home Magazine Capacity utilization factor. Material utilization factor: calculation formula, example Power utilization factor is calculated as

Capacity utilization factor. Material utilization factor: calculation formula, example Power utilization factor is calculated as

A general indicator of the use of production capacity of an enterprise (workshop) is the capacity utilization factor during the year, defined as the ratio of the volume of gross output for the analyzed period QB to the average annual production capacity

The power utilization factor over time is determined by the ratio of operating time to calendar time. In this case, the time equal to the calendar time minus the downtime for various types of repairs according to the norm is considered as the scheduled time.

Electricity consumption is calculated based on the power of installed engines, power utilization factor, machine time factor of units and planned operating time per day (in hours).

EXAMPLE The engine power is 100 kW, the power utilization factor is 0.9, the machine time factor (engine operating time per shift) is 0.8, the engine operates for two shifts (16 hours). Under these conditions, the planned average daily electricity consumption

Electricity consumption is determined based on the power of the installed motors, the machine time factor of the installation, the power utilization factor and the number of scheduled operating hours per day.

For example, the engine power is 100 kW, the machine time coefficient (motor operating time per shift) is 0.8, the power utilization factor is 0.7, the engine operates for two shifts. Based on the above data, the average daily demand for electricity (E) will be

Determining such a drilling rig power utilization factor will allow, based on the nature of the drive load in time and power, to estimate technological power losses and power losses resulting from deficiencies in the organization and management of drilling operations.

Payment for electricity for engines in accordance with the Price List is made at a two-rate tariff: the basic rate for installed power (kW) and an additional rate for electricity consumption (kWh). In this case, os f (power utilization factor) is taken into account. With a relatively uniform loading of pantographs, os f increases, and therefore, the power of power plants and the throughput of electrical networks are better used. If os f at the enterprise is relatively low, the opposite phenomenon is observed. Therefore, a decrease in os f causes the payment of electricity with a premium to the basic tariff and, conversely, an increase in os f allows you to get a discount on the electricity tariff.

The indicator of the degree of integral use of drilling rigs is the coefficient of capacity utilization of drilling organizations in the planning period. Then the production capacity of the drilling organization M is found from the expression

When justifying the development and placement of oil pipeline transport, the indicator of the use of pipeline capacity is analyzed. The degree of use of pipelines is characterized by a corresponding coefficient determined for each pipeline. The pipeline capacity utilization factor is determined as the ratio of the planned volume

Average power utilization factor for the enterprise, % of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures. ............ 82.0

For a more in-depth study of the use of equipment, the specified coefficients are determined not only by workshop, plant, but also by groups of leading equipment. Such an analysis makes it possible to develop measures aimed at increasing production efficiency. They may consist, for example, in the removal of unloaded equipment, in reducing the labor intensity of the program on overloaded leading equipment, which will increase the power utilization factor in the workshop and plant as a whole.

For example, at the Minsk Tractor Plant, mechanical assembly production will be finally rebuilt on the principle of an object-closed technological cycle with maximum concentration of processing and assembly of parts on production lines. At the plant, automatic lines are widely used for processing the most complex and heavy body parts - clutch housings, rear axle housings, etc. Machines for finishing and finishing operations are widely used. The plant has reached a high level of capacity utilization. In 1975, the load factor of metal-cutting equipment was 0.7, the shift factor of equipment in the main production was 1.75, and the capacity utilization factor was 1.0.

Capacity utilization rate of the repair and restoration base of transport enterprises

If, for example, in order to save investment resources for the development of the energy system, the power utilization factor of the energy system is increased while the load factor remains unchanged, then the reserve coefficient will decrease, and therefore the reliability of energy supply will decrease.

The considered relationship allows us to draw an important conclusion. To increase the economic efficiency of energy production without compromising the reliability of energy supply, it is necessary to increase the load factor by influencing the power consumption regime. In this regard, domestic energy companies should master a new type of activity - energy demand management, in which the interests of the consumer (reducing energy supply costs) and the producer (increasing the power utilization factor and capital productivity) are achieved.

It is planned to increase the power utilization factor to 0.6. Then, with a constant load factor, the reserve factor decreases

Power utilization factor (kM) is calculated using the formula

The quantitative characteristics of the main production assets largely determine the production capacity of the pipeline, oil depot, gas station and other objects of the oil supply system. The capacity of these facilities also depends on the degree of use of fixed assets. For example, the capacity of a tank farm is determined by the maximum cargo turnover per unit of calendar time (year, month, day), which can be achieved with full use of the equipment and taking into account transport conditions. Knowing the power of a particular object, it is easy to determine its utilization rate. To calculate the facility's capacity utilization factor, the volume of oil products actually transported (sold) is divided by the facility's capacity.

Power utilization factor is an important indicator for analyzing the efficiency of spending fixed assets. It is calculated as the ratio of actual capacity to planned capacity, multiplied by 100. A good sign is an indicator value of 80%, but in this case there is as much as 20% for potential growth.

Production capacity is the main indicator of using the potential of each piece of equipment and human resources. This is the ability to produce a certain number of parts (goods, works or services) per unit of time. The main purpose of calculating the indicator is to determine the efficiency of using production potential.

Determination of the coefficient

Power utilization factor (PUF) characterizes the actual use of equipment in comparison with its potential when the lines are fully loaded in . It indicates performance.

Reference! Despite the fact that the indicator is focused on the industrial sector, it can be used at enterprises in other areas of work. For example, it is used directly or indirectly in the trade and service industries to evaluate the performance of equipment and crew.

IM helps to determine the potential of an enterprise, understand its weaknesses, and determine that there really are problems with the efficient use of machinery and equipment. This knowledge will help to build a production process without previous errors and will contribute to the maximum use of existing capacities.

