Organization of freight transportation in the company. Organization of transportation by road

Organization of road freight transportation occurs in the following stages:

1) analysis and identification of transportation needs;

2) analysis of the geographical picture of transportation and drawing up rational routes;

3) drawing up a cargo flow diagram;

4) selection of types and types of vehicles;

5) determination of the productivity of the transport unit;

6) calculation of the need for vehicles by type;

7) drawing up a transport schedule for shipment;

8) calculation of cargo turnover by calendar periods of work (per shift, day, week, month).

The organization of cargo transportation consists of establishing the procedure for preparing and performing transportation, management, accounting and control, a document flow system, a payment system for cargo transportation, etc.

Traffic volume- this is the amount of cargo to be transported, in tons per unit of time.

Freight turnover- volume of transport work in ton-kilometers per unit of time (tkm).

Freight flow- part of the freight turnover in a certain direction.

The choice of in-plant transport options is also made taking into account economic indicators. The main economic indicator of transport performance and the main criterion when choosing its type is the cost of transporting cargo. The cost of external transportation by general transport is determined by current tariffs, and internal transportation by calculations. To evaluate various options for transporting goods, the indicator of the value of reduced costs (Cpr) is used:

Ref = C + KE,

C - cost of delivery;

TO- one-time costs;

E- investment efficiency ratio.

The cost of intra-production transportation (C) is determined by the formula:

WITH - Ses + Spr + Set.,

Where _______________

CES - cost of operating vehicles for the billing period;

Ref- cost of loading and unloading operations;

C is the cost of operating vehicles.

Transportation of goods by road is a complex production process, consisting of a number of operations that form a general technological process. The process of delivering cargo from senders to recipients consists of three main elements:

1) loading cargo onto a vehicle at points of departure;

2) movement of cargo by vehicle from points of departure to points of destination;

3) unloading cargo from rolling stock at destinations.

When delivering cargo, there is also a need to perform various other works related to the transport process (such as: acceptance of cargo from the consignor and delivery of it to the consignee, escort and security of cargo during transportation, registration of shipping documents, etc.). The entire complex of work related to the transport process, performed from the moment the cargo is received at the point of departure until the cargo is delivered at the point of destination, is called forwarding work. Depending on the location, transport and forwarding work can be complex and local. Complex ones cover all types of operations from the moment the cargo is received from the sender until it is delivered to the recipient.

Local operations are divided into operations performed at the place of departure, along the route and at the place of arrival. Transport and forwarding work can be carried out both by the shippers and consignees themselves, and by special organizations specializing in transport logistics.

44. Transport documentation

Transportation of goods is always preceded by agreement on the basic conditions of transportation (timing and number of vehicles required for transportation, as well as the volume and nature of the goods transported). According to the general rule enshrined in Art. 784 of the Civil Code, the transportation of goods, passengers and luggage is carried out on the basis of a contract of carriage. The conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods requires the presence of organizational prerequisites. They are embodied in reciprocal actions of the parties to the transportation obligation: the carrier must provide serviceable vehicles for loading, and the shipper must present the cargo for transportation (Article 791 of the Civil Code). The prerequisites for concluding a freight transportation contract today can take on legal forms:

1) applications (orders) for railway, river, road and air transport;

2) contracts on the organization of transportation (annual, navigation, etc.) on any type of transport;

3) administrative planning acts in the special cases mentioned. In addition, sometimes all the organizational prerequisites for concluding a contract for the carriage of goods are simply contained in the contract of carriage itself, which is of a consensual nature.

With the application (order) system, shippers provide the carrier with information about their transportation needs. In railway and river transport, ten-day applications are especially distinguished (Article 28 of the Railways and Art. 61 of the UVVT). Submitting an application initiates the process of transporting goods, but is not considered an offer in the contract of carriage.

The contract for the organization of transportation is concluded in the manner established by Art. 798 Civil Code.

