Open a farm with the help of the state. How to open a peasant farm in Russia, where to start

When our first farmers appeared, the people around them who did not dare to start said:

It’s not time yet, there are no conditions to start - laws, loans, capital, etc. and so on.

Now the same people are saying:

They were lucky - they started on time, successfully used loans, now there are no such opportunities, again there are no funds, etc., etc.

And it will always be this way - some people do it, others weigh their own options. There are always opportunities, you just have to be ready to take advantage of them.

Starting is always difficult, both now and fifteen years ago. Especially when the wind is blowing in your pockets. Anyone can start with money, but starting from scratch will be a more difficult task. In short, it's quite a gamble. Yes, if you also consider that the bets in the game called “agriculture” are very risky.

Of course, it’s best to start in the direction that you know, know how to do, and what your heart is drawn to. When you do something you like, you get pleasure. And when, in addition to pleasure, there is also a good material result - what else can you dream of?

But it often happens that you yourself don’t know what you like best, but you need to start.

Of course, you need to try yourself in different directions, but first of all in those that can bring quick results with small financial investments. Even if your passion is gardening, then for some time you will have to earn money for this in other directions, since starting a garden will require considerable financial resources and for several more years you will only have expenses that need to be covered with something.

Agricultural business from scratch. When I started and thought about which direction to choose, I proceeded from the following:

1) there is no money;

2) there is no technology;

3) there is no transport;

4) there are no special practical skills either.

I looked closely at everyone who worked on the land on their own. And I couldn’t find a better direction than growing vegetables.

What attracted me to vegetable growing:

Plant growing, and vegetable growing in particular, gives greater freedom than, for example, livestock farming.

Any animal with minimal care must be approached at least a couple of times a day so that it does not scream. And so every day, and 365 days a year.

Vegetable growing is seasonal. Although it has peaks at certain periods, it is not so intense throughout the year. You don’t have to approach the plants for more than one day. Even if it lacks something, it does not scream. Although an oversight can also lead to worse results.

Vegetable growing on a small area does not require large initial financial investments. These are mainly the costs of seeds, soil cultivation and plant protection.

It is possible to practice without having your own equipment. For basic tillage, equipment can be hired. There are few such works.

The main work is done manually. That is, basically everything depends on me.

Before me was an example of Koreans who were engaged in growing melons and vegetables. As a rule, they had neither their own equipment nor their own land, but they always had a lot of watermelons and vegetables.

I saw that my friends who had worked for at least a season with the Koreans had good results and no longer wanted to return to collective farm life.

All other intricacies of the technology of growing vegetable crops were mastered in the process of work. Familiarity with other people's experiences gave a lot. Healthy curiosity doesn't hurt here at all. And also the trial and error method is the oldest and best method of learning. Everything else is a work in progress.

The next year we were able to buy film and build greenhouses for seedlings to start growing early vegetables. We did not stick to one culture and one type of product. We tried to have early, middle, and late products.

You shouldn’t expect very big results right away in the first year. You just need to set yourself the task of annual development. You cannot be content with what has been achieved and mark time. Today we cultivated 1 hectare, next year - 2 hectares. Or you received 50 tons of products, the next year - 100 tons. And even better - work on doubling your income. In any case, you need to set yourself the goal of increasing the results of your business.

With such a gradual increase in production, the result will come. Over time, you will begin to acquire equipment and will be able to attract workers to help you.

And then there will be opportunities to engage in other areas that require large resources: gardening, viticulture, livestock farming, etc.

Over time, I was able to acquire equipment, the opportunity arose to rent large areas of land - I began to engage in grain production, where the processes require less manual labor and are more mechanized, since there are limited labor resources in our area.

Many farmers who started out the same way and do not experience problems with labor, on the contrary, did not get carried away with increasing their acreage, but began to intensify vegetable growing. They are expanding their product range, introducing drip irrigation, purchasing precision seeding machines, achieving higher yields, improving quality, and have taken up packaging.

