home Success stories Psychological characteristics of the activities of a police officer. Professionally important personality traits of a police officer depending on the type of activity

Psychological characteristics of the activities of a police officer. Professionally important personality traits of a police officer depending on the type of activity

Topic 8. Psychological characteristics

Task 1. Diagnosis of emotional “burnout” of the individual (V. V. Boyko)

Instructions. If you are a professional in any area of interaction with people, you will be interested to see to what extent you have developed psychological defenses in the form of emotional “burnout”.

Read the statements and answer “yes” or “no.” Please note that if the wording of the questionnaire refers to partners, then we mean the subjects of your professional activity - patients, clients, consumers, clients, students and other people with whom you work every day.

Questionnaire	Answer
Yes	No
1.Organizational shortcomings at work constantly make you nervous, worried, and tense.
2. Today I am no less satisfied with my profession than at the beginning of my career.
3. I made a mistake in choosing a profession or activity profile (I am in the wrong place).
4. I am worried that my work has become worse (less productive, high quality, slower).
5. The warmth of interaction with partners greatly depends on my mood - good or bad.
6. As a professional, the well-being of my partners has little to do with me.
7. When I come home from work, for some time (2-3 hours) I want to be alone, so that no one communicates with me.
8. When I feel tired or stressed, I try to quickly solve my partner’s problems (curtail interaction).
9. It seems to me that emotionally I cannot give my partners what my professional duty requires.
10.My job dulls my emotions.
11.I'm frankly tired of the human problems I have to deal with at work.
12. Sometimes I don’t fall asleep (sleep) well because of work-related worries.
13. Interaction with partners requires a lot of stress from me.
14.Working with people brings less and less satisfaction.
15.I would change my job if the opportunity presented itself.
16.I am often upset that I cannot properly provide my partner with professional support, service, or assistance.
17.I always manage to prevent a bad mood from affecting business contacts.
18.I am very upset if things don’t go well in my relationship with a business partner.
19.I get so tired at work that I try to communicate as little as possible at home.
20. Due to lack of time, fatigue or tension, I often pay less attention to my partner than I should.
21.Sometimes the most ordinary communication situations at work cause irritation.
22.I calmly accept the justified claims of my partners.
23. Communication with partners prompted me to avoid people.
24. When I remember some work colleagues or partners, my mood deteriorates.
25. Conflicts or disagreements with colleagues take a lot of energy and emotions.
26.I find it increasingly difficult to establish or maintain contacts with business partners.
27. The work environment seems very difficult and complicated to me.
28.I often have anxious expectations related to work: something is going to happen, how to avoid making a mistake, will I be able to do everything right, will I be laid off, etc. .
29. If my partner is unpleasant to me, I try to limit the time I communicate with him or pay less attention to him.
30. When communicating at work, I adhere to the principle: “Don’t do good to people, you won’t get evil.”
31.I willingly tell my family about my work.
32. There are days when my emotional state has a bad effect on the results of my work (I do less, quality decreases, conflicts occur).
33.Sometimes I feel like I need to show emotional responsiveness to my partner, but I can’t.
34.I am very worried about my work.
35.You give more attention and care to your work partners than you receive from them in gratitude.
36. When I think about work, I usually feel uneasy: a stabbing sensation in the heart area begins, blood pressure rises, and a headache appears.
37.I have a good (quite satisfactory) relationship with my immediate supervisor.
38.I am often happy to see that my work benefits people.
39. Lately (or as always) I have been haunted by failures at work.
40. Some aspects (facts) of my work cause deep disappointment and despondency.
41.There are days when contacts with partners are worse than usual.
42.I divide business partners (actors) into “good” and “bad”.
43.Fatigue from work leads to the fact that I try to reduce communication with friends and acquaintances.
44.I usually show interest in my partner's personality beyond what concerns the matter.
45.I usually come to work rested, with fresh energy, and in a good mood.
46.I sometimes catch myself working with partners automatically, without a soul.
47.At work you meet such unpleasant people that you involuntarily wish something bad for them.
48.After communicating with unpleasant partners, my physical or mental well-being worsens.
49.At work, I experience constant physical or psychological overload.
50.Successes at work inspire me.
51.The situation at work in which I find myself seems hopeless (almost hopeless).
52.I lost peace because of work.
53. Over the past year, there has been a complaint (there have been complaints) addressed to me by my partner(s).
54.I manage to save my nerves due to the fact that I do not take much of what happens with my partners to heart.
55.I often bring home negative emotions from work.
56.I often work through force.
57.Before, I was more responsive and attentive to my partners than I am now.
58. When working with people, I am guided by the principle: “Don’t waste your nerves, take care of your health.”
59.Sometimes I go to work with a heavy feeling: how tired I am of everything, I wish I couldn’t see or hear anyone.
60.After a hard day at work, I feel unwell.
61.The contingent of partners with whom I work is very difficult.
62.Sometimes it seems to me that the results of my work are not worth the effort I expend.
63.If I were lucky with my job, I would be happier.
64.I am desperate because I am having serious problems at work.
65.Sometimes I treat my partners in ways that I would not want them to treat me.
66.I condemn partners who expect special leniency and attention.
67. Most often, after a working day, I don’t have the energy to do household chores.
68.I usually rush for time: I wish the working day would end sooner.
69.The conditions, requests, and needs of my partners usually sincerely concern me.
70.When working with people, I usually put up a screen that protects them from other people’s suffering and negative emotions.
71.Working with people (partners) has greatly disappointed me.
72.To regain my strength, I often take medications.
73.As a rule, my working day is calm and easy.
74.My requirements for the work performed are higher than what I achieve due to circumstances.
75.My career has been successful.
76.I get very nervous about everything work-related.
77.I would not like to see or hear some of my regular partners.
78.I approve of colleagues who devote themselves entirely to people (partners), forgetting about their own interests.
79. My fatigue at work usually has little effect (does not affect at all) on communication with family and friends.
80.If the opportunity arises, I pay less attention to my partner, but so that he does not notice it.
81.I often get nervous when communicating with people at work.
82.I have lost interest and lively feeling in everything (almost everything) that happens at work.
83.Working with people had a bad influence on me as a professional - it made me angry, made me nervous, dulled my emotions.
84.Working with people clearly undermines my health.

Processing and interpretation of results

Each answer option is pre-evaluated by competent judges with one or another number of points (indicated in the key next to the judgment number in parentheses). This is done because the features included in a symptom have different meanings in determining its severity. The maximum score (10 points) was given by the judges to the feature that was most indicative of the symptom.

In accordance with the key, the following calculations are carried out:

1) the sum of points is determined separately for each of the 12 symptoms of “burnout”,

2) the sum of symptom indicators is calculated for each of the three phases of “burnout” formation,

3) the final indicator of the emotional “burnout” syndrome is found - the sum of indicators of all 12 symptoms.

VOLTAGE

1. Experiencing traumatic circumstances:

1(2), +13(3), +25(2), -37(3), +49(10), +61,(5), -73(5)

Your score____________

2. Dissatisfaction with yourself:

2(3), +14(2), +26(2), -38(10), -50(5), +62(5), +74(5),

Your score____________

3. “Trapped in a cage”:

3(10), +15(5), +27(2), +39(2), +51(5), +63(1), -75(5)

Your score____________

4.Anxiety and depression:

4(2), +16(3), +28(5), +40(5), +52(10), +64(2}, +76(3)

Your score____________

RESISTANCE

5(5); -17(3), +29(10), +41(2), +53{2), +65(3), +77(5)

Your score____________

2. Emotional and moral disorientation: +6(10), -18(3), +30(3), +42(5), +54(2), +66(2), -78(5)

Your score____________

3. Expanding the scope of saving emotions:

7(2}, +19(10), -31(2), +43(5), +55(3), +67(3), -79{5)

Your score____________

4. Reduction of professional duties: +8(5), +20(5), +32(2), -44(2), +5b(3), +68(3), +80(10)

Your score____________

EXHAUSTION

1. Emotional deficit:

9(3), +21(2), +33(5), -45(5), +57(3), -69(10), +81(2)

Your score____________

2.Emotional detachment:

10(2), +22(3), -34(2), +46(3), +58(5),+70(5), +82(10)

Your score____________

3. Personal detachment (depersonalization); +11(5),+23(3),+35(3),+47(5), +5E(5),+72(2),+83(10)

Your score____________

4.Psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders: +12(3), +24(2), +36(5), +48(3), +60(2), +72(10), +84(5)

Your score____________

The proposed methodology provides a detailed picture of the emotional “burnout” syndrome. First of all, you need to pay attention to individual symptoms. The severity of each symptom ranges from 0 to 30 points:

9 points or less - not a developed symptom,

10-15 points - developing symptom,

16 or more - established.

Symptoms with scores of 20 or more points are considered dominant in the phase or in the entire syndrome of emotional “burnout.”

The technique allows you to see the leading symptoms of “burnout.” It is essential to note which phase of stress formation the dominant symptoms belong to and in which phase there are the largest number of them.