To allow vehicles and drivers to participate in road traffic, the following documentation is required:

1) driver's license;

2) temporary permit to drive a vehicle;

3) vehicle passport;

4) vehicle registration certificate;

5) vehicle chassis passports;

6) technical inspection certificate;

7) certificates-invoices for the vehicle or numbered unit.

8) State registration plates of vehicles of types 16-18 “Transit” in accordance with GOST R 50577-93 “State registration plates of vehicles. Types and main sizes. Technical requirements";

9) State registration plates of vehicles of types 1-10, 19-22 in accordance with GOST R 50577-93 “State registration plates of vehicles. Types and main sizes. Technical requirements".

Transportation of goods must be carried out with the appropriate transportation documents held by the driver of the vehicle during transportation.

1. Transport(commodity transport) waybill of the approved standard form. The forms and procedure for issuing a transport (goods and transport) waybill are established by the requirements of the Charter of Road Transport of the Russian Federation, as well as the “Rules for the preparation of transport documentation for road transport”,

developed and approved by the federal motor transport authority in agreement with interested government bodies.

2. Accompanying customs, sanitary, technological documents.

3. Waybill.

The waybill is the main shipping document. Drawing up a transport (consignment note) serves as confirmation of the conclusion of a contract for the carriage of goods. It is intended to account for the movement of inventory items (writing off from shippers and capitalizing them from consignees), the results of the work of freight vehicles and for payments for transport work performed.

Integrated organization of cargo transportation by road is one of the main activities of the So-Logistics company. We take upon ourselves the solution of all problems related to the cargo transportation process. The owner of the cargo can only indicate its characteristics and destination.

The organization of road freight transportation has its own characteristics. In terms of price, speed and delivery distance, road transportation is second only to sea transportation. At the same time, it is much more flexible in terms of routes and has practically no restrictions either in geography or in the type of cargo. Thus, the organization of cargo transportation by road in many cases is considered optimal, since it is quite efficient and inexpensive. However, to do this, you should contact a reliable logistics company.

Specifics of organizing cargo transportation by road

Depending on the type of cargo transported, the organization of international road transport may have its own characteristics. Various goods can be transported by road, including those that require special transportation conditions. In particular, these can be food products, perishable, dangerous, oversized, heavy, bulk and liquid cargo.

With proper organization of cargo transportation by road, this type of cargo transportation has obvious advantages, including:

• more flexible requirements for the transportation process;
• possibility of loading and unloading without the use of cranes;
• ease of vehicle tracking;
• efficiency of delivery;
• the ability to track the progress of cargo movement in real time.

In order to reduce transport costs, the organization of road freight transport can be carried out as an integral part of multimodal cargo transportation. However, in this case, the efficiency of delivery is reduced, since the truck is sent only after it is fully loaded, and consolidation of goods takes time. To eliminate any delays in cargo en route, our logisticians carefully work out the routes.

Special requirements are imposed on the organization of road freight transportation of heavy, bulky and dangerous goods. This type of cargo transportation must be carried out in compliance with certain rules using special equipment and using special containers.

The So-Logistics company has extensive experience in organizing international road transport of various types of cargo. We are ready to offer optimal solutions to the most complex logistics problems and carry out cargo transportation as quickly as possible in compliance with all safety standards. The cost of the service includes transportation itself, paperwork, forwarding and insurance.

The organization of international road transport by So-Logistics consists of several stages: receiving an application from the client, selecting appropriate transport, developing a route, loading the vehicle and the road transport itself.

Road transportation today is considered a convenient and profitable way to deliver cargo. After all, the organization of road freight transport itself is affordable, efficient, technologically advanced, convenient and controllable, thanks to a satellite surveillance system.

Transportation by road is one of the most popular methods of delivering goods.

Many businesses use their own vehicles to deliver goods or use the services of companies specializing in trucking. The transport reserve of organizations is diverse. Therefore, for transportation services they can offer everything from semi-trailers to tractors.

The auto industry is expanding, modernizing, and developing. Every year, conditions for the accessibility of using road transportation services are improved. Laws are adopted at the international and domestic levels.

