Under financial services, we offer a whole range of different tools to enable you to bring your projects to life.

Our company provides services:

To attract financing, namely both obtaining new loans and refinancing old ones - acting as a loan broker;

For insurance;

On the development of a feasibility study and business plans.

We specialize in providing financial consulting for both legal entities and individuals.

In addition to the above services, we offer:

For legal entities:

Opening current accounts;

deposits;

Liability Insurance;

For individuals:

Why should you use our lending services?

We believe that "Credit Broker" is, first of all, a service.

1. We select the optimal lending program for you.
You do not waste time searching for a bank that can lend you - we select a bank that will lend to you on your terms.

2. We check the correctness of all documents.
You are sure that your application for a loan comes to the bank with well-chosen and correctly executed documents.

3. We take care of all the difficulties of obtaining a loan.
We resolve all the difficulties that have arisen during the consideration with the bank ourselves.

4. We know all the hidden commissions and "pitfalls".
We reveal hidden commissions in agreements with the bank, we name real interest rates, thereby providing you with complete information about the overpayment on the loan.

5. We speed up the review process.
Applications received from us are considered by the bank on a priority basis, which significantly saves your time.

6. We increase your chances of getting a loan accompanying the transaction at all stages.

7. We value each of our customers, therefore, after the completion of the transaction, we advise you free of charge on any issues arising from the current loan.

As a result of cooperation with us, you do not run around the banks!

You only visit us ONCE.

The second time you go to the bank for money.

For you we for free We provide our courier services.

Our many years of experience will help you solve all your questions!

Credit Broker

In the domestic lending market, a large number of loans were issued only thanks to the help of credit and mortgage brokers. Some borrowers are still not sure whether it is necessary to deal with the loan on their own or it is more expedient when applying for a loan to seek help from professionals who know EVERYTHING about any credit organization.

The main task of each of our specialists is to ensure that each client can really get the loan he needs with minimal loss of time and money. Such a specialist is familiar with the requirements of certain banks and knows how to find the right approach to them, while offering the client the best lending program.

A credit broker carefully studies the needs of the client and, for example, instead of a regular loan, he may offer the borrower to issue a credit card if the client does not need money immediately, but small amounts over a long period of time. If the borrower needs money for construction, the loan broker may offer him a revolving line of credit, since construction work is often carried out for several months or years and, quite possibly, in this case, the client will need several different loans. But mortgage brokers are the best at issuing mortgages because a mortgage is the most difficult type of loan to get.

In other words, the loan program will be individually tailored to your needs!

The information posted on the websites of banks and on various banking portals may not be applicable to all borrowers. For example, having found out on the Internet which bank provides loans on the most favorable terms, the borrower cannot be absolutely sure that he will be able to take such a loan. With a low interest rate, the loan term is likely to be short, and, consequently, the solvency of many customers may turn out to be low and the bank will either refuse to issue a loan to the borrower altogether, or significantly reduce the loan amount. The bank will never advise its client to apply to another financial institution (to its competitors) to apply for a loan there. A loan broker has information about various financial institutions, will offer his client lending programs from various banks that are most suitable for the borrower. The most frequent question of our clients: "How to get a mortgage?"

But the main thing is that the mortgage broker helps the borrower correctly and with minimal loss of time to collect the necessary package of documents that will need to be submitted to the mortgage bank. Every person who has ever filled out a questionnaire knows that this work is not entirely simple. You need to know what information is worth reporting and what is not. The help of a mortgage broker is very useful at this stage of the loan application. Sometimes a decent, without problems with the law, a financially wealthy client cannot get a loan for a completely banal reason - an incorrectly and incompletely prepared package of documents. Turning to the help of a mortgage broker, the borrower avoids the "paper" risk of refusal to issue a loan.

A fairly common call to a broker is:

Refinancing an existing loan!

Mortgage refinancing

Refinancing is the repayment of a previously received loan by obtaining a new one.

Mortgage is a loan secured by the acquired real estate.

Today, the state is actively developing programs that are socially important for the country, so often loans received earlier for the purchase of an apartment, car or education are less profitable than the current ones.

One of the tools is to reduce the refinancing rate and thereby make the loan cheaper for end consumers.

