Demand is the quantity of any product or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price over a certain period of time. Demand is characterized by an inversely proportional relationship between the quantity of a product and the price: the lower the price of the product, the higher the demand and vice versa.

Tourist demand is the total number of people who travel or wish to travel and use a tour. Equipment or services outside the traditional place of residence.

Tour demand includes 3 main elements:

1) actual (or actual) demand

2) latent demand (potential)

3)zero demand

The law of demand states: a decrease in price leads to an increase in the quantity demanded, with all other parameters (quality, etc.) remaining constant, and vice versa, all other things being equal, an increase in price leads to a corresponding decrease in the quantity demanded. The degree of sensitivity of consumers to changes in the price of products is the elasticity of demand.

The demand for some products is characterized by relative sensitivity of consumers to changes in price: small changes in price lead to large changes in the quantity purchased. The demand for such products is elastic. However, there are products for which consumers are relatively insensitive to price changes: a significant change in price leads to only a small change in the number of purchases. This demand is not elastic.

The degree of price elasticity (not elasticity) of demand is measured using the coefficient (Ed): where ED coefficient. Elasticity of demand, ^-triang. Q-change How many times have I asked? Product, ^P-changes the price for this product

When demand is elastic, the elasticity coefficient will always be greater than one, and vice versa, with inelastic demand, the coefficient will always be less than one.

Demand in tourism is extremely elastic. Factors influencing the elasticity coefficient include: replaceability, specification. Weight in consumer income, time factor, etc.

Sprs changes under the influence of trace. Factors:

Consumer tastes

Number of tourists

Income of potential tourists

Prices for related tours (services)

Consumer expectation

Seasonality, etc.

Thus, tourist demand is not a constant value, it is constantly changing under the influence of a huge number of factors.

Tourist offer

From the perspective of macroeconomics, supply can be defined as a scale showing the different quantities of a product that a producer is willing and able to produce and offer for sale on the market at each specific price from a range of possible prices over a certain period of time.

There is a direct relationship between price and quantity of product offered. With an increase in prices, the quantity of supply increases, and with a decrease, it decreases.

The law of supply states: other things being equal, the greater the quantity produced and put up for sale, the higher the price.

In tourism, the offer is everything that is offered to the tourist to satisfy his needs during the trip (accommodation, food, entertainment, etc.).

Tour. The proposal might look like:

Compelx. Tour offer formed by travel agencies as a tour

Individual tour. Offer of individual tour subjects. Spheres - hotels, restaurants, etc.

2.1 Tourist demand and supply for tourism products

The demand for travel to a particular tourist region (D) is a function of a person’s propensity to travel and the corresponding magnitude of resistance to communication between the starting point of travel and the destination: D = F (propensity, resistance).

Resistance is generated by economic distance, sometimes cultural distance, the too high cost of a tourist trip, poor quality of service, and the seasonality effect.

Tourism supply is the ideal readiness and real ability of a commodity producer to produce and supply to the market a certain amount of tourist goods.

The supply of a tourism product depends on many factors: the number of tourism suppliers (accommodation, food, entertainment, and so on); number of selling companies; level of efficiency in the production of tourism goods and services; level of scientific and technological progress; tax systems; prices for factors of production; assessing demand prospects and future revenues.

The components of a given tourism region's offer can be broken down into 4 main categories:

1) natural resources;

2) infrastructure;

3) the material and technical base of tourism, which includes: tour operators and travel agents, accommodation enterprises, catering and trading enterprises, motor transport enterprises, etc.;

4) cultural resources of hospitality.

It is advisable to consider each of these elements in more detail.

The natural resources of each tourist region, available for tourist use, form the basis of the offer. The basic elements of this category include air and climate, physical features of the area (topography), flora, fauna, water resources, beaches, natural monuments, etc. The quality of natural resources must be preserved in order to maintain demand. In essence, tourism is very sensitive to the quality of use of natural resources.

Infrastructure consists of underground and above-ground service structures, including: water supply, sewerage, gas pipelines, communication systems, as well as other service facilities, such as highways, airports, highways, railways, parking lots, parking lots, ports, train stations, etc. Infrastructure is very important for the successful development of tourism. These structures must correspond to the intensity of use. For example, airport runways should be built to accommodate the future use of the latest types of jet aircraft, so that costly renovations are not necessary later.

The material and technical base of tourism is the basis for the development of organized tourism, as it creates all the necessary conditions for providing tourists with a full range of services (accommodation, meals, transportation, excursions, and so on). The material and technical base of tourism includes: tour operators and travel agents, accommodation enterprises, catering and trading enterprises, transport enterprises, excursion bureaus and the like.

Travel agencies and accommodation facilities

There are 30 travel agencies and 18 hotels in Volgograd. Basic tourist preferences. Volgograd travel agencies offer hiking, boating, cycling, horseback riding, and skiing trips lasting 1-3 days. “Cossack Circle” excursions have been developed for schoolchildren (visiting the “Cossack Kuren” museum, visiting the 13th lock of the Volga-Don Shipping Canal and the monument to E.V. Vuchetich “Union of Fronts”); "Don Stories. Travel to Sholokhov places" and "They fought for the Motherland"; “Pilgrimage tour” (Volgograd - Church of the Resurrection of the Lord - Church of the Intercession of the Virgin - recreation center "Don Dawns" - Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery - Volgograd), etc.

