History of the development of the science of criminology. General provisions of forensic technology General provisions of forensic technology presentation

REPORT to the abstract

"Chemistry in Forensics"

When choosing the topic of my work, I was guided by its relevance, because crime has always existed everywhere.

Forensics- legal science about methods of investigating crimes, collecting and studying forensic evidence.

Progress has brought new methods of proving crime into criminology. I think that chemistry plays an important place in them.

Goal of the work – find out the place of chemistry in the crime investigation system.

FORENSICS IN ANCIENTITY

Forensic science began with simple chemical investigative methods. For example, gold has been used as a currency for a long time. Coins made of alloys of gold, silver and copper were in circulation. By selecting a combination of metals, the scammers reduced the gold content in them. I had to expose them.

And instead of copper sulfate, the seller could sell more affordable iron sulfate. This deception was exposed by the juice of tanning nuts. A piece of papyrus soaked in it in a solution of iron sulfate turned black.

CHEMISTRY AS THE BASIS OF FORENSICS

WITH Using chemical methods, they learned to solve crimes committed thousands of years ago.

Yes, revealedcauses of early death of the inhabitants of Ancient Rome. The Romans widely used lead: they covered the roofs of buildings, made dishes and water pipes from it. A lot of lead was found in the tissues of the remains of the Romans, which destroyed them.

Another example. While extracting peat, workers discovered a murdered man, the body was well preserved, and research showed that the murder was committed... during the Ice Age! Modern methods have established that this man was buried in flowers with medicinal properties, had many lifetime wounds, and was 40 years old. It might have looked like this.

Today, chemical methods are essential in many areas of forensic science. I will list some:

personal identification by DNA analysis;

identification of toxic, explosive substances, drugs;

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL METHODS,

USED ​​IN FORENSICS

One speck of dust, a piece of paint or a thread, a criminologist proves the guilt of a criminal. His main weapon is observation, knowledge of psychology, logical analysis, similar to the “deductive method” of Sherlock Holmes. Today, not a single investigation is complete without scientific and technical expertise.

Let's look at the chemical methods used in forensics. They are divided into:

analytical,

neutron activation,

chromatographic.

ANALYTICAL RESEARCH METHOD

The analytical method is used to determine what components a substance consists of. For example, acids react differently with metals. Thus, nitric acid easily dissolves copper and silver, but does not react with gold, and aqua regia can also dissolve gold. According to quantitative analysis, you can find the ratio of components in the gold alloy.

Since ancient times, dishonest traders have mixed flour into sour cream to increase profits. To combat them, inspectors walked with iodine solution. When it was added to goods spoiled by flour, a blue color appeared.

In the 19th century, arsenic was a popular poison. The symptoms of poisoning reminded them of a disease, but they could not detect it in the body. The English chemist Marsh invented a device in which arsenic is reduced to arsine. Arsine gas passed through a glass tube. At the exit there was a plate on which arsenic was deposited in the form of a shiny mirror. This is how tiny doses of arsenic began to be detected.

In 1893 The book “Guide for Investigators as a Forensic System” was published. In it, Hans Gross summarized analytical methods for many substances. But this required large quantities (about 1 g) of the substance, and they also had to be transferred into solution. And often you need to analyze objects without destroying them.

In the 20th century, physical instruments appeared in chemical laboratories that made it possible to analyze small quantities of substances.

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

With the introduction of electronic technology in chemistry, a new method appeared - neutron activation analysis. The principle is simple. The nuclei of a stable element are irradiated with neutrons from an atomic reactor. At the same time, they turn into nuclei of a radioactive element and begin to emit radiation with characteristic energy. By registering this radiation, it is possible to determine which element it belongs to.

Such analysis has helped in research into the assassination of President Kennedy. A sample of Napoleon Bonaparte's hair was examined using this method. The results were a sensation: the arsenic content was 10 times higher than the norm. This means that Napoleon was poisoned, although the cause of death was considered to be stomach cancer.

CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESEARCH METHOD

IN forensic science is often usedchromatography. Method associated with the name of the Russian scientist Tsvet. He showed that when a mixture of plant pigments is passed through a layer of sorbent, individual substances are located in the form of separate colored zones. The resulting layer-by-layer colored column of sorbent was called a chromatogram by Tsvet, and the method was called chromatography.

