products is the cobalt pattern on a snow-white background. This craft got its name from the name of the village of Gzhel in the Moscow region, where it actually originated.
In the Gzhel region, starting from the 17th century, clay mining was widely carried out. Local clay was highly valued and considered one of the best. In 1663, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued a decree on the extraction of clay in the Gzhel volost for the manufacture of medical vessels.
The history of fishing in Gzhel begins in the 18th century. The range of products of Gzhel craftsmen was very large: dishes, bricks, tiles and even children's toys. Gzhel supplied Moscow with all this. Craftsmen produced hundreds of thousands of clay toys alone per year. The demand for the products was great.
Each master had his own style of painting, and the product reflected his idea of the world around him. The fishing industry was also greatly influenced by the tastes of buyers. In the middle of the 18th century, pottery in Russia began to develop rapidly, but no one managed to compete with the Gzhel masters.
The Gzhel craft reached its highest historical flourishing at the end of the 18th century. At this time, craftsmen who made jugs, kumgans and kvass achieved special skill. The master had to have great patience and high painting skills, since it was done on an unfired product that was covered with white enamel. In addition to dishes and clay toys, small majolica sculptures were made in Gzhel. Most often these were scenes from everyday life - soldiers, peasant women, ladies and men, going about their business. Everything was done in a simple and intelligible, but very expressive form.
For several decades, Gzhel craftsmen also made painted stove and fireplace tiles. The history of fishing in Gzhel can be traced from the surviving samples. Products of Gzhel masters are presented in the largest museums in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Kitchen utensils - jugs, mugs, kvass, large plates - were painted by craftsmen with flowers, birds, trees and architectural structures. The drawings convey an excellent understanding of their decorative purpose. For painting we used blue, green, yellow colors with brown outlines. The dishes made and painted by Gzhel craftsmen were necessarily supplemented with figures of animals or people. Jugs, kumgans, teapots became part of the plot composition. The handle of such a jug could be made in the shape of a branch, and the spout in the shape of a bird's head. There was no point in looking for similarities between each element of such a composition and reality, since the master embodied his vision of the world in them.
In 1802, light clay was found near the village of Minino, after which the production of semi-faience began in this region. Jugs and ferments were made from it. However, these products looked rough and were short-lived due to the fragility of the material. From the second half of the twenties of the 19th century, blue colors began to predominate in Gzhel painting.
At the beginning of the 19th century, white clay suitable for making porcelain was found in Bronnitsky district, after which the first porcelain factory was built in the village of Volodino. The founder of this factory, Pavel Kulikov, learned the secrets of producing porcelain products at a factory in the village of Perovo. According to evidence, in order to keep porcelain technology a secret, Kulikov was engaged in production himself, resorting to the help of two potters and one worker. From this small enterprise, porcelain production began to develop in Gzhel.
In 1812, twenty-five factories producing porcelain tableware were already operating. The Laptev and Ivanov factories in the village of Kuzyaevo are especially popular. Many craftsmen left their mark or signature on their products, which is how the names of the masters Kokun, Srosley, and Gusyatnikov have come down to us. Factories used porcelain to produce toys in the shape of birds and animals, as well as figurines with scenes of Russian life. The products were covered with white glaze, onto which a design was applied. Painters used blue, yellow, purple and brown paint, and the drawings were in a folk style. Flowers, leaves, grass are the main motifs of Gzhel painting.
Over time, the demand for porcelain increased, which contributed to the growth of production. Meanwhile, the production of traditional Gzhel majolica was declining. Gradually, porcelain and earthenware became the basis of Gzhel crafts. The time of economic prosperity of Gzhel is coming, craft workshops become small factories.
The range of products produced is also expanding. Now, along with jugs, kumgans and dishes, they began to produce cups, milk jugs, teapots, oil dishes, inkwells and candlesticks. All products continue to be painted with multicolor designs. Gzhel craftsmen complement table sets with sculptures of the same theme. Despite competition from large porcelain factories, Gzhel's products were in demand due to the preservation of the folk character of art and the touching naivety of depicting scenes from the surrounding life.
Starting from the second half of the 19th century, Gzhel painting acquired a restrained character; now only cobalt blue is used for it. A blue drawing on a white background, enhanced by golden outlines, is a new stage in the development of Gzhel art. The end of the 19th century becomes the period of greatest prosperity in the history of Gzhel fishing. At this time, technological processes for making earthenware and porcelain were being improved. Since the middle of the 19th century, porcelain production in Gzhel has been concentrated in the hands of the Kuznetsov brothers. With the advent of Soviet power, factories were nationalized, and production fell into decline. The restoration of the Gzhel fishery began only in the middle of the 20th century.