After all, vegetable growing still provides the highest income per 1 hectare of land; it is several tens of times higher than when growing any grains, oilseeds and industrial crops.

And one more important point - when you start and the volume of grown products is small, in order to get a better result, we sold everything ourselves to the end consumer - we did not use the services of intermediaries and wholesalers. Although over time, when they began to grow large volumes of products, they moved away from retail trade. It has become more profitable for us to sell in bulk so as not to waste time on the market and focus only on production.

Although I no longer farm vegetables, I still believe that there is nothing better to start in the farming business.

Violation of the sequence of actions when organizing a farm can lead to artificial difficulties in organizing your business. Therefore, it is necessary to understand your goals and objectives very clearly so that you can strictly follow them.

How to organize your own farm

The instructions for organizing a farm are extremely simple and clear. And if you act consistently, success is guaranteed. The first step is drawing up a plan. The main thing is to remember that you are making this plan primarily for yourself, so try to take into account all the nuances that are important to you. A business plan must contain a detailed project, an idea for its development and the end result that you want to strive for. Also, the plan should indicate the direction in which your business will work - cattle breeding or something else. Also, despite the fact that you are writing this plan for yourself, you definitely need to indicate the validity of this project.

It would not be amiss to add a preliminary estimate of the project to the business plan. This will help you better understand what you have and how you will supplement your existing budget.

The next stage is the selection and acquisition of a suitable land plot. And it will be necessary in any case, regardless of what type of farming you choose. Do not be upset if you understand that you will not be able to acquire land ownership due to lack of funds. After all, a plot of land can always be rented from the state. And then, when your farm begins to generate income, you can already think about purchasing land as your own.

Next, you need to settle the legal details. Registration of your farm is required. After all, if you do not file your case in the manner prescribed by law, quite serious troubles may arise later. First, you need to obtain title documents for the land plot. This may be a certificate of land ownership or a lease agreement for a plot for a certain period. In addition, you need to decide how many people will own the farm.

So, for example, if there is only one owner, then no additional agreement is needed. If the farm is owned by a group of people - relatives, friends, etc. - you will need an additional agreement concluded between all members of the farm. It must contain information about the number of shares each of them has, the authorized capital and other information established by law. After you collect all the documents, you need to register your farm with the tax office. For this you will need:
- agreement between members of the farm;
- a copy of the owner’s passport(s);
- title documents for the site.

Making a decision to build a house. Remember that according to the instructions, the building should not occupy more than 30% of the total area of ​​the land plot.

Hiring employees. If according to the plan it should be quite large, it will be quite problematic for the farmer to cope alone. And he will simply need assistants. It is advisable to draw up employment contracts with employees. In addition, at this same stage it is necessary to take care of providing your future economy with the material and technical base: purchasing equipment, purchasing materials, animals, etc.

Farming activities

Before opening your own farm, be sure to determine what kind of activity it will be engaged in. The main direction is usually considered to be the production and processing of various agricultural products. In addition, this also includes transportation, storage and sale of products. However, engaging in other types of activities related to agriculture, of course, is not prohibited.

The main activity of the farm directly depends on what interests are pursued by the owner and other business participants, as well as on what is currently of greater interest in the market.

True, experienced farmers recommend starting with growing vegetables as the most promising way to develop a business. And only then move on to more complex variations.

If the starter allows, you can immediately engage in the most promising activities today - pig farming, cattle breeding and much more. The proceeds, experts say, can be wisely spent on developing further business - purchasing materials, animals, equipment.

What is the key to successful farming?

Experts assure that the success of a farm or, as it is also called, a peasant enterprise is determined by the literacy of the sale of products. If he himself is able to sell successfully, he remains at a big advantage. If a person does not have such a streak, it is better not to waste money and hire a good marketer. Otherwise, why even organize your own business? In addition, the more money you receive, the more you can invest in your business, and the more effective your business will be.