The refining rate approved by the decree of the Bank of Russia dated September 13, 2012 is 8.25%. (Be careful, the refinancing rate changes almost every year)

Of course, the most significant loan is a mortgage. Today, mortgage loans range from 10% to 20% per annum. The loan rate usually depends on the following factors:

- "greed" of the bank,

down payment,

risk. (For example, unverified income of the borrower)

Our loan brokers have an extensive database of mortgage banking products and can offer a real reduction in monthly payments.

As practice shows, it is realistic to refinance up to 11% -15% per annum.

For more information about mortgages, namely refinancing and what you need to get a mortgage, .

Banking services

As a rule, in all countries a number of financial services are regulated in a special way, the right to perform which belongs only to banks. These services include:

• attraction of funds in deposits;
• Settlement and cash services;
• Collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents
• purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;
• issuance of bank guarantees;

There are financial services that are provided not only by banks:

• Lending (including home loans or mortgages);
• Money transfers.

There is also the concept of microfinance and microfinance services (microcredit, microinsurance, etc.). These services are provided in developing and backward countries to people who, due to their poor financial situation, cannot qualify for ordinary financial services.

Investment banking services

• Wealth Management
• financial advice
• Property valuation

insurance services

Other

• Exchange services

Sources

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Financial Services" is in other dictionaries:

Financial services- 76 financial services: Planning, development and management of the general budget of a congress event, fundraising, organization of financing for the preparation and holding of congress events. Source: GOST R 53524 2009: Congress ... ...

GOST R ISO/TO 13569-2007: Financial services. Information security recommendations- Terminology GOST R ISO / TO 13569 2007: Financial services. Information security recommendations: 3.4 assets (asset): Anything that is of value to the organization. Term definitions from various documents: assets 3.58 risk analysis (risk… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

GOST R ISO TO 13569-2007: Financial services. Information security recommendations- Terminology GOST R ISO TO 13569 2007: Financial services. Information security recommendations: 3.4 assets (asset): Anything that is of value to the organization. Term definitions from various documents: assets 3.58 risk analysis (risk… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

CORPORATIONS PROVIDING FINANCIAL SERVICES- FINANCIAL SERVICE CORPORATIONSFin. institutions providing a wide range of integrated financial services. services to wholesalers or retailers. For example, Sears, Roebuck and Company includes a savings and loan holding company in California, ... ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

consulting banking services Technical Translator's Handbook

Services provided by the bank to its customers in matters of the efficiency of investing capital in financial assets, planning the profit of customers. The information basis for the provision of consulting services is the bank's internal information system. Services … Big accounting dictionary

SERVICES, ADVISORY BANKING- services rendered by the bank to its clients in matters of the efficiency of investing capital in financial assets, planning of clients' profits. The information basis for the provision of consulting services is the bank's internal information system. Services …

Financial investments- The organization's financial investments include: state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and cost of redemption is determined (bonds, promissory notes); contributions to... Vocabulary: accounting, taxes, business law

SERVICES IN THE WORLD MARKET- services entering the external market, that is, use values ​​that mostly do not acquire a materialized form. They form a global market for services, which breaks down into narrower markets: licenses and know-how, engineering ... ... Big Economic Dictionary

FINANCIAL LIABILITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE- obligatory payments of the enterprise due to its financial and contractual relations. F.o.p. arise in regulated relations with budgets, extra-budgetary (social, special, public) funds, banks and other credit institutions, ... ... Financial and Credit Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• , Ashley Demirguch-Kunt, Thorsten Beck, Patrick Honovan. The inability to access financial services is one of the main reasons for persistent income inequality and slow economic growth around the world. Relying on…
• Financial services for everyone? Access Expansion Strategies and Challenges, Demirgyuch-Kunt Ashli. The inability to access financial services is one of the main reasons for persistent income inequality and slow economic growth around the world. Relying on…

Evgeny Malyar

bsadsensedynamick

Much has been written about what financial services banks provide for small businesses, but opening a large lending institution is costly and organizationally complex. There are other forms of commercial products available to mid-level entrepreneurs. Small firms operate mainly in the insurance and investment sectors, but may also concern other areas demanded by business entities. What do financial services companies do? Read on and you might learn something new.