Features of international cargo transportation by road

The development of international road freight transportation services is facilitated by the improvement of business ties between countries.

Therefore, when carrying out international transport, the vehicle crosses the border of countries and also transports cargo across their territory.

International transportation on a paid basis is permitted to organizations that have their own fleet of vehicles. Such companies receive a license giving the right to perform these services. Vehicles must comply with the provisions of international standards documented in the International Transport Regulations. Owners are required to insure each vehicle.

The rules of international transport are an important document that has become an agreement among 55 countries that have signed the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods.

The provisions of the Convention determine

• The procedure for the transfer of goods by the consignor and its acceptance by the consignee.
• Documents for the transportation of international goods.
• Agreement for international transportation and requirements for its conclusion.
• Responsibility of the parties for cargo transportation.
• The procedure for transportation participants in the event of controversial situations.
• Procedure for filing a claim.

The Rules under consideration are intended to regulate the communications of trucks. The consignment note serves as the main document for the transportation of international goods. It is possible to draw up an agreement for international cargo transportation and domestic transportation if you have all the documents prepared by the shipper in accordance with the established list. Responsibility for the transported goods falls on the organization performing cargo transportation for the period of validity of the contract.

The Convention regulates all aspects of international cargo transportation

Features of cargo transportation by road in the Russian Federation

On the territory of the Russian Federation, cargo transportation is carried out on the basis of the Decree of April 15, 2011 “On approval of the Rules for the transportation of goods by road” (as amended on November 24, 2016).

There is a certain procedure in carrying out cargo transportation, which is regulated by the relevant document. To do this, a contract for the provision of services is concluded between the sender of the cargo and the carrier company.

The contract requires reflection of the main provisions:

• Dates and place of delivery of goods.
• Weight or volume of cargo.
• The procedure for completing the route by the carrier.
• Transportation cost. The procedure for mutual settlements.
• The obligation of the road carrier to transport cargo of the proper type and quality to the address specified in the clause of the contract.
• Responsibility of the parties for failure to comply with the terms of the agreement.

The agreement may be supplemented with other necessary conditions before its conclusion.

Based on the drawn up contract, the shipper sends a specific form of application to the carrier company, which contains all the necessary information about the cargo.

Usually, not only the driver, but also the freight forwarder is involved in the transportation of goods. Each route participant has their own responsibility. The driver is responsible for the process of road transportation, the forwarder is responsible for the safety of the goods.

The entire procedure for transporting goods from the owner to the recipient looks like a set of interconnected stages:

• Documentary support for work and services performed.
• Preparing goods for transportation.
• Sealing of cargo and containers.
• Car loading work.
• Road transportation along the planned route.
• Delivery to the place of the recipient of the cargo.
• Shipment of goods.
• Receipt of the goods by the addressee.
• Payment for services according to the terms of the contract.

Work on preparing cargo for transportation falls directly on the sender. Properly selected packaging of the goods will protect it from some damage that may occur during transportation.

The driver arriving at the loading location is given a stamp of arrival time on the waybill. Also, such information is recorded upon the vehicle’s arrival at the place where the goods are unloaded. Depending on the volume of goods and the vehicle body, a certain time is set for loading and unloading operations.

After installation work, the carrier is obliged to carry out inspections and evaluate the quality of the body filling. The load must be securely secured to avoid damage to the vehicle body.

It is equally important to assess not only the mass of the cargo, but also its number.

Upon arrival at the address indicated on the waybill, the cargo is transferred to the recipient in the same volume in which it was received from the sender of the goods.

If there are intact seals on the car body, the cargo can be handed over without inspection.

Sealing of cargo is an integral stage of preparation for transportation

Situations in which cargo is subject to inspection

• Detection of a violation of the integrity of the car body upon arrival at the place of unloading of goods.
• The presence of damage to the body seal or suspicion that the seals belong to another loading area.
• There is a deviation from the delivery time of the goods.

If the listed defects are present upon arrival of the vehicle, the receiver draws up a corresponding document about the identified violations, recording the fact in the consignment note.