Excursions around Volgograd are dedicated, first of all, to the heroic past of this great city. Here are just a few of them: “The Hero City of Volgograd”, “Here Rodimtsev’s guardsmen stood to the death”, “On the battle lines of the 64th Army”, “Defense of Lyudnikov Island”, “Let us call the heroes by name”, “The saved world remembers” ", "Soldier's Field".

Business plan for organizing a barbecue area near the Ob reservoir, Ordynsky district, Novosibirsk region

The tourist market is the place where transactions for the purchase and sale of tourism services (tours, tourist products) take place. Tourist exports and imports are sold in the tourism market. It should be kept in mind...

Monopoly and its place in a market economy

Since a monopolist is the only supplier of a certain product or type of service, the price it receives for its products is determined by the market demand curve for its products. Thus, reducing the quantity of goods sold...

Organization of tourism product production

A tourist product is a travel package of documents that allows a tourist to travel by train to a particular country, and a tour is a set of services for accommodation, travel, meals for tourists, guide services...

Concept and classification of tourism resources, methods of their scientific research

The resource potential of a region is the totality of all resources, both those involved in the processes of social reproduction and those potentially capable of being involved...

Entrepreneurial activity in the field of tourism

The tourist market is a system of world economic relations in which the process of converting tourist and excursion services into money and converting money back into tourist and excursion services takes place. In other words...

The problem of limited resources

To characterize the results of the functioning of the national economy over a certain period of time, the following macroeconomic indicators are used: gross social product (GSP), gross domestic product (GDP)...

Perfect competition

The demand for a firm's product is the maximum possible sales volume of this firm (in units of product) at a certain price set by it for its product. Demand for an individual firm's product under conditions of perfect competition is perfectly elastic...

Economists determine demand as the quantity of any goods and services that people are willing and actually able to purchase at each specific price in a set of possible prices in a certain period of time. Thus, at any given time, there is a certain relationship between the market price and the quantity of goods (services) for which there is demand.

Travel Demand to a specific tourist region (D) is a function of a person's propensity to travel and the corresponding magnitude of resistance to communication between the starting point of travel and the destination:
D = f (inclination, resistance).

A penchant for traveling can be understood as a person’s predisposition to travel and tourism, i.e. how much a person wants to travel, to which regions, and what types of travel he prefers. To assess a person's propensity to travel, psychological and demographic (socioeconomic status) variables relating to the person, as well as marketing effectiveness, should be taken into account.

Resistance it is generated by economic distance, sometimes cultural distance, too high the cost of a tourist trip, poor quality of service, and the seasonality effect.

Economic distance is associated with the time and monetary costs of traveling from the starting point to the Ha-value and back. The greater the economic distance, the higher the resistance (a person’s desire to stay at home) and the lower the demand. Conversely, it follows that if the travel time between origin and destination and the cost of this journey are reduced, then demand will increase. Thus, a surge in demand occurred with the advent of large aircraft designed for transatlantic flights. This reduced the cost of travel by almost 50%. The advent of jet aircraft in 1959 and their improved modifications in the late 60s significantly reduced flight time (by about 2.5 times), as a result of which demand increased enormously.

Cultural distance- the degree of difference between the culture of the region from which the tourist came and the culture of the receiving region. The general trend is that the greater the cultural differences, the greater the resistance. But in some cases the relationship may be the opposite, for example, recently the demand for exotic tourism has been increasing.
In addition, the relative attractiveness of a given destination will depend on the time of year for which the vacation is planned. For a ski resort, for example, demand will be at its highest during the winter months. Resistance during this season is minimal.
The magnitude of demand, its structure and dynamics are influenced by a variety of factors1: the number of buyers of a tourism product, their monetary income, estimates of the prospects for future income.

1 Motivational aspects in tourism as a determining factor of demand are discussed in detail in part two (Chapter 7).
Dov, free time budget, tourist tastes of travelers, advertising, etc.
Let's consider the 4 main components of tourism supply, determining the relationship between tourism supply and tourist demand.

Tourist offer- this is the ideal readiness and real opportunity of a commodity producer to produce and supply a certain amount of tourist goods to the market.
The supply of a tourism product depends on many factors: the number of tourism suppliers (accommodation, food, entertainment, etc.); number of selling companies; level of efficiency in the production of tourism products. ditch and services; level of scientific and technological progress; tax systems; prices for factors of production; assessing demand prospects and future revenues.
The components of a given tourism region's offer can be broken down into 4 main categories:
1) natural resources;
2) infrastructure;
3) the material and technical base of tourism, which includes: tour operators and travel agents, accommodation enterprises, catering and trading enterprises, motor transport enterprises, etc.;
4) cultural resources of hospitality.
It is advisable to consider each of these elements in more detail.

Natural resources of each tourist region, available for tourist use, form the basis of the offer. Basic elements in this category include air And climate, physical features of the area (topography), flora, fauna, water resources, beaches, natural monuments, etc. The quality of natural resources must be preserved in order to maintain demand. In essence, tourism is very sensitive to the quality of use of natural resources.

Infrastructure represents underground and above-ground service structures, including: water supply, sewerage, gas pipelines, communication systems, as well as other service facilities, such as highways, airports, roads, railways, parking lots, parking lots, ports, train stations, etc. Infrastructure is very important for the successful development of tourism. These structures must correspond to the intensity of use. For example, airport runways should be built to accommodate the future use of the latest types of jet aircraft, so that costly renovations are not necessary later.