Calculation formula

To calculate KMI, a simple formula is used:

FM - actual power;
PM - potential (possible) power.

Data on actual and potential power are taken over the same period of time.

For convenience, you can calculate the efficiency of capacity utilization as a percentage. In this case, the formula will look like this:

Measurement Features

Data for calculating the indicator is collected manually and done on a daily basis. The value of the potential power value is formed over a period and then it is used for substitution into the formula. And the actual employment is recorded every time or, if possible, metering devices are used for this.

Important! KIM can be calculated for one machine or production line, as well as for an entire workshop or an entire enterprise. Therefore, data is needed for different periods of time: for one piece of equipment it can be collected every hour, but for an enterprise the coefficient is found for longer periods (month, quarter, year).

To quickly and accurately obtain information, you need to configure its automatic collection. The costs of manually maintaining statistics can be very high.

Standard and interpretation of meaning

KIM does not have standard values. Each individual case will have its own limits of desired efficiency, especially when it comes to human resources. However, based on the value of the indicator, certain conclusions can be drawn:

a low value indicates ineffective management and an irrational approach to organizing internal processes at the enterprise. To improve the situation, it is necessary to involve additional equipment and change the work scheme;
if the coefficient is more than 0.7 (70% efficiency), you can increase productivity on your own without attracting additional resources;
an indicator equal to 1 (100%) indicates full utilization of resources, and additional equipment is needed to increase production volumes.

In Western countries, a good indicator is the generalized coefficient of 80-82%. You can use this data to compare IM performance across the enterprise as a whole.

The value of the coefficient cannot be more than 100. Otherwise, it will be necessary to increase the productivity of equipment per unit of time or revise the work shift.

Important! The value of KIM can be influenced by external factors, such as demand volatility, the emergence of new competitors, and force majeure circumstances. To remain competitive, an enterprise should constantly improve its work, improve and update equipment, and increase labor productivity.

Calculation example

For example, there is a pellet production enterprise that has the following equipment installed:

mill for grinding wet sawdust;
dryer drum;
mill for grinding dry sawdust;
mixer for moistening wet sawdust;
granulator.

The planned and actual volume of raw materials that passes through this equipment is presented in the table ().

Table 1. Plan/actual production

Plan/fact of production, cubic meters. m										Total for the month
Plan/fact of production, cubic meters. m
Mill for grinding wet sawdust
Dryer drum
Mill for grinding dry sawdust
Mixer for moistening wet sawdust
Granulator

Thus, the drying drum has the highest productivity, so its KIM is lower, because other types of equipment are not designed for such loading. Therefore, the drum can be loaded more and has additional power potential. The granulator and mill for grinding wet sawdust are the most loaded in relation to their potential: 80%. And although 80% is a good power indicator, it can be increased because... there is still 20% to grow.

Practical application of CMI

Calculation of KIM for a single piece of equipment allows you to determine:

how often the machine is used;
is there any downtime in the operation of the equipment, and for what reason;
the demand for a specific piece of equipment;
the relative amount of profit that the equipment brings;
is it necessary to modernize the technological unit, is it possible to squeeze more out of it.

Calculation of KIM as a whole for the enterprise allows you to determine:

occupancy of production lines;
efficiency of equipment use;
the level of possible growth in production costs (if KIM is low, it means that production volumes can be increased without increasing the cost per unit of goods);
production growth potential.

To determine growth potential, use the indicator of the gap between potential and actual production volume (R PF):

FOP - actual production volume;
POP - potential production volume.

Summary

The power utilization factor allows you to compare the potential of an enterprise's production lines with the actual state of affairs, assess reserves and analyze management efficiency. This indicator is calculated in relation to one unit of equipment and the enterprise as a whole. The optimal value for KMI is considered to be 80%.

Improving the use of production equipment is the main source of increasing production volumes, the main factor in saving social labor. The tasks of statistics in this context are the development of a system of indicators for the use of equipment, the identification of reserves of production capacity, and the study of the reasons that interfere with the maximum use of production equipment.

The basis for constructing indicators for the use of production equipment is to compare its actual productivity with its potential capacity. This principle of constructing indicators of equipment use is common to enterprises in all sectors of the national economy.

The assessment of the use of production equipment can be considered in both broad and narrow terms. In broad terms, this is a set of indicators that characterize the use of working equipment at all stages of its passage, from the place of manufacture to the place of operation. Often manufactured equipment is left dead for a long time at the bases of logistics departments, in the investment sector, in enterprise warehouses, or stands indifferently in workshops. Such processes require quantitative characteristics and control over their changes.

Assessment of the use of production equipment in the narrow sense is a system of indicators of the use of equipment by the number of units, by power, by time and volume of work.

Equipment utilization rates by number of units are calculated by comparing different categories of equipment quantities. These indicators are calculated, as a rule, by groups of more or less similar equipment. By comparing the number of units of installed B with the number of units of available equipment, B is determined share of commissioned equipment K:

Degree of use of the commissioned fleet of machines and machines etc. KVN determined by dividing the number of units of equipment that actually works B by the number of units of installed equipment

If we divide the number of units of equipment that actually works by the number of units of existing equipment, we get indicator of the use of the equipment fleet available at the enterprise (in the workshop);

If we multiply the utilization coefficient of installed equipment by the coefficient of commissioned equipment, we get utilization rate of existing equipment:

The question arises: what equipment belongs to the operating (working) one? Active (working) consider equipment that during the reporting period worked in at least one of the shifts, regardless of the duration of work. Therefore, equipment that did not operate at all during the reporting period should be classified as non-operational. Sometimes, especially when conducting special censuses, equipment that worked for an extremely short time during the year is considered inoperative. In some cases, equipment that was not working only on the day of the census, but was working on all other days, is considered inoperative.