The next step in interpreting the survey results is to understand the indicators of the phases of stress development - tension, resistance and exhaustion. In each of them, a score can range from 0 to 120 points. However, comparison of scores obtained for phases is inappropriate, because it does not indicate their relative role or contribution to the syndrome. The fact is that the phenomena measured in them are significantly different - the reaction to external and internal factors, methods of psychological defense, the state of the nervous system. Based on quantitative indicators, it is only legitimate to judge how much each phase has formed, which phase has formed to a greater or lesser extent:

36 or less points - the phase has not formed;

37-60 points - phase in the formation stage;

61 or more points - a formed phase.

Using the semantic content and quantitative indicators calculated for different phases of the formation of the “burnout” syndrome, it is possible to give a fairly comprehensive description of the personality and, no less important, to outline individual measures of prevention and psychocorrection. Based on the information received, answer the following questions:

What symptoms dominate;

What are the established and dominant symptoms that accompany exhaustion?

Is exhaustion (if identified) explained by factors of professional activity included in the symptoms of “burnout”, or by subjective factors;

Which symptom(s) most aggravates the emotional state of the individual;

In what directions should we influence the production environment in order to reduce nervous tension?

What signs and aspects of the individual’s behavior are subject to correction so that emotional “burnout” does not cause damage to her, her professional activities and partners.

Task 2. Being in practice in the internal affairs bodies, pay attention to the appearance and clothing of the investigators, their manners, facial expressions, gestures and postures; the first phrases that create an attractive image of an employee. Describe the image that is most attractive to you, using the specified criteria, placing it on the very left side of the sheet. Does this, in your opinion, affect the effectiveness of the functional duties performed and the solution of operational and service tasks? If yes, then in the middle part of the sheet list the signs of the employee’s image that reduce the effectiveness of investigative actions. In the remaining right part, describe how you imagine your external image of an employee. Compare these descriptions and draw a conclusion for yourself as an employee. Please note that the nature of image and self-presentation is that they are built on a person’s genetic ability to imitate, act (play), and enjoy communication. If an employee sets a conscious goal for himself - the formation of a positive image, then through volitional efforts he can achieve this goal. To be charming and attractive, continuous work on oneself is necessary, despite defeats, which should be endured with dignity. To do this, you need to try to understand yourself by identifying your strengths and weaknesses. For self-presentation, it is also important to remember your achievements and potential abilities and capabilities, and to strengthen your self-confidence.

Task 3. When drawing up protocols, some traffic police inspectors, as a rule, silently take notes, do not respond to citizens’ explanations, it is difficult to understand from their faces what they want, and thereby cause indignation towards themselves, acting on the principle “the inspector is always right.” Their behavior provokes the possible filing of complaints.

Ø Using the professional profile of an internal affairs officer, prove that the work of such employees is ineffective.

Ø What type of activity in the professional profile of such employees requires serious revision and improvement?

Ø Based on the “Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the execution of the state function of control and supervision of compliance by road users with requirements in the field of ensuring road safety” and psychological knowledge, develop recommendations for this type of traffic police inspectors aimed at increasing the efficiency of this type of activity.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Completed the task ______________________________________________________

Teacher's comments _______________________________________________

Summary table of results

	Indicators	Techniques
1.DDO E.A. Klimova	2. Questionnaire “How I study my interlocutor”	3. Determining the level of leadership potential	4.Identification of the degree of suggestibility	5.Evaluation of response methods. in the conflict of K.N. Thomas	6.Determining the level of risk readiness	7. Determination of destructive attitudes in relationships (V. V. Boyko)	8. Questionnaire “What kind of detective are you?”	9.Diagnostics of emotions. “burnout” (V.V. Boyko)
1.	Professional group
2.	Average score
3.	Level of leadership potential
4.	Degree of suggestibility
5.	Predominant style
6.	Level of risk appetite
7.	Prevailing attitudes
8.	Level
9.	Dominant symptoms

Often, while consciously striving to achieve a goal, we are unconsciously unprepared to achieve it. Rate your readiness to achieve the goal based on the following components (answering the questions asked):

Based on the data obtained from the results of diagnosing your characteristics, write a short commitment to achieve the goal in ____months.

I undertake______________________________________________________________

Example: According to the results of test No. 3, a low level of development of leadership qualities was determined. In this regard, I set myself a goal - to increase the level of my leadership qualities, which will be expressed in specific actions: determination, the ability to involve others in a common cause, to take control in solving collective problems, etc.

The easiest way to achieve a goal is to break it down into mini-goals and implement them step by step. To do this, make a self-improvement plan according to the proposed table:

See: Stolyarenko A.M. Introductory review to the section “Psychological technologies in law enforcement” // Encyclopedia of Legal Psychology / Ed. ed. prof. A.M. Stolyarenko. – M.: UNITY-DANA, Law and Law, 2003. P. 285.

Psychology of personnel management: A manual for specialists working with personnel / Under. ed. A.V. Batarsheva, A.O. Lukyanova. 2nd ed., rev. M., 2007. P. 426.

See: Aminov I.I. Legal psychology: textbook. manual for university students. – M.: NITI-DANA, 2007. P. 52.

From Information on accident rates in the region from January 1 to January 10, 2010 // www.uvd.infoorel.ru (Website of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of the Oryol Region).

See: Sorokotyagina D.A., Sorokotyagi I.N. Workshop on legal psychology. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2007. P. 96.

See: Kertes I. Tactics and psychological foundations of interrogation / Under general. ed. prof. A.L. Vinberg. – M., 1965. P. 146.

The effectiveness of the functioning of the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation will depend on the extent to which the personal psychological processes of a law institute graduate meet the requirements for his professional preparedness. The professional orientation of a lawyer is a special system of his motivation to use all his strengths and abilities in strengthening law and order in the country. This is the main thing that characterizes law enforcement, determines the place of a lawyer in society and the requirements for his...

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Psychological requirements for the personality of a police officer

Introduction

Crisis socio-economic processes in the Russian Federation at the end of the twentieth century caused the need to make significant changes in the law enforcement activities of the state, organizational, managerial and socio-psychological work with the personnel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. As noted in the decision of the Collegium of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "On the state of work with personnel and personnel policy in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia" (No. 6 im / 1; 1998), an analysis of the situation in the internal affairs bodies revealed a gap between the level of material security, social and legal protection of personnel and significantly increased workload on personnel.

There is insufficient research in this direction, which affects the performance of police officers when they resolve practical issues in the field of legal relations. The effectiveness of the functioning of the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation will depend on the extent to which the personal psychological processes of a graduate of a law institute will meet the requirements for his professional preparedness.

It is all of the above that explains the relevance of the topic of this work.

The purpose and objectives of the work is to study the basic requirements for the personality of a police officer.

1 Professional orientation of the personality of a police officer

Orientation is the leading psychological property of a person, which represents the entire system of his motivations for life and activity, which determines the selectivity of relationships, positions and activities.

Professional orientation of a lawyer- a special system of his motivation to use all his strengths and abilities in strengthening law and order in the country.It is characterized by the employee’s attitude to the law as the highest social and life value, to the struggle for law and order as a personal calling in life, to law enforcement activities and the legal profession as meeting their main characteristics and needs, attitudes towards the use of legal and civilized ways of solving professional problems , a balanced attitude to the difficulties of the profession.

Social-motivational qualities the first subgroup of qualities of the professional orientation of an employee, a lawyer. Requirements for it are determined by the relationship between the internal policies of the state and law. Law is a regulator of social life. Legal work public work concerning fundamental issues of an internal political nature: the protection of the rights, freedoms and personal dignity of citizens, the rule of law, state and civil discipline, the fight against antisocial manifestations, legal support for life and the development of society. This is the main thing that characterizes law enforcement activities, determines the place of a lawyer in society and the requirements for his personality. Therefore, professional orientation is directly dependent on the general orientation of his personality.

Professional and motivational qualities the second subgroup of the incentive forces of an employee, a soldier of internal troops, a lawyer, acting directly in the process of law enforcement activities and in connection with it, exerting a broad influence both on it and on specific actions. The makings of these qualities lie in the general orientation of a young man who has decided to choose the profession of a lawyer. A true professional bases his choice not on mercantile calculations, but on an understanding of his life’s calling, based on the need to be in a difficult area in the fight against crime, the desire to protect citizens, ordinary and honest people from criminals 1 .

A properly developed personality orientation is a prerequisite for suitability for work in law enforcement agencies (Fig. 1). Without its proper development, all work with employees, their professional training and professional education as “legal technocrats” can only bring harm, creating a skilled extortionist, formalist, official, indifferent to everything except personal interest, and causing damage to the fight against crime, protection the rights of citizens, the authority of the rule of law. Defects in professional orientation are the main cause of professional deformation that occurs among some practical workers.