Material and technical base of tourism is the basis for the development of organized tourism, since it creates all the necessary conditions for providing tourists with a full range of services (accommodation, meals, transportation, excursions, etc.) - The material and technical base of tourism includes: tour operators and travel agents, accommodation enterprises, catering and trade enterprises, motor transport enterprises, excursion bureaus, etc.

By economic elements objects of the material and technical base are divided into fixed assets and circulating production assets (low-value and high-wear items).

By type of property objects of the material and technical base are divided into their own (belonging to a given tourism business entity), rented by this entity from legal entities (for example, renting places in municipal hotels) and rented from individuals.
One of the main and most significant elements of the material and technical base of tourism are accommodation facilities.

The most popular accommodation facility among tourists at present is hotel. Today there are more than 30 classification systems for accommodation facilities in the world. Each country has adopted and operates its own national standards. The most famous system is the stellar one. It is especially common in Europe. Despite attempts to develop unified international quality standards, a unified system still does not exist. In 1989, the WTO developed the document “Interregional harmonization of hotel classification criteria based on classification standards approved by regional commissions,” which can be considered as an international standard that is purely advisory in nature.
An attempt to introduce a unified classification system for accommodation facilities in Russia was implemented by the Moscow government in 1993. The standards currently in force in Russia were introduced in 1995 simultaneously with the certification procedure for tourist services and hotel services. The current system applies only to hotels and motels that are classified into categories from 1 to 5 stars. Independent non-profit organizations accredited by the State Standard of the Russian Federation are directly involved in determining the category of hotels. There are about 50 of them on the territory of Russia, and approximately 15 in Moscow. It is generally accepted that the classification of hotels in Russia is voluntary. This service is quite expensive. In such a situation, it often becomes economically unprofitable for a hotel to officially confirm the level of its service.
The average standard room price for a five-star Russian hotel is $230-280, a four-star hotel is $90-150, and a three-star hotel is $30-60. According to practitioners, the niche of middle-class hotels in Moscow is almost unoccupied. After expensive hotels there are “bedrooms”. There are only a few exceptions - the Sayany Hotel and the Molodezhny Hotel Complex.
The Moscow government has set the goal of turning the city into an international tourist center and ensuring that by 2005 it receives 5 million tourists annually. The city has a tourism and hotel industry, which provides the capital budget with approximately 10 % income. A network of small hotels (up to 100 beds), cheaper and more comfortable, is being created, since the demand for tourist-class hotels significantly exceeds the available capabilities.
The structure of the modern market for funds is determined, along with hotel industry enterprises, by the so-called non-traditional, or additional accommodation facilities, which have emerged and have been successfully developing over the past 30-40 years. These include apartments, holiday homes, campsites, private room rentals, yacht accommodation, timeshare, condominium2, etc.
Even a well-developed material and technical base will be useless if the tourist does not feel welcome. Development cultural hospitality resources is the most important factor in tourism. These resources are all the cultural wealth of the tourist area, which provides opportunities
Timeshare - ownership of time to relax as part of a club vacation. 2 Condominium - joint management of a building or group of buildings in which individual buyers can purchase individual apartments; at the same time, they become co-owners of public premises, playgrounds, and recreation areas in this building.

Sti for quality service to tourists. The concept of “hospitality resources” includes courtesy, courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest, desire to serve and other ways of expressing warmth and hospitality by tourism workers and local residents of the host region. In addition, cultural resources include fine arts, literature, history, music, drama, dance, sports, etc.
Favorable attitudes towards tourists can be created through public education and information programs designed for the local population.

3. Supply and demand on the tour market. and hotel services.

The demand for travel to a particular tourist region is a function of a person's propensity to travel and the corresponding magnitude of resistance to communication between the travel origin and the destination:

(inclination, resistance)

Travel propensity is a person’s predisposition to travel and tourism. Here we need to take into account psychological and demographic (socio-economic status), human variables, and marketing effectiveness.

Resistance - economic, cultural distance, too high cost of travel, poor quality of service, seasonality effect.

Factors influencing the amount of demand:

1) the number of buyers of the tourism product;

2) cash income of buyers;

3) assessment of prospects for future income;

4) free time budget;

5) tourist tastes of travelers;

Tourist offer

- this is the ideal readiness and real opportunity of a commodity producer to produce and supply a certain amount of tourist goods to the market.

Factors influencing the amount of demand:

1) number of tourism suppliers;

2) the number of selling companies;

3) the level of efficiency in the production of tourism goods and services;

4) level of scientific and technological progress;

5) taxation system;

6) prices for factors of production;

7) assessment of demand prospects and future income.

An increase in the market price for a tourism product, other things being equal, reduces the volume of demand; on the contrary, a decrease in the market price increases the volume of demand for a tourism product. At the same time, the volume of supply of tourism goods and services increases when prices increase and decreases when prices decrease.

The dependence of supply and demand on price can be represented graphically: the demand graph looks like a downward curve, and the supply graph looks like an upward curve. At the point of intersection of the supply and demand curves, market equilibrium is achieved. The price at which this occurs is called equilibrium price.

Price elasticity of demand shows by what percentage the demand for a given product changes if its price changes by 1%. If this indicator is greater than 1, then price demand is elastic; if this indicator is less than 1, then price demand will be inelastic.