To characterize the degree of utilization of equipment operating in shifts, shift coefficients are calculated, which show how many shifts each piece of equipment worked on average daily. Shift rates can be calculated either for equipment that is actually operating or for installed equipment.

To calculate the equipment shift ratio for one day, a weighted arithmetic average is used.

Example 7.4

There are 66 machines installed in the workshop, of which 60 worked during the day, of which: in one shift - 15, in two shifts - 18, in three shifts - 27. Shift ratio: a) working machines

b) installed machines

This means that on average each machine worked 2.2 changes per day, and the installed equipment - 2.0 changes. In the numerator of the fraction, the sum of the products of the number of machines and the number of shifts of their work shows the number of machine-shifts worked per day (15-1 + 18-2 + 27-3 = 132 machine-shifts). In the longest shift, 60 machines worked (15+18+27).

If we divide the number of actually worked machine shifts Vm by the number of machine days actually worked In g we obtain the equipment shift coefficient:

Shift utilization rate determined by dividing the equipment shift coefficient by the maximum number of changes, that is, by 3:

So, in our example, the shift utilization ratio will be: 22:3 = 0.73.

Since the replacement rate of equipment that is working does not sufficiently characterize the degree of use of the fleet of installed equipment, the quantity of which, in fact, determines the production capacity of the enterprise (workshop), then It is advisable to calculate the shift ratio based on installed equipment or adjust the shift ratio of operating equipment; the utilization rate of the installed equipment fleet by quantity. After all, if we assume that in our example, on the second day, out of 66 machines, only 33 were working, but in all three shifts - each, then the shift ratio will increase to 3 as the number of machine-tool shifts worked decreases to 99. Therefore, when determining the shift ratio, it is advisable take the amount of installed rather than operating equipment.

In order to obtain a more complete description of the level of use of all equipment that can be used in the enterprise, determine continuity factor(utilization rate of installed equipment) as the quotient of dividing the number of units of equipment operating in the largest shift by the number of units of equipment installed at the enterprise:

This means that 90.9% of the equipment did not interrupt the production process during the reporting period.

If we multiply the shift mode utilization coefficient by the continuity coefficient, we get integral equipment utilization factor:

So, the production capabilities of the workshop (given in the example) from the load of installed equipment are used by 0.909 o 0.73 = 0.66 or 66%.

Between the replacement rate of installed equipment TO coefficient of its use by quantity TO and the shift ratio of equipment operating, Kimya there is a certain relationship that can be expressed by the formula

It can be applied in factor index analysis of the use of production equipment.

Using the interdependence of indicators described above, we will determine, based on the data from our example, the replacement rate of installed equipment: TO- o 2.2 = 2.0 - 66

The shift ratio of installed equipment for a month, quarter or year is determined by dividing the number of worked machine-shifts by the number of maximum possible machine-days (the product of the average number of installed machines by the number of days of operation of the enterprise (shop) in this period). For example, it is known that 40 machines worked 1760 machine shifts in 22 working days. The operating mode is three shifts. The shift coefficient is -= 2.0 40-22

This means that every day each machine worked on average two changes.

Shift indicators fairly approximately characterize the continuity of use of production equipment throughout the day. Firstly, the nature of these indicators is dual and they are not comparable enough. If the shift ratio of actually operating equipment is an indicator of its use over time (in the most general unit, even for production conditions - worked machine-tool shifts), then the shift ratio of installed equipment characterizes its use over time (in machine-tool shifts) and by number. Secondly, in general there is no way to compare the actual shift with any objective criterion of its desired value. For example, with two shift work and an 8-hour shift duration, 67% of the daily time fund is covered (-). In the second case, with the same two-shift work, but for a 6-hour shift duration, only 50% of the daily time fund is covered (~^~) - thirdly, the same shift may correspond to different degrees of calendar time fund coverage. Fourthly, a high level of shifts may be behind a very low level of intra-shift load on production equipment. To eliminate the above disadvantages of shift indicators, it is necessary to calculate the reduced continuity coefficient

Where Km p- shift ratio of actually working equipment; Kchv - the share of the established duration of a work shift in calendar time.

However, the most important indicators of intra-shift equipment use per day are coefficient of intra-shift equipment use K And coefficient of machine operating time of equipment K,

Where Tf - time actually worked in the first, second and third shifts, machine hours; G - time fund of machine-hours worked per day; T- machine operating time of equipment per day, machine hours.

Both of these indicators can be used not only for the era as a whole, but also for each shift separately.

the most complete assessment of the degree of equipment utilization based on operating time is given coefficients of extensive use of installed equipment based on actual time worked Kef, behind machine time, which can be expressed by the following formulas:

where G is the calendar fund of time for installed equipment, hours.

The same indicators of extensive use of equipment can also be calculated in relation to scheduled, planned or working time funds. The extensive load coefficient, calculated based on the operating time fund, makes it possible to assess the underutilization of this fund and identify reserves for more stringent compliance with the operating regime established at the enterprise.

Comparison of various enterprises based on the indicator of extensive use of equipment, calculated before the planned time fund, allows us to eliminate the influence of disagreements regarding the proportion of equipment in the planned reserve and repair. The coefficients of extensive use of equipment calculated before the planned fund make it possible to assess the real capabilities of the enterprise to load equipment, to study the influence of all the reasons that caused its unplanned downtime and, accordingly, the underutilization of the planned fund of time.

However, a complete generalized description of the extensive use of equipment is given by indicators calculated up to the calendar fund of time; they have certain advantages: firstly, the calendar fund per unit of equipment is the same for all enterprises, and, therefore, when compared, they are all on equal terms; secondly, they characterize the level of use of the entire fund of time, and not just any part of it.