Chemists can now separate a mixture into its components before analyzing it and make fantastic discoveries. Chromatography, for example, helped to study the diet of our ancestors, and also to expose one attacker who was setting fire to haystacks. This is how he acted. First he notified about the fire, then he set fire to the hay. I chose a secluded place and watched the events from there. Once again, the police, combing the area after the fire, noticed trampled grass. Soon a man was detained, whose clothes were covered with green stains. Chromatography showed that the traces of grass from the clothing and the remains of herbs from that place were identical. The evidence is there.

I have collected many examples of the use of chemical methods in forensic science.

Search and save fingerprints

Fingerprinting is a method of identifying criminals based on identifying a person using fingerprints. Thanks to himmillions of “hopeless” crimes have been solved.

The prints of ancient people have been preserved on the walls of the caves. The science of finger patterns was founded by the English scientist F. Dalton. Each pattern on the finger is individual, made up of a combination of three elements - loops, arcs and curls. The pattern is formed before the birth of a person and does not change, and when damaged, it is restored again.

Even clean hands leave marks. After all, there are pores in the skin through which various compounds are released and remain on the surface for a long time: these are table salt, potassium and ammonium compounds. There are organic substances - amino acids, glucose, lactic acid, etc.

Fingerprints are visible, depressed and hidden. Visible ones are not difficult to detect; magnifying glasses and cameras are used for this. Indented prints become visible under special lighting. It is more difficult to find invisible traces.

Most often, colored powder (soot, graphite, lead compounds, etc.) is applied to the surface. The marks become contrasting and are transferred to a special film. There is also a chemical method, for example, iodine vapor. The physical evidence is placed in a special chamber where iodine is added. When heated, the prints appear, they are photographed and that’s it. You can treat the surface with a solution of silver nitrate. It will give a precipitate of silver chloride, which darkens when illuminated.

When examining a crime scene, they often look for traces of blood.

They can be recognized by their characteristic sparkle when illuminated. With an ultraviolet illuminator, blood stains take on a dark brown, velvety color. Invisible traces of blood can be detected using a luminol solution; it produces a bluish luminescence.

Since the end of the 20th century, the method of analyzing the composition of DNA has entered the practice of forensic science. Deoxyribonucleic acids are present in the cells of any organism. The molecules have a double helix structure, contain nucleotides, the sequence of which is strictly individual and is a code form for recording biological information. Everyone has their own DNA structure. The analysis is long and expensive, but the most reliable, it is taken from blood, hair or other organ.

M Many countries have begun to compile genetic databases. Russia plans to start taking DNA samples from newborns in order to gradually compile a database of all residents of the country.

DNA analysis has already helped solve many historical mysteries.

In the early 1990s, 5 skeletons were found in an abandoned mine near Yekaterinburg. Historians have suggested that these are the remains of the Romanovs, executed in 1918. Experts in forensic genetic research have proven with 99.99% accuracy that the remains really belong to the royal family.

The mystery of the old sofa

On a sofa that had stood in the Hermitage for many years, scientists found remains of blood and compared it with a blood test on A. S. Pushkin’s vest. Genetic testing proved that the sofa belonged to Pushkin. The poet wrote some works on it, and the wounded genius was placed on it after a duel. They also did an examination of Pushkin’s curls.

Determination of blood alcohol content is a common test in forensic medicine. Alcohol content is expressed in ppm (thousandths of volume). Thus, the expression “alcohol concentration 1.5 ‰” means that 1 liter of blood contains 1.5 ml of ethanol.

Ethanol is determined quantitatively by a method based on the oxidation of alcohol with potassium dichromate. Breathalyzers, which are used by police to monitor the condition of drivers, operate on this reaction. After all, it is known that over 20% of road accidents are associated with alcohol abuse.

PRACTICAL PART

In the practical part, I conducted a number of experiments close to those carried out by forensic experts.

1. Iodine-starch reaction proves the admixture of flour in sour cream or honey from careless traders.

2. Sympathetic ink, which is not visible under normal conditions, but appears under certain influences, is used in secret correspondence. The inscription with a solution of sulfuric acid appeared when heated, and solutions of iron salts changed color when exposed to complex salts.

3. I simulated the “sobriety detector” by reacting acidified potassium dichromate with alcohol. A change in color from orange to green indicates the presence of alcohol in the solution.

4. How to distinguish blood from ketchup (or paint)? This can be easily done using hydrogen peroxide. If it is blood, foaming occurs.