When demand is elastic, a fall in price will result in a simultaneous increase in demand and an increase in sales, and will therefore result in higher total revenue. And if the price rose, then total revenue would fall, since with elastic demand, an increase in prices is accompanied by an even greater drop in demand and a decrease in sales volume.

With inelastic demand

falling prices reduce total revenue (total revenue increases more slowly compared to the rate of price decline).

If elasticity is 1

Then the rate of change in prices and total revenue is adequate.

Income elasticity of demand is the sensitivity of demand to changes in consumer income. It is defined as the percentage change in income at constant prices.

The income elasticity of demand can vary from zero to infinity. When income elasticity is between zero and one, demand is said to be income inelastic, meaning that regardless of changes in income, demand remains more or less stable.

If the elasticity is greater than one, then demand is income elastic, which means that as family income or the income of a certain market segment increases and travel prices remain constant, the demand for tours will increase.

Elasticity can be equal to unity.

4. Fixed assets of enterprises as an economic category, characteristics, composition and structure of fixed production assets, ways of their rational use.

FIXED FUNDS!

The fixed capital of the tourism sector is, in essence, the material and technical base (MTB) of the industry. It primarily includes the hotel and restaurant industry, tourism and recreation centers, boarding houses, sanatoriums, etc. In some cases, MTB is considered from a broader perspective - at the level of the tourist complex. In this regard, this includes transport, food outlets, cultural and historical sites and other divisions of the tourist complex.

In any case, in addition to accommodation, food and leisure facilities, the fixed capital of the tourism sector should also include the recreational environment with the presence of water, forest, and relief features in it.

A special group is represented by MTB tourism firms and regional base enterprises (rest homes, tourist centers, etc.). The fact is that sometimes it is difficult to determine where to classify individual office items: to fixed or working capital, to the active or passive part of fixed assets. Let's turn to the theory of the issue. Fixed assets

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RF

GOU VPO

UFA STATE ACADEMY OF ECONOMICS AND SERVICE

Course work

Factors of tourism product supply

Completed by: student SD-32 Fedosova K.V.

Checked: xn. assistant professor. Rakhmadulina Z.B.

Ufa – 2009

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3

Section 1 Concept of tourist offer……………………………..5

Section 2 Life cycle of a tourism product……………………….8

Section 3 Supply factors………………………………………….10

Section 4 Structure of the tourist offer……………………………13

Section 5 Supply and its curve……………………………………………………15

Section 6 Main factors affecting the global economic crisis on the supply of tourism products……………………………18

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………...25

References……………………………………………………………27

Introduction The tourism sector is a branch of the national economy interconnected with other industries. Tourism is a market for tourist services, and the economy of any market, including the tourism market, is determined by supply and demand. The tourist offer in general is presented as a tourism object. This means that the tourist supply includes everything that can be used to satisfy tourist demand: hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, climate, landscape, etc. Thus, the tourism offer covers different elements, and in order to optimize management, they need to be systematized. The relevance of systematizing supply factors in the tourism market is explained not only by the abundance of services offered, but also by the development of the tourism industry in the context of the Global Economic Crisis. Within the framework of this problem, the features of not only the proposal are revealed, but also the prerequisites for the formation of the tourism product itself. To subjects of the tourism industry, namely operators, agents, hotels, etc. it is necessary to create a product that could satisfy not only the needs of consumers, but also the company’s own goals and objectives in its segment. This work is devoted to the factors of tourism product supply. The main goal of the work is the importance of supply factors in the formation of the tourism product. To achieve the goal, the research set the following tasks: u to define the basic concepts of the tourism offer, such as tourism product, tour operator, travel agent, buyer, etc.; u identify the role of the tourism product life cycle in market supply planning strategies; u identify supply factors that contribute to maintaining the stability of a given product on the market; u to achieve systematization of ideas, it is necessary to characterize the structure of the tourism offer; u demonstrate the law of supply on graphs; u In the form of practical application, identify the impact of the Global Economic Crisis on the supply of tourism products Section 1 Concept of tourist offer
A tourist offer is a set of services and products that are presented for consideration by a client wishing to make a tourist trip.
The object of the tourism offer is the consumer - the tourist. Therefore, when planning and developing a package of services, it is necessary to identify the real needs of the tourist and focus the offer on these needs. The subjects of the tourism market are: - tour operators - legal entities or individuals involved in the production, promotion and sale of tourism products (sometimes called tour organizers in international practice); - providers of tourism services (contractors) - legal entities or individuals directly providing accommodation, food, transport, excursion and other services included in the tour package - these are hotels, restaurants, transport companies (carrier companies), cultural enterprises (parks , museums, theaters, etc.), sports (clubs, stadiums, etc.), medical and recreational enterprises, etc. They act as domestic and foreign counterparties supplying tour operators with services included in the tour; - travel agents - legal entities or individuals involved in the promotion and sale of tourism products, intermediaries; - consumers of a tourism product - any individuals using, purchasing or intending to purchase tourism services (tourist product) for personal needs. Sellers of tourism services are legal entities or individuals, participants in the market process, assigning ownership rights to a service (service package) to the buyer in exchange for money (tour operators and travel agents). Buyers are legal entities or individuals, participants in the market process, acquiring ownership rights to a service (service package) from the seller in exchange for money. The tourist offer must be reliable and truthful, since subsequently, when making a trip, the tourist will certainly compare what he saw in the travel agency and what exists in reality. The degree of correspondence between the advertised and the real should be maximum, as otherwise the tourist will be disappointed. The contract for the provision of tourist services is an integral part of the tourist offer. All the basic conditions for purchasing a tourist trip are stipulated here - the scope of services, cost, terms, responsibility of the parties, safety guarantees, tourist insurance, etc. Rice. 1 Scheme for the formation and implementation of a comprehensive travel service - tour Section 2 Life cycle of a tourism product The life cycle of a tourism product (introduction to the market, growth, maturity, saturation, decline) determines its attractiveness. Due to rapid changes in people's lifestyles and technological development, the life cycle of individual tourism products has become shorter than before, so the life cycle concept plays an important role in the planning strategy of market supply. Each stage of the life cycle also involves certain tasks for the development of the tourism offer: - the stage of introducing the product to the market - is characterized by high costs (costs of stimulating demand - advertising a new service to stimulate initial demand), slow growth in sales volumes. At this stage of the life cycle of a tourism product, there is a large percentage of failures and, due to the high costs of introducing a tourism product to the market, there is still no profit; Figure 2. Life cycle of a tourism product