The coefficients of extensive use of production equipment are considered and form a system of interrelated indicators:

Each of the given factors expresses the influence of a certain factor on the change in the overall indicator of the use of production equipment over time. The relationship between indicators of extensive use of equipment allows us to build a system of factor indices, determine the absolute and relative value of the influence of changes in the daily use of equipment, changes in equipment load after changes, changes in the use of intra-shift operating time of equipment. Among other options for interrelating indicators, the most important is the system of indicators, in which the effective indicator is the average number of hours of operation of a piece of equipment for the reporting period, and the factors are the average number of days of operation of a piece of equipment for this period, the shift ratio of operating equipment and the average duration of operation of a piece of equipment in shift:

We will consider the methodology for calculating load levels and the dynamics of equipment utilization factors over time using the example of equipment operation over two years (Table 7.1).

Of all the indicators calculated in the table, the dynamics of the use of production equipment is most fully and accurately reflected by the indicator of the average number of hours of operation of the machine per year, since its value depends on the average number of days of operation of the machine per year, the shift ratio and the average duration of its operation per shift.

Improving the use of production equipment in terms of capacity is one of the most important reserves for increasing labor productivity and increasing production volumes.

Intensive use of equipment reflects its productivity per unit of actual work time:

Where<у - количество выпущенной продукции за период, нормо-ч.; Tm, Tf - respectively, the costs of machine time and actually worked time, machine hours.

The integral use of production equipment is characterized by the volume of manufactured products per unit of planned, scheduled or calendar time, that is, the complete final result of the equipment’s operation.

The construction of a complete system of indicators that would comprehensively characterize the use of production equipment is complicated by a number of circumstances: firstly, the discontinuity of the production process and the variety of products produced at the enterprise; secondly, the diversity of the composition and operating principles of the equipment; thirdly, the difficulties of obtaining reliable information about the progress of its work and the power used. Therefore, most often they use the transition from intensive and integral load levels to coefficients, which are determined by dividing the corresponding actual levels by their normatively established or maximum possible value. When calculating integral load coefficients are often limited to the product of extensive and intensive load coefficients:

Table 7.1. V

Despite these difficulties, for a single piece of equipment it is relatively easy to construct formulas for intensive coefficients Ph.D. and integral TO. load, for example, during a work shift:

in the production of homogeneous products

in the production of heterogeneous products

Where V. - quantity of products actually produced per unit of machine time (actual equipment productivity), pcs./h; UV - established by the norm or the maximum possible output per unit of machine time, pcs./h; E - energy consumption per shift, kWh; / - machine operating time of equipment per shift, hours; Yv - installed electric drive power, kW; and] - efficiency of the machine (on average 0.85).

Indicators of intensive and integral load are similar to the fact that they both characterize the productivity (power use) of equipment: if in the first case this is the productivity of equipment per unit of time worked by it, then in the second - the output per unit of time of any of its funds (calendar, routine, planned ).

For some types of equipment, the intensive load factor is calculated taking into account their volume or area. Thus, the coefficient of utilization of the useful volume of a blast furnace is calculated by dividing the nominal metro-day by the number of tons of smelted pig iron in terms of pig iron. Nominal metro-days are the product of the useful volume of the furnace, m3, by the nominal time of its operation (nominal day). The nominal time is equal to the calendar time minus the number of days of cold downtime associated with cooling the furnace. You can calculate calendar metro-days and actual metro-days (the product of the useful volume of the furnace by calendar time or actual time); the actual time is equal to the nominal time minus the number of days of hot downtime associated with cooling the furnace. On practice

The blast furnace utilization rate is calculated based on the nominal time. It shows what part of 1 m3 of furnace volume had to be used to produce 1 ton of pig iron per day. The better the blast furnace is used, the lower the utilization rate of its volume.

Let us determine the indicators of the use of the useful volume of furnaces on average at the plant based on the actual and nominal operating time funds with such data. During the year, the metallurgical plant smelted 5,800 thousand tons of processing iron and 120 thousand tons of foundry iron (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2. V Initial data for calculation

The coefficient for converting cast iron into processing iron is 1.2. Blast furnace usable volume utilization rate:

The main indicator by which the degree of utilization of an open-hearth furnace is assessed is the amount of steel obtained from 1 m2 of floor area per day. It is calculated by dividing the number of tons of steel produced by the number of metro days.

When calculating this indicator, the operating time of an open-hearth furnace can be expressed either as calendar, or nominal, or actual.

An indicator of the use of electric furnaces is average daily steel production in tons per 1000 kilovolt-ampere-day of installed transformer capacity. Determined by dividing the amount of steel produced by the calendar number of kV A-days.

Rolling mill utilization rate characterized by their productivity per hour of actual work (or one nominal hour). The nominal time of a rolling mill is considered to be the full calendar time minus weekends and holidays and days spent on scheduled repairs.

In the weaving industry, the intensity of use of a loom is characterized by two indicators: the coefficient of utilization of the width of the loom frame (the ratio of the width of the fabric to the width of the loom frame) and the coefficient of equipment utilization by the number of blows of the baton (the ratio of the actual number of blows of the baton to the number of blows indicated in the passport of the loom) . In order to determine the degree of intensive use of the loom, it is necessary to multiply these indicators.

EQUIPMENT USE RATIO- an indicator characterizing the degree of productive use of the active part of production fixed assets. Calculated by time, power (productivity) and volume of products produced or work performed. The time coefficient of equipment utilization is determined by dividing the time of actual operation of the equipment by the planned time fund, i.e. by the number of hours of operation of the equipment provided for by the plan, taking into account the number of calendar days in the period, holidays and weekends, the established operating mode, the duration of the shift, as well as time for scheduled preventive maintenance.