Definition and specifics of financial services

Every student of economics knows that finance is not money, but relationships that arise in the process of reproduction and distribution of material values. The classification of services corresponding to this concept divides them into the following varieties:

Class	Subclass	Short description
Banking	Deposits	Attracting free funds at interest
	RKO	Settlement and cash services
	Collection	Cash transfer to account
	Conversion	Purchase and sale of currency
	Warranty	Collateral for transactions with deferral of debt obligations as an alternative to collateral
	Lending	Issuance of commercial loans
	Forfaiting	Acquisition of commercial obligations of the importer to the exporter
	Factoring	Provides deferred payments for foreign economic activity
	Translation	Transactions from one account to another
Investment	Asset and capital management	Including confidential and direct
	Expert appraisal of property	Conclusion on the value of assets
	Investment consulting	Investment advice
	Investment broker services	Mediation in transactions on the stock market
Insurance	Insurance Broker Services	Insurance actions in the interests of the client on his own behalf
	Reinsurance	Transfer of insurance liabilities to another person
	Direct insurance of property and transactions	-
Other	Leasing	Financial lease of assets with or without the right to purchase at residual value
	Brokerage services	Intermediation on stock exchanges (currency, commodity, stock)
	Rating Services	Assignment of a credit rating
	Microloans	Issuance of small loans under a simplified system at higher rates
	Business consulting	Including the service "financial business plan"

Financial services companies have a major challenge to overcome a variety of challenges. The range of products offered includes:

• Outsourced bookkeeping.
• Attracting capital.
• Audit (mandatory and proactive).
• Advertising and other brand promotion activities.
• Directed market research.
• Analysis of costs and development of recommendations for their optimization.
• Assistance in renting or purchasing commercial real estate.
• Settlement of conflicts with authorities and contractors.
• Regular legal support and situational legal assistance.

Smaller companies are complementing the financial services of banks for business by being flexible, finding market niches not covered by them and acting more quickly. Let's look at a few examples.

Loans for foreign trade participants

Foreign economic activity is accompanied by many risks. The main problem is expressed by the “freezing” of foreign exchange funds. The importer, having paid for the delivery, has not yet received the goods. The exporter, carrying out customs clearance and shipping his goods, is also forced to wait for the receipt of proceeds.

Way out of the situation in foreign trade financing. Funds are attracted by banks on international markets at favorable interest rates and are used to pay off debts for the period of sale of imported goods or receive foreign exchange earnings for exported products. At the same time, financial clients do not divert their own funds, which they can use with efficiency exceeding the interest on the loan.

Foreign trade lending for up to five years is used for the purchase of equipment that pays for itself in years, as well as for payments for raw materials and components. Exceptions are certain types of products (dual-use goods, toxic substances, etc.), which are subject to legal restrictions.

If necessary, an additional deferral of loan repayment is possible, which is important when an importer grants a trade credit. This service is called post-export financing.

Paying bills via QR code

Everyone has probably seen QR codes today, although not always knowing what this mysterious square means. Any information can be encoded in a picture. For small businesses, the most important is the ability to pay using a QR code, which gives permission to transfer funds instead of entering the usual PIN.

The speed of the transaction increases, no special devices are required (a regular smartphone camera is enough). The code generation application is downloaded from the fast payment system and installed on the device.

The QR-coding technology serves as a means of expanding the client base not only of physical trade points, but also of online stores. Additional applications are also available, with the help of which the buyer orders delivery or receives a discount.

Currently, QR codes are widespread in the Russian entertainment industry: for visitors to cinemas, dolphinariums, art galleries and museums, smartphones replace entrance tickets. The advantage of this form of payment for services is that it can be implemented autonomously, within a separate organization.

Such financial services in Moscow are provided by McDonald's and Zara franchise networks. Their experience deserves detailed study and implementation in other trading and service companies.

Payment of customs duties

Assistance to small businesses consists of credit repayment of the customs duty with a delay of three months. The transaction is not financed by a bank - the payer may be a relatively small financial institution. Its advantages:

• minimum percentage of commission;
• centralized deposit of funds at several customs points;
• no hassle of returning balances;
• assigning risks to the contractor and removing them from the customer;
• no advance.

The service is provided in four stages;

1. Filing an application.
2. Checking the counterparty for financial stability.
3. Signing an agreement.
4. Fulfillment of obligations to make customs payments.

