People obsessed with their idea summary. Famous people obsessed with their idea examples of people

At the end of the 19th century, a very spectacular and dangerous experiment was carried out in a laboratory located in the American city of Colorado Springs. From a large copper hemisphere crowning a very high tower, lightning suddenly began to strike up to forty meters long. Giant electrical discharges were accompanied by thunderous peals, audible for 15 miles. A huge ball of light blazed around the tower.

And twenty-five miles from the tower, to the applause of observers, 200 electric bulbs lit up at once. The electric charge was transferred to them without any wires. The author of the incredible experiment was Nikola Tesla.

This scientist, who devoted his whole life to the study of electrical energy, himself possessed inexhaustible energy. His obsession knew no bounds. He set aside four hours for rest, of which two were usually spent thinking over ideas, and two - sleeping. Many considered him a very strange person, and this began in childhood.

Nikola Tesla, born July 10, 1856, was the fourth child of a Serbian Orthodox priest. From the age of five, Nikola began to have strange fantastic visions, which were accompanied by flashes of blinding light. Often he was seized by strong excitement and, in order to cope with it, he brought himself to exhaustion with physical exercises and even fell into a state of trance. And even in his youth, Nikola spent the whole night reading, swallowing books with some kind of manic passion.

His father wanted Nikola to also become a priest, but he entered the Higher Technical School in the Austrian city of Graz, and then transferred to the University of Prague.

In 1880 he got the idea to create an alternating current generator. Professor Peshl, with whom the student Tesla shared the original idea, considered that it contradicted all ideas about electricity. But the professor's conclusion only spurred the inventor on, and two years later he presented a working model to the astonished specialists.

After that, Tesla decided to demonstrate his generator to the great inventor Edison. He sold everything he had to buy a ticket for a transatlantic flight and arrived in America in 1884.

"King of inventors" Thomas Alva Edison condescendingly listened to the guest. Edison was at the height of his fame. The light bulb, the phonograph and the dynamo made him a millionaire. However, all the works of the famous American in the field of electricity were based on direct current. And Edison offered Tesla a job in his company: to bring to mind him, Edison, DC generators. The young emigrant agreed, but while working for Edison, he did not stop improving his alternator. In October 1887 he received a patent for it. Edison could not stand this, he began to publicly criticize Tesla's generators.

“If you are so sure that you are right,” Tesla objected, “what prevents you from letting me try it out in your enterprise?” Unexpectedly, Edison agreed and even promised his rival $50,000 if he managed to electrify one of his factories in his own way. He was convinced that it was impossible. Tesla in a short time carried out his plan. The effect exceeded all expectations. Edison was discouraged, but refused to pay, saying that his promise was just a joke.

After that, they finally quarreled. Tesla until the end of his life could not forgive the "king of inventors" of his deceit. In the 30s of the 20th century, he even refused to accept the Nobel Prize awarded to him jointly with Edison. And then, after the break, in April 1887, Nikola Tesla, having managed to raise funds, opened his own company, the Tesla Electric Light Company. On May 16, 1888, Testa demonstrated his work on alternating current at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. In the hall was the millionaire George Westinghouse, the inventor of the hydraulic brake.

Tesla's speech shocked Westinghouse. He offered the inventor a million dollars for his patents plus royalties. An agreement was concluded, and a recent emigrant received huge money for those times. When the Westinghouse Electric company implemented Tesla's developments by building a hydroelectric power station on Niagara Falls, this became clear evidence that the path followed by the inventor opens up new horizons in electrical engineering.

Gaining financial independence. Tesla continued his research. Moreover, he knew how to very effectively acquaint ordinary Americans with them. What he once demonstrated on the streets of Colorado Springs seemed like real fantasy. In front of the audience, a gasoline engine was removed from an ordinary car and an electric motor was installed. Then Tesla attached a small box under the hood from which two rods protruded. Pushing them out, Tesla said, "So now we have energy." After that, the drivers sat down, pressed the pedal, and the car drove off! He drove it around the city for a whole week, and there were no batteries or accumulators on the car.

"Where does the energy come from?" Tesla's puzzled fellow scientists asked. He calmly replied: "From the ether that surrounds us." After such an absurd statement, rumors spread about the madness of electrical engineering. Tesla was pissed off. He removed the magic box from the car and returned to the laboratory, burying the secret of his electric car forever.

But the trick with energy from thin air impressed billionaire John Morgan. At his invitation, the inventor moved to New York to implement the grandiose Wardenclyffe project - the World Center for Wireless Power Transmission. Morgan gave him $150,000 (at the time in purchasing power, this amount would equal several tens of millions today) and provided a plot of 200 acres on Long Island. A tower 57 meters high was built there with a steel shaft sunk 36 meters into the ground. A 55-ton metal dome with a diameter of 20 meters was mounted on top of the tower.

A trial run of an unprecedented installation took place at midnight on June 15, 1903 and produced a stunning effect. More than a hundred miles of dazzlingly bright strands of electrical plasma stretched upward from the spherical dome, illuminating the entire area. “Tesla lit up the sky over the ocean for thousands of miles,” the newspapers wrote. It was a triumph. But…

After an unusual night, Tesla suddenly left the Vordenclyffe and never appeared there again. Later, in his autobiography, he explained it this way: “My project was delayed under the influence of natural laws. The world was not yet ready to receive it. He was way ahead of his time."

In general, almost everything that Tesla did went beyond the understanding of his contemporaries. One day he attached some kind of electromechanical device to an iron beam in the attic of the building in which his laboratory was located. After a while, the walls of houses a few miles from the laboratory began to vibrate, and people poured into the street in a panic.

By that time, everyone had already heard about the fantastic experiments of the "mad inventor". Of course, these are his tricks! Police immediately rushed to Tesla's house and a crowd of reporters rushed. Tesla managed to turn off and destroy his vibrator, realizing that he could cause a serious disaster. "I could bring down the Brooklyn Bridge in an hour," he later admitted. And, after a little thought, he added that he could also split the Earth, all that is needed is a suitable vibrator and an accurate timing.

It is not surprising that the fantastic experiments and inventions that baffled scientists brought Tesla the ominous fame of the "egg-headed maniac." However, he himself contributed to this with his many oddities. For example, Nikola was terrified of germs, constantly washing his hands, and in hotels he demanded up to 18 towels a day. If a fly landed on the table during lunch, he forced the waiter to replace all the dishes. He settled in a hotel only if the number of his apartment was a multiple of three.