5. A common and dangerous route of poisoning is the ingestion of methanol into the body along with ethanol from industrial alcohol. I distinguished these two alcohols by the different effects of potassium permanganate on them.

6. Fingerprint identification. I saw my prints on the wall of the glass by dusting them with copper oxide powder. Invisible prints on paper had to be developed with iodine vapor.

7. Fundamentals of chromatography.

For the experiment, I prepared a chlorophyll extract. I observed chromatography on paper and a layer of starch sorbent applied to glass. The formation of rings and stripes indicates that the chlorophyll extract is a mixture of several substances.

CONCLUSION

My work proves that chemistry and forensics, based on each other, help fight crime. It is difficult to find an area where the results obtained by expert chemists are not required. Their analyzes must be reliable, because the result sometimes determines the fate of an enterprise or an individual.

Yes, the possibilities of modern chemistry are enormous. M.V. Lomonosov also said: “Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs...” I would like to add: “Chemistry also faithfully serves people to guard the law.”

View presentation content
"Chemistry in Forensics"

Stolyarov Alexander

Grade 11

Forensics - legal science about methods of investigating crimes, collecting and studying forensic evidence.

Goal of the work - find out the place of science

chemistry in the investigation system

crime.

WITH uSO 4

FeSO 4

Murder

committed in

glacial period…

Peat extraction

• search and save fingerprints;
• personal identification by analysis of DNA composition;
• search and determination of the composition of toxic substances;
• obtaining impressions of shoe prints;
• analysis of the composition of ink, paper and means for drawing up documents;
• analysis of all kinds of contaminants;
• combustion and arson analysis;
• analysis of polymers, paper, fibers;
• testing athletes for doping;
• examination of ornamental and precious stones;
• issues of toxicology, pharmacology, etc.

First applications of the analysis

What is the proportion of impurities in the gold alloy?

Cu + 4HNO 3 = Cu(NO 3 ) 2 +2NO 2 + 2H 2 O

Ag + 2HNO 3 = AgNO 3 + NO 2 +H 2 O

Au + 4HCl + HNO 3 =HAuCl 4 + NO + 2H 2 O

Is there any flour in sour cream?

Starch + I 2 = blue color

Poison recognition

James Marsh

2H 2 AsO 4 + Zn + 9H 2 SO 4 → ZnSO 4 +8H 2 O+2AsH 3

2 AsH 3 → 2 As + 3 H 2

ARSENIC

A new stage in the development of evidence analysis

Hans Gross (1847 – 1914)–

founder of criminology.

"Guide for Investigators"

as a forensic system"

Since the 30s XX V. V

analytical chemistry

are being implemented

instrumental

methods of analysis.

Stable element nuclei

interacting with neutrons,

turn into nuclei

radioactive element

and begin to emit

radiation with characteristic

energy.

By registering this radiation,

it is possible to determine which

radioactive element

it belongs.

method of separation and analysis of mixtures,

based on the distribution of their components

between two phases - stationary and mobile.

M.S. Color

(1872 – 1920)

Fingerprinting

person identification method

by fingerprints,

based on uniqueness

skin pattern

Prehistoric prints

people on cave walls

F. Galton

(1822 – 1911)

loops

arcs

curls

Fingerprint detection

dented

hidden

visible

powder C

in pairs I 2

AgNO 3

Detection of invisible traces of blood

Effect of ultraviolet

illuminator

Action

luminol

C 8 H 7 N 3 O 2

Personal identification by analysis of DNA composition

Deoxyribonucleic acids

the sequence of which

in a spiral is strictly individual and represents a code form

biological information.

Sofa by A.S. Pushkin

Death mask and urn with a lock of hair

Alcohol content analysis

• Blood alcohol content is expressed

in ppm (thousandths of volume).

• “Blood alcohol concentration 1.5‰” means: 1 liter of blood contains 1.5 ml of ethanol.
• Ethyl alcohol is determined quantitatively by the Widmark method:

ZS 2 N 5 OH + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4 H 2 SO 4 → 3CH 3 SNO + Cr 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O

1. Iodostarch reaction

starch + iodine → blue

coloring

2. Cute ink

FeSO 4 + K 3 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]) →

turnbull blue

FeCl 3 + K 4 [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ]) →

Prussian blue

3. “Sobriety detector”

ZS 2 N 5 OH + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 4 H 2 SO 4 →

3CH 3 SNO + Cr 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O

4. How to distinguish blood from ketchup or paint?

5. Definition

methyl alcohol

in ethanol solution

5CH 3 OH + 6 KMn ABOUT 4 + 9 H 2 S ABOUT 4 → 5СО 2 + 3 K 2 S ABOUT 4 + 6 MnS ABOUT 4 + 9H 2 ABOUT

6. Fingerprint identification

7. Basics of chromatography

• Chemistry and forensics, relying on each other, help fight crime.
• It is difficult to find an area where the results obtained by expert chemists are not required.