Upon confirmation of all the conditions specified in the accompanying documentation, upon delivery of the goods, the delivery note is certified by a signature and seal. This action confirms the fact that there were no violations in the work of the employees transporting the cargo, and the contract can be considered completed.

The recipient of the goods is responsible for unloading the goods. He organizes work not only to release the goods from the body, but also to clean it.

Payment for the provision of road transportation services is carried out within the time limits specified in the relevant clause of the agreement between the Customer and the Contractor.

Due attention should be paid to the correct completion of travel sheets. Based on these sheets and delivery notes, an invoice is issued for payment for the work performed.

If vehicles have been used for a certain period of time in operation by the customer-hire, an invoice is issued based on the provision of a waybill.

The efficiency of road transport operation is determined by the main indicators:

• Criteria showing the degree of turnover of the components of the moving functionality of the car.
• Positive dynamics in the operation of the vehicle’s mobile functionality (number of trips, mileage consumed, weight of transported cargo).

Therefore, enterprises impose a number of technological operational requirements on transport for cargo transportation. This is important to ensure uninterrupted operation in the transportation of certain groups of goods. The most popular cargo for road transportation is perishable goods and construction materials. Let's consider the features of their transportation.

Cargo inspection is carried out in case of damage to the seal or body

Organization of transportation of perishable products

“Whimsical” cargoes are perishable. The peculiarity of their transportation is to ensure that the set air temperature is maintained. The contract also determines the terms of cargo transportation. To avoid damage to cargo, the vehicle transporting cargo must have special technical devices.

The process of performing perishable cargo transportation is subject to the “General Rules for the Transportation of Goods by Road”.

Three types of vehicles are designed to ensure the safety of perishable goods:

• Glaciers.
• Compressor units.

When choosing a means for sending perishable products, the shipper is guided by the ability of the vehicle to provide the cargo with the required temperature. Failure to comply with this important condition will result in damage to the product and its subsequent unsuitability.

The carrier must have a certificate of quality for perishable goods, which, together with other documentation, is issued by the sender of the cargo. Regardless of the conditions of transportation, it is necessary to take into account the deadlines for storage and transportation of perishable products. There is no need to confuse two different concepts. The shelf life limit sets the shelf life of products until they are sold. And the permissible time for delivery of goods is determined by the transportation time.

There is a certain marking for packaging containers of perishable goods in the form of certain icons: “Afraid of the sun”, “Perishable cargo”, “Keep away from water”, “Temperature limit”.

Properly prepared badges will protect the shipper from costs associated with damage to perishable goods due to failure to comply with the necessary conditions by the carrier.

The legislation defines the rules for processing perishable goods at customs. This procedure facilitates the release of the vehicle from the customs territory in a short time.

The refrigerator is used to transport perishable goods

Organization of road transportation of construction materials

The construction of a house or a complex of structures is not complete without work related to the transportation of necessary construction materials to sites. And this is a whole system of actions that cannot be done without the services of special-purpose machines.

Types of machines involved in construction work

• Flatbed vehicles with an open body are used in the transportation of most construction goods - from bricks to metal products. The necessary increase in vehicle traction is facilitated by the use of additional trailers.
• Dump trucks are used in the transportation of bulk construction materials. Ease of operation is machine unloading of the delivered cargo, without the use of human labor.
• Concrete mixer trucks and mortar trucks are gaining popularity; in addition to transporting construction materials, they perform special processing.

There are two schemes for transporting construction cargo.

Pendulum (the machines are subject to mechanical loading of building materials for some time).

Pendulum-shuttle. In this case, the tractor serves three trailers (the first is for unloading construction cargo, the second is for loading, the third is being transported).

The ring scheme involves moving construction cargo using a panel truck and several trailer trains. Having arrived at the site and leaving the trailer, the panel truck goes to a second site, where it uncouples another trailer, or unloads. The advantages of the scheme are maximum exhaustion of the vehicle’s carrying capacity and reduction of downtime. Taking into account the variety of construction cargo and the specific dimensions used in construction, the service market is ready to offer a variety of means of transporting them.