Residents of Colorado Springs, where Tesla's laboratory was located, were afraid of this man with piercing black eyes and even suspected him of black magic. Walking down the street, he could suddenly fly into the air and do somersaults. He often walked in the park and loudly recited Goethe's Faust, not paying attention to those around him. Nikola himself said that at these moments brilliant technical ideas dawned on him.

On the other hand, he often showed the gift of foresight. Once, he literally by force detained his friends who were visiting him so that they missed the train, and this saved their lives - the train derailed, many passengers died or were injured. And billionaire John Morgan was persuaded to abandon the trip on the Titanic, which sank after colliding with an iceberg.

Nikola Tesla died on January 7, 1943 in his laboratory. Many of his brilliant developments were lost to posterity, and most of the diaries and manuscripts disappeared under unclear circumstances. Some believe that Nikola burned them himself at the beginning of World War II, convinced that the knowledge contained in them was too dangerous for unreasonable humanity ...

Of all Tesla's accomplishments, only one is usually mentioned in physics textbooks - "Tesla's high-frequency transformer." Meanwhile, he discovered alternating current, first developed the principles of remote control, the basics of treatment with high-frequency currents, designed the first electric clock, solar-powered motor and much more, obtaining 300 patents for his inventions in different countries. Moreover, the entire modern electric power industry would not have been possible without his discoveries.

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein's "mother", popularized the "mad scientist" archetype. In her book, the doctor was so obsessed with his idea of ​​bringing lifeless matter to life that he abandoned both common sense and ethical standards for it.

But this also happens in real life. Many scientists, even during their lifetime, called "insane" conducted experiments, balancing on the verge of legal and moral principles (and sometimes stepping over this line).

We present to you top 5 mad scientists.

Dr. Robert Cornish was obsessed with the idea of ​​becoming a resuscitator. He believed that a not too damaged and recently dead body could be restored with a large dose of anticoagulants and a swing table that would rock the body to "restart" blood circulation.

Strange but true: Cornish managed to resuscitate two dogs- Lazarus IV and V, who were killed by an overdose of ether. The doctor repeatedly petitioned prisons to allow him to use the bodies of executed criminals. In 1948, Cornish was contacted by the assassin Thomas McGonigal, who was waiting for the gas chamber. He was willing to lend his body for the experience. The problem was that the scientist needed the body immediately after the execution, and the authorities were afraid that the reanimated criminal would go free (you cannot be executed twice for the same crime). As a result, McGonigal's request for resuscitation was rejected, and Cornish switched to other experiments.

The rating of mad scientists could not do without the representative of Russia. Unlike Cornish, who was obsessed with one idea, Bogdanov, a revolutionary and prominent science fiction writer, had broad interests. In particular, he specialized in blood tests. His influence and status led to the creation of the Blood Transfusion Institute in 1926. After all, he became convinced that blood transfusion could be used to rejuvenate, and possibly to prolong the life of the human body.

Bogdanov subjected his body to numerous blood transfusions. Ironically, in 1928, the scientist died due to a hemolytic transfusion reaction after a blood transfusion from a patient with malaria.

This British physiologist revolutionized the injection management of erectile dysfunction and is remembered for his speech at a meeting of the Association of Urologists in Las Vegas, 1983.

He talked about his successful experiences in the treatment of erectile dysfunction with papaverine injections. During a lecture, the 57-year-old the doctor showed slides of his own erect penis, and then took off his pants to show that papaverine treatment can produce erections without erotic stimulation. Brindley gave himself an injection before the lecture. He even hobbled down so that the front rows of spectators could appreciate the degree of swelling of the genitals.

His works formed the basis of many modern ones, the best of which we have published earlier.

16th century Swiss scholar became the founder of toxicology. He argued that small doses of toxic substances could be used to advantage, and that only the dose determined whether a substance was a drug or a poison.

A connoisseur of medicine and philosophy, he was also no stranger to alchemy and the occult. In 1537 he wrote De Rerum Naturae, in which he described some of his alchemical secrets, including the creation of the homunculus, a tiny artificial man.

Iowa State University psychologist sad known for a crazy speech therapy experiment held in 1939. It involved 22 children who had no parents.

Johnson and his graduate student Mary Tudor divided the children into two groups of 11. Half of the children in each group were stutterers, while the other half spoke normally.

The happy group underwent positive speech therapy. In this group, the children were told that their speech was very correct and pure.

In another group, children's speech was mocked for 6 months to see how it would affect their stuttering.

Some of the children who ended up in the second group had no problems with speech before the experiment. And after it, pronounced symptoms of stuttering appeared and entrenched for life.

To the 110th anniversary (1908) of the cosmic catastrophe that broke out over
Siberia at the beginning of the 20th century

The full version of the essay presented here is published in the book:
Popov A., Lavbin Yu., Lazutkin D., Nekhaev O., Chernobrov V.
TUNGUSKA PHENOMENON
Expeditions. Hypotheses. finds
Krasnoyarsk. Publishing house "Platinum".
2008.

http://www.newslab.ru/news/267945
http://www.newslab.ru/review/268293
https://regnum.ru/news/cultura/1021971.html
The Association of Book Publishers of Russia and the Union of Journalists of Russia named the winners of the contest "The Best Books of 2008".
The book “The Tunguska Phenomenon…” was recognized in the nomination “The Best Publication in Natural Sciences, Technology and Medicine”. Publishing house "Platinum". Krasnoyarsk. 2008.
http://www.dela.ru/news/krsk/news-11297/

See also the documentary "Lord of the World... Nikola Tesla"
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This greatest inventor in the world is undeservedly rarely mentioned in modern physics textbooks and scientific works. But at one time he discovered alternating current, fluorescent light, wireless energy transmission, built the first electric clock, turbine, solar-powered engine. He invented radio before Markoni and Popov, received a three-phase current before Dolivo-Dobrovolsky.

It was he who predicted the possibility of treating patients with high-frequency current, the appearance of electric furnaces, fluorescent lamps, an electron microscope, a mobile phone, and an electric car. The term "cyberspace" is usually associated with William Gibson and other science fiction writers of the 80s. However, the first person who tried in practice to achieve the effect of "virtual reality" with the help of electronics 100 years before the Internet was He.