The second topic of the course is entirely devoted to obtaining theoretical knowledge, practical skills in the use of technical and forensic techniques and means of detection, recording, seizure, and investigation of traces of crimes. Main objectives of the section: Mastering the basics of forensic photography. Study of methods, techniques and types of forensic photography. Study of the mechanism of trace formation and classification of traces in forensic science. Obtaining practical skills in detecting, recording and removing certain types of traces. Theoretical and practical development of forensic ballistic techniques for the investigative examination of firearms, spent shells, cartridge cases and other cartridge elements, as well as traces resulting from a shot. Obtaining theoretical and practical skills in examining documents to establish the facts of their complete or partial forgery, as well as carrying out identification actions in relation to handwritten texts. Study of forensic registration, its system, forms.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Subject, system and methodology of criminology Lecture prepared by Yarovaya N.Yu. Educational questions: 1. Concept and subject of criminology. History of the development of forensic knowledge. 2. The system of forensic science. Its nature and place among other sciences. 3.Forensic methods. Track. literature Lecture. Topic 1

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RECOMMENDED READING: Next. concept Saltevsky M.V. Forensics. In a modern presentation by lawyers. - Kharkov.: IMP “Rubicon”, 1996.-432 p. Averyanova T.V., Belkin R.S., Rossinskaya E.R., Korukhov Yu.G. Forensics. Textbook for universities.-M.: “Norma” 1999.-990 p. Belkin R.S. History of Russian criminology.-M.: 1999. Filippov A.G., Volynsky A.F. Forensics. Textbook for universities. - M.: "Spark". 2000. Lecture. Topic 1

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CRIMINALISTICS - (from the Latin сriminalis - criminal) is an area of ​​specific scientific knowledge about criminal activity and its antipode - activities to identify, solve and investigate crimes, to establish the truth in the legal process. Prof. Belkin R.S. Next Gross Lecture. Topic 1

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Hans Gross (Gross) born December 16, 1847 - d. December 9, 1915 Austrian scientist, founder of European criminology, professor at universities in Graz and Prague. Founder of the world's first forensic museum. One of the pioneers of criminal psychology. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries he taught at Chernivtsi University. Author of the “Manual for forensic investigators as a system of criminology” Graz, 1882 (in Russian. Smolensk, 1895) Next Bertillon Lecture. Topic 1

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Alphonse Bertillon 1853-1914 One of the pioneers of criminology, director of the identification bureau of the Paris police prefecture. Author of the anthropometric method of forensic registration, method of verbal portrait, signaletic photography, sign-descriptive method in handwriting examination Next. Bertillonage Lecture. Topic 1

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BERTILLONAGE (Measuring a person for the purpose of his identification) First introduced by Bertillonage in France in 1879. A. Bertillon considered 11 measurements of the human body sufficient for identification. “Signaletic survey” Lecture. Topic 1

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Identification (signal) survey Next. Herschel Installation by A. Bertillon Photography procedure Lecture. Topic 1

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WILLIAM HERSHEL (Hershel) 1833-1917 English criminologist, pioneer of the phenomenon of papillary patterns. Back in 1858, he used them to identify pension recipients, and subsequently to register prisoners in colonial India. He challenged the primacy of the introduction of fingerprinting by G. Folds Next. Folds Lecture. Topic 1

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HENRY FAULDS (Faulds) 1843-1930 English doctor who worked in Japan in the 70s. He was the first to propose using fingerprints from the crime scene to search and identify the criminals. He published his observations in 1880 in the journal Nature. Henry Lecture. Topic 1

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EDWARD HENRY (Henry) 1850-1931 English criminologist, creator of the fingerprint classification system, which he outlined in the book “Classification and Use of Fingerprints” (1900) FRANCIS HALTON (Halton) 1822-1911 English anthropologist and statistician. In 1891, he proposed a classification of papillary patterns and was the first to statistically prove the individuality of patterns on the nail phalanges of the fingers. “Stages...” Lecture. Topic 1