The service is of interest to enterprises that conduct foreign economic activity and do not have departments involved in customs clearance, so the search for clients is simplified as much as possible.

Advising a business built on mobile acquiring

One of the most common areas of business activity is online business. In the field of financial services, it opens up a number of opportunities for organizing a system of payment, planning, accounting and reporting.

A novice entrepreneur, turning to a specialized enterprise, concludes an agreement under which the contractor performs the following work.

FINANCIAL SERVICE FINANCIAL SERVICE - according to the definition of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition in the Financial Services Market" dated June 23, 1999, "activities related to the attraction and use of funds of legal entities and individuals." For the purposes of this Law as F.u. the implementation of banking operations and transactions, the provision of insurance services and services in the securities market, the conclusion of financial lease (leasing) agreements and agreements on trust management of funds or securities, as well as other financial services are considered.

Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

See what "FINANCIAL SERVICE" is in other dictionaries:

FINANCIAL SERVICE- activities related to the attraction and use of funds of legal entities and individuals: banking service, insurance service, service in the securities market, service under a leasing agreement, as well as a service provided by financial ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

financial service- 2) financial service banking service, insurance service, service in the securities market, service under a leasing agreement, as well as a service provided by a financial organization and related to the attraction and (or) placement of funds of legal and ... ... Official terminology

financial service- according to the definition of the Federal Law on the Protection of Competition in the Financial Services Market dated June 23, 1999, activities related to the attraction and use of funds from legal entities and individuals. For the purposes of this Law as F.u. ... ... Big Law Dictionary

financial service- Activities related to the attraction and use of funds from legal entities and individuals. As financial services, the implementation of banking operations and transactions, the provision of insurance services and services in the securities market are considered ... ... Vocabulary: accounting, taxes, business law

SERVICE FINANCIAL- FINANCIAL SERVICE… Legal Encyclopedia

Financial pyramid- (Financial Pyramid) A financial pyramid is a monetary structure that accumulates money by constantly attracting new investors Financial pyramid: a list of financial pyramids, the fight against financial pyramids, financial ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

Forfaiting- - a financial service in which the seller sells the receivables of buyers in their entirety and without stipulation of their liability in case of non-payment. Thus, when using forfaiting, the risk is assumed by a specialized ... ... Banking Encyclopedia

- (English international factoring) a type of factoring operation that provides financing for the supply of goods and services with a deferred payment in conditions where the seller and buyer are residents of different states. ... ... Wikipedia

Invoice discounting- - a financial service of banks, in which the seller is paid the amount owed by buyers. Unlike factoring, invoice discounting is not a payment for each transaction, but a one-time payment of the entire debt balance minus a certain ... ... Banking Encyclopedia

Factoring- - financial service of a specialized company or bank. In general, factoring is used as follows: the supplier sells the goods to the buyer without requiring immediate payment for it. For the buyer of this product, the seller is paid by a specialized ... ... Banking Encyclopedia

Books

• The legal category "financial service" in the legislation on protection of competition, N. V. Bandurina. The definition of a financial service in the new law has been amended. Elements of the financial service have undergone unification, i.е. every action included as a component in the financial ...

1.1. The concept and place of financial services in the activities of commercial banks and their economic essence

In modern economic literature, a unified approach to the definition of the concepts of "banking service" and "banking product" has not been developed. Moreover, a number of economists equate these two concepts. So E. A. Utkin understands a banking product (service) as a variety of actions in the financial market carried out by commercial banks on behalf of and in the interests of their customers, as well as for their own needs.

A number of authors define a banking product as a specific (specific or typified) banking service or banking operation provided to bank customers (external product) or having internal significance for the bank's operation (internal product).

According to the authors, the approach is more correct, in which the concepts of "banking product" and "banking service" are considered separately from each other. Let us consider in more detail the concept of "banking service".

Yu. S. Maslechenkov understands banking services as a form of meeting the needs of the bank's client. According to S. I. Lukash, the service of a commercial bank is a type of activity of a commercial bank aimed at attracting legal entities and individuals as regular customers.

Summarizing the above, we present the author's interpretation of the concept of "banking service".

Banking service - the intermediary activity of the bank, aimed at meeting the needs of the client when conducting a banking operation, without leading to a change in the form of the product of labor.