Interest in the village has grown significantly in recent years. Russians are returning to agricultural work not only in their dacha plots, but are also thinking about deeper “naturalization.”

Someone chooses a type of activity such as farming and opens an enterprise of the corresponding profile.

How to do this legally? This is what we will discuss in our material today. We bring to your attention step-by-step instructions for registering a peasant farm in 2019.

Pros and cons of farming

Before we figure out how to open a peasant farm in 2019, let’s think about what makes this type of business attractive. And let's be sincere about its risks. So, a peasant farm is an agricultural enterprise in which mainly relatives work. They independently produce and sell products on the basis of owning their own property.

Why is this type of activity gaining more and more followers? Let's list the attractive factors:

• Food products are always in demand;
• Food prices are rising steadily, ensuring profit for the manufacturer;
• Sanctions from Western countries in recent years have cleared a place for Russian agricultural producers in the domestic market in a number of ways;
• Consumers often give preference to domestic food products, trusting their quality and environmental friendliness;
• The choice of types of activities is wide, a person also thinks about this when deciding how to register a peasant farm in 2017. It is possible to use the characteristics of the area of ​​residence, climate, etc.;
• There are several federal and regional programs to support farmers, especially in the first years of peasant farming. For example, issuing subsidies and grants, reimbursements of interest rates.

Yes, there are difficulties and negative aspects. This is a profitable business, but when farming there are risks of crop failure due to weather conditions and force majeure situations. Livestock farming has its own nuances and complexities. There are questions about lending to agricultural producers, but so far banks have not agreed to significantly reduce rates. Nevertheless, the army of farmers is growing, if only because this type of activity gives people a lot of positive emotions.

How to open a peasant farm in 2019: organizational nuances

Another feature that makes the task of opening a peasant farm in 2019 easier is that no qualifications are initially required. Of course, special knowledge will be very helpful in growing vegetables, raising poultry, beekeeping and other industries where farmers can prove themselves. But for the registration process itself there is no such mandatory condition as professional training of personnel.

What is needed, what are the features of creating a peasant farm?

• Both Russians and foreign citizens or even stateless persons can become a member of the household;
• The future head of a peasant farm must register as an individual entrepreneur, without forming a legal entity;
• Relatives who are at least 16 years old can become members of the enterprise, including no more than three families, the number of members of which is not limited;
• If additional labor is required, the meeting of peasant farm members can admit up to 5 non-relatives as members;
• The property of the association becomes common or common;
• The production and sale of products produced by peasant farms take place with the personal participation of each member of the family farm.

Agreement is a fundamental document

The first document that people who decide to unite in a peasant farm are required to draw up is a written agreement. It will be transferred to the registration authorities, so it must contain the following data:

• About the head of the enterprise;
• About the members of the future peasant farm, their rights and responsibilities;
• On the rules of admission to and exit from an enterprise;
• On the procedure for obtaining property and using it;
• On methods of selling products;
• About the profit distribution procedure.

When an entrepreneur does not plan to have other members of the farm, he registers a peasant farm in the name of one person and himself makes a decision on its creation.

How to register a peasant farm in 2019: step-by-step instructions

Registration of a farm with the tax office is carried out at the place of residence of its head. Below we provide step-by-step instructions for registering a peasant farm in 2017. What documents will be required?

• certificate of residence of the head of the peasant farm;
• passport of the individual registering the household and its copy;
• application on form No. р21002;
• a receipt confirming payment of the state duty (in the amount of 800 rubles);
• decision or agreement on the creation of an agricultural enterprise.

In three days the farm will be registered. The farmer will be given a certificate of state registration as the head of a peasant farm and of registration with the Federal Tax Service, an extract from the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs and an information letter from Rosstat. The latter will record all the necessary data to help prepare reports.

Unified agricultural tax in the algorithm for the functioning of peasant farms

Practice shows that the most suitable taxation system for farming is the Unified Agricultural Tax (USAT). This is a simplified regime in which you do not have to pay separate taxes on property, profit, and added value.