Rice. 1. Professional orientation of the personality of an employee of internal affairs bodies 2

The entire complex of work with personnel, organization of their service and work achieves the desired results in the development of professional orientation if, in addition to purely legal knowledge, skills and abilities, it forms a deeply conscious, mature, active professional position based on a correct understanding of the purpose of the rule of law and legal work in modern Russia, dedication to it and a strategy of action that meets the challenges of the time and the social expectations of society. Every step of any manager or HR employee should be focused on such a result. The result is greatly affected by the entire system of life and activity of law enforcement agencies, its spirituality and material security, because a person is always brought up not by words, but by realities, deeds, the whole life and its characteristics.

The main types of aspirations of a professional lawyer.Shown in Fig. 1, they include aspirations: 1) for professional activity in the legal system, 2) for work in a specific law enforcement agency, service, specialty, 3) for legal ways and methods of work, 4) for self-improvement. Their development must be carried out in conjunction and at the same time specificallyalong the chain: knowledge views beliefs value orientations attitudes special skills and abilities habits qualities.Their formation is in many ways a common task, but in each legal body (service) it acquires special features. The key task is the development of those elements that express unshakable respect for the law and the use of means and methods of work that fully and always meet the requirements of legality. All problems with the rule of law that occur among some law enforcement officials have their origin in the defects of these elements of a lawyer’s professional orientation.

2 Abilities of an internal affairs officer

Abilities, like other important personality traits, are not innate, but develop in a person during his lifetime. They are based on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the human body, called inclinations. The inclinations are multi-valued, and on the basis of the same inclinations, different abilities can develop under the influence of the lifetime characteristics of the activity and living conditions of a given individual. At the same time, inclinations, acting as “soil”, favor the development of some abilities and do not contribute to others.

Citizens who choose law enforcement as their life calling, by the time they are hired, already have to a certain extent developed qualities that are regarded as abilities for it. They are usually not at the highest point of their possible development. In this regard, it is appropriate to talk about actual abilities, i.e. the level of development of qualities that takes place, and potential ones, i.e. on assessing the possibility of increasing this level to the maximum ceiling.

In law enforcement agencies, the problem of abilities appears as:

The need to take into account individual abilities in the entire system of work with personnel;

The tasks of studying, assessing the current and potential abilities of persons selected for service, to occupy certain positions, when staffing various units;

The tasks of developing the professional abilities of employees during service to the maximum possible ceiling 3 .

Characteristics of a lawyer's abilities. Since ability is a prerequisite for success in activity, it is not difficult to understand that it is determined not by one quality of a person, but by their combination. His success does not depend on individual qualities, but on what kind of person he is in the systemic totality of his qualities. A lawyer’s abilities are always an integral set, and not a scattering of certain qualities, the structure of which strictly corresponds to the requirements of legal work. The latter is characterized by two groups of requirements and, accordingly, two groups of abilities: socio-legal and specifically legal.

Socio-legal abilities are determined by the social purpose and position of the lawyer. The basic requirements for his personality, for his ability to be a lawyer prosecutor, judge, lawyer, police officer, to qualitatively achieve the goals of strengthening law and order are determined by his social role, his position as a statesman, a representative of government.

Special legal abilities of a lawyer are special qualities that are determined by the specifics of legal work, by what distinguishes it from other types of work, and which are important for him, but are not obligatory for others. They can be divided into two subgroups: general ones, which are necessary for all lawyers, and private abilities, which should be inherent in individual specialists.

General abilities:

A highly developed sense of duty, honor, responsibility;

A heightened sense of justice and intolerance of evil;

Honesty, conscientiousness, self-demandingness, moral stability, incorruptibility;

Well-developed intelligence, cognitive inquisitiveness, quick wits, resourcefulness, combination skills;

Speech abilities, the ability to express one’s thoughts coherently, logically and accurately;

Observation (situational and psychological), speed of orientation in the environment;

Good memory for faces, names, words, facts, numbers;

Strong-willed qualities, activity, determination, organization, independence, perseverance, perseverance, courage, resistance to risk, danger and failure, the ability to self-mobilize;

Organizational skills;

Ideas and imagination, the ability to figuratively foresee, mentally play out events;

Tendency and interest in working with people, the ability to understand them, see their individual characteristics and capabilities, correctly evaluate and use them;

Communication skills: sociability, accessibility, openness, friendliness, ability to listen, pay attention to the words of the interlocutor, understand people, the ability to win people over;

Patience, balance, restraint, self-control, low level of hostility and aggressiveness;

Self-confidence, relaxed communication, high performance;

Reaction speed 4 .

Private abilities include individual qualities required only by investigators, only by judges, only by prosecutors, only by district inspectors, etc. Thus, operational workers need the ability to transform, a certain artistry, investigators need creativity (creative initiative of thinking), preventive service workers need pedagogical skills, etc.

Mutually enriching and complementing each other, abilities form an integrity that is an important complex personal property of a lawyer. The presence of potential for their development underlies psychological selection for work in law enforcement agencies. Their further actualization and flourishing occurs when a lawyer is self-critical, demanding of himself, works with dedication and the desire to achieve the highest results, shows creativity, initiative, independence, does not rest on his laurels, but is always worried and dissatisfied in a business-like manner.

3 Professional skills of a police officer and its psychological components

Activities to strengthen law and order place high demands on the professional skills of legal personnel, and they are constantly increasing. The formation of professional skills is one of the most important tasks in the training of a specialist, and its solution determines the main content and methods of his professional training.

Any activity in psychological terms is characterized not only by visible movements, but also by those psychological and psychophysiological phenomena that play a programming, controlling and regulating role in relation to them. Understanding them, taking into account the patterns of their formation and functioning are an important aspect of a scientifically effective approach to learning.

Professional excellence,as a specific aspect of a specialist-person’s preparedness for professional activities, thisa high degree of professional training, allowing him to competently solve professional problems.

A lawyer is a specialist in the field of jurisprudence, legal work and the main thing in it - conducting legal affairs, i.e. life cases that act as separate, independent subjects of legal consideration (crimes, civil disputes, conflicts and other cases that require assessment, consideration and decision in accordance with the rules of law). His skill as a specialist, as a person professionally experienced in legal matters, consists ofspecial legal training and professional psychological preparedness. The latter is due to the fact that his skill is associated with the art of communication, working with people, and influencing them. It is not reducible to the impeccable performance of legally significant actions in the conduct of legal affairs. It is impossible to present legal cases as if they consist only in the procedurally correct performance of legally significant actions (calling a witness, filing charges, inspecting the scene of an incident, etc.), drawing up legal documents, processing evidence, conducting examinations, scientific conclusions, etc. It is impossible from them remove a person, ignore the dependence of the success of their management on understanding and taking into account his psychology, individuality, and activity. Without this, they are like a dry tree without leaves, devoid of life and turned into matter.

Special legal training of a lawyer, his knowledge.It is associated with the presence of a specialist, a set of relevant professional knowledge, skills and abilities.

Professional skills.No matter how important knowledge is, a professional is, first of all, a person who knows how to act professionally and obtain practical results. The psychological components of mastery that ensure this are professional skills and abilities.Professional is called a skill an automated way of performing an action that ensures efficiencythe last one. Properties of skills: speed, accuracy, economy (performed with the minimum possible effort and energy expenditure), mechanicalness (performed without concentrating on the technique of actions), stereotypicality (the same performance during repetitions), conservatism (difficulty of change), reliability (resistance to destructive factors interruptions in performance, interference, negative mental states of the specialist), success 5 .

Professional skills.Professional skill uh it is a complex method of successful professional actions mastered by a specialist in non-standard, unusual, difficult situations.It is based on mental education, combining the knowledge and skills of a specialist with special training to use them when acting in such situations. The skill has elements of automatism, but in general it is always carried out consciously. 1 Unlike a skill, a skill clearly and actively represents thinking. If skills provide confident and effective actions in standard, almost identical, repeating situations, then skill in non-standard ones, noticeably different from each other when repeated. They are expressed in the specialist’s training so that he can study and understand the uniqueness of the situation, make an appropriate decision, modify the order and methods of action so that they meet the realities of the situation; act meaningfully, controlling oneself and making adjustments to actions as necessary to best achieve the goal. There is always an element of creativity in skill.Skill properties:adequacy of the situation, meaningfulness, flexibility, speed of execution that meets the situation, reliability, success.

4 Professional and psychological preparedness of a police officer

The professional and psychological preparedness of a lawyer consists of a number of components.

Professional and psychological knowledge. They represent the necessary awareness of a lawyer on the psychology of people, groups, on psychological factors that influence the state of law and order, and others related to his professional activities. This is predominantly not abstract psychological knowledge, but “working” knowledge, adapted to the specifics of legal activity, serving as the basis for understanding and meaningful use in solving legal problems.