On his patents, in fact, the entire energy industry of the 20th century grew. The scientist worked for several decades on the problem of the energy of the entire Universe, experimented with antigravity, there is a suspicion that he invented a time machine ... He studied the mechanisms of the movement of the Sun and planets. I tried to learn how to manage cosmic energy myself. And connect with other worlds.

It was said that in the last years of his life He worked on the construction of an artificial mind. And I wanted to learn how to photograph thoughts, considering it quite possible ...

1. Inspirational Prophet of Electricity

New York, East Houston Street, 48. At the beginning of the last century, a strange scientist lived at this address, unsociable, with a feverish gleam in black eyes. It was rumored that he was "a relative of Count Dracula" and himself a vampire who could not stand the sunlight. And they also said that he created a weapon capable of smashing the entire globe to pieces.

The scientist lived in the most prestigious hotels, wore expensive suits, was not married and was a welcome, although rather rare, guest in any aristocratic house. Many brides from the highest circle looked at him. But he himself avoided social gatherings and women, he loved long walks on foot - they stimulated the work of thought. For sleep, the scientist set aside four hours, of which two were usually spent thinking over ideas. His obsession with science knew no bounds.

It was Nikola Tesla, a native of the small Croatian village of Smiljany, a graduate of the University of Prague, a man whom the great Rutherford later called the "inspired prophet of electricity", and Mark Twain called the "lord of lightning." Jules Verne, inspired by his personality, created the image of Captain Nemo...

Nikola Tesla was born on July 10 (June 28, old style) 1856 in the small Croatian village of Smiljany. His parents were Serbs. Father, Milutin Tesla - an Orthodox priest, mother, Juka Mandic - a housewife.

From childhood, he was haunted by strange visions, flashes of light invisible to others. Sometimes for many hours he was immersed in the contemplation of some other, unknown worlds, so bright that he confused them with reality. Out of this almost madness, completely rational technical ideas were born. The young man was especially fascinated by electricity. Something that cut through the sky in fiery zigzags and fell like gentle sparks from the fur of a caressed cat.

The father saw in his son the future priest. But against his will, Nikola went to study at the Advanced Technical School in Graz, then at the University of Prague, which he graduated in 1880. Even in his second year, he was struck by the idea of ​​an induction alternator. The professor with whom Tesla shared the idea thought it was crazy. But this conclusion only spurred the inventor on, and in 1882, while working in Paris, he discovered the principle of a rotating magnetic field and built a working model of a generator. In 1883, already in Strasbourg, the young scientist assembled the first models of induction motors...

In 1884, Tesla went to conquer America. To Thomas Edison. With a recommendation from a Parisian friend: “I know two great people. One of them is you, the other is this young man.”

Edison took a promising electrical engineer into his company, but friction began almost immediately between the inventors. They approached creative tasks in different ways. Edison liked only that which gave immediate profit. Tesla did only what was interesting to him. All the works of the eminent American were based on direct current. And then some Serbian with burning eyes talks about alternating current. Edison tried so hard to prove the danger of Tesla's ideas that he did not even hesitate to defiantly kill a dog with alternating current. But it didn't help. What the whole world uses today has won. After all, it is alternating current that flows through the wires in our apartments.

The main reason for their breakup was the difference in views on the origin of electricity. Edison adhered to the well-known theory of "the motion of charged particles", Tesla had a different vision of this phenomenon.

In his theory of electricity, the concept of ether was fundamental - a kind of invisible substance that fills the whole world and transmits vibrations at a speed many times greater than the speed of light. Each millimeter of space, Tesla believed, is saturated with limitless, endless energy, which you just need to be able to extract.

Even today, the theorists of modern physics have not yet been able to explain Tesla's views on the physical reality of his interpretation of electricity. But why didn't he formulate his own theory? Or maybe he was a spiritual harbinger of a new civilization, in which the only, inexhaustible source of energy will be the asynchrony of various levels of physical processes, that is, Time itself? ..

In 1891, Nikola Tesla created the first high-frequency (resonant) transformer. Unlike other transformers, it does not have a ferromagnetic core: getting into resonance, the coils transmitted current to each other literally through the air.

In the course of one of his lectures on the high-frequency electromagnetic field in front of scientists at the Royal Academy, he remotely turned on and off the electric motor, in his hands light bulbs lit up by themselves. In some, there was not even a spiral - just an empty flask. It was 1892!

After the lecture, physicist John Rayleigh invited Tesla into his office and solemnly proclaimed, pointing to a chair: “Please sit down. This is the chair of the great Faraday. After his death, no one sat in it.

Visitors to the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago watched in horror as a thin, nervous scientist with a funny Slavic surname daily passed an electric current of two million volts through himself. In theory, there should not have been even a piece of coal left from the experimenter. And Tesla smiled, and electric lamps burned brightly in his hands. Now we know that it is not the voltage that kills, but the strength of the current, and that the high-frequency current passes only through the surface. Then this trick seemed like a miracle.

Since the time of Tesla, the squares and streets of New York have been illuminated by arc lamps of his design. His electric motors, rectifiers, electric generators, transformers, high-frequency equipment worked at the enterprises. Although Marconi received the first patent in the field of radio, many of his other applications were rejected, because Tesla had already received a lot of patents for numerous improvements in radio equipment ...

On July 10, 1931, Nikola Tesla made a sensational statement in print: “More than 25 years ago I began my efforts to harness cosmic rays, and now I can say that I have achieved success ... I harnessed cosmic rays and made them control (move) a moving device ". In a 1933 article for the New York American about his invention, Tesla wrote: “This new energy to operate the machinery of the world will be drawn from the energy that moves the universe, cosmic energy, the central source of which for the Earth is the Sun and which is present everywhere in unlimited quantities."

In the same 1931, Tesla showed the Americans his mysterious electric car. The gasoline engine was removed from the luxury limousine and an electric motor was installed. Then Tesla, in front of the public, placed a nondescript box under the hood, from which two rods protruded, and connected it to the engine. Saying: "Now we have energy," Tesla got behind the wheel and drove off.

The miracle machine was tested for a week. She developed speeds up to 150 km / h and, it seems, did not need recharging at all. Everyone asked Tesla: "Where does the energy come from?" He replied: "From the ether." Probably, today we would already drive cars with a perpetual motion machine, if it were not for those longtime viewers who spoke then about evil spirits. The angry scientist took the mysterious box out of the car and took it to the laboratory. Its mystery has not yet been solved.