If the machine was supposed to work 160 hours in a given month, but practically due to downtime not provided for by the loss of working time plan, it worked for 150 hours, then the equipment utilization factor over time (extensive load factor) is equal to 93.8% (6.2% - loss of machine time). It is important to ensure that the equipment operates not only without downtime, but also with the installed capacity and productivity.

If, according to the standards, a machine should process six similar parts per hour, but in fact only five are processed, then the equipment utilization factor in terms of power (intensive load factor) is equal to 83.3%. (5: 6=0.833). The use of equipment power depends on its condition, timely and high-quality care, and the qualifications and diligence of workers.

The coefficient of equipment utilization by volume of work (integral load coefficient) reflects both the time and the degree of use of its capacity and is equal to the ratio of the volume of products actually produced on it to the planned volume that should be obtained when working without downtime and with the installed capacity. If the machine is planned to process 960 parts in a month, but actually 750 are processed, then the general, integral coefficient of equipment utilization is equal to 78.1% (the product of the equipment utilization coefficients by time and by power: 0.938X0.833). Increasing the equipment utilization rate is the most important prerequisite for intensifying production and increasing production output at existing facilities.

At the XXVII Party Congress it was noted: “Planning and economic bodies, enterprise teams need to do everything possible to ensure that the created capacities operate at the design level. Only in heavy industry would it be possible to almost double the rate of increase in production” (Materials of the 27th Congress of the CPSU, p. 41). Increasing the equipment utilization rate is achieved by eliminating downtime, increasing the shift ratio, improving preventive repairs and maintenance of equipment, strengthening labor discipline, and increasing the qualifications of workers. An increase in the equipment utilization rate is also facilitated by the decommissioning and sale of low-productivity, unloaded equipment based on certification of workplaces.

Source: Brief Economic Dictionary, M., 1987

Intensive use factor

equipment (K int.)= Actual output of products (services) per unit of operating time of equipment (actually achieved productivity) / Possible volume of products (services) that could be performed with full use of power (throughput) during scheduled or calendar time

Ki = Qf / Qv

The coefficient of intensive use of equipment characterizes the degree of productive use of specific equipment and communication structures, reflects those reserves that are available at workplaces and can be used. In most cases, it depends on the quality of work organization, as well as the workload at the workplace.

Also, indicators of the use of fixed production assets include:

Equipment involved factor = ratio of actually used equipment to all equipment (including standby and in storage)

Кз = Фз/ ∑Ф

1-3- indicators can be calculated both for the enterprise as a whole and for individual types of products.

However, the use of only specific types of production equipment and structures does not provide a complete picture of the degree of use of fixed assets in the communications industry (sub-sectors and enterprises) as a whole. Therefore, to characterize the degree of use of fixed production assets on the scale of enterprises, sub-sectors and the entire communications industry, summary cost indicators are used. The main cost indicator is the capital productivity indicator (Kn), which characterizes the overall level of use of fixed assets. It is determined for the enterprise by the ratio of income from core activities for the year (D) to the average annual value of fixed assets (f), i.e.

Capital productivity

h = D/F or h = D/Q

The capital productivity indicator characterizes the volume of services per 1 UAH. OF cost.

The inverse indicator of capital productivity is capital intensity. Capital intensity shows how many funds are needed to generate a unit of income:

Capital intensity

K = F/D or K = 1/ h

And the last indicator of the use of fixed production assets is the capital-labor ratio, which characterizes the provision of workers with means of labor:

Capital-labor ratio

where Ш is the average number of staff (number of employees)

These 3 indicators are calculated for the enterprise as a whole.

Structure and indicators of use of working capital

communications companies

Collectively, revolving funds in the sphere of production and the sphere of circulation are called revolving funds. The immaterial nature of communication services products is reflected in the composition and structure of the enterprise's working capital. If at industrial enterprises the largest share of working capital is made up of production inventories of materials and raw materials, and the composition of circulation is finished products, then in the working capital of communication enterprises there is no work in progress, and inventories of materials are used not for the production of products, but for servicing facilities communications.

Working capital of communication enterprises is divided into:

- standardized (materials, fuel, uniforms), according to which consumption or use standards are approved;

— non-standardized (cash funds of enterprises in bank accounts, receivables from clients for communication services).

The working capital norm characterizes the number of days for which an enterprise must have a supply of working capital for uninterrupted operation.

The working capital norm is set in various relative quantities (for example, for materials and fuel in days, for spare parts in % of the cost of the corresponding types of PF).

To characterize working capital, the following types of indicators are used:

Working capital turnover ratio, determined from the basic cost and the average annual value of the enterprise’s working capital:

K ob = D/ obf avg

where D is income from core activities, or Q is the volume of products sold

Obf av – average annual value of working capital.

Rate of turnover, coefficient characterizing the duration of one revolution in days:

W = T/Kob or W = 360/Kob

Tip 1: How to calculate utilization rate

What are working capital of a communications company?

16. Define rationing of working capital?

17. What are the indicators for the use of working capital?

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There are 120 machines installed in the plant workshop.

The workshop operates in two shifts.

Shift duration is 8 hours.

Annual production volume is 960 thousand.

Calculation of production capacity utilization factors. 1 page

products, production capacity of the workshop is 1100 thousand products.

Determine the shift coefficients of machine tools, the coefficients of extensive, intensive and integral loading.

It is known that 100 machines work on the first shift, and 90 machines on the second shift.

The number of working days per year is 250, the actual operating time of 1 machine per year is 3150 hours.

Solution:

Let's calculate the shift ratio of machine tools (Kcm), as the ratio of the actual number of machine tool shifts worked during a period to the maximum possible number of machine shifts on installed equipment for one shift of the same period:

N i is the number of machine tool workers in the i-th shift, while the summation is carried out over all shifts of a given period;

n is the maximum possible number of machine tool shifts on installed equipment in one shift of the same period.