Professional and psychological skills. These are methods of practical consideration of psychological aspects in law enforcement, law enforcement and law enforcement activities mastered by legal professionals. There are three most important groups of them:

Analytics-psychological skills the ability to see the psychological aspect in planned and carried out professional actions, the ability to competently analyze it, the ability to correctly assess its role and its impact on actions, the ability to psychologically make, adjust and implement professional decisions;

Tactical-psychological skills mastered methods of psychological actions that have tactical significance. They are based on professional psychological knowledge, but are not limited to it and are expressed in the professional’s mastery of the ability to carry out psychological actions included in the process of solving legal problems, as well as to use psychological techniques that increase the effectiveness of legal actions themselves (observation, examination, interrogation, personal investigation etc.).

Technical and psychological skills characterize a lawyer’s mastery of basic psychological means: speech, non-speech and behavioral-role ones. A master of his craft is characterized by the ability to choose the right words and construct phrases, pronounce them with appropriate emotional overtones, give the appropriate expression to the face with the help of facial expressions, and the necessary expressiveness to the posture and gait, present oneself, when necessary, as smart and knowing everything or in contrast to others and etc. 6 .

Professionally developed psychological qualities. This third component of professional psychological preparedness includes various psychological qualities that are of special importance for the activities of a law enforcement officer, but have received professional development in experience and the learning process. The most important of them include:

Professional sensations: increased sensitivity to professionally important signs, sounds, smells, determining by touch the body temperature of the killed person, sensitivity of the lateral field of vision, sensitivity of night vision, etc.;

Professional perceptions visual, auditory, olfactory, etc.;

Professional observation, professional attentiveness, professional memory (increased ability to remember names, addresses, license plates of wanted vehicles; photographs, verbal and other portraits of persons passing through operational installations; details of situations of legal significance, words, testimony, data on different persons, information stored in the materials of an operational or criminal case, etc.);

Professional ideas: developed ability to clearly imagine in one’s mind the plan of the city, neighborhood, and upcoming actions; mentally replay the planned situation of detention, etc.;

Professional thinking: social, legal, investigative, operational, psychological, pedagogical, tactical, etc.;

Professional artistry ability to impersonate, role-playing behavior, etc.;

Professional vigilance, preparedness for the unexpected, etc.

These qualities are based on the general level of their development in a particular employee. However, with professional development, there is a significant increase in new, acquired, specifically professional indicators to the general indicators, improving their manifestations in activities by 2×3.5 times. Professional and psychological stability is the fourth component of an employee’s professional and psychological preparedness. Any activity requires a person to have increased internal activity, a certain mobilization of internal forces and mental stress. The higher its difficulties, the higher the internal tension, the more noticeable the impact on the effectiveness of human activity. Law enforcement activities are carried out in situations characterized by the presence of psychogenic factors, i.e. events, circumstances, conditions that have a noticeable psychological impact on law enforcement officers and can negatively affect the results of the tasks being solved. Therefore, the psychological stability of law enforcement officials must be high and professionalized, i.e. resistance specifically to psychogenic factors specific to their professional activities. As research has shown, this resilience is a psychological alloy:

The general psychological stability of the employee;

Acquaintance (visual, auditory and other) with all psychogenic factors, making them expected and less impressive;

Sufficient experience in solving professional problems in the presence of all psychogenic factors, leading to a significant weakening of their influence on the given employee and the results of his activities;

Development of self-control, the ability to manage one’s mental state and behavior.

conclusions

The professional and psychological preparedness of a law enforcement officer, as an important, integral part of his professional skills, is objectively determined by the fact that all legal activities, the struggle to strengthen the legality of law and order, are immersed in the life of society and its citizens, in the boiling of passions, the unquenchable thirst for satisfying needs (often deformed ), in the clash of goals and intentions of different people, in conflicts, aggravated relationships in everything that includes real living life, social and psychological reality. All this is not some part, a “piece” in the work, but its essence.

It is not enough for a professional to be right; he must also achieve obedience, people’s understanding of the justice and humanity of his demands, increasing the prestige of the rule of law and law enforcement, and active assistance from citizens. It is simply impossible for him to effectively solve legal problems, limiting himself to the “purely legal” side of them, just as it is impossible for the consciousness, thoughts, feelings, and actions of people to be divided between different departments. It is clear that the practical ability to understand the whole range of psychological shades and dependencies of one’s work characterizes the real preparedness for it of a lawyer, judge, investigator, operational worker, district inspector, manager and other specialists, their professional skills.

The professional and psychological preparedness of a legal professional is his readiness to understand and take into account psychological aspects when carrying out his professional activities, to overcome psychological difficulties in solving professional problems. It organically complements his special legal training and contributes to the acquisition of true professional skill.

List of used literature

Current problems of moral and psychological training of police personnel (According to the materials of the scientific and practical conference). M.: Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2002. 125 p.
Gutseriev Kh.S., Salnikov V.P., Fedorov V.P., Khudyak A.I. Legal and spiritual culture of law enforcement officers. St. Petersburg: MPbYuI, 2006. 92 p.
Applied legal psychology. Ed. A.M.Stolyarenko.. M, 2008
Semko M.A. Features of cognitive activity: characteristics of mental processes and their consideration in the work of police officers: Lecture. M.: MJI Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2004. 24 p.
Tretyak V.G. Organization of psychological support of the educational process at the Krasnodar Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia / Psychological support for the professional activities of police officers: Collection of abstracts of reports. M.: Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2000. P.298-299.

1 Vasilyev V.L. Legal psychology. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. 624 p.

2 Applied legal psychology. Ed. A.M. Stolyarenko.. M, 2008.

4 Dulov A.V. Psychological support for the educational process in the system of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia // Psychological support for the professional activities of police officers: Coll. abstracts of reports. M.: Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2000. P.58.

5 Agafonov Yu.A. et al. Psychology and pedagogy in the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies: Educational and practical manual. Krasnodar: KYI MIA RF, 2006. 197 p.

6 Tretyak V.G. Educational activity and individual characteristics of students at the Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: Scientific and methodological manual. Krasnodar: KYI MIA of Russia, 2006. 110 p.

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Osintseva Angela Valentinovna 2009

Some instructions, programs, special educational and practical aids intended specifically for the deputy corps. The following stages of training could be introduced as necessary, taking into account the specialization of deputies and existing gaps in their knowledge.

From the above it follows that MPiPPD is a modern psychological-professional, applied, specially organized training for deputies. It is formed and increased during the entire deputy term. Its goal is to prepare for overcoming psychological difficulties in the course of professional parliamentary activities, to form professional and psychological preparedness among deputies and thereby ensure the high-quality adoption of bills and legislative decisions.

LITERATURE

1. Legislative process. Concept. Institutes. Stages: scientific and practical manual / resp. ed. Doctor of Law sciences, prof. R. F. Vasiliev. M., 2000.

2. Kerimov D. A. Legislative technology. M., 2000.

3. Spencer G. Sins of legislators // Sociological studies. M., 1992. No. 2.

4. Spencer G. Sociology as a subject of study // Western European sociology of the 19th century. M., 1996.

5. Tarasov A. S. Government of Russia and legislative activity // National interests. 2002. No. 3(20).

PROFESSIONALLY IMPORTANT PERSONAL QUALITIES OF AN ITS EMPLOYEE DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF ACTIVITY

A. V. Osintseva, O. V. Garmanova

The article presents the results of the study, which, according to the authors, allows us to describe the professionally important qualities of police officers depending on their specialty. Despite the fact that in the specialized literature on this issue there is a description of professiograms of various specializations, it is important to study the value-motivational characteristics of a specialist’s personality.

Key words: professionally important personality traits of a police officer, professional profiles of employees of internal affairs bodies, official activities, value-motivational characteristics of the individual.

The successful fulfillment of official tasks by employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the improvement of the process of professional development of a specialist’s personality are directly related to the formation of high moral qualities in officers, as well as the psychological readiness of the individual to comply with official discipline and carry out professional functions in the specific conditions of official activity. The organizational structure of relationships in police department teams (strict hierarchy and subordination) requires strict regulation of the relationships of subjects of official activities among themselves and with direct participants in administrative and criminal proceedings, enshrined in job descriptions, charters and other norms.

tive documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The entire spectrum of these relationships puts forward serious demands on the personality of an internal affairs officer, his value-motivational, emotional-volitional, intellectual and other psychological components.

There are socio-psychological characteristics of the activities of a police officer and the necessary professionally significant personal properties and qualities, which depend on the type of professional activity performed (type of specialization) and ensure the effectiveness of official activities in specific conditions. Let us dwell on this factor in detail, since its content has a great influence on the formation of the personal and professional qualities of an employee of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (Table 1).

All of these specific psychological characteristics require the use of relevant psychodiagnostic procedures when studying a candidate for study at an educational institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and service in the internal affairs bodies.

In this regard, in order to study the possibilities of differentiated professional and psychological selection of candidates for study at universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and to develop recommendations for the use of specific methods for studying professionally important qualities, a pilot study was conducted on the basis of the Tyumen Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, aimed at studying the views of employees of various specializations ( district police officers, investigators and police detectives) about the image of a successful employee in the relevant type of professional activity and the personality traits of a police officer.