2. Philadelphia experiment

In the pre-war years, Tesla began working on closed projects for the US Navy. This included the wireless transmission of energy to defeat the enemy, and the creation of resonant weapons, and attempts to control time. From 1936 to 1942, he was the director of the Rainbow project - using Stealth technology - within the framework of which the infamous Philadelphia experiment took place, which during his lifetime, foreseeing the possibility of human casualties, was dragged out by the inventor himself in every possible way.

And yet, after Tesla's death, in October 1943, the US Navy conducted an experiment to make the ship invisible to radar. To do this, on the destroyer "Eldridge DE-173" they created an "electromagnetic bubble" - a screen that, with the help of Nikola Tesla's generators, would divert radar radiation past the ship.

During the experiment, a completely unforeseen side effect was revealed. The ship became invisible not only to the radar, but also to the naked eye. A series of strong magnetic fields also changed its local temporal-spatial coordinates, and the cruiser disappeared for a while, and then appeared for a few seconds in another place - in one of the largest naval bases in Norfolk, in a port in southeastern Virginia, on the Atlantic coast , 350 kilometers from Philadelphia.

After a very short time, the ship materialized again in the port from which it sailed - in Philadelphia. The strangest things happened to the crew. Half of the sailors disappeared forever, some went crazy or acquired the ability to disappear and reappear at will. Some of the survivors claimed that they "changed the world" and saw, even talked with unearthly creatures.

For the people involved in the project, this "teleportation" was a disaster. While the ship "moved" from the Philadelphia Naval Base to Norfolk and back, the members of the ship's crew completely lost their orientation in time and space. And upon returning to the base, many could not move without leaning on the walls, and were in a state of inescapable horror.

Subsequently, after a long period of rehabilitation, all members of the team were fired as "mentally unstable". As a result, the Rainbow project was closed. And the results of the experiment were classified. What really happened there, no one knows.

3. Echoes of the Tunguska disaster

On the night of June 29-30, 1908, a little after midnight (GMT) in Central Siberia, in the area between the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tungusok rivers, an explosion of gigantic force thundered, causing exceptionally powerful sound, light and seismic effects both in Siberia itself and observed in many cities in Europe.

At a point on the earth's surface, located 70 km northwest of the village. Vanavara on Podkamennaya Tunguska, at an altitude of 5-7 km, an object exploded, according to many researchers, it entered the dense layers of the atmosphere from space.

The flight trajectory of the exploded object was rather complicated: judging by the series of data, it switched from a relatively flat (10-15 degrees) initial trajectory to a very steep one (40 degrees), while apparently making a “twist” in a counterclockwise direction at least 15 degrees. Not a single previously known space body that entered the earth's atmosphere had the ability to maneuver during flight, especially to perform such "bends".

The main explosion was then probably accompanied by one or more smaller low-altitude explosions. Their nature and mechanism, as, indeed, of the entire Tunguska phenomenon, as a whole, remain unclear ...

The multi-megaton explosion at Tunguska became the most striking, but by no means the only link in the chain of anomalous planetary phenomena that filled the summer of 1908. In the last days of June 1908, numerous anomalous optical atmospheric effects began to be observed in Europe and Siberia, manifesting themselves, in particular, in the form of bright dawns and the appearance of luminous night clouds.

The air waves of the Tunguska "meteorite" twice circled the entire globe and were recorded by many observatories of the world, and the earthquake caused by it was noted not only in Irkutsk, Tashkent and Tiflis, but also in the Berlin region. In addition, about 5 minutes after the explosion, a magnetic storm began, registered in Irkutsk. It lasted more than 3 hours and was very similar in its parameters to the perturbations of the Earth's magnetic field observed after high-altitude nuclear explosions.

The echo of the Tunguska catastrophe sounded all over the globe. In the vast space covered from the east by the Yenisei, from the south by the Tashkent-Stavropol-Sevastopol-northern Italy-Bordeaux line, from the west by the western coast of the Atlantic Ocean, night has disappeared. For three days, from June 30 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights here, reminiscent of "white nights" in the northern regions of Europe. All night long one could read a newspaper text, read the readings of a clock or a compass, while the main illumination came from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km.

A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses of Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous optical phenomena were observed in this territory - bright "motley" dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is explained by , apparently, by the dusting of the atmosphere by the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to believe that the “fall” of the Tunguska “meteorite” even affected the Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on that day in Antarctica that an aurora of unusual shape and power was observed, described by members of Shackleton’s English Antarctic expedition.

One of the most important features of the Tunguska explosion is the absence of visible traces of the substance of a cosmic body in the disaster area. Recall that the energy of the Tunguska "meteorite" in TNT equivalent is estimated at 10-40 megatons, and at least 10 percent of it went into a light flash. Such an explosion energy could be provided by the destruction of an asteroid or comet moving at cosmic speed only if their mass was at least 100,000 tons.

One hundred thousand (and according to some estimates - several hundred thousand) tons of atomized space material is not a needle that could disappear without a trace. In the area, for example, of the Sikhote-Alin meteorite, the entire area is dotted with craters and funnels formed as a result of the fall of its fragments, and the surrounding swamps and soils contain a huge amount of microscopic frozen drops of molten meteorite substance.

In the case of the Tunguska object, nothing of the kind was observed. The searches carried out in the region of its explosion, both large fragments and meteor dust, despite all the perseverance of the researchers and the high accuracy of the methods used, invariably gave the same result: in the surrounding soils and peat, only a small amount of meteoric dust was found, which can be found at any point on the earth's surface, because the combustion of meteors in the Earth's atmosphere occurs everywhere and constantly, but no significant addition of cosmic material associated with the Tunguska object was found.

This paradox can be explained in two ways: either no material remains of the exploded body fell out in the disaster area, which is contrary to common sense, or this material differs in its composition from “ordinary” meteorites and meteors.

The version of the Tunguska explosion officially accepted today is a 100,000 ton fragment of comet Enka, composed mainly of dust and ice, which entered the atmosphere at a speed of 62,000 miles per hour, heated up and exploded above the Earth's surface, causing fireball and shock wave, not having formed as a result of the explosion no crater.