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSICS (according to R.S. Belkin) Stage of formation and accumulation of empirical material (late 19th - 30s of the 20th century) Stage of formation of private forensic theories (late 30s of the 20th century - late 60s of the 20th century) The stage of formation of the general theory of criminology and the further development of its particular theories (late 60s of the twentieth century - present) Next. Burinsky, Potapov Lecture. Topic 1

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Evgeniy Fedorovich Burinsky (1849-1912) Father of forensic photography, creator of the first forensic institution in Russia. Author of the so-called “second sight” in criminology. Main work: Forensic examination of documents, its production and use. St. Petersburg, 1903 Potapov Sergey Mikhailovich (1873-1957) Doctor of Law, professor. One of the pioneers of domestic criminology, author of the theory of forensic identification Next. Voronovsky Lecture. Topic 1

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Voronovsky Nikolai Dmitrievich (1900-1981) Bokarius Nikolai Sergeevich (1869-1931) Native of Feodosia. Doctor of Medicine, Professor. Outstanding forensic physician and criminologist. Founder and first director of the Kharkov Research Institute of Forensic Science. Main work: Initial external examination of the corpse at the scene of the incident or its discovery. Kharkov.1931. One of the founders of the scientific and technical service in the police. Head of the NTO of the Crimean police. Author of the textbook “Criminal Technology. Beginning Course. - M.: Publishing House of the NKVD of the RSFSR. 1931. Track. Belkin et al. Lecture. Topic 1

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Belkin Rafail Samuilovich (1922-2001) Honored Scientist, Doctor of Law, Professor, Major General of the Police. In 1970, he formulated the concept of the general theory of criminology and proposed a new definition of the subject of science. Author of about 300 scientific papers, more than 20 textbooks. Under his leadership, 122 students of E.P. Ishchenko, V.P. Bakhin, N.I. Klimenko defended their dissertations. Lecture system. Topic 1

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MODERN SYSTEM OF FORENSICS General theory Forensic technology Forensic tactics Forensic methodology Next. Concept of General Theory Lecture. Topic 1

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The general theory of criminology is a scientific reflection of the entire subject of science and its methodology. Subject of science Objectives of science Place of science Methods of science Concepts and terms Next. Crime technology Lecture. Topic 1

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Forensic technology is a system of scientific principles and technical means, techniques and techniques developed on their basis, intended for collecting research and using evidence and other measures for solving and preventing crimes. Track. Crime tactics Lecture. Topic 1

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Forensic tactics is a system of scientific principles and recommendations developed on their basis for organizing and planning an investigation, determining the investigator’s line of conduct, methods of conducting investigative actions, collecting evidence, and establishing the circumstances that contributed to the commission of a crime. Track. Crime methodology Lecture. Topic 1

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Forensic methodology is a synthesizing section of criminology that combines the provisions of forensic technology and forensic tactics in their specific interpretation in relation to the conditions and objectives of the investigation of a specific type of crime. Track. Connection with other sciences Lecture. Topic 1

Contents1. Concept and system
forensic technology
2. Forensic doctrine of
traces
3. Technical and forensic
means and methods of collecting traces
4.Expert methods
trace research

Literature

Forensics: textbook / ed. I. F. Panteleeva,
N. A. Selivanova.
Forensics: textbook / ed. V. A. Obraztsova.
Forensics: textbook for universities / T. V. Averyanova, R. S. Belkin,
Yu. G. Korukhov, E. R. Rossinskaya / ed. R. S. Belkina.
Forensics: textbook for universities / ed. I. F. Gerasimova,
L. Ya. Drapkina.
Forensics: textbook / rep. ed. N.P. Yablokov.
Belkin, R.S. History of Russian criminology / R. S. Belkin. –
M., 1999.
Belkin, R. S. Criminalistics course. In 3 volumes / R. S. Belkin. M., 1997.
Gross, G. Guide for investigators as a forensic system /
G. Gross. – M., 2002.
Forensic technology: a lawyer's reference book / ed.
B.I. Shevchenko. M., 1959.
Krylov, N.F. Forensic doctrine of traces / N.F. Krylov. –
L., 1976.
Pohl, K.-D. Natural scientific criminology / K.-D. Paul. – M.,
1985.
Yakimov, I. N. Forensics. Guide to Criminal Technology and
tactics / I. N. Yakimov. – M., 2003.