The described professionograms of various specializations are considered traditional and are found in many works on legal psychology (V. M. Vasiliev (2003), Yu. V. Chufarovsky (2005), M. I. Enikeev (2005), V. V. Romanov (2000) and etc.). However, the presented psychological characteristics of activity do not include a detailed description of such an important component of personality as the value-motivational characteristics of a specialist, which underlie the determination of professional behavior.

In this regard, the personality orientation of a specialist from the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia was chosen as the object of study in the work. The subject of the study is the motives, interests, desires, motivations of the real self-image and the ideal image of an employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The purpose of the study is to study the personality orientation of a specialist from internal affairs bodies depending on his specialization (investigative officer, district police officer and investigator).

Objectives of the study: 1) provide a brief theoretical analysis of the problem of psychological characteristics of the professional activity of an employee of internal affairs bodies, describe professional profiles of the main specialties; 2) develop a research tool aimed at achieving the set research goal; 3) collect empirical material; 4) show the differences

differences in professionally important qualities in different groups of subjects depending on the type of specialization; 5) analyze the results and formulate conclusions.

Characteristics of the sample. The total number of study participants was 51 people, of which 13 were police detectives, 21 were district police officers, and 17 were investigators. Of the total sample, 19 are women, 32 are men. The general sample consisted of employees who successfully fulfill their official duties, with work experience in the internal affairs department from 1 to 16 years, in the position - from 1 to 12 years. All participants in the empirical study were divided into three groups in accordance with the specified specializations.

Research methods. To achieve the goal of studying the personality orientation of a specialist from internal affairs bodies, depending on his specialization (investigator, district police officer and investigator), a questionnaire was developed aimed at studying the psychological characteristics of the individual, professional motivation and ideas about a successful police officer.

From our point of view, it is necessary to study personal and professional qualities from the point of view of shaping the orientation of the personality of a police officer. In the structure of orientation, a special place should be given to personal meaning and the individual’s ideas about the world, life in general and professional activity in particular. The deep structures of human consciousness are semantic structures. The semantic sphere of a person is alive, constantly

a changing system that determines the future behavior and manifestations of the individuality of subjects of activity. In this regard, it seems important to form in the process of educating and training police officers a personal, subjective positive meaning for them of the entire service, its specific types and the immediate process of service. Activities and service in the police department will be successful only if it is significant for everyone personally, if it is personally attractive, and also has its own subjective meaning for everyone. The study was aimed at studying the system of subjective ideas about the professional activity of an employee of internal affairs bodies, depending on different types of professional activity. As an additional method for studying the personality of a successful specialist, a psychodiagnostic technique was chosen, aimed at studying the type of temperament and testing assumptions about possible dependencies between the type of specialization and the type of temperament.

Progress of the study. After developing a questionnaire and preparing forms, the collection of empirical material was organized on the basis of the psychological service of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate in the Tyumen region, which took place from April 1 to May 15, 2009, after which the data was calculated for different groups of subjects. The results of applying the questionnaire survey method to three groups of subjects (successful operational officers, local commissioners and investigators), aimed at studying the motives of the real image and the ideal image of an employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are presented in Table. 2-5.

Table 1

The main personality qualities of the cadet and listener, formed in the process of training and educational work

Features of the social system of the internal affairs department The main personality traits of an internal affairs affairs officer

Official activities Personal and civic responsibility, discipline, the ability to make the right decisions, the presence of strong-willed mental states (purposefulness, self-control, endurance, determination), developed analytical thinking, a high level of intellectual development and cognitive activity, a sense of duty, sense of justice, socially approved life values, organizational skills

Unity of command and subordination Awareness of the need to conscientiously carry out orders and instructions from commanders and superiors, obtain moral approval of one’s actions and actions from commanders, follow the moral example of senior comrades, unit leaders, responsibility and discipline

Collectivism Avoidance of actions and actions that will be condemned by collective opinion, charters and laws; communicative competence, high level of socialization; receiving moral approval of one’s actions and actions from fellow unit members, self-affirmation among colleagues through one’s deeds, the need for “healthy” competition, the desire to be better

Humanism Awareness of oneself as a person performing a special socially significant activity; humanity, tolerance, respect for people, compassion

Emotional tension and emotional overload A sense of self-preservation in a reasonable combination with a desire for risk, preserving the life and health of comrades and commanders, intransigence in the fight against crime, neuropsychological endurance, physical health, personal safety skills

Military rituals Following the traditions of the unit, return to faith and national revival; restoration of the traditions of the Russian officer corps, etc.

Main professional motives for the activities of police officers, %

Opinion of respondents Operational officer District commissioner Investigator

Opportunity to benefit society 69 24 41

Fighting crime 54 48 35

Social security and stability 38 67 56

Sense of duty and responsibility 23 48 18

Satisfaction with the results of your work 23 19 41

Opportunity to improve your knowledge, skills and abilities 15 48 47

Opportunity to experience new experiences, a sense of risk 8 19 18

Family tradition 8 19 12

Note. The survey participants identified the highest indicators of the personality characteristics of a police officer.

Table 3

Main personal motives for the activities of police officers, %

Possibility of self-realization 46 43 56

Career advancement 46 33 35

Having a stable job 46 14 41

Satisfaction from a job well done 31 14 12

To be needed by people 23 19 29

Receiving material rewards 15 38 6

Be a law-abiding citizen, lead a socially approved lifestyle 15 24 6

Satisfying the need for communication (like communicating with people, developing communication skills, etc.) 15 14 35

Achieve recognition and respect 15 10 18

Opportunity to be an example for others 8 14 18

Ability to avoid trouble in terms of compliance with laws, knowledge of the law 8 0 6

Table 4

Value orientations of the personality of a police officer, significance rank (from 1 to 10)

Family 1 1 1

Health 2 5 3

Love 3 8 2

Friends 5 3 5

Interesting and socially significant work 6 6 5

Service team 6 9 8

Material security 7 2 6

Career 8 7 7

Entertainment and relaxation 9 9 9

Table 5

Type of personality temperament of police officers of different types of specialization, %

Temperament type Operational officer District commissioner Investigator

Choleric 31 29 29

Sanguine 25 26 25

Phlegmatic 21 22 24

Melancholic 23 23 22

Thus, according to the results of a study of the personality orientation of a specialist of internal affairs bodies, depending on specialization (investigative officer, district commissioner,

nal police and investigator) the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The leading motives for the activity of an operative worker are the fight against crime, striving

the ability to benefit society, the opportunity for self-realization, career growth and stable work.

2. The leading motives for the activities of district commissioners are the fight against crime, social security and stability, a sense of responsibility and duty, the opportunity for self-improvement, and self-realization.

3. The leading motives for the activities of investigators are social security and job stability, the opportunity to improve themselves, and self-realization.

4. The system of values and interests for the three groups participating in the survey does not differ significantly: family relationships come first for operational officers, district police officers and investigators. In second place among operational workers is health, among district police officers - material security, among investigators - love (probably, gender played a role here, since the group of investigators mainly consists of women, and district police officers and detectives - of men). Third place goes to friends in the group of district police officers, love in the group of operational officers, and health in the group of investigators.

5. As expected, no relationship was found between the type of temperament and the type of specialization (among district police officers, investigators and operatives, an approximately equal distribution was found between all four types of higher nervous activity (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic).

Based on the results of applying the questionnaire survey method to three groups of subjects (investigative officers, local police officers and investigators), aimed at studying ideas about the ideal (successful) employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, it is possible to present a generalized image of a police officer who successfully performs official duties.

Features of intellectual development and mental forms of reflection and self-control:

Objectively and quickly perceives information;

Focused at work, not distracted, diligent;

Attentive to detail, able to quickly switch attention;

Able to accurately reproduce all details of events, all types of memory are developed;

Developed logical thinking;

Thinking is flexible, fast, clear;

Able to summarize information;

Developed imagination;

Able to reconstruct events according to the situation;

Speech is confident, distinct, logically consistent, loud, expressive, literate, accompanied by gestures and facial expressions.

Features of the emotional sphere:

The predominance of a sense of responsibility, duty, satisfaction with the results of one’s work, sympathy;

Emotional stability;

Good, positive mood, balance.

Character traits that appear:

In the process of performing work: responsibility, dedication, conscientiousness, honesty, fairness, efficiency, perseverance, etc.;

In relation to other people: respectful, fair, objective, understanding, responsive, restrained, calm, etc.;

In relation to oneself: self-criticism, adequacy, demandingness, self-love, respect, patience, sense of self-control;

In relation to the world and society: respect, kindness, active life position, a sense of need for society, a sense of patriotism, patience, possession of appropriate moral qualities, etc.