The energy of the Tunguska explosion then exceeded the energy of the atomic explosion in Hiroshima by at least a thousand times. At the same time, scientists have established that if this event had occurred 4 hours later, a cosmic strike would have hit St. Petersburg. Without a doubt, the number of human victims would then go to hundreds of thousands, and humanity would get acquainted with the prospects awaiting it in the event of a nuclear war. And much earlier than it actually happened.

4. Wardencliff for Europe

The trick with the transmission of energy through the air, which Nikola Tesla held in Colorado Springs at the end of the century before last, impressed the banker John Pierpont Morgan, one of the richest American "oligarchs" of that time. At his invitation, the engineer moves to New York to implement the grandiose project "Wardenclyffe" - the World Center for Wireless Energy Transmission. The project was based on the idea of ​​resonant buildup of the ionosphere, provided for the participation of 2000 people and was called "Vordenclyffe".

Morgan allocated 150 thousand dollars (today it is several tens of millions of dollars) and a plot of 200 acres on Long Island for the construction of an electrical signal transmitter to Europe. Soon, the construction of a grandiose tower 57 meters high with a steel shaft deepened into the ground by 36 meters began there. At the top of the tower is a 55-ton metal dome with a diameter of 20 meters ...

A trial run of a hitherto unknown transmitter took place in 1905 and produced a stunning effect. “Tesla lit up the sky over the ocean for thousands of miles,” the newspapers wrote. It was a scientist's triumph!

The surviving records of Nikola Tesla have many references and references to the use of his wireless power transmission technology, including for military purposes. These references were investigated at various times for their possible involvement in the Tunguska explosion of 1908, which, according to a number of experts, was, perhaps, a trial test of his directed energy weapon.

A year before these events, Tesla noted in a letter to the New York Times: “Regarding the projection of wave energy to any particular area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe globe ... this can be done by my devices ... and ... the place that needs to be affected can be computed very closely, if taken to the correct terrestrial dimensions.

In April 1908, in a letter to the editor of the same newspaper, Tesla repeated the idea of ​​​​the possible use of his invention for military purposes: “When I spoke about military operations in the future, I meant that they should be directly related to the use of electric waves ... This is not a dream . Even now, wireless power installations could be built by which any area of ​​the globe could be made uninhabitable without exposing the population of other parts to serious danger or inconvenience.

The most interesting in this regard is the testimony of eyewitnesses that a few months before the Tunguska explosion, Nikola Tesla requested detailed maps of Siberia for himself. Previously, these places did not interest him. Why did he need them then?

6. What could have happened on Podkamennaya Tunguska?

The nature of the Tunguska events is the most consistent with what would happen as a result of the launch of a bundle of wireless energy. When Tesla used his transmitter as a directed energy weapon, he drastically changed the normal electrical state of the Earth. By making the planet's electrical charge vibrate in tune with his transmitter, he was able to create electrical fields that affected compasses and cause the upper atmosphere to behave like the gas that filled the lamps in his laboratory. He could turn the entire globe into a simple electrical component that was easy to control.

The closest connection between the Tunguska events of 1908 and Nikola Tesla's power transmission scheme is that when the sky was blazing with an eerie light during the experiment, it was possible to "clearly see ships on the sea for miles in the middle of the night." The scientist claimed that such optical phenomena were the result of the impact on the ionosphere of his powerful transmitters.

Contrary to the 1908 Earth impact theory with an icy comet, reports of upper atmosphere conditions and magnetic changes coming from other parts of the world during and immediately after the Tunguska events characterize a host of changes in the electrical state around the Earth. In Berlin, The New York Times reported on July 3rd, the evening sky was of an unusual color: "Remarkable lights were observed in the northern sky ... a bright diffused white and yellow illumination that lasted all night until it disappeared at dawn." Massive flaming "silver clouds" covered Siberia and northern Europe. A Dutch scientist reported a "pulsating mass" moving across the northwestern horizon. This, it seemed to him, was not a cloud, but "the sky directly made a wave motion" ...

Tesla often pointed out that his transmitter could produce up to 100 million volts of voltage and up to 1,000 amperes of current. He experimented with energies in the billions or tens of billions of watts. If such an amount of energy were released in an “immeasurably short period of time”, then it would be equal to the explosion of millions of tons of TNT (TNT), i.e., in terms of its power, it would approximately equal the power of the Tunguska explosion.

Such a transmitter was capable of projecting electrical radiation up to the strength of a nuclear warhead. An object located anywhere in the world could simply be vaporized at the speed of light. Much later than the events considered here, in 1935, commenting on the possibility of using his invention for wireless transmission of energy over long distances for military purposes, Nikola Tesla said: “My invention requires large territories, but, being used, it makes it possible to destroy everything: persons or equipment within a 200 mile radius."

What possibly happened in 1908 over Siberia in the area
Podkamennoy Tunguska…

7. Great Mystery of the Age

Let us now turn to one of the official versions of the Tunguska phenomenon today - the explosion of a space object. Based on the properties of the explosion, scientists believe that some fragments of a celestial body should have reached the earth. They were looking for a sinkhole or crater. But so far, no traces of the impact have been found on the ground.

A group of geologists from the University of Bologna claims that Lake Cheko in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug fits the description of such a crater. Cheko is a shallow lake, but its bottom has the shape of a funnel, which is not observed in other lakes in the area. In addition, at a depth of 10 meters, the researchers found an unusual area, which can be either a compacted sediment or a piece of space rock. “We do not have conclusive evidence that this is a crater, but we were able to exclude other hypotheses and thus came to this conclusion,” Giuseppe Longo, who led the research team, said in an interview. The results of their work were recently published in the journal Terra Nova.

Specialists in the collisions of space objects with the Earth were skeptical about the conclusion of Longo's group. “In my opinion, they definitely didn't provide conclusive evidence that this is a crash site structure,” said Dr. Gareth Collins of Imperial College London. “Crater specialists recognize craters only when there are signs of high temperatures and pressures. Such signs can be molten rocks or rocks crushed upon impact. In addition, according to him, Lake Cheko is too shallow, has an elliptical shape unusual for craters, which could only occur at a very acute angle of incidence, and near it there are trees over a hundred years old, while all the trees at the site of a meteorite fall in 1908 were toppled.

A number of computer models show that large fragments of the meteorite could not survive at all, and small ones - about a centimeter - were scattered hundreds of kilometers around. Italian scientists substantiate their assumption by the fact that the meteorite could fly at a relatively low speed, and the landing in the swampy taiga area was “soft”. This is how they explain the fact that the surrounding area suffered relatively little.