1. Concept and system of forensic technology

1. CONCEPT AND SYSTEM
FORENSICS
TECHNIQUES

The concept of forensic technology as a branch of science

Forensic technology is
chapter
criminology,
V
which
includes scientific provisions and based
technical on them (in a broad sense)
recommendations for the use of products,
techniques and techniques designed for
gathering
And
research
traces
crimes and other measures
disclosures
And
warnings
crimes

The concept of forensic technology as a set of technical means

Forensic technology -
this is a collection of equipment
tools, devices and
materials used for collecting
and investigation of crime traces in
crime investigation process

Forensic technology system

Forensic photography and
video recording
Forensic traceology
Forensic research of weapons and
traces of its use
Forensic examination of documents
Forensic doctrine of signs
a person's appearance
Forensic investigation of substances,
materials and products

Technical and forensic tools differ in the tasks of application

Collection means and methods
(detection, seizure and fixation)
traces of a crime
Research tools and methods
traces of a crime

2. Forensic doctrine of traces

2. FORENSICS
TEACHING ABOUT TRACES

The concept of traces

Traces are imprints (imprints),
in which the external
the shape of the trace-forming object,
as well as all those material
changes that occur in
the situation at the scene of the incident,
environment and objects,
related to the event
crimes
I.N. Yakimov -
founder of the doctrine of
traces in the domestic
criminology

The concept of traces

Traces are
material objects and
macro- and
microtraces that
arise in the process
crimes allow
draw conclusions about the progress
crimes or
circumstances
crimes and indicate
on the criminal
V. Hoffmann
The trace is
material
display external
any building
object for which
this object could be
identified
B.I. Shevchenko

Mechanism of trace formation

PLACE
INCIDENTS
WEAPON OF THE CRIME
VICTIM
CRIMINAL
"Cross of traces" corresponding to the principle
cross trace transfer
E. Lokar

3. Technical and forensic tools and methods for collecting traces

3. TECHNICAL FORENSICAL
TOOLS AND METHODS
COLLECTING TRACES

The choice of trace collection method depends on

the nature of the traces themselves;
nature and state of carrier objects;
nature of the crime under investigation
events;
relationship of traces to the investigated
event;
proposed method of follow-up
expert examination of traces;
other factors and circumstances,
occurring at a crime scene or
during the investigation of traces

Trace collection activities consist of

search and detection of traces
recording the inspection results
traces
seizure and preservation of traces

To search and detect traces are used

–
lighting devices: lanterns,
ultraviolet illuminators, sources
laser radiation, light filters, etc.;
– magnifying devices: magnifying glasses,
portable microscopes, etc.;

detection of metal objects;
– instruments and accessories for
detection of voids and non-metallic
items

Expert light source Spectrum™ 9000+,

Forms of recording detected traces:

–
–
–
–
verbal;
visual-figurative;
graphic;
subject

Basic means for removing traces:

absorbent materials (fabric napkins,
cotton swabs, paper filters, etc.);
materials for making impressions (gypsum,
silicone pastes, trace-copying compounds and
etc.);
adhesive materials (adhesive tapes and films);
magnets (magnetic finder-lifters, magnetic
brushes, etc.);
– brushes, brushes, tweezers, scalpels, etc.;
– electrostatic dust removers;
– micro vacuum cleaners, etc.

Electrostatic dust remover

Packaging of traces must meet the following requirements:

do not make additional
pollution;
not to be destructive or
changing impact on
the nature of the tracks;
prevent loss of traces when
transportation and storage

4.Methods of expert research of traces

4. EXPERT METHODS
TRACE RESEARCH

The following groups of expert research methods are distinguished:

;
chemical analysis methods
composition;
phase and structural methods
analysis

Methods of morphological analysis

Photographic
methods
research
Special installation “Foto-Light-Box” for photography
forensic objects

Methods of morphological analysis

Microscopic
methods
research
Optical microscope company
"LEICA"

Methods of morphological analysis

Microscopic
methods
research
Comparative optical
microscope from LEICA

Methods of morphological analysis

Microscopic
methods
research
Raster electronic
JEOL microscope

Elemental Methods
analysis
-emission spectral
- atomic absorption
- X-ray fluorescence

Methods for analyzing chemical composition

Methods
molecular
analysis
- molecular spectroscopy
Infrared
Spectrometer "Nicolet"
850,06
1323,56
942,79
1431,37
1346,92
868,08
1238,94
910,07
1129,56
1069,41
1053,95
990,92
2942,30
3565,10
%T
3388,08
3356,13
4000
3000
2000
1500
CM-1
1000
472,51
552,49
450