The classification of banking services can be represented as follows: depending on the purpose:

a) strategic services enable the bank's clients to develop and implement strategic changes in the nature, direction and scope of activities;

b) current services help the bank's clients achieve the goals specified in the annual plan in an optimal way;

c) operational services contribute to the preparation and rapid resolution of an unplanned problem for bank customers;

D) special services allow clients to receive professional assistance in unforeseen situations; depending on who is provided:

a) individuals: deposit operations, operations with foreign currency, non-cash settlements with the population;

b) legal entities: settlement and cash services;

c) commercial banks: interbank lending;

d) to the state: operations with budgetary funds.

Let us highlight the specific characteristics of a banking service that distinguish it from a banking product:

– intangibility of services, their abstract nature;

- the variability of the quality of services and the inseparability of services from the qualifications of the people who provide them;

- non-persistence of services.

A banking product is understood as the result of a logical understanding of a banking operation and the banking technology underlying it, drawn up in the form of a completed document and stored on a specific material carrier.

Or a “bank product” - the material part of the design of a banking service - a card, a savings book, a traveler's check.

Like a banking service, a banking product has its own types:

Simple product - implemented by one functional unit of the bank by providing one service to the client

A complex product - they can participate in its implementation
several divisions of the bank for a long time by providing the client with a comprehensive service.

A bank that cares about its competitiveness and profitability should expand the list of its services and products (product line), since such development is ensured by a special mechanism for increasing product strength, including:

– identifying customer needs for new banking services;

- development of a task for creating a product, the implementation of which will ensure the provision of the required service;

– formation of the regulations for the provision of the required service;

– creation of a methodology for information support of the service provision process;

– resolving issues related to the organization of a working group (if necessary) to provide a service, with an assessment of its cost, with material incentives for product developers and service providers;

– development of a set of documentation and an agreement with the customer regulating the provision of services.

Along with the concepts of "banking service" and "banking product", it is necessary to consider the concept of "banking operation".

A banking transaction is a form of a transaction between a credit institution and its client. It should be considered as a system of actions provided for by banking legislation and Bank of Russia regulations, which a credit institution is obliged to perform in order for it to fulfill its obligations to the client in a quality manner.

In its content, a banking operation is a technology for the activities of a credit institution, and in order for this technology to be observed, it must be adequately enshrined in the norms of banking law.

Thus, a banking operation is a technology for the implementation of a transaction provided for by the norms of banking law.

Financial services are financial intermediation services, and often, and / or credit. Examples of organizations providing financial services are banks, investment banks, insurance and leasing companies, brokerage companies and many other companies. Financial services is the largest industry in the world in terms of revenue, according to 2004 data, the share of market capitalization of this industry in the banking sector 500 is 20%

The concepts of banking operations and transactions of credit institutions are interpreted differently in the economic and legal literature, but the concept of a banking operation is somehow identified with transactions. However, these two concepts should not be confused with each other.

Consider the main differences between a banking operation and a transaction. The transaction is carried out by mutual agreement of the parties. Neither side has the right to impose its will on the other side. Unlike a transaction, a banking operation has an imperative nature. Its imperative nature is due to the fact that it is regulated by the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activity” and the regulations of the Bank of Russia adopted in accordance with it. In addition, the concepts under consideration belong to different types of legal relations. A transaction is the subject of a civil legal relationship, and a banking operation is the subject of a banking legal relationship.

1.2. Types of financial services of commercial banks

As a rule, in all countries a number of financial services are regulated in a special way, the right to perform which belongs only to banks. These services include:

attraction of funds in deposits;

Settlement and cash services;

Collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents

purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash forms;

issuance of bank guarantees;

There are financial services that are provided not only by banks:

– lending (including home loans or mortgages);

– factoring;

Money transfers. There is also the concept of microfinance and microfinance services (microcredit, microinsurance, etc.). These services are provided in developing and backward countries to people who, due to their poor financial situation, cannot qualify for ordinary financial services.

A commercial bank carries out a number of operations for which it receives a commission, accruals and fees, called financial services. These operations include:

– leasing;

– factoring;

- trust.