Lake Cheko was not marked on any geographical maps before 1929, but it is located in a remote, inaccessible area that could not have been explored enough before. In the summer of 2008, scientists and researchers are going on a new expedition to the lake. They intend to drill a dense section of the bottom, which was discovered in the process of geophysical research, and establish whether a fragment of a meteorite really lies in this place ...

8. At the origins of "Star Wars"

As for the experiments of Nikola Tesla... They not only "tamed lightning" and commanded electricity, but also laid the foundation for the creation in the world of one of the types of formidable beam weapons, which, it is possible, was first tested by him in 1908.

It was 1943. In Europe, the Second World War was already raging with might and main. Shortly before his death, Tesla announced that he had invented "death rays" capable of destroying 10,000 aircraft from a distance of 400 km. About the secret of the rays themselves - not a sound. And at the same time, the scientist first of all proposed using the rays themselves for industrial wireless transmission of electricity.

True, Nikola Tesla was not a pioneer in the development of "death rays". On June 12, 1903, a Russian scientist, Professor Mikhail Filippov, reported: “The other day I made a discovery, the development of which will practically abolish war. We are talking about the method of electrical transmission of the explosion wave over a distance invented by me. Moreover, this transmission is possible over a distance of thousands of kilometers ... The blast wave is completely transmitted along the carrier electromagnetic wave. And thus, a charge of dynamite blown up in Moscow can transfer its effect to Constantinople.

Tesla's developments in the field of creating ray weapons were of interest to the intelligence of many countries of the world. The Pentagon was developing a project to create invisible weapons using the Stealth technology, within which preparations were hastily made for the Philadelphia experiment with its stealth ship. Tesla was rushed, but he kept saying that the project was not yet ready for testing. And, being already sick, stubbornly refused the help of doctors. Why?

On the morning of January 7, the maid entered his room at the New Yorker Hotel - Tesla lay dead. The body of the great inventor was cremated and the ashes were placed in the Ferncliff Cemetery in New York. Thus ended the life of the most mysterious, perhaps, of all the great scientists of the world.

After his death, part of the scientist's archive disappeared. Someone, and not without reason, believes that they were stolen by special services. Some of his biographers believe that he himself burned most of his manuscripts at the beginning of World War II, making sure that this knowledge was too dangerous for unreasonable humanity...

And Tesla's fears had every reason to do so. It was his ideas that formed the basis of the post-war development of "radiation weapons" (charged-particle beam weapon) in the United States and Russia.

In the 80s of the last century, the United States announced a new round of the arms race - now in space, the so-called Star Wars program. It was proclaimed in 1983 by Ronald Reagan as a long-term program to create an anti-missile defense system (ABM) with space-based elements, which also allows hitting ground targets from space. To track such targets in the United States, the GPS space navigation system was subsequently deployed.

The main emphasis in the Star Wars program, or as it is also called - SDI, the strategic defense initiative, was placed on the creation of new types of weapons that use electromagnetic radiation of various spectral ranges as a damaging factor - from radio waves to gamma radiation. The advantage of such, as a rule, X-ray laser weapons is their almost instantaneous achievement of the target, since electromagnetic radiation propagates at the speed of light. This allows you to strike unexpectedly and quickly from a long distance. In addition, there is no need to calculate the trajectory of the target in order to anticipate its movement. There is a fundamental opportunity to destroy taking off intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) on the active (booster) section of their trajectory during the first 5 minutes after launch ...

Russia, protecting its national interests, had to adequately respond to the disparity in military technologies that arose in connection with this in the world. And in the second half of the 80s (according to some sources in 1984), a Russian scientist, academician Remily Avramenko, develops an asymmetric response to the Star Wars program - he creates a new defensive plasmoid weapon, the idea of ​​​​which was laid down by Nikola Tesla. A little later in Russia, the development and creation of the global space navigation system GloNavS (an analogue of the American GPS) began, which will begin to operate in full on the territory of our country from 2008, and from 2009 - all over the world ...

According to some sources, the microwave offensive weapon that Nikola Tesla once wrote about was already used by the Americans during the last conflict in Iraq. "If" - because the secrecy of these developments, combined with the invisibility of radiation, makes it possible to mask its use well.

In small doses, microwave radiation is used by physicians for the purpose of treatment to warm up certain parts of the human body (UHF therapy). Large doses of microwave radiation affect both humans and equipment. Microwave radiation generators have already been created that make it possible to concentrate power into hundreds of megawatts ...

An interesting fact: in August 2002, a report about a possible use of microwave weapons in Iraq was side by side on the New Scientist website with another news item that described numerous cases of modems being burned down due to “lightning strikes”. According to PC World, in the summer of 2002 in the UK alone, the number of complaints about burning modems was 10 times higher than the usual rate of such failures. So maybe the storm wasn't the only culprit?

And space wars, the basis of which Nikola Tesla involuntarily laid with his research, have already begun. On October 2, 2006, China attacked an American spy satellite with a huge laser beam launched from Earth into space to "dazzle" satellite aerial photography.

An attack made at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the surface of the Earth will go down in the history of mankind as the first example of such wars. No matter how the Pentagon hides this information, the incident first appeared in the American Defense News, which is considered the most authoritative publication on defense issues. Some time later, this information was repeated by several more American media.

According to Defense News, the US administration tried to drown out the echo of this event. Ultimately, a short one-line message came from the White House: "China has the ability to 'dazzle' American satellites with a ground-based laser system of enormous power ..."

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences A. Yu. Olkhovatov, describing in his book the events of 1993-95 similar to the Tunguska phenomenon in Australia, cites the hypothesis of the Australian geologist Harry Mason, who connected strange explosions and flights of fireballs with the activities of the infamous AUM sect in the area Shinrikyo and even attracted the Australian authorities and a special commission of the US Congress to investigate. According to Mason, the sect was once very interested in Tesla's experiments, in connection with which the Australian geologist considered the mysterious explosions the result of testing some kind of secret weapon ...

Good day, dear friend!

Probably, I will not be mistaken if I say that many people dreamed in their childhood: “I will grow up and become rich!”.

Today, for most, wealth is associated with $1,000,000.

For many people, getting a large amount of money is associated with taking out a bank loan, a large inheritance, or winning the lottery. And books that tell about how you can make a lot of capital seem to them an absurd mockery that has nothing to do with the realities of their lives.