Methods for analyzing chemical composition

Methods
molecular
analysis
-chromatographic methods
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Methods of phase and structural analysis

Under phase
understand the composition
quality or
quantitative
content
certain phases in
this object
Metallographic
analysis
X-ray diffraction
phase analysis

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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2 slide

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Forensics is an applied legal science that studies the patterns of preparation, commission and detection of a crime, the occurrence and existence of its traces, the collection, research, evaluation and use of evidence, as well as developing a system based on the knowledge of these patterns of special techniques, methods and means used during the preliminary investigation for prevention, detection and investigation of crimes, as well as in the consideration of criminal cases in courts. In its modern form, the definition of criminology as a science was proposed by R. S. Belkin in 1987.

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Objectives of forensic science The goal of forensic science is the complete and timely technical and forensic support and support for the detection and investigation of crimes. This goal is achieved through the full use of the achievements of modern science and technology. Forensic science ensures the activities of the bodies of inquiry, preliminary investigation, and court and accompanies the process of forensic examination with scientifically thought-out means, techniques and methods of combating crime. Based on this, the following particular tasks of criminology can be identified: Identification and study of objective patterns and phenomena in the practice of committing crimes and activities to investigate them. Development and improvement of methods and means of practical activities for the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes. Development of organizational, tactical and methodological foundations of the preliminary investigation. Development of forensic tools and methods to combat crime.

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The functions of forensic science are methodological - provides a correct understanding of the subject and content of forensic science, its role in the process of cognition and practical activity; allows you to establish the correct relationship between science and practice; explanatory - consists in revealing the essence of the subject of knowledge, its sides and elements, that is, in the scientific reflection of the subject of forensic science; synthesizing - a reflection of the general processes of integration of scientific knowledge - consists of organizing the accumulated empirical material through its synthesis, revealing the internal unity of the information obtained (systematization and generalization of this material as a prerequisite for synthesis); predictive - the basis for the theory of forensic forecasting, one of the forms of practical application of forensic science data in the practice of fighting crime. international exchange of experience in solving crimes.

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System of forensic science Scientists traditionally distinguish five components of forensic science: general theory, forensic technique, forensic issues of organizing the detection of crime investigations (new section), forensic tactics and forensic methodology

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General theory of criminology The general theory of criminology is a system of its ideological principles, theoretical concepts, categories, concepts, methods, definitions and terms that collectively reflect the entire subject of criminology. The general theory is the methodological basis of criminology. The general theory includes the scientific apparatus of criminology, the taxonomy of criminology and particular theories (doctrines). The language of science is the basic definitions and categories that define the terminological apparatus of forensic science, including the system of the most important concepts - forensic categories. Systematics includes the principles of organizing accumulated knowledge and accepted classifications of various forensically significant objects (for example, traces, types of handwriting, tactical techniques, investigative situations). Particular theories are understood as scientific provisions relating to one of the aspects of the subject of forensics and which are the basis for the development of specific means and methods of investigation crimes. As a result, by generalizing particular theories, a general theory covering them is created, and vice versa, new particular theories are derived from the general theory. Examples of private forensic theories are the doctrine of forensic identification and diagnosis, the mechanism of trace formation, the method of crime, forensic characteristics, versions and planning of the investigation, etc., as well as the doctrine of methods of forensic scientific research and their relationship with methods of practical activity. This list is constantly updated, as the development of science leads to the emergence of new particular theories.

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Forensic technology Forensic technology is a branch of criminology, which is a system of scientific principles and tools and methods based on them, intended for collecting and studying evidence in the process of legal proceedings in criminal (as well as civil) cases, and other measures for solving and preventing crimes. Some authors (for example, M. S. Strogovich) reduce forensic science to forensic technology. Forensic technology combines various ways of applying natural science and technical knowledge in the investigation of crimes. For example, for forensic examination of documents, detection of substances invisible to the human eye on clothing, the object under study can be examined in infrared or ultraviolet rays. To obtain data on the composition and structure of an object, the distribution of elements over its surface, spectral luminescent analysis is used. A common method for the forensic study of liquids and gases is chromatography.