Safety rules for road freight transport

The safety of road transport depends on many factors:

1. Following the correct choice of loading the goods, taking into account its size and shape, as well as subsequent fixation in the body compartment;
2. The dimensions of the front side of the car cannot prevail over the established dimensions of the traffic rules. An increase in cargo dimensions is carried out after coordination and approval by the relevant authorities that control road traffic.
3. Unloading vehicles with cranes does not allow the driver to be present in the cab.

Undoubtedly, transport organizations providing cargo transportation services face considerable difficulties. This is the low quality of the road surface, mechanical breakdowns along the transport route, which leads to delays in the delivery of perishable goods, and inaccuracies in filling out documents. Insurance cannot protect participants from all problems and it is impossible to foresee their number in advance.

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Introduction

1. Theoretical aspects of organizing commercial activities in the field of road freight transportation

1.1 Organization of transportation of goods by road

1.2 Formation of a range of services for road freight transportation

1.3 Information support and its role in the management of a motor transport enterprise

2. Organization of commercial activities of TLK Driver LLC

2.1 Characteristics of the enterprise TLK Driver LLC, its place and role in the market of transport and logistics services

2.2 Organizational structure of TLK Driver LLC

2.3 Material and technical base of TLK Driver LLC

3. Economic characteristics of the enterprise

3.1 Analysis of the technical condition of the material and technical base and the effectiveness of its use

3.2 Analysis of the use of working capital of the enterprise

3.3 Analysis of enterprise liquidity

3.4 Measures to improve the activities of the enterprise and evaluate efficiency

Conclusion

List of sources and literature used

Applications

Introduction

The purpose of writing this work is to study the experience of commercial work in the field of transportation and delivery of cargo at an enterprise, learn to organize the technological process of movement of material flows, and study the economic characteristics of the enterprise related to the execution of assigned tasks.

At the present stage of transition to market relations, there is a need for accelerated development of production infrastructure, including transport, ensuring reliable circulation of material resources.

Every year, about 200 billion different economic ties are formed in our country. The planned growth of production potential, all other things being equal, by the end of the 20th century will cause an increase in economic relations by 4 times. These data indicate the need for a detailed consideration of the capabilities of the transport complex to ensure reliable, economical functioning of commodity exchange processes in modern conditions.

The topic is relevant because there are many little-studied problems associated with the use of transport for organizing commercial activities - such as: delivery of goods, efficiency of use of transport, choice of mode of transport and transportation schemes, etc.

The transition to market relations requires new approaches to the problems of the formation of material flows, their rationalization and determination of the role of transport, including automobile transport, as the main participant in reproduction processes, which has a significant impact on the rationality of placement, exchange and the efficiency of social production

During freight transportation, road transport is involved in almost all relationships between producers and consumers of industrial products and consumer goods.

The novelty of the work performed is due to the fact that during the transition to a market economy, consumer requirements for the quality of the products they use increase. This also applies to transport services, since improving their quality allows, ultimately, to increase production efficiency and, accordingly, the income of enterprise teams using transport services.

For freight transportation, depending on the specifics of the cargo and the requirements of the clientele, quality indicators are:

Safety of cargo during transportation

· regularity of shipments arriving at recipients

· maximum reduction of cargo delivery time

· strict adherence to the schedule for the departure of cargo consignments and their guaranteed arrival at the recipient on time

· the ability to transport large-sized shipments without disassembling them into parts to avoid assembly work at receiving points

Road transport has a number of advantages when transporting goods compared to other modes of transport.

These include:

· door-to-door delivery of goods;

· safety of cargo;

· reducing the need for expensive and bulky packaging;

saving packaging material;

· higher speed of cargo delivery by vehicles;

· opportunity to participate in intermodal transport;

· transportation of small consignments, allowing the company to speed up the dispatch of products and reduce the storage time of cargo in warehouses.