Personality orientation:

Needs and motives: a sense of need for society in the fight against crime; be an example for others; get recognition for your work; self-realization, sense of duty, responsibility, etc.;

Goals and dreams: career, self-improvement, realizing one’s abilities, fighting crime, gaining recognition, being fair in everything, being respected, etc.;

Values and beliefs: have a family, fight crime, love and defend the Motherland, be moral, love and be loved, etc.;

Interests and hobbies: sports, recreation with family, with a team, active recreation, communication, reading various literature.

The exceptional complexity of the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs dictates high requirements for the professional preparedness and training of each employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. This activity has a reverse impact on police officers as subjects of activity, developing their knowledge, skills, abilities and abilities, forming certain characterological qualities. The results obtained outlined some trends in an in-depth study of the ideas of police officers about professional activities. However, the analysis of the study does not allow us to draw reliable conclusions about the image of a police officer. Therefore, the designated problem field should become the object of subsequent empirical research.

Introduction

The activities of internal affairs bodies have always been under the close attention of society, since it, to one degree or another, affects the interests of all its members. Its results have a direct impact on ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state, and the realization of their legitimate interests. Work in the internal affairs department is associated with many moral problems generated by the specific goals, content, forms, methods and means of their activities. The mere fact that ensuring law and order and the quiet life of citizens has to be done using coercive measures and limiting individual rights causes a whole range of contradictions in both public and individual consciousness.

The professional activities of police officers belong to the category of complex ones that place very high demands on law enforcement officers, since the fate of many people depends on the decisions they make. Police officers represent government bodies that guard personal and state interests.

The psychological characteristics of the activities of employees of internal affairs bodies have now been studied in some detail in legal psychology. At the same time, the development of this problem proceeded both in terms of a psychological analysis of the structure of the professional activity of employees of internal affairs bodies, and in terms of the psychological characteristics of the complex of psychological characteristics inherent in it.

Knowledge of mental patterns, the use of certain psychological methods in the process of legal activity facilitates a person’s work, helps him regulate and build relationships with other people, better understand the motives of people’s actions, cognize objective reality, correctly evaluate it and use the results of knowledge in practice.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the psychological aspect of the reliability of the professional activities of employees of internal affairs bodies.

Object of study -

Subject of study -

Based on the purpose and object of the study, the following research objectives were set:

Chapter 1 Theoretical analysis of the problem of reliability of professional activities of police officers

Features of the activities of police officers

The activities of law enforcement officials often take place in tense, conflict situations that are life-threatening and involve the use of weapons. A banal check of documents or a remark addressed to a violator of traffic rules, conducting a preventive conversation, confrontation, interrogation are full of mental stress and contain the potential for a “psychological explosion”, which develops into an acute confrontation.

Experts have noted a tendency towards an increase in such situations and circumstances in the last decade. At the same time, emergency circumstances that are caused by phenomena and factors of a natural, man-made or social nature, often disrupting the normal life of the population, public safety and order in a particular territory, are especially difficult. Such circumstances include, first of all, the actions of natural forces (for example, earthquakes, forest fires, hurricanes, mudflows, epidemics, etc.), emergency changes in the technosphere (accidents in environmentally hazardous industries, transport disasters, destruction of buildings, etc.) and social cataclysms (mass riots, terrorist attacks, actions of illegal armed groups, group resistance to the forces of law and order, etc.) [Noskov, p. 6].

Such situations and circumstances have a strong psychological impact on everyone, including law enforcement officials. In scientific psychological and pedagogical literature, the term extreme (special, exceptional, emergency) situations is used. Creating great difficulties in solving professional problems, they affect the success of actions and require psychological stability, as well as special preparedness and special ability to act under such conditions. The increasing activity and professionalism of criminal elements has led to the emergence of a new type of law enforcement activity - service-combat. First of all, the personnel of the bodies and troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, special detachments (ALMAZ, SPECNAZ, Strela, etc.), as well as privates and commanders, chiefs must be prepared for its implementation [Pankin, p. 181].

There are two groups of extreme factors.

A.I. Pankin identifies extreme moral and psychological factors as the first group [Pankin, p. 146], including:

Observed and perceived violations of public order and understanding of one’s duty to suppress the violation and restore order;

Sharp activation of criminal elements;

Human losses and hardships observed during the service: death of people, corpses, victims, suffering, grief of people, their need, hardships endured, material damage, calls for help, etc.;

Awareness of responsibility for one’s actions, decisions, actions, as well as achieving the necessary professional result;

Great significance of the events taking place, understanding of personal involvement in them;

Danger to the health and life of citizens, their colleagues and themselves;

Collectivism and solidarity, which are expressed in an understanding of the need for coordinated actions with colleagues and interacting units, providing mutual support and revenue;

Bribery and promises that, under extreme conditions, psychologically force employees to make a moral choice - professional betrayal or loyalty to duty, oath, honor.

This group of factors has a strong moral and psychological impact, as it requires employees to have high moral and psychological preparedness, resilience, mobilization, and self-control.

The second group consists of extreme professional and psychological factors, which are characterized by a general impact on the psyche and make it difficult to implement previously practiced actions in relatively calm working conditions. This group can include:

Novelty, unusualness. Since extreme situations of increased complexity do not occur every day for most law enforcement officers, they are distinguished by a certain uniqueness, which requires unconventional actions with the strain of their capabilities;

Suddenness. Difficult conditions require readiness for vigilance, the ability to concentrate, and not get confused;

Haste, lack of time. In an extreme situation, a professional is obliged to respond to changes adequately and immediately;

High loads. Action in difficult conditions implies the use of all capabilities - mental, emotional, volitional, physical. At the same time, in emergency circumstances it is often necessary to solve problems in conditions of deprivation - disruption of food intake, conditions for rest and sleep, etc.;

Long-term loads. Thus, the influence is exerted by constant haste, solving complex problems, conversations with people who are difficult to communicate, violation of planned plans by urgent tasks, etc. It is even more difficult for those who are in the field for days and weeks;

Uncertainty. Police officers almost always operate in an environment of complete or partial information uncertainty: ambiguity, lack of information, abundance of significant and irrelevant information, varying degrees of reliability and inconsistency;

Risk. Law enforcement activities involve an increased degree of risk. At the same time, the risks of police officers are varied: failure to solve an official task, violation of deadlines, a criminal escaping responsibility, receiving a penalty, dismissal from office, receiving physical harm, risk to one’s life, risk to citizens, risk to one’s authority and moral prestige, etc. P. [Pankin, p. 150-151].

Each police officer, finding himself in extreme conditions, experiences heavy and sometimes extreme loads. What happens in his psyche inevitably affects the quality of his professional actions, and not unambiguously [Psychology, Naumkina, p. 257]. Mental activity in extreme conditions is characterized by:

A heightened sense of duty, responsibility and determination, combined with the desire to unconditionally and efficiently solve the problems at hand;

Complete self-mobilization, manifestation of all strengths and capabilities in the process of solving problems;

Combat excitement (within the limits of usefulness), increased energy and activity, great persistence and perseverance in achieving goals;

Active maximalism, expressed in a passionate desire to achieve results, the highest and most unconditional,

Increased vigilance, attentiveness, observation, quick and clear work of thought;

Composure and constant readiness for any surprises, for quick reactions to changes in the situation and the emergence of danger;

Resistance to temporary setbacks, etc. [Romanova, p. 45].

It is in accordance with such psychological characteristics that the actions of police officers are distinguished by high quality, increased clarity, and effectiveness. Many of these workers in extreme conditions experience professional excitement and pleasure, which is an alarming signal.

In the professional activities of employees of internal affairs bodies, the following main elements can be distinguished:

Cognitive activity. It is difficult to overestimate its importance for all employee activities. Without the implementation of cognitive activity, it is impossible to achieve a single goal of the fight against crime; without knowledge, neither the activity as a whole, nor any of its types indicated above, can be realized. Only as a result of the cognition process does it become possible to purposefully carry out other employee actions.

In order to solve the problems of fighting crime, the cognitive activity of an employee must ensure the establishment of facts, circumstances, and causal dependencies relating to events of the present, past, and future. For example, all work to prevent crimes, as well as work to solve crimes, is based on the collection, analysis, and synthesis of information to identify persons of operational interest and anticipate their illegal actions in the future.

Taking into account the complexity, diversity, variety of tasks solved by an employee, the insufficiency and often contradictory nature of their conditions, the variability of initial data, the presence of elements of surprise, etc., one can rightfully classify an employee’s cognitive activity as creative, and the main form of ensuring knowledge in it call practical creative thinking.

Constructive activity. It is understood as mental activity aimed at planning actions to solve, investigate, prevent crimes, search for hidden criminals, etc. If, when implementing cognitive activity, thinking mainly strives to answer the questions: what is still unknown, what needs to be additionally discovered, found to solve a specific problem, then in constructive activity the planning of the stages of cognitive activity itself is carried out, i.e. it answers the question: in what sequence will we search for the unknown. In other words, an employee’s search and constructive activities are two sides of a single thinking process that characterize its different stages.