During the process of registering an enterprise, a corresponding application is submitted to the local tax authority. But we must keep in mind that only those farms that have at least 70% of their activities in the production of agricultural products have the right to use it.

The main benefit of this regime: the tax is only 6% of profit, and in some regions even less. For example, in Crimea and Sevastopol the Unified Agricultural Tax rate is 4%. The declaration will need to be completed once a year, and payments will be made semi-annually. Another advantage of this format is the possibility of reducing the tax base by the amount of losses from previous years. Moreover, this benefit is valid for 10 years from the moment the loss occurred.

The format for paying social contributions is also convenient for a farmer who has chosen the single agricultural tax regime. It is fixed: in 2019 it is 36,238 rubles (29,354 for pension insurance; 6,884 for health insurance) with a household income of no more than 300 thousand rubles. If the profit is above 300 thousand, then you will have to pay (on the excess amount) an additional tax of 1 percent. Payments can be made quarterly or monthly.

As for hired workers, contributions from them must be transferred every month; they amount to 30% of wages + contributions for injuries, the rate of which is set according to the main type of activity.

For all members of peasant farms it is necessary to pay a fixed amount of insurance premiums in the amount of 36,238 rubles per year.

Peasant farm reporting on insurance premiums

There is a slight difference in the reporting of peasant farms from other forms of entrepreneurship:

• If individual entrepreneurs do not submit reports on fixed insurance premiums, then in 2019, for the first time, heads of peasant farms (peasant farms) that do not have employees must submit to the Federal Tax Service a calculation of insurance premiums for the past year by January 30, 2019.

The calculation of insurance premiums for peasant farms without hired labor consists of section 2 and appendix 1 to section 2 (with identification of individuals) - for members of the peasant farm, including the head of the peasant farm. The presentation location code should be “124”.

For peasant farms with hired workers, standard reports are submitted:

• to the Federal Tax Service - calculation of insurance premiums, 2 personal income taxes, 6 personal income taxes
• in the Pension Fund of Russia - SZV-M, SZV-STAZH
• in the FSS - form 4-FSS.

State assistance for peasant farms

From 2013 to 2020, a state program for the development of agriculture has been in effect in the Russian Federation. The program includes 11 areas of assistance for collective farming. Each region has the right to independently develop and apply conditions for assistance to peasant farms. The main requirements for receiving assistance are the provision of a business plan, on the basis of which local authorities decide whether to refuse or provide assistance. Information on the implementation of support programs for this category of entrepreneurs is contained on the official websites of regional departments or departments of agriculture.

One of the unsettled legal problems for peasant farms is the lack of forced exclusion of a peasant farm member from participants. According to Article 1 of Federal Law 74, a participant can leave the peasant farm only voluntarily.

But it is possible to change the head of a peasant farm if the head of the peasant farm does not fulfill his duties for six months or refuses to fulfill them voluntarily. In a peasant farm, the profit received belongs to all members of the farm and is distributed according to the shares specified in the agreement (decision) on the creation of the peasant farm.

Important change in the Unified Agricultural Tax from 2019

According to the Law of November 27, 2017 N335-FZ, from January 1, 2019, Unified Agricultural Tax payers are recognized as VAT payers. However, there is a category of entrepreneurs, including peasant farms, who do not have to pay VAT. To do this, it is necessary that the income does not exceed 100 million rubles for 2018, 90 million rubles for 2019, 80 million rubles for 2020, 70 million rubles for 2021, 60 million rubles for 2022 and subsequent years.

This rule does not apply by default, but on the basis of a written notification of the use of the right to exemption from the duties of a VAT payer. To submit a notification pp. “b” clause 1 of article 2 of Federal Law No. 355 of November 27, 2017, a deadline is established - no later than the 20th day of the month from which this right is used. The notification must be submitted to the Federal Tax Service at the place of registration of the peasant farm.