Growth stage - characterized by an increase in profits and sales if the new product is in demand in the market. However, rising profits can make the market attractive to competitors. The travel agency's costs for sales promotion remain high, but here the emphasis is on motivating the targeted selection and purchase of a range of tourist services, and not on motivating the tourist to buy a tour. Due to increased sales volumes, prices for tourism products may decrease; - maturity stage - the stage of implementation of a mature product, i.e. firmly established in the market. Its sales rate may continue to increase, but at a slower rate than during the growth stage. Travel agencies are trying to find ways to maintain their market share. Ski resorts are the most suitable example of a mature product. After several years of increasing sales of tourism products, sales growth is gradually slowing down, resorts are making attempts to maintain their market share and diversify their offer (for example, through alternative tourism); - saturation stage - characterized by the highest sales volumes, the product penetrates the market as much as possible. Mass production and provision of services, the use of new technologies for working with consumers, and the intensification of advertising activities help to reduce the price level and make the tourism product more accessible to everyone;
- stage of decline - characterized by a reduction in demand for the product. Some tourism products remain at the saturation stage for several years, while others become obsolete over time and new tourism products are introduced to the market to replace old ones. As demand and profits fall, advertising costs are reduced, and firms that cannot withstand competition leave the market.
For example, in the early 1970s. There was an increase in demand for tourist trips to the resort areas of Lake Baikal. An active advertising campaign was carried out, which resulted in an increase in attendance at this resort several dozen times; Accordingly, the hotel infrastructure began to develop. In the 1990s. interest in Lake Baikal decreased significantly, which was primarily due to the environmental disaster and socio-political changes in Russia. Note that many tourist offers are characterized by a transition from a stage of decline to a stage of growth, which is due to the economic development of the territory, environmental improvement, reorientation to other categories of tourists and other factors. Section 3 Supply factors 1. Firms' offers should be designed for a wide range of consumers with different income levels in order to cover as large a market share as possible. Therefore, product planning should be carried out taking into account how consumers would like it to be. Creating the “right product” is not an easy task because consumer needs, requirements and desires are constantly changing; competition affects the product life cycle in such a way that products that are successful at a given stage of the life cycle may decline or die. 2. The management of the tourist organization must, while maintaining
low level of costs, achieve increased production
telnosti. Usually the following methods are used above
research on the effectiveness of organizations: - increasing the professional level of personnel. For example, the management of the Travel Corporation (USA) partly solves the problem through strict selection of qualified candidates and improving the employee training system; - increasing the range of services offered due to a slight decrease in the quality of service; - “industrialization of service” by improving technical equipment and standardizing the process of providing services (for example, the use of standardized information systems for ordering tours and booking hotel rooms by tourist operators and agencies) - increasing the efficiency of service; - encouraging consumers to self-service (providing freedom to choose additional services, food systems, excursion services, vehicles, etc.); - introduction of new technologies, which gives impetus to productivity growth in the service sector. Companies that use websites to attract consumers reduce the workload of their staff, gain valuable customer data, and increase the value of their business. For example, by creating an online knowledge base of answers to the most common questions consumers have, a travel company can reduce the number of direct inquiries by 70%. 3. Tourist supply is the ideal readiness and real ability of a commodity producer to produce and supply to the market a certain amount of tourist goods. The supply of a tourism product depends on many factors: the number of tourism suppliers, the number of selling firms, the level of efficiency in the production of tourism goods and services, the level of scientific and technical progress, the taxation system, prices for production factors, assessment of demand prospects and future income. The components of the offer of a particular tourist region can be divided into 4 main categories: - the natural resources of each tourist region, available for tourist use, form the basis of the offer. The basic elements of this category include air and climate, physical features of the area, flora, fauna, water resources, beaches, etc. The quality of natural resources must be preserved in order to maintain demand. In fact, tourism very sensitive to the quality of use of natural resources. -infrastructure consists of underground and above-ground service structures, including: water supply, sewerage, gas pipelines, as well as other service facilities, such as highways, airports, highways, train stations, etc. Infrastructure is very important for successful development tourism. These facilities must match the intensity of demand. For example, airport runways should be built to accommodate the future use of the latest types of jet aircraft, so that costly renovations are not necessary later
- material and technical base tourism is the basis for the development of organized tourism, since it creates all the necessary conditions for providing tourists with a full range of services. Included in the material and technical base tourism includes: tour operators and travel agents, accommodation enterprises, catering and trading enterprises, motor transport enterprises, excursion bureaus, etc. Even a well-developed material and technical base will be useless if the tourist does not feel welcome. The development of cultural hospitality resources is a critical factor in tourism. These resources are all the cultural wealth of the tourist area, which provides opportunities for quality services for tourists. The concept of “hospitality resources” includes courtesy, courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest, desire to serve and other ways employees express warmth and hospitality tourism and local residents of the host region. In addition, cultural resources include fine arts, literature, history, music, dance, sports.