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment (K ext) is calculated as the ratio of the actual number of hours of operation of the equipment to the number of hours of its operation according to the plan (standard):

T ob.f and T ob.pl - respectively, the actual and planned operating time of the equipment,

t cm is the duration of the shift.

The equipment usage intensity factor is calculated using the formula:

V f - actual output of equipment per unit of time;

Vn - technically justified standard production of products by equipment per unit of time (certificate data of the equipment).

Let us define an indicator that combines extensive and intensive reserves. Such a general indicator is the integral coefficient of equipment utilization, which characterizes the use of equipment, both in time and in power.

K and = K ext × K int = 0.7875 × 0.873 = 0.687

As a result of the calculations, we can conclude that the enterprise has reserves for increasing equipment productivity and unused time reserves.

Shift factorExtensive load factorIntensive load factorIntegral load factor

Search Lectures

Task 2.

Determine the amount of annual depreciation charges, if known:

1) The average annual cost of fixed assets is determined based on their initial cost, taking into account the commissioning and liquidation of fixed assets during the year:

Fsr.g = Fo+Fvv*ChM/12 – Fvyb*(12-M)/12

Fsr.g = 8960+1000*6/12 – 760*(12-8)/12 = 9206.67 thousand rubles.

where Фср.г – average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

Fo – initial cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.

Fvv – the cost of the introduced OF during the year, thousand rubles.

FM – number of months of operation of the introduced OS

Fvyb – the cost of those leaving during the current period. year OS, thousand rubles

M – number of months of operation of retired OS.

2) Annual depreciation charges:

Ag = Fsr.g*Na/100 = 9206.67*13%/100 = 1196.87 rub.

Answer: the average annual cost of fixed assets is 9206.67 thousand rubles, annual depreciation charges are 1196.87 rubles.

Problem 4(d)

Determine the coefficient of integral utilization of equipment if it is known:

Lathes and milling machines operate in two shifts, drilling machines - in one shift. Lathes and milling machines stand idle for repairs for 365 hours each year, drilling machines - 276 hours each. There are 240 working days in a year, the shift duration is 8 hours.

Solution algorithm:

1. Determine the actual operating time of each type of equipment.

2. Determine the operating hours of the equipment.

3. Find the coefficient of extensive equipment use

4. Find the coefficient of integral equipment utilization

Solution:

Using these data, we can calculate the volume of nominal (mode) and effective operating time funds of the equipment. Then (depending on the purpose of the calculation) we can calculate two types of coefficients of extensive equipment load: the coefficient of use of the operating time fund and the coefficient of the effective time fund, respectively. The nominal operating time fund is calculated by the formula T nom = (D per year – D weekends)*t shift mode), and the effective operating time fund of the equipment: (T eff = T nom – T rem).

F nom (current) = 240*16*25 = 96000

F nom (drills) = 240*8*12 = 23040

F nom (mills) = 240*16*10 = 38400

Feff (current) = 240*16*25 – 365*25 = 96000 – 9125 = 86875

F ef (mills) = 240*16*10 – 365*10 = 38400 – 3650 = 34750

F eff (drills) = 240*8*12 – 276*12 = 23040 – 3312 = 19728

Since there is no information about the actually worked time of the equipment, if we take the volume of the enterprise’s annual production program for the actually worked time, using the formula we get:

k e e = 68000 / 86875 = 0.78 k e e = 120000 / 141353 = 0.85

k e e = 22000 / 19728 = 1.12

k e e = 30000 / 34750 = 0.86

k u = 0.78 * 0.8 = 0.62 k and = 0.85 * 0.8 = 0.68

k u = 1.12 * 0.8 = 0.90

k u = 0.86 * 0.8 = 0.69

k e e = 68000 / 96000 = 0.71 k e e = 120000 / 157440 = 0.76

k e e = 22000 / 23040 = 0.95

k e e = 30000 / 38400 = 0.78

k u = 0.62 * 0.8 = 0.50 k u = 0.76 * 0.8 = 0.61

k u = 0.90 * 0.8 = 0.72

k u = 0.69 * 0.8 = 0.55

Answer: coefficient of integral equipment utilization, excluding time spent on repairs, k and = 0.61 (equipment is used at 61%); and the coefficient of integral equipment utilization, taking into account the time spent on repairs, k and = 0.68 (equipment is used at 68%).

Problem 6

Determine the change in the duration of turnover of working capital

Solution:

1. Determine the duration of one turnover of the reporting year.

From the formula we find that T about = (500 thousand rubles * 360 days) / 15 rubles = 12 days.

2. The increase in production output was 20%, and the increase in the working capital standard was 10%. Consequently, the amount of the expected increase in the standard of working capital and finished products can be calculated as follows:

Q g pr 2 = 15 million rubles + 15 million rubles * 0.2 = 18 million rubles

K about 2 = 500 thousand rubles + 500 thousand rubles* 0.1 = 550 thousand rubles

3. Determine the necessary change in the duration of turnover of working capital.

T about 2 = (K about 2 * F pd) / Q g pr 2 = (550,000 * 360) / 18,000,000 = 11 days; therefore, the required change is 12 – 11 = 1 day.

Answer: the change in the duration of turnover of working capital is 1 day.

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION….

(Q g pr 2 = 15 million rubles + 15 million rubles * 0.2 = 6 million rubles

K about 2 = 500 thousand rubles + 500 thousand rubles* 0.1 = 100 thousand rubles

3. Determine the necessary change in the duration of turnover of working capital.

T about 2 = (K about 2 * F pd) / Q g pr 2 = (100000 * 360) / 6,000,000 = 6 days); therefore, the required changes are 12 – 6 = 6 days)

Problem 9

Determine the reduction in labor intensity, the release of workers and the increase in annual labor productivity through a number of organizational and technical measures in the previous year.