In view of the advantages listed above, road transport is widely used in all areas of the economy, including trade. It is closely interconnected with all elements of production. Therefore, identifying and using the reserves available in road transport makes it possible to increase the volume of transport services provided to trading enterprises, reduce their transport costs, and, accordingly, the prices of products.

The object of the study was the transport and logistics company TLK Driver LLC, whose main activity is organizing road freight transportation throughout Russia, the Irkutsk region and the city.

1. Theoretical aspects of organizing commercial activities in the field of road freight transportation

1.1 Organization of goods transportation by road

To transport goods, trade organizations and enterprises use both their own road transport and public transport or those belonging to other organizations and enterprises.

Trade organizations and enterprises enter into agreements with motor transport companies for the transportation of goods (see Appendix A), which establish the volume and terms of transportation, the procedure for drawing up, submitting and executing requests for the transportation of goods, the procedure for performing loading and unloading operations and forwarding goods, financial liability, rational forms, routes and cargo transportation schemes are determined.

Before the beginning of each month, ten-day assignments for the transportation of goods are approved. In accordance with them, shippers must submit applications for the required number of vehicles to vehicle fleets in advance.

Taking into account the volume and nature of upcoming transportation, motor transport fleets allocate vehicles of the appropriate types in the required quantity. They must be in good working order and sanitary. They must be submitted for loading at the time specified in the application.

Goods presented for transportation must be properly prepared for transportation. They must be pre-packed in inventory containers, weighed, and grouped by recipient. Shipping documents and invoices must also be prepared in advance.

Before issuing cargo intended for delivery, the driver is checked for a waybill and an identity document.

Acceptance of cargo for transportation with the responsibility of the vehicle fleet for its safety is carried out by weighing on scales during loading, measuring in the back of the car or counting places. The driver accepts goods sealed by the sender according to the number of pieces according to the invoice. Acceptance of goods for transportation is certified by the driver’s signature on all copies of the consignment note.

The driver or forwarder who accompanied the cargo delivers it to the recipient on the basis of the consignment note by weight, quantity or volume. Cargoes arriving in serviceable covered vehicles, trailers, containers, reusable containers, tanks with serviceable seals of the consignor are issued to the consignee without checking the weight, condition of the cargo and the number of pieces. At the same time, compliance with the conditions of cargo transportation is checked.

Receipt of the goods is certified by the signature and stamp of the consignee on the delivery note (Appendix B) and invoice (Appendix B). Payment for the transportation of goods is carried out in accordance with the tariffs for the transportation of goods and other services performed by road transport.

Depending on the conditions of transportation and the type of service, tariffs are divided into: piece rates for the transportation of goods;

· tariffs for the transportation of goods on the basis of paid truck hours;

· tariffs for the temporary use of trucks and on a per-kilometer basis;

· tariffs for hauling rolling stock;

· allowances and discounts;

· fees for services related to transportation;

· negotiated rates.

Piece rates are applied subject to the customer presenting cargo for transportation indicating its total quantity, weight of shipments, point of departure and destination.

Tariffs for the transportation of cargo on the basis of paid “truck-hours” are applied provided that the customer, in addition to the information mentioned above, has indicated the required (agreed with the motor transport company) carrying capacity of the rolling stock.

Tariffs for the temporary use of trucks are applied when the customer is provided with a vehicle of a certain type for a certain time at his request.

Per-kilometer rates may also apply for the use of vehicles. They are used when calculating for the delivery or return of a vehicle to the point of first loading or from the point of last unloading, if these points are located outside the boundaries of the populated area in which the vehicle fleet is located. In addition, they are used when calculating the mileage of a car in both directions, if the transportation did not take place due to the fault of the customer, as well as for the mileage of a car to a place of work outside its place of permanent residence for a period of more than 24 hours and when returning back.

The constant growth in the volume of goods transported by road raises the need for more efficient use of it. Factors driving increased use of road transport include: improved utilization of vehicle carrying capacity; increasing the shift ratio of transport; reduction of downtime; improved mileage utilization; acceleration of loading and unloading operations.