Section 4 Structure of the tourist offer

The tourism offer consists of primary (initial) and derivative offers.

The primary offer attracts tourists with its natural benefits and is created not only for tourist purposes. It is distinguished by the following characteristics:

Natural features of the country (geographical location, climate, topography, flora and fauna);

Socio-cultural factors (culture, traditions and customs, buildings of global significance, hospitality);

General infrastructure (roads, communications, gas, water and electricity supplies, wastewater treatment plants, cultural and leisure institutions).
The derivative offer consists of elements that are created exclusively for tourist use. As part of the tourism offer, one can distinguish tourism infrastructure and tourism superstructure.

Tourist infrastructure is a set of facilities that provide recreation and entertainment for tourists, due to the development of tourism. It has much in common with the general infrastructure (primary supply): if tourists constantly arrive in a certain area on vacation, then the capacity of the systems designed to support the livelihoods of only the local population will not be enough for everyone.

The tourist superstructure is a set of economic, cultural and historical objects that complement the tourist infrastructure, located on the tourist territory and increase the tourist’s satisfaction with the trip.

The classification of a proposal as original or derivative is based on what features suitable for use in tourism already exist and what should be created to attract tourists.
Route - the route followed by a tourist, indicated by a list of all geographical points and places, indicating the sequence of visiting them during the trip, as well as the types of transport used by the tourist to move between stopping points (stays) on the route. The starting and ending points of the route are the starting and ending points of the journey. The beginning of the route is the place where the first tourist service specified in the contract is provided to the tourist. The end of the route is the place where the last tourist service is provided.

Depending on the movement along the route, the route differs:

A linear route is a route, the beginning and end of which occur at different geographical points of stay, for example Volgograd - Moscow.

A circular route is a travel route, the beginning and end of which occur at one geographical point of stay, for example, the “Golden Ring of Russia” tour: Moscow - Sergiev Posad - Rostov - Yaroslavl - Kostroma - Ivanovo - Suzdal - Vladimir - Moscow;

Radial route - a travel route, the beginning and end of which occur in one geographical point of stay, located in which, the tourist travels to other points of stay, each time returning to the starting point of the journey;
- combined route - a route that contains elements of a linear, circular and radial route in one or another combination.
While driving along the route, various vehicles called intra-route vehicles can be used.

A tourist travel (stay) program is a plan of activities indicating the dates and times of stay at stopping points along the route, in a hotel, visits to places of tourist interest for the purpose of exploring them (excursions), meals, as well as moving along the route using the intra-route tickets specified in the program Vehicle. The stay program (standard or individual) is a plan for the implementation of tourist services sold to the traveler, specified in the contract. Additional services can be provided for a fee at the tourist's responsibility (unless otherwise specified in the contract).
Length of stay (trip) is an important statistical indicator. According to international rules, the maximum period after which a visit is no longer considered a tourist visit is 1 year, according to Russian legislation - up to 6 months. The minimum duration of stay or trip (24 hours) is used to distinguish between tourists and excursionists - one-day (non-overnight) visitors. Duration of visit (stay or trip) can be used to indirectly estimate tourism expenditure, especially if the average duration is determined for group travel.

Section 5 Supply and its curve

Supply is a set of tourism products with certain prices that are on the tourism market and that manufacturers can or intend to sell.

The supply characterizes the economic situation in the tourism market on the part of manufacturers and sellers.

As a rule, the proposal is depicted in the form of a table or graph. However, if the demand schedule establishes the relationship between prices and the quantity of tourism products that tourists wish to buy, then the supply schedule establishes the relationship between market prices and the quantity of tourism products that tourism producers wish to produce and sell.

Let, for example, let the ordinate axis be designated as the movement of the price of a tourism product (P), and the abscissa axis (Q) serve to indicate the quantity of a tourism product on the market. The supply at a price of $500 per unit of tourism product will be 18 units of product, at a price of $400 - 16 units, at a price of $300 - 7 units and at a price of 100 - 0 units of tourism product. The supply schedule in this case will take the form of the supply curve S

Rice. 3. tourist product supply schedule

Unlike the demand curve, the supply curve generally slopes upward to the right. The existing relationship between supply and price is expressed in the law of supply.

The law states that the volume of supply of a tourism product increases when the price rises and decreases when it decreases.

By analogy with demand, one should distinguish between a change in supply and a change in the volume of supply. The volume of supply in the tourism market changes when only the price of the product changes. A change in supply occurs when determinants (factors) that were previously considered constant change.