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An independent branch of forensic technology is forensic photography - a set of methods for using photography for forensic purposes. Methods of forensic photography in the most general form can be classified into capturing and investigative. The first pursue the goal of recording visible evidence: for example, a photograph of a crime scene. The second methods include photography using special techniques, such as invisible rays or contrast photography. Forensic video recording serves the same purposes. Traceology is a branch of forensic science that deals with the study of traces, including the identification of a person, a weapon or a vehicle based on the traces left behind. Its sub-branch is dactyloscopy - a technique for identifying a person using fingerprints. Forensic research of documents is divided into handwriting studies - the study of handwriting features - and author studies - identification of the author of an anonymous text through the study of written speech. Handwriting studies can complement author studies if anonymous handwritten text is analyzed. Another branch is the forensic study of weapons and ammunition (previously it was considered as an integral part of trace science). Its subfield is forensic ballistics, which studies firearms. The goals of ballistics are to determine the properties of the weapon under study, identify weapons and ammunition based on the traces of a shot, and establish the circumstances of its use (for example, the trajectory of the shot). The forensic study of a person's appearance is called habitoscopy. Habitoscopy uses the developments of anatomy and anthropology. The areas of application of habitoscopy are drawing up a verbal portrait, portrait identification (including identification of a corpse).

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Forensic issues of organizing the detection and investigation of crimes A relatively new section of forensics, which includes issues that are not directly related to any of the traditional sections, such as forensic leads and investigation planning, interaction between the investigator and police officers, etc. A subsection of this section is a system of methods for accumulating and processing reference forensic information, which is called forensic registration. There are various forensic records: wanted criminals, unidentified corpses, stolen antiques, fingerprint files, bullets seized from crime scenes, etc.

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Forensic tactics Forensic tactics is the third section of criminology, which is a system of scientific provisions and recommendations developed on their basis, as well as tactical techniques and combinations aimed at ensuring optimal conditions for the activities of subjects of investigation and judicial consideration of criminal cases in typical situations of the organization and production of procedural actions . Forensic tactics include both methods of conducting investigative actions and general recommendations for conducting investigations and judicial investigations. Forensic tactics has its own system, in which two parts are distinguished: the general provisions of forensic tactics and the tactics of individual procedural actions. General provisions of forensic tactics include the definition of the subject, tasks, system of forensic tactics and its sources, connections with other branches of forensics and other sciences, the essence and types of tactical techniques, and tactical combinations. The tactics of individual procedural actions includes a system of tactical techniques aimed at ensuring optimal activities of the subjects of investigation and judicial consideration of criminal cases in obtaining evidentiary information in typical situations of organizing and conducting individual procedural (primarily investigative and judicial) actions. At the moment, criminologists have developed the tactical basis for the production of such procedural actions as inspection, investigative experiment, search, seizure, interrogation, confrontation, presentation for identification, checking evidence on the spot, monitoring and recording negotiations, detaining a suspect, ordering a forensic examination.

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Forensic methodology The fourth section of criminology studies the patterns of studying crime events in relation to specific types of crimes. This section consists of two subsections: a general part and a special part, consisting of methods for investigating specific types of crimes (methods for investigating murders, methods for investigating thefts, methods for investigating bribery, etc.). The methodology for investigating certain types of crimes examines the following issues: forensic characteristics of the crime, typology of investigative situations, typology of versions, features of individual investigative actions and operational investigative measures during the investigation of crimes of one category or another, elimination of conditions that contributed to the commission of the crime. The main criterion for the classification of private forensic techniques is according to the criminal law norm, which distinguishes certain types of crimes. Based on this criterion, methods for investigating specific types and groups (crimes against the person, crimes against property, etc.) of crimes are distinguished. In addition, methods for investigating various types of crimes united according to some common or significant characteristic can be distinguished. For example, due to the personality characteristics of the accused (suspects), methods for investigating crimes committed by minors or organized criminal communities are being developed separately.

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Qualities of a criminologist The main qualities of a professional criminologist are perseverance and scrupulousness, since even a single fingerprint found at a crime scene can become the main clue in the search for a criminal. You need good knowledge, intelligence, to see more than others see, to compare what others cannot compare, to have knowledge in different areas, and also to have good skills to quickly draw conclusions and other components of logic. An expert's mistake and incorrect conclusion can be costly...

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Universities that train criminologists NATIONAL UNIVERSITY "LEGAL ACADEMY OF UKRAINE NAMED AFTER YAROSLAV THE WISE" Donetsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Odessa State University of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Zaporozhye Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Lugansk State University of Internal Affairs named after E. A. Dorenko