One of the most popular areas of entrepreneurship is business in rural areas. Competition in the industry is low, and there are a lot of unclaimed land resources. You can start a business from scratch by building a small agricultural farm for raising livestock, beekeeping or growing vegetables. The prospect for business development will be the expansion and industrial processing of manufactured goods.

How to choose a direction

The ideas for starting an agricultural business are different. You need to choose taking into account various factors:

Such areas of entrepreneurship have different profitability, project payback periods, and risks. The prospects for a particular idea are assessed comprehensively.

Promising areas of crop production

It is possible to start a crop growing business from scratch with minimal investments and risks. The land plot is purchased or rented. Sowing seeds and cultivating the soil in a small area is done manually; in larger fields, agricultural machinery is used. The cycle of work on growing the corresponding crops in open ground is eight months. The use of greenhouses allows you to grow vegetables all year round. Promising business ideas for developing crop production:

• Growing dill, parsley, coriander, lettuce, onions, and radishes in greenhouses. The greenhouse must be made of polycarbonate and equipped with a side ventilation system. It is recommended to grow greens using the conveyor method: one ton is removed and the same amount is planted. Plants are undemanding to fertilizers and care. The most profitable season for selling greens is from February to April.
• Growing potatoes. Agricultural projects to cultivate large areas involve the use of machinery. Productivity will be ensured by varietal healthy tubers. The culture grows well in any climate. A startup will require significant investments in planting material and equipment, but the return on business will be high. Especially if there are warehouses for storing products.
• Growing berries. Installing greenhouses is where you need to start a profitable berry business. In summer you can harvest in open ground, but in winter you need heating and lighting of seedlings. The berries have a short shelf life, but sales in the autumn-winter season provide a profitability of 200–300%.

In addition to the above business options, you can cultivate grain crops, root crops, cabbage, flax, grapes, and fruits.

Your own business in the flower industry

Ideas for starting a flower business often arise during the holidays. The demand for flowers exists all year round. You can even organize a flower growing business in a greenhouse in the attic of your own home, which will require glazing. The roof slope is equipped with special blinds built into the double-glazed windows, along with dormer windows and a heating system. This will ensure the temperature control of the greenhouse for growing plants.

On 1 m2 of greenhouse it is possible to grow 100 daisies, 30 tulips, 25 daffodils, 27 hyacinths. It is possible to convert an 80 m2 attic into a greenhouse for about 150 thousand rubles. About 2 thousand tulips will grow in such an area. The sale of flowers will cover the start-up costs in a year and a half. It is possible to get a profitable flower business in 2 years. As an extension of your business, you can open a flower shop.

Growing mushrooms

The mushroom business is highly profitable, however, to open a mushroom greenhouse you will need to invest in equipment, ventilation and heating systems. Cultivation of mushrooms occurs under certain conditions, and champignons are more demanding than oyster mushrooms. Before you start implementing the idea of ​​creating a mushroom business, you need to find a suitable premises.

To grow mushrooms, you will need a substrate in which mycelia, a kind of mushroom seeds, are sown. Fungal growth occurs in cultivation chambers, where an optimal microclimate and carbon dioxide level in the air are ensured. The moisture level of the substrate is regulated by the irrigation system. Agricultural entrepreneurship for growing mushrooms has a low need for labor resources. The process is partially automated.

Agricultural goods are sold through food markets and chain stores. The profitability of the mushroom business is more than 40%.

Attractive areas of livestock farming

The consumption volumes of meat and dairy agricultural products are constantly growing, which ensures uninterrupted sales by livestock farms. Product prices increase faster than the annual inflation rate. All this makes livestock farming a popular area for small and medium-sized businesses and ensures the profitability of agricultural entrepreneurship.

A startup in livestock farming can be in one of the following areas:

To increase the profitability of a livestock farming business, it is recommended to open a feed production line or workshop.