A change in the quantity supplied is expressed graphically as a “movement along the supply curve.” A change in the supply itself is reflected by a shift to the left or right of the supply curve, depending on its determinants of supply, which include: changes in prices for other tourism products; changes in prices for tourism resources; changes in taxes, subsidies; change in expectation; change in the number of suppliers of tourism products.

Thus, with a change in price from P1 to P2, this movement occurs along the SS curve, which shows an increase in supply volume from Q1 to Q2 (Fig. 2)

Rice. 4. Schedule of changes in supply volumes

Moreover, such a movement occurs only in the case when all factors except price are constant.

However, supply is influenced by factors other than price. As a result of their influence, the supply curve shifts. This does not mean a change in volume, but in the proposal itself, its character. The degree of change in the volume of supply depending on the increase in price characterizes the elasticity of supply. A measure of this change is the elastic supply coefficient, calculated as the ratio of supply volume (in %) to price growth (in %).

Elasticity of supply is a measure of the relative change in supply (Q) in accordance with the relative change in market price. If the quantity of products offered on the tourism market (Q) remains unchanged, then supply inelasticity occurs. If the slightest decrease in the price of a tourism product (P) causes supply (Q) to decrease to zero, and the slightest increase (P) ensures an increase in supply, then absolutely elastic supply occurs.

The elasticity of supply changes under the influence of the already mentioned determinants.

As a rule, the increasing limitation of tourism resources used in the acquisition of tourism products leads to a decrease in the elasticity of supply.

Section 6 Main factors affecting the global economic crisis on the supply of tourism products.

Firstly, the global financial crisis, which affected all spheres of life. The tourism industry was no exception. Traveling is not the first necessity and need of a person, which means it’s not so difficult to give it up. First of all, the crisis will hit the middle class, because it has always been the main stratum of actively traveling. Mass tourism will also suffer quite a bit from the crisis. Already prices for long-distance destinations have increased by 10-40% compared to last year. And all because of the rising cost of flights. If last year, for example, you could fly to Bangkok for $500, now a seat in economy class costs at least $1,100. On average, on long-distance routes, cheap tours have risen in price by 2 times or more, in expensive segments the rise in price was 15-20%, Kommersant reports.

The business segment of the tourism industry will also suffer losses. One can agree with the opinion of Alexey Krylov, head of the legislative commission of the Association of Tour Operators of Russia (ATOR), who writes: “The number of business tourists will decrease, which is directly related to the reduction of personnel in many companies. The hardest thing will be in the corporate leisure segment. But in my opinion, the corporate segment will suffer mainly next year, because... This year everything has already been sold out in advance.

Legislation

According to the editors of the magazine “Tourism. Practice. Problems. Prospects,” Russia may adopt bills that could practically destroy the tourism market. Especially in light of the ongoing financial crisis. Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” are being discussed in the State Duma. This applies to financial guarantees, or rather their increase, for tour operators to 100 or 150 million rubles. Now there are still disputes about the size of financial guarantees, in common parlance FIGs, and if they are increased by 10-15 times, then this may not lead to a strengthening of the market due to the fact that small and medium-sized travel agencies, for which the proposed FIGs are unthinkable, will leave from the market, but its monopolization. Monopolization will lead to a decline in competition. And the latter, in turn, will lead to price inflation, which will continue to rise during the crisis. Perhaps this will lead to higher quality tourism products.

In addition, Rostourism may receive the right to exclude from the Unified Federal Register of Tour Operators companies that have lost two legal disputes with clients. And if the first innovation removes small and medium-sized travel agencies from the market, the second will hit large operators, who face dozens of lawsuits a year and without breaking the law.

International relationships

International relations have a huge impact on the supply of tourism products. An example of this is Thailand, where tens of thousands of foreign tourists are stuck at its two largest airports, blocked by the local opposition in late November. This has become a real headache for Russian tour operators. The problem was resolved by the Constitutional Court of this country, releasing the current prime minister from office on December 2. After that, the oppositionists, satisfied with the decision of the Constitutional Court, vacated the airports. The first flight at Bangkok International Airport was accepted on December 3, which the ITAR-TASS news agency reported among the front-page news. During the “hottest” days of the political period, the sale of tours in the Thai direction practically ceased; the drop in demand was reflected in the supply and their sales are now resuming. Russian tour operators have admitted that the financial crisis has affected their activities. As a result of the crisis, demand for tourism services has fallen sharply - by a total of 30%, since people are afraid to spend money on trips during the crisis, said Sergei Shpilko, president of the Russian Union of Travel Industry.

By the way, if, as a result of the crisis of 1998, many Russians who decided to give up traveling abroad reoriented themselves to traveling around Russia, now this is unlikely to happen, since domestic tours are often equal in price, or even more expensive than foreign ones. Against the growing backdrop of fear of a global financial crisis, the Russian and global tourism market is suffering mandatory losses in such a situation. A decrease in the number of tourists vacationing on credit, a cessation of construction of new tourist complexes, a drop in the volume of business tourism - these are the possible consequences of the financial crisis for the tourism industry. It is expected that the segment of business and corporate tourism will suffer the most due to the fact that customer firms will reduce so-called social expenses, including on vacations, corporate trips and incentive tours.

Meanwhile, the research company Euromonitor International published a report on the latest trends in the development of the global tourism industry. In the context of a growing financial crisis, the supply of those types of recreation that were previously aimed at a narrow circle of people is gradually becoming widespread: middle-class consumers are beginning to choose budget types.