Organizational activities. It aims to provide optimal conditions for the implementation of all other types of professional activities of the employee. Its content is the management of the processes of detection, investigation, and prevention of crimes, which is manifested in operational management, accounting and control, and maintaining interaction between the participants in these processes. It consists of both the transfer and exchange of information, and the organization of the actions of other persons who, by the nature of their duties, must carry out the instructions of the employee.

Communication activities. As noted above, an employee’s professional activity is characterized by extensive communication. His communicative activity consists of obtaining the necessary information through communication, i.e. direct verbal contact with others in order to solve practical operational and service tasks. In order to influence people in the process of communication, the employee’s personality must harmoniously combine sufficiently high intelligence and erudition with a strong will, as well as a set of personal properties that determine his human attractiveness.

Of course, in the actual work of employees, each of these structural components is not found in its pure form; they are all carried out in organic unity

I.V. Muravyov, who studied the psychological characteristics of police officers [link], positive changes have not only an individual, but also a group character. In combat detachments and units that are highly prepared, there is a strengthening of the moral and psychological climate, a healthy public opinion and an optimistic mood, relationships are subordinated to combat and service interests, interaction, mutual understanding, mutual assistance, manifestations of camaraderie, solidarity, mutual support, adherence to professional and martial traditions, etc. [Muravyov, p. 37].

However, in workers who are poorly prepared professionally, morally and psychologically, extreme situations and their inherent factors have a negative impact, including:

Displacement of the intensity of mental stress beyond the limits of usefulness;

Confusion, anxiety, slow reactions, indecisiveness;

Fear of failure, subordination of one’s behavior to the motive of avoiding failure at all costs, fear of responsibility;

Deterioration of observation, intelligence, assessment of the situation, manifestations of memory loss and illusions of perception;

Decreased tenacity, activity, perseverance, resourcefulness and ingenuity in achieving goals, increased tendency to search for excuses;

Constant feeling of weakness, fatigue, powerlessness, inability to mobilize;

An intensification of the sense of self-preservation, which captures the entire consciousness and becomes the only motivating force of behavior;

Increased irritability, loss of self-control, etc. [Muravyev, p. 54]

These negative manifestations in mental activity are reflected in actions and deeds. When tension increases and overstrain occurs, there is a loss of creative ability and adequate understanding of what is happening. In this case, actions become stereotyped and do not fully correspond to the situation. Subsequently, with a further increase in mental stress and under the influence of emerging negative psychological phenomena, errors appear even in well-practiced skills, and their number gradually increases; productivity decreases sharply.

As the maximum voltage increases, gross errors appear; manifestations of outright cowardice, refusal to carry out risky assignments, deception, dishonesty, lack of will, etc. arise.

All of the above pushed O.A. Zhirnov to study the adaptation of police officers in extreme conditions [link].

In his opinion, the development of adaptive capabilities is essential for an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, because his professional activity has little in common with previous life experience and, consequently, the formed range of adaptive qualities. This applies to the physical, psychological, and social qualities of employees [Zhirnov, p. 22].

A.F. Zelinsky defines that adaptation is the process of including a person in new forms, conditions, relationships of activity [Zelinsky, p. 26].

Adaptation is an indispensable component of a person’s entire life, since his living environment is never completely stable. This applies to physical, mental, social, and information components.

The adaptive capabilities of people are different [Zhirnov, p. 154]. They are largely determined by such objective factors as climatic and geographical features of lifestyle, genetic characteristics, the nature of the psychophysical formation of personality, as well as the specifics of the activity performed.

Moreover, adaptive capabilities, not limited to the purely physical resources of the body, develop depending on the direction and stability of personal qualities.

It should be noted that in extreme conditions, not only employees performing tasks to neutralize persons who have come into conflict with the law, or ensuring law and order in public places, serve in extreme conditions. The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Internal Affairs Bodies” [link] obliges every employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in a situation where he witnesses the commission of an offense to take all measures to suppress this offense and detain the offenders. In other words, any employee, regardless of position and rank, is obliged to defend the law if necessary.

Analyzing the problems of death and injury to employees of internal affairs bodies, V.N. Akulenok uses the category “criminological victimology” [Akulenok, p. 76]. According to V.N. Akulenok, criminological victimology is an increased likelihood of becoming a victim of criminal acts, the vulnerability of an individual’s life due to certain characteristics of his official behavior [Akulenok, p. 77].

General or mass victimization may be relatively low, but the real probability of becoming a victim of a crime is typical even for a very prudent and cautious person just because he appears in public places, uses transport, has any movable or immovable property, communicates with people of different nationalities, political and moral beliefs, same and opposite sex, etc. It is obvious that in conditions of increasing crime, the high victimization of the population of modern society also increases, meaning an increase in the likelihood for each person to be a victim of a crime [Safronov].

The behavior of an internal affairs officer is determined by his professional role position (oath, charters, instructions, orders) and, therefore, proactive actions of a counter-criminal nature are required, which creates his increased victimization [Safronov].

Familiarization with specific criminal situations shows that the highest probability of a dangerous attack on an internal affairs officer performing duties to protect public order exists on the streets, highways, as well as in parks and squares - every second attack. One fifth of attacks were committed in residential premises. Garages, sheds, elevators, and railway platforms also appear as the scene of the incident. The reason for aggression on the part of the offender was mainly the actions of an employee to suppress an offense, an attempt to deliver him to the internal affairs bodies or local administration or physically detain (capture) the offender, and check documents. The attacking criminal enemy most often does not have a numerical superiority and acts alone.

Materials from criminal cases make it possible to identify the main factors that victimize the situation of official contact between a police officer and an offender. These factors become active to a large extent due to the low motivation of a number of employees to fully qualified and effectively perform their official tasks, and poor combat training for actions in extreme situations of a criminal nature. This is due to the low legal culture and the professional amateurism that has taken root in the operational and official activities of a number of internal affairs bodies, giving rise to a habitual disregard of regulatory requirements among personnel, including in the field of personal safety, and a desire to simplify and facilitate the actions performed, that is, a phenomenon that is predominantly subjective. psychological origin.

Violations by an employee of normatively established or tactically expedient security rules (often in combination with other victimogenic errors) mainly come down to the following: the employee’s failure to maintain a safety distance when communicating with offenders or other citizens (he came close or allowed them to approach him); diverting attention from security issues (attention is switched to drawing up documents, inspection, etc.); indecision, weapons are not used in a timely manner; failure to comply with normatively established measures to disarm a potential criminal enemy.

The failure in many police departments to conduct regular group training on performing service and combat missions in a complicated operational situation (mass riots, group escape of arrested persons, attacks on internal affairs bodies by armed criminals, special operations to detain or neutralize them, etc.) leads to a lack of combat coherence and predetermines inconsistency in the actions of personnel when jointly repelling attacks. In many cases, gross indiscipline plays a fatal role.

In the victimological complex of social and personal factors that lead to the death and injury of police officers and other units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the latter, having a subjective psychological origin, often prevail. In addition to the usual general carelessness and inattention, a negative stereotype of official activity also appears, based on the desire to facilitate and simplify official actions or their individual operations, including to the detriment of regulatory and tactically expedient requirements for personal safety. The subsequent development of a victimogenic situation is facilitated by the employee’s unwillingness to act in a tense environment, the inability to quickly and correctly use existing knowledge, experience, personal qualities, maintain self-control and rebuild activities when unforeseen obstacles arise in the path of implementing a previously formed plan for tactics of action against a criminal enemy.

Professionally important qualities of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Requirements for the professionally important qualities of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are formulated in a number of laws of the Russian Federation: the Law of the RSFSR "On the Police", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Federal Tax Police Bodies", the Federal Law "On the Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation", the Federal Constitutional Law " On the judicial system of the Russian Federation", the Law of the Russian Federation "On institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties in the form of imprisonment", the Federal Law "On amendments and additions to the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation", etc.

The multiplicity of tasks facing employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs leads to the development of multifunctionality, the identification of groups of workers performing specific functions. Naturally, the activities of operational law enforcement officers in their content and methods of work differ from the activities of, for example, the police patrol service. However, although different in the methods used, the activities of various employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs coincide in their target parameters. The link that unites them and forces them to interact closely is the presence of a single object of activity - the personality of the offender (criminal).

An analysis of the specifics of law enforcement allows us to identify 10 characteristics common to representatives of various law enforcement services:

1. The activities of law enforcement agencies are a type of public service and the procedure for employees to perform it is determined in the relevant regulations on the service. Special (or military) ranks have been established for them and, when performing their official duties, they must, as a rule, wear a specially established uniform;

2. the activities of law enforcement officials are based on the principles of legality, humanism, respect for human rights and transparency;

3. legal regulation of activities determines the specifics of law enforcement activities in the field of fighting crime and protecting public safety;

4. As a rule, the implementation of law enforcement functions is opposed by offenders and their accomplices;

5. Law enforcement officials are given extensive powers, and their implementation depends on their ability to use power wisely, expediently and legally;

6. law enforcement officers have specific means of influence, including coercion, in the process of preventing and suppressing offenses (psychological influence in the form of warnings, remarks; the use of special means; physical force and firearms; as well as imposing punishment for the crime);

7. the variety of social situations in which law enforcement officers have to act determines the requirements for their psychological readiness, the ability to quickly understand the essence of the event and communicative qualities;

8. The activities of a number of law enforcement agencies take place in conditions of secrecy and the need for its employees to maintain official secrets;

9. Law enforcement activity is characterized by extremeness associated with the presence of various stress factors (increased responsibility, uncertainty of information, lack of time, health hazards, etc.) and mental overload at work;

10. The activities of employees are influenced by the atmosphere in society, the population’s assessment of the degree of its effectiveness and the emerging authority of law enforcement agencies.