Solution:

1) The time spent on producing the entire volume of products in the current and planned year (that is, the labor intensity of production in hours) is equal to:

T e 1 = 56,000 pcs * 29 min = 1,624,000 min = 27,067 hours (current year)

T e 2 = 56,000 pcs * 22 min = 1,232,000 min = 20,533 hours (planned year)

2) Since in order to calculate the average number of workers, the problem statement does not have enough data (number of people (by days) who came to work during the year), we determine the number of workers present using the formula.

Rav 1 = 27067 hours / (1750 hours * 1.2) = 12.89 (number of workers in the current year)

Rav 2 = 20533 hours / (1750 hours * 1.2) = 9.78 (number of workers in the planned year)

3) Release of F workers = 12.89 – 9.78 = 3.11 ≈ 3 people

4) Output per worker according to the formula:

B 1 = 56,000 / 27067 ~ 2 pcs. parts/hour (current year)

B 2 = 56,000 / 20533 = 2.7~3 pcs. parts/hour (planned year)

5) Labor intensity according to the formula:

T e 1 = 27067 / 56,000 = 0.5 hours / per part (current year)

T e 2 = 20533 / 56,000 = 0.4 hours / per part (planned year)

The reduction in labor intensity is calculated using the formula: I tr. = (T current - T planned) / T plan. * 100%

I tr. = (27067 – 20533) / 20533 * 100% = 31.9%.

6) Growth in annual labor productivity: I pr = Current 1 / Plan 2 * 100%

I pr = 2 / 2.7 * 100% = 74%.

Answer: reduction in labor intensity – 31.9%; release of workers ≈ 3 people; growth in annual labor productivity - 74%.

Problem 11

Determine the worker’s basic monthly earnings using the piecework-progressive wage system. According to the current regulations at the enterprise, prices for products produced in excess of the initial base are increased, if it is exceeded by 5% - by 1.5 times, and if it is exceeded by more than 5% - by 2 times. 100 percent fulfillment of production standards is taken as the initial base

The hourly tariff rate of the first category is 5 rubles.

Solution:

1) Number of parts produced by the worker:

N d (pieces) fact. = N vyr. + N vyr. * 10% =240 + 24 = 264

2) Time stipulated by the standard for the manufacture of all parts:

T all d (pcs) norms = N vyr. * N pcs-calc. = 240 *48 min = 11,520 = 192 hours

3) Actual time for production of parts:

11,520 / 264 = 43.6 min

4) The excess of the norm was:

264 – 240 = 24 pcs (Percentage excess of the norm was 10%)

5) Worker's earnings at normal rates:

ZP sd = T 1 * k III * N vyr. (hour) = 5 rub. * 1.8 * 192 hours = 1728 rub.

6) Products produced beyond the norm: 24 parts. Since a worker’s earnings are based on the number of standard hours worked, first let’s estimate the cost of this product in hours: 24 * 48 minutes = 1152 minutes = 19.2 hours. According to the conditions of the task, the bonus part of earnings consists of two parts: for exceeding the norm within 5%, the prices increase by 1.5 times and for exceeding over 5% - 2 times. Our worker exceeded the norm by 10%, therefore:

Calculation of equipment utilization indicators

1 part = 9 * 24 = 216 rub.

Basic earnings: salary SDPR = 1728 + 216 = 1944 rubles.

Answer: The basic monthly earnings of a worker under the piecework-progressive production system will be 1,944 rubles.

Problem 14

This indicator in the NP can be calculated in 2 options

1. Indicator use of design capacity technological installation, representing the ratio of the actual volume of oil or semi-finished products processed in unit of working time to the volume of oil or semi-finished products processed under the project in the same unit of working time(this is the time without downtime):

Qф - ϶ᴛᴏ actual volume of oil refining per unit of working time

Qpr — ϶ᴛᴏ design volume of oil refining.

This indicator must be calculated for each technological installation. This indicator cannot always correctly assess the degree of intensive use of PF

2. Indicator of maximum power use per unit of working time. Calculated in 2 options:

a. The maximum power utilization indicator is determined by dividing the actual volume of oil or semi-finished products refining per unit of working time by the maximum possible volume of oil or semi-finished products refining for the same unit of time:

Maximum productivity is defined as the average daily productivity for the best month of operation in a given year. In the same way, the ND calculates the indicator of intensive use of complex oil refining installations.

This indicator reflects the degree of intensity of use of equipment for raw materials, however, in some cases it is observed that with an increase in the volume of oil or raw materials refining, the yield of the target product decreases.

Equipment utilization rate

But the plant’s task is not only to process oil and raw materials, but also to produce target products, in connection with this, this indicator is calculated in option b.

b. This is an indicator of the use of maximum power, determined by dividing the actual volume of production of the target product per unit of working time by the maximum possible volume of production of the target product, taking into account the quality of the products obtained, for the same unit of working time:

P – cost of product sales in rubles

OS - the average balance of working capital for a certain period

C – cost of commercial products

The balance of working capital is the amount at the end and beginning of the month, divided by 2. In the total for the quarter - the amount of monthly reserves, divided by 3. Also for the year.

Time of one revolution in days:

In addition to the turnover ratio and the duration of turnover, the working capital load indicator is also used. The load factor is the amount of working capital per 1 ruble of products sold. The lower this indicator, the more efficiently the enterprise operates.

All these indicators of working capital turnover are calculated both for all working capital and separately for standardized working capital.

NDP and NPP have a fairly high degree of use of working capital. In general, in Russian industry, working capital makes 5 revolutions per year. Duration 72 days. And in the NDP and NPP – 12-15 revolutions per year. But the rate of turnover of working capital varies not only for individual industries, it also varies for enterprises in the same industry and depends on many factors: the location of the enterprise, the type of transport, types of payment, acceptance forms of payment or letter of credit forms of payment.