Supply Formations Airlines have already reported a clear decline in passenger traffic. Hotel occupancy levels are falling, and tourism managers are demanding new concessions on already concluded contracts. Cancellations are increasingly common even at four- and five-star hotels that previously seemed immune to economic problems.

Inflation.

Growing inflation in Russia has brought down the markets of the most popular coastal resort countries in our country, such as Turkey and Greece. Tour operators have a shortage of funds. In addition, large companies need to buy out guaranteed blocks of seats in hotels and airplanes in advance, and for this they usually use credit funds. Today it will be extremely difficult to get loans, especially on acceptable terms.

1. firstly, at present, of the four main factors influencing the development of tourism (the economy, the exchange rate, the weather and the marketing system), two (the economy and the exchange rate) are undergoing fundamental changes that do not always have a favorable impact on the pace tourism development;

2. secondly, as a result of changes in the international economic situation, according to data from the Russian Association of Travel Agencies (RATA), it is assumed that the number of overnight stays for tourists during the winter period of 2008/2009. in Russia will decrease by 2.4% compared to the previous year. And in the summer of 2009, their number may decrease by another 3.5%, and in general for the entire 2009 to 10-15%. However, today, by analyzing incoming data from tourism markets and the results of booking/sales of tour packages through various channels of the agent base, we can come to the conclusion that in reality these figures will be even more significant;

3. Thirdly, there is a so-called time lag effect of the impact of the financial crisis on the tourism economy. Currently, the level of occupancy and bookings of hotels in Russia is still encouraging and inspires some optimism, but the expected consequences of the slowdown in economic growth will be more noticeable in 4-6 months, including for the tourism industry. As a result, negative trends may appear in the second half of winter, and the most noticeable and painful blow to the industry will occur in the summer of 2009;

4. fourthly, traditionally, in times of crisis, first-class goods and services are subject to the strongest negative impact associated with the reorientation of some consumers to a lower price product group. For this reason, the occupancy level of individual first-class hotels may be even lower than the industry as a whole, thus forcing management and management to review pricing policies, marketing programs and conscious reorientation to other target consumer segments;

5. fifthly, undoubtedly, taking into account changes in the current market situation, the process of unrestrained and carefree consumption of goods will be replaced by a more moderate and planned process of consumption, including tourist services. This change in consumer purchasing behavior will begin to manifest itself from mid-winter and will become most noticeable by next summer.

1. Plans regarding price increases should be carefully analyzed.

2. Dumping or temporary price reduction should be avoided. But on the other hand, it makes sense to implement measures aimed at attracting new market segments using tactical, innovative and special unique offers, for example, during the low season or off-season in tourism.

3. It is necessary to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the development of your travel company in the current economic situation. Think about it: if the situation worsens, what groups of tourists can you lose and are there still market segments that are not covered by your attention? Do you have current debt obligations? Is this the best time to increase spending, apply for a new loan, or build new facilities?

4. Determine your goals, objectives and problems of business development, taking into account local conditions of economic development and the real consumer segment.

5. Remember that travel and tourism are complementary categories. This means that your business will depend on the development of a large range of related industries and industries. For example, if the restaurant business in your region is experiencing losses, this means that the number of people staying in the city overnight will decrease, therefore, the hotel industry will also experience difficulties. And if hotels are not occupied, tax revenues to the local budget are reduced, which affects the development of the region as a whole.

Conclusion

Despite the theoretical basis of this work, in a crisis, the problem of forming the supply of tourism products is not only relevant, but also one of the fundamental ones. A competent assessment of all determinants of supply will serve as a stabilizing factor and a cure for ruin and disharmony. The importance of supply factors in the formation of a tourism product is the purpose of the study. The assigned tasks were also completed: u Using the basic concepts of the tourism sector, the main constants of the tourism offer, such as travel agents, tour operators, and buyers, were identified. Tour operators directly form the product, which means they are the ones who determine the offer; travel agents implement it, being the link between the operator and the buyer, who in turn plays the role of the main censor and consumer and determines demand. u Demonstrating the stages of the life cycle of a tourism product, it forms a strategy for the formation of services, and also predicts the growth and decline of demand, which makes it possible to regulate the supply system. u When determining supply factors, their conditional functions were identified as stimulants for creating the “right product”, as well as the rational production of in-demand services or goods. u Describing the structure of the tourist offer, special attention was paid to the components of the tourist infrastructure, as a set of objects providing recreation and entertainment; tourist suprastructure, as a set of economic, cultural and historical objects that complement the tourist infrastructure, located on the tourist territory and increasing the tourist’s satisfaction with the trip.

u Having examined the supply curve, a clear connection was determined between market prices and the amount of tourism products that producers of tourism services want to produce and sell. The relationship between supply and price is also expressed in the law of supply.

u In order for the theoretical foundations of supply to find practical application, the work presents analysis and forecasts of the impact of the crisis as a supply factor. The basis was taken from articles by researchers and students Saratov State University named after N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Summing up, I would like to once again focus on the role of factors in the formation of the tourist offer. Tourism is more dependent on demand, both the global economy and politics, than any other sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct marketing research, analyze the market, and in times of crisis, do this more often because the situation is unstable and supply factors will change. Those companies whose basis is a deep analysis of factors that can influence supply have a higher chance of withstanding the crisis.

List of used literature