Of course, to earn on your own, in an honest and legal way, a large amount of money may seem like a pipe dream, as a large number of difficulties and various tricks instantly appear.

And the way in which other people achieve their goals remains a secret for us with seven seals. But we can guess one thing - in order to get rich, you need to be an outstanding person from an early age - be very active, famous, attract the views of other people, be positive. If you really think so, then you are deeply mistaken!

In one of the many American cities lived an ordinary boy, whose name was Stephen. He grew up in a middle-class family: his mother was a pianist, and his father worked as an engineer. Stephen had three more sisters.

He did not stand out among the rest of the children - he was not the first either in sports or in studies, moreover, he was the object of bullying and ridicule from other children. Not only was he constantly in the shadow of general attention, but he was also despised. You can believe it was very difficult for him. If he played football, then among his peers he would have enjoyed a fair amount of respect, but he only played the clarinet.

The boy lived like an invisible man and really the only joy for him was a gift from his parents for a good study - a movie camera. Steven became so engrossed in making small films that he started skipping school. This did not lead to problems, since no one paid attention to what he was doing and whether he even existed, not to mention his hobby.

Why am I telling you this?

Steven's last name was Spielberg, a man who is known all over the world today. And in 2002, according to the authoritative edition of Forbes, Steven Spielberg became one of the richest people in the world.

The secret to their success is quite simple! They were united by one feature, at first glance invisible to other people - they were fanatically obsessed with their idea.

They managed to get rich thanks to the fact that they went ahead to their goal, not turning around and not looking back, meeting difficulties, going without stopping. They invested without a trace with all the fibers of their souls, in doing what they love. They didn't stop when they failed. From this, they became stronger and continued their movement forward.

It turns out that initially most of our problems we create ourselves. Do you want to become rich and successful? Then move towards your goal, do not look back and do not stop.

Making a million is not a fantasy, it is completely real!

Therefore, if you have favorite activities and dreams, let them take over your mind and soul, and start creating! And who knows, perhaps after some time you will be on the lists of Forbes magazine.

Who are called obsessed people? If we turn to an explanatory dictionary, we will get information of approximately the following content: this is a person who is passionate about his idea, thought or activity. People who are obsessed with something often do not notice what is happening around them. Everything that does not affect their inner world is unconsciously separated or even rejected without thinking. They are entirely focused on their own feelings and hourly ready to make new amazing discoveries. What distinguishes these individuals? What qualities of character lead to success, help not to give up, but to follow your dream? Let's try to figure it out!

Ability to manage yourself

Possessed people are not those who are mad at some thought and cannot concentrate on what is happening around them. First of all, they are distinguished by excessive immersion in the process of creation. So, a musician can work for hours on a symphony, and a poet can sit for long minutes waiting for a suitable rhyme. At the same time, external events of reality remain unnoticed. Artists are often called obsessed. This is how they seem to those around them - a look detached from the world, a thoughtful facial expression, immersion in eternity. It would be a mistake to believe that a creative person is not able to gather his will into a fist and act purposefully. In fact, enthusiasm for any idea is manifested in the ability to manage one's own internal state. Emotions are under control because the brain is completely focused on achieving the goal.

The ability to manage oneself lies, first of all, in the proper organization of space for activity. A person who has achieved success gladly shares his secrets with those around him: for several hours a day he is completely concentrated on solving an urgent task, realizing that this necessary step brings him closer to a common goal. People who are obsessed with their dreams are not afraid to take decisive action. They are distinguished by courage and enthusiasm. Making mistakes, they continue to move forward, often fully aware of what is happening to them. A person who is carried away by his own thought knows how to be filled with new positive thoughts, focus on the main thing and not think about something secondary.

Victory over failure

Mistakes happen to everyone. The great minds of mankind have argued that it is impossible to walk along the road so as not to stumble and fall. Only in this way do we comprehend the wise science of life, learn to draw appropriate conclusions. The ability to get up after a failed failure and find the strength to move on embodies the greatest strength. Most people give up too easily when faced with even minor difficulties. The bulk is lost in case of any unjustified expectations, gives in to minor difficulties and endlessly complains about fate.

Possessed people often look crazy in the eyes of society, but they, like no other, remain true to their destiny. An artist or musician will never give up his calling, will endure hunger and adverse conditions, but will not break, will not give up his gift in a fit of despair. The ability to overcome failure is a very valuable acquisition. If you have this quality, then there is no significant obstacle in the world that could prevent you from coming to your own greatest discoveries.

Loyalty to your talent

Each person has certain abilities. Someone from childhood is good at drawing or inventing exciting stories. The other plays musical instruments beautifully, and the third dances superbly. But not everyone really strives to develop in the chosen direction, makes significant efforts for their own development. Meanwhile, success depends precisely on this factor - how hard and selflessly we work. Most live simply by inertia, not trying to develop their talents and grow new opportunities. Such an approach to business cannot but upset.

People who are obsessed with their profession, as a rule, remain faithful to it for a long time, all their lives. From the outside it may seem that they are not interested in anything else at all, but in fact this is not the case. Such a person wants to take place as a person, to develop his individuality as much as possible. In most cases, he manages to achieve the goal, but only he alone knows what the price of victory is, how much he has to sacrifice in the name of future success.

Self improvement

Obsessed people do not tend to live a boring and monotonous life. For them, there is nothing sadder than spending everyday life monotonous and dull, not meeting the dawn and not staying up late at creative work. Such a pastime resembles hard labor, from which there is no deliverance, so you want to avoid it as much as possible. They strive to find new horizons for themselves, to identify additional perspectives, to find opportunities. Without such internal motivation, it becomes difficult for them to live. They are constantly attracted and attracted somewhere - sounds, colors, smells seem surprisingly attractive! The more intellectual a person is, the more he strives for self-development. People obsessed with their idea, as a rule, do not stand in one place, but by all means want to develop further. By improving their abilities, they are actually moving in the direction of their desired success.

Self-improvement is a serious work on oneself, which makes a person doubt his achievements all the time, analyze his life path in general and every single step in particular. Most of us, when trouble arises, begin to seek solace from those around us. but often few people understand, so they remain alone in the saddest moments. The one who is focused on his own dream does not retreat in the face of difficulties, does not seek to escape from doubt and fear. When a person has a goal that leads him forward, the whole life begins to appear in a different light - brighter and more positive colors.