Poultry farming

The idea of ​​​​breeding birds is based on obtaining meat and eggs. Poultry farms raise: chickens, ducks, geese, pheasants, partridges, and quails. Small farms use the free range method. Large agricultural enterprises raise poultry without walking, which causes weight gain to occur faster. To start a poultry farming business from scratch, you need to purchase healthy young birds. It can subsequently be raised from eggs. Sales of products can actually be carried out through your own retail outlet or by selling goods to wholesale buyers. The profitability of the business will depend on the location and price of sales of agricultural products.

A chicken breeding startup will require an initial investment of about 400 thousand rubles if you have your own land plot for a farm and premises for keeping poultry. Entrepreneurship costs with a population of over a thousand poultry will pay off in the second year or later.

Beekeeping

Successful implementation of the idea of ​​creating a beekeeping enterprise is possible if you have knowledge in this area. In addition to purchasing hives and bee colonies, it is necessary to provide proper care and care for striped pets. Income is received from the sale of bee waste products and additional products: honey, propolis, bee bread, wax, royal jelly.

The business becomes profitable when maintaining more than 100 bee families. To create an apiary, hives are purchased. The price depends on the design of the product and ranges from 2800 to 5000 rubles. To collect nectar, bees need agricultural land with flowering honey plants. Such plantations can be sown independently. Renting one hectare of agricultural land will cost 200–550 thousand rubles.

The business is seasonal: in winter, bees need to be provided with a warm wintering place, for which a special hut is built. In winter, you can open an apicenter and receive a stable income from business. These products are sold through shops and markets, medical and cosmetology enterprises. The profitability of beekeeping business is 15–27%, depending on weather conditions and technologies used.

In any direction of agriculture, you can organize a profitable business. You just need to draw up a plan, assess the risks, provide options for reducing them and calculate the break-even level of the business.

For those wishing to open their own business, it is becoming increasingly difficult to do so in the city. Profitable businesses have fierce competition. But you can start your own business in the village. One of the advantages of starting a farm is the small investment. We will try to tell you how to start farming from scratch.

To support business in rural areas, the state is implementing several programs that are aimed at supporting agricultural business owners. Tax incentives have also been introduced. Thanks to this, farm work becomes promising.

Where to begin?

The first step to opening your own farm is to develop a detailed and competent business plan. It is necessary, at least roughly, to calculate all the costs, get qualified advice from knowledgeable specialists, and plan all actions. A ready-made farming business plan is your guiding thread. A successful start is half the success. All problems that arise will be resolved in due time.

You need a plot of land is your first practical task. There are two options - rent a suitable plot or buy it. The second option is more profitable in the future. Renting land is dangerous because the owner may refuse to renew your lease at the most inopportune moment. In the regions, the price of one hectare of land is approximately 2-4 thousand rubles. Even if you do not have large savings, the required amount will be available to you.

The first step is to find a suitable plot of land

After solving the problem of finding suitable land, decide what exactly you want to do. The most well-known areas of agricultural activity are breeding cows, pigs or poultry, growing vegetables and fruits, berries and melons, and fish farming.

Choosing one direction for a beginner in the agricultural business will probably be more correct. Experts advise starting with vegetables. As you develop your business, you will add new directions. Since high profitability is shown by farms that combine different types of directions.

Beginners can start growing vegetables

Whatever type of activity you choose, there is always additional profit that you can make from it. Having your own raw materials, you can set up your own production. For example:

1. Growing fruits, berries and vegetables. Additional profit is the sale of frozen vegetables and fruits.
2. Raising pigs or cattle. You can start producing your own products - stews, sausages, deli meats. Raising cows will allow you to produce dairy products for sale.
3. Growing grains. Producing your own flour and cereals, maintaining your own bakery where you can bake all kinds of baked goods.

This list is approximate. You can add many more items to it. It depends on your desire to earn money, your capabilities and imagination. And, of course, do not forget about one important point - you need to take care of the sales market in advance. If you are new to business and don’t have sales skills yet, you can hire an experienced specialist. He will search for buyers and conclude contracts.