1. Leasing or financing operations for the rental of property has been developed in the banking environment in the last third of the 20th century. Leasing is understood as a long-term lease of machinery and equipment or a lease agreement for machinery or equipment purchased by the lessor for the lessee for the purpose of their production use, while maintaining the ownership of them by the lessor for the entire term of the contract.

The object of leasing can be any kind of material assets, if it is not destroyed in the production cycle. By the nature of the leased object, leasing of movable and immovable property is distinguished.

The subjects of a leasing transaction are the parties directly related to the object of the transaction. However, they can be divided into direct and indirect. The direct participants in the transaction include: leasing firms or companies (lessors or lessors); lessees or tenants; suppliers of the objects of the transaction are manufacturing and trading companies.

Indirect participants are: commercial and investment banks lending to the lessor and acting as guarantors of transactions; Insurance companies.

Bank participation in leasing is carried out in 2 ways:

- loan. The Bank lends to the lessor, providing him with a loan for one leasing operation or a package of leasing agreements, taking into account the reputation and creditworthiness of the lessor;

- acquisition of liabilities. The bank purchases non-recourse obligations of its customers from the lessor, taking into account the reputation of the lessees and the efficiency of the project.

In theory, there are 2 main types of leasing.

Operational leasing is a lease relationship in which the lessor's expenses related to the acquisition and maintenance of leased items are not covered by rental payments during one leasing contract. The object of the transaction in operational leasing are the popular and most frequently used types of machinery and equipment. Therefore, operational leasing has become widespread in such industries as agriculture, transport, construction, electronic information processing. After the completion of the leasing agreement, the lessee has the following opportunities: to extend the term of the agreement on more favorable terms; return the equipment to the lessor; buy equipment from the lessor if there is an option to purchase at the market price.

Financial leasing is an agreement that provides for the payment of lease payments during the period of its validity, covering the full cost of equipment depreciation or most of it, additional costs and profits of the lessor. After the completion of the contract, the lessee can: buy the object of the transaction at the residual value; conclude a new contract for a shorter period and at a reduced rate; return the object of the transaction to the leasing company.

In the project of leasing operations, the most difficult is to determine the amount of leasing (rental) payments due to the lessor.

2. Factoring is a type of commission transaction combined with lending to the supplier's working capital and the associated assignment of unpaid debt claims (invoices and bills of exchange) that arise between counterparties in the process of selling goods and services to a factoring company or bank.

At present, the bank's factoring operation is a supplier service system, which includes accounting, information, marketing, insurance, credit and legal services. Thanks to factoring, the supplier creates optimal conditions for concentrating efforts on the production operation.

By advancing funds to the supplier before the maturity of the requirements, the bank lends it. The amount of the advance varies from 70 to 90% of the transaction amount, depending on the creditworthiness of the client. The remaining 10-30%, after deducting the interest for the loan and commission for services, is credited to the client's blocked account (insurance fund). Thus, if the addressee of payment requests is insolvent, then the losses are divided between the bank and the supplier. Upon successful completion of the factoring contract, after paying the debt, the amount of the insurance fund is reimbursed to the supplier.

3. Trust operations - operations for the management of property, other assets owned by the client. Thanks to trust operations, a commercial bank receives: wider access to additional financial resources that can be used to the benefit of the bank; commission under a trust agreement or a share of the profits received as a result of the effective management of the bank's assets.

Trust operations are represented by the following asset management operations: storage; representation of the interests of the principal; income management and investment; purchase and sale of assets; attraction and repayment of loans, issue and initial placement of securities; establishment, reorganization and liquidation of a legal entity; transfer of ownership of property (donation, inheritance); maintenance of personal bank accounts of clients, cash and financial management, settlement of obligations; temporary management of the enterprise.

2. Analysis of financial services of commercial banks

2.1. Leasing operations, their role and significance

In world practice, the term "leasing" is used to refer to various kinds of transactions based on the lease of durable goods. Depending on the term for which the lease agreement is concluded, there are three types of lease; short-term (rating) - for a period from one day to one year; medium-term (hairing) - for a period of one to three years; long-term (leasing) - for a period of three to 20 years or more.