Ability to be inspired

Having the ability to control the activities they perform, people who are obsessed with their goal really experience the joy of what they do. At all times, such an approach to work was considered the greatest rarity. They are taken to the cause with a sense of curiosity, pride and strong interest. Their day begins with a conscious intention to do something, and not just with chaotic actions brought to automatism. Incomparable pleasure arises in moments of creative insight. They can admire the discovery made for hours, just like children, they can be surprised at everything that happens in the world. In fact, regardless of physical age, artists, poets, musicians, actors, scientists always remain young. Youth is a state of mind, not the number of years lived. Each victory becomes for them the greatest gift, a revelation that has no name.

The ability to experience inspiration is the prerogative of a creative person obsessed with making dreams come true. No matter how serious the obstacles, nothing can negatively affect its formation. Perhaps the most valuable thing in the life of such a person is freedom, the ability to manage his own time. That is why a creative person experiences loneliness to a greater extent than others. For a gifted person, there is nothing sadder than the need to adapt to circumstances, the opinions of strangers who know nothing about art and science.

Strength of will

Few people can boast that they really completely manage their time and keep things under control. Most are not ready to live in anticipation of miraculous changes, stop hoping for the best as a result of adverse events of the past. We endlessly complain, look for the guilty, do not notice our own merits. Taking responsibility means that a person must refuse all accusations against anyone, boldly act on their own. Willpower is what distinguishes obsessed people. They have a unique ability to deny themselves even the most necessary. Due to this, there is a release of time, which is confidently used for self-development, learning, creativity, which allows you to come to new, amazing discoveries.

Willpower helps not to stop at the achieved result, but to continue acting with the same perseverance. Even in those moments when hands drop, but slowly melts, it is this component that contributes to being able to perk up. The great minds of mankind were distinguished by the fact that they saw a specific goal in front of them and gradually moved towards its achievement. All talented actors, writers, artists, musicians forgot about troubles at work, drew an inexhaustible source of inspiration and vitality.

Examples

What does it mean - obsessed person? This is the one who, not sparing himself, goes in the direction of his plan. Often strong personalities have no idea how to achieve everything they want, but in the end, things turn out exactly the way they need to. The development of civilization has always been led by extraordinary nature, for which there were no barriers and restrictions. In an effort to go beyond, they led crowds of people, developed independently, often without any outside support. There are famous people in the history of mankind who are obsessed with their idea. People's examples show how important particular principles and beliefs were to them. Thanks to their devotion to creativity and activity, they achieved deafening popularity, became famous and famous. Today, the whole country knows their names, and some of them even won world fame. Examples of possessed people who have become famous for their gift will be presented below.

Ludwig van Beethoven

His unforgettable music to this day pierces the hearts of true connoisseurs of immortal classics! Such masterpieces as "Symphony No. 5", "Moonlight Sonata", "For Elise" are known all over the world. Beethoven is famous for his vivid works, frantic attitude to the creative process. At a fairly young age, he began to gradually lose his hearing.

Such a misfortune did not stop the composer - he began to compose deep music with even greater inspiration. Having completely lost his hearing, he created the most successful and famous works that the whole planet knows today. This man, experiencing tremendous inner pain, continued to fight for the right to be creative and proved to himself how indestructible the inner strength of a mature, strong, self-sufficient person can be.

D. I. Mendeleev

D. I. Mendeleev is the greatest scientist who made many discoveries. It is difficult to overestimate his merits, as it is impossible to underestimate. The creation of the periodic system of elements brought the scientist great fame. For many years he approached this discovery.

He treated his work with particular obsession, not forgetting about it even at night. It was for this reason that in a dream he was able to come to the result of his many years of work. D. I. Mendeleev made a significant contribution to chemical science.

M. V. Lomonosov

This is the greatest genius of his era, one of the most prominent scientists on a global scale. He owns discoveries made in various fields of knowledge - mathematics, physics, geography, medicine, physiology. For many hours on end, he studied the fundamental materials, endlessly read scientific and other books, sometimes sacrificing sleep and the need to eat. Only people obsessed with their idea are capable of such a feat. Lomonosov was one of them.

Leonardo da Vinci

His masterpieces are known all over the world. "Mona Lisa", "Baptism of Christ", "Last Supper", "Lady with an Ermine", "Madonna in the Rocks", "John the Baptist" - and to this day we admire these brilliant works that stagger our imagination. It is difficult, perhaps, to say what this man did not know how to do.

In addition to creating picturesque paintings, Leonardo da Vinci succeeded in doing predictions, invented a machine gun, scuba gear. He was very obsessed with the idea of ​​flying. The artist himself was very lamented that he could not fly, and invented various ways of soaring into the air.

Marina Tsvetaeva

This is a famous Russian poetess, whose poems stagger the imagination of true connoisseurs of genuine poetry. The creativity of this person is distinguished by a syllable that takes the soul. It seems that Tsvetaeva existed on the verge of hope and despair, like a man possessed by mania. Her life cannot be called simple and carefree. The fate of the poetess was not easy, for this reason she had to fight for many years to raise children and support her husband. The creative heritage of Marina Tsvetaeva is the result of her attitude to life.

She was not always accepted by society and appreciated, she suffered a lot from unfair treatment. The examples of possessed people show the degree of vulnerability and sensitivity with which they approached the world.

Elena Ksenofontova

Today, this actress attracts thousands of admiring glances. Elena Ksenofontova deserves all respect. In her life, events took place that would break many, make them lose faith in themselves and their strengths. However, the actress did not break down, did not lose her high performance. The effectiveness of her work is confirmed by numerous roles in the field of cinema. Before becoming an actress, Elena Ksenofontova went through a series of difficult trials: to survive a disappointing diagnosis, to prepare for the birth of children for a long time.

Elena Ksenofontova attracts the admiring glances of viewers also because she knows how to win. A person obsessed with his work as much as the actress herself gives herself to the profession, completely focused on her own goals. She does not want to give up and loves to be the first, the only one of her kind in everything.

Thus, possessed people are creative individuals endowed with some kind of talent. Often their abilities are difficult to measure in words, awards or achievements. We simply look at their activities and admire everything that appears before our eyes. These greatest creators of both the past and the present aspire to live with full dedication, giving the world their feelings, emotions, impressions contained in the products of creation.