Accelerating the turnover of working capital leads to a reduction in the duration of one revolution or to an increase in the number of revolutions. In both cases, funds are released. And the enterprise can use them for some other purpose or can increase production volume without diverting resources from economic circulation. Accelerating the turnover of working capital throughout the country allows us to save the national income accumulation fund and increase the consumption fund. When considering reserves for accelerating the turnover of working capital, the analysis is carried out at individual stages of turnover. At the first stage of the circulation of working capital, that is, when acquiring the necessary material assets, enterprises that are on the acceptance form of payment have insignificant reserves of the turnover fund. You just need to be a conscientious payer. At the second stage of the circulation, at the time of receipt of material reserves at the enterprise and their release into production itself, there are certain reserves. The main idea is that you should not have excess inventory. This leads to their death and a reduction in the turnover rate. It is necessary to have constant long-term connections with consumers and buyers.

In most industries, the greatest opportunities for improving the use of working capital are at the third stage, at the production stage. This is commonly called the production cycle. And it can be reduced by increasing labor productivity, using new equipment and technology.

The fourth stage of the circulation is from the moment the finished product is released until the money is credited to the current account. You need to be a careful payer.

The task of calculating electrical networks is to correctly estimate the quantities and, accordingly, select the smallest of the possible cross-sections of wires, cables and buses under which the standardized conditions would be met in relation to:

1. heating conductors,

2. economic current density,

3. electrical protection of individual sections of the network,

4. voltage losses in the network,

5. mechanical strength of the network.

Design loads for selecting conductor sections are:

1. half-hour maximum I30 - for selecting heating sections,

2. average shift load Icm - for selecting sections according to economic current density,

3. peak current - for selecting fuse links and current settings for maximum circuit breakers and for calculating voltage loss. This calculation usually comes down to determining voltage losses in the power network when starting individual powerful squirrel-cage electric motors and in trolley lines.

When choosing cross-sections of the distribution network, regardless of the actual load factor of the electrical receiver, you should always keep in mind the possibility of using it at full power and, therefore, take the rated current of the electrical receiver as the calculated current. An exception is allowed only for conductors to electric motors selected not for heating, but for overload torque.

Thus, no calculations are made as such for the distribution network.

To determine the design current in the supply network, it is necessary to find the combined maximum or average load of a number of electrical receivers and, as a rule, different operating modes. As a result, the process of calculating the supply network is relatively complex and is divided into three main sequential operations:

1. drawing up a calculation scheme,

2. determination of combined load maximums or average values in individual sections of the network,

3. selection of sections.

The design diagram, which is a development of the basic power supply diagram outlined when considering the issue of distribution of electrical energy, must contain all the necessary data regarding the connected loads, the lengths of individual sections of the network and the chosen type and method of laying it.

The most critical operation - determining electrical loads on individual sections of the network - in most cases is based on the use of empirical formulas. The coefficients included in these formulas depend to the greatest extent on the operating mode of electrical receivers, and the correct assessment of the latter is of great importance, although it is not always accurate.

At the same time, incorrect determination of coefficients, and, consequently, loads, can lead either to insufficient network capacity or to an unreasonable increase in the cost of the entire installation.

Before moving on to the methodology for determining electrical loads for supply networks, it should be noted that the coefficients included in the calculation formulas are not stable. Due to continuous technological progress and the development of automation, these coefficients should be subject to periodic revision.

Since both the formulas themselves and the coefficients included in them are approximate to a certain extent, it must be borne in mind that the result of calculations can only be the determination of the order of magnitude of interest. For this reason, excessive scrupulousness in arithmetic operations should be avoided.

Values and coefficients included in the calculation formulas for determining electrical loads

Under installed capacity Ru is understood:

1. for long-duty electric motors - catalog (certificate) rated power in kilowatts developed by the motor on the shaft:

2. for electric motors of intermittent operation - rated power reduced to long-term operation, i.e. to duty cycle = 100%:

where PVN0M is the nominal switching duration in percent according to catalog data, Rnom is the rated power at PVN0M,

3. for electric furnace transformers:

where SН0М is the rated power of the transformer according to catalog data, kVA, cosφnom is the power factor characteristic of operating an electric furnace at rated power,

4. for transformers of welding machines and devices - conditional power reduced to long-term mode, i.e. to PV = 100%:

where Snom is the rated power of the transformer in kilovolt-amperes at duty cycle,

Under connected power Rpr of electric motors refers to the power consumed by the motor from the network at rated load and voltage:

where ηnom is the nominal efficiency of the motor in relative units.

Average active load for the busiest shift Pav.cm and the same average reactive load Qcp,cm are the quotients of dividing the amount of electricity consumed during the maximum loaded shift (WCM and VCM, respectively) by the duration of the shift in hours Tcm,

active Рср.г and the same reactive load Qcp.г represent the quotients of dividing the annual electricity consumption (Wg and Vg, respectively) by the annual working time in hours (Tg):

Under maximum load Pmax is the largest of the average loads for a given time interval.

To calculate networks and transformers for heating, this time interval is set to 0.5 hours, i.e., a half-hour maximum load is assumed.

Distinguish half-hour maximum loads: active P30, kW, reactive Q30, kvar, full S30, kva, and current I30, a.

Peak current Ipeak is the instantaneous maximum possible current for a given electrical receiver or for a group of electrical receivers.

Under utilization rate per shift, the CI is understood as the ratio of the average active load for the maximum loaded shift to the installed power:

Accordingly annual utilization rate represents the ratio of the average annual active load to the installed power:

Under maximum coefficient Km is understood as the ratio of the active half-hour maximum load to the average load for the maximum loaded shift,

The reciprocal of the maximum coefficient is graph fill factor Kzap