Leasing is usually understood as a lease or long-term lease of machinery and equipment purchased by the lessor for the lessee for the purpose of their production use while retaining ownership of them by the lessor for the entire term of the contract. In addition, leasing can be considered as a specific form of financing investments in fixed assets through a specialized (leasing) company that acquires property for a third party and leases this property to him for a long-term period. Thus, the leasing company actually lends to the tenant. Therefore, leasing is sometimes called "credit-rent" (French "credit-buy").

Unlike a sale and purchase agreement, under which the ownership of the goods passes from the seller to the buyer, in leasing the ownership of the leased asset remains with the lessor, and the lessee acquires only the right to its temporary use. After the expiration of the lease agreement, the lessee can purchase the object of the transaction at an agreed price, extend the lease agreement or return the equipment to the owner after the expiration of the agreement.

From an economic point of view, leasing is similar to a loan granted for the purchase of equipment. With a loan to fixed assets, the borrower makes payments to repay the debt on time, while the bank, to ensure the repayment of the loan, retains ownership of the loaned object until the loan is fully repaid. In leasing, the tenant becomes the owner of the leased property only after the expiration of the contract and payment of the full cost of the leased property. However, this similarity is typical only for financial leasing. For another type of leasing - operational - there is a greater similarity with the classic equipment lease.

In its legal form, a leasing transaction is a kind of long-term lease of investment assets. A clear definition of this operation is of great practical importance, since if the rules established by law for its execution are not observed, it cannot be recognized as a leasing transaction, which is fraught with a number of adverse financial consequences for the participants in the operation.

The basis of the leasing transaction is its object and subjects (parties of the leasing agreement); term of the leasing agreement (leasing period); lease payments; leasing services.

The object of a leasing transaction can be any kind of material assets, if it is not destroyed in the production cycle. By the nature of the leased object, leasing of movable and immovable property is distinguished.

The subjects of such a transaction are the parties directly related to the object of the transaction. In this case, it can be divided into direct participants and indirect ones.

The direct ones are:

leasing firms or companies (lessors or lessors);


production (industrial and agricultural), trade and transport enterprises and the population (lessees or tenants);


suppliers of the objects of the transaction - production (industrial) and trading companies.


Indirect participants are:


commercial and investment banks lending to the lessor and acting as guarantors of transactions;


Insurance companies;


brokerage and other intermediary firms.


When designing leasing operations, it is most “false to determine the amount of leasing (rental) payments due to the lessor. With short- and medium-term leases, the amount of payments is largely determined by the market conditions for the leased goods. In case of long-term lease (leasing), methodologically justified calculations are used as the basis for calculating lease payments, which is associated with a significant cost of the object of the transaction and a long term of the leasing contract. The modern market of leasing services is characterized by a variety of forms of leasing, models of its contracts and legal norms governing such operations. Depending on the various signs, their operations can be grouped as follows:


according to the composition of participants: in which the owner of the property independently leases the object (bilateral transaction); indirect, when the transfer of property occurs through an intermediary (tripartite
or multilateral deal). A special case of the former is leaseback, the essence of which is that the leasing company acquires equipment from the owner and leases it to him;


by type of property: leasing of movable, immovable, as well as property that was in operation;


according to the degree of payback: leasing with full payback, in which during the term of one agreement there is a full payment of the value of the property, and incomplete, when only part of the cost of the leased property is paid off during the term of one agreement;


under the terms of depreciation: leasing with full depreciation and, accordingly, with full payment of the cost of the leased object and with incomplete, i.e. with partial payment of the cost;


according to the degree of payback and depreciation conditions, they distinguish: financial leasing, that is, during the period of the leasing agreement, the tenant pays the landlord the entire cost of the leased property (full depreciation). It requires large capital investments and is carried out in cooperation with banks; operational, i.e., the transfer of property is carried out for a period less than the period of its depreciation. The contract is concluded for a period of 2 to 5 years. The object of such leasing is usually equipment with a high rate of obsolescence;


in terms of service volume: pure leasing, if the lessee undertakes all maintenance of the leased object; with a full range of services - full maintenance of the object of the transaction is assigned to
the lessor; with a partial set of services - the lessor is assigned only certain functions for servicing the subject of leasing;


depending on the market sector where transactions take place: domestic - all participants in the transaction represent one country; international leasing - at least one of the parties or all parties are owned by different
countries, and also if one of the parties is a joint venture. The latter