The exceptional complexity of the activities of law enforcement agencies dictates high demands on the professional preparedness and training of each employee. The activity has a reverse impact on employees as subjects of activity, developing their knowledge, skills, abilities and abilities, forming certain characterological qualities.

The activities of employees significantly depend on the motivation of work, passion and propensity for law enforcement activities. The formation of sustainable positive motives for activity can be carried out in four directions:

1) the formation of direct motives for work through the disclosure of interesting and creative aspects of law enforcement;

2) developing interest in activities, directly influencing motives by instilling in employees a sense of professional duty and pride in belonging to law enforcement agencies;

3) disclosure to employees of prospects for career growth, promotion and professional development as law enforcement officers;

4) effective organization of the work of employees and the creation of a favorable moral and psychological climate in the staff of services and departments of law enforcement agencies.

Based on the legally defined tasks of law enforcement agencies, the following types can be distinguished: preventive; operational-search; activities related to inquiry and investigation of crimes; activities to protect public order and security; security activities; legal proceedings; penitentiary activities.

Preventive activities. The main goal of the preventive activities of law enforcement officials is to prevent offenses, crimes and emergencies. In practice, preventive activities are an integral part of the work of any law enforcement officer. However, in terms of its scope and priority, this type of activity is more typical for local police inspectors, employees of units for the prevention of juvenile delinquency and some other categories of law enforcement officials. Preventive activities are based on active communication with the population, representatives of local authorities, and officials, which places special demands on the communicative qualities and pedagogical abilities of workers, strict observance of the legal rights of citizens and legal acts.

Drawing up a psychogram of a local police inspector by analyzing expert assessments showed that for their successful professional actions it is necessary to have the following psychological qualities:

professional observation;

balance, self-control in conflicts;

the ability to win people over and inspire confidence in them;

subtle observation of a person’s mental life;

the ability to defend one’s point of view;

the ability to recreate an image from a verbal description;

the ability to draw conclusions from contradictory information;

memory for a person’s appearance and behavior;

ability to quickly establish contacts with new people.

Research has shown that the following indicators significantly complicate the psychological suitability of law enforcement officials for preventive activities: individualism; “social alienation”, which disrupts the system of interpersonal relationships and complicates social interaction; excessive desire for dominance and persistent tendency to lead; decrease in the level of motive to achieve the goal of the activity; anxiety; deficiencies in the volitional sphere and a decrease in volitional efforts; presence of psychotic personality traits, etc.

Operational search activities. This activity is leading for a wide range of law enforcement officials, including employees of the criminal investigation department, units for combating economic crimes and organized crime, operational search units, departments for combating drug trafficking of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, operational staff of the FSB, tax police and some other services. For specialists of these services, operational-search activity is the main one, similar in the methods used to solve official problems. The content of operational-investigative activities and the methods used are determined by the Federal Law “On Operational-Investigative Activities” of August 12, 1995.

The performance by an operational employee of his job duties requires the presence of the following psychological qualities and skills:

the ability to solve professional problems in situations involving a high degree of personal risk and danger to life;

readiness for situations of force (including fire) combat with criminals;

increased responsibility for one’s actions (“no room for error”);

ability for intensive interpersonal communication with asocial and criminal individuals;

high psychophysiological endurance associated with the lack of fixed working hours (the average working day is 10-12 hours, there is often a 7-day working week, night trips to apprehend a criminal, etc.);

constant intellectual activity (analysis of continuously changing information, retention of a large number of facts in memory; decision-making under conditions of time shortage and information uncertainty);

the ability to role-play, the ability to impersonate other people, skillfully play the roles of various social and professional types;

verbal resourcefulness, the ability to quickly and reliably explain a critical situation to another, while hiding true intentions.

Significant expression of such qualities as open aggressiveness, auto-aggression, impulsiveness, depressive and psychosomatic forms of reaction in difficult situations, social alienation, the predominance of inhibitory processes over excitation processes in the nervous system, can collectively manifest themselves as a “professional unsuitability syndrome” for operational investigative activities .

Activities for inquiry and investigation of crimes. This type of activity is the main one for interrogators, investigators and forensic experts of law enforcement agencies, and its content requires knowledge of tactics and methods for solving and investigating specific crimes, techniques for conducting individual investigative actions, ways of establishing psychological contact with other people, etc. Intellectual activity and creativity in putting forward substantiated versions of crimes and their qualified processing are of great importance here.

In the psychogram of an interrogator and investigator, several groups of personal qualities are often identified that determine the success of work in solving and investigating crimes. These include:

motivational and value characteristics (developed legal consciousness; honesty; courage; adherence to principles; conscientiousness; diligence, discipline; developed achievement motivation; expressed self-actualization motivation, etc.);

cognitive qualities (high level of intelligence; flexibility of thought processes; creative thinking; observation; ability to predict; developed intuition; good memory; developed voluntary attention, etc.); communicative qualities (the ability to establish psychological contact; mastery of communicative behavior techniques; the presence of organizational skills, etc.); other personal characteristics (stable and adequate self-esteem; autonomy and independence; responsibility; self-esteem, etc.).

Activities to protect public order and security. This type of activity is leading for the police patrol service, the traffic police traffic police service, and the municipal police. A common characteristic in this activity is the targeted surveillance and suppression of offenses in public places. For this purpose, police officers have the power to influence the behavior of citizens in the form of: warnings about the need to stop the illegal act and coercion in the form of imposing a fine, detaining offenders and delivering them to temporary detention centers or special detention centers (or sobering-up stations).

The following personal qualities are important for patrol service employees: having certain life and professional experience; interest in a person, his experiences, the ability to empathize; self-confidence, perseverance, ability to counter law enforcement violators; good sports training; confident possession of service firearms; observation; ability to assimilate new knowledge and learn; active personal position; achievement motivation; efficiency in decision making; demandingness; control over aggression, etc.

Security activities. Security activity is the main one for employees of private security of the police, some other units of law enforcement agencies, and private security services. Its main goal is to protect material assets of state and private property. The content of security activities consists of careful monitoring of protected objects and suppression of illegal attacks on protected property. Special conditions for security activities are often isolation while on duty, being in a closed area and the presence of stress due to the expectation of a criminal attack on the protected object.

The following qualities are considered essential for the successful performance of job duties by security officers:

observation and attention (sustainability of attention; distribution of attention; good amount of attention; ability to see subtle changes in a protected object, etc.);

emotional and volitional qualities (emotional stability; self-control; - persistence in overcoming difficulties; high activity; - responsibility; self-criticism, etc.);

intellectual qualities (the ability to choose the optimal one from several decision options; the ability to make a decision when there is a lack of information; the ability to determine the amount of information needed to make a decision, etc.);

communication skills (the ability to find an appropriate form of communication depending on the situation; the ability to act in concert with other employees, etc.);

quality of memory (good memory for a person’s appearance and behavior; excellent motor and motor memory; the ability to retain a large amount of information in memory for a long time; good visual memory for the environment of a protected object, etc.);

motor qualities (quick action under time pressure; quick reaction to an unexpected auditory impression, etc.).

The results of any type of activity of law enforcement officials depend on its qualitative characteristics: normativity, organization, preparedness, mastery and efficiency.

Normative activity represents the degree of compliance of employees with legal and moral norms, provisions of professional ethics, orientation towards the use of only legal methods of combating illegal acts.

Organization creates a real foundation for the successful activities of employees. It is expressed in the determination of appropriate forms of organization and a coherent system for implementing the professional tasks of law enforcement agencies.

Preparedness is expressed in the employee’s availability of relevant knowledge, skills and abilities. Professional and psychological preparedness plays an important role along with other types of preparedness (legal, special).

If preparedness acts as a prerequisite for successful work, then mastery determines the actual mastery of it by a law enforcement officer and a high degree of performance of the relevant activity.

The effectiveness of law enforcement activities has the following characteristics: productivity, expressed in quantitative and qualitative results of activity; speed, reflecting the speed, clarity and organization of actions; the pace of activity, which determines the ratio of “energetic” areas and declines in the employee’s activity during a fixed period of time; completeness, depending on the volume of implemented actions necessary for the successful implementation of the activity; stability, reflecting the success of an employee’s activities over a long period of time and maintaining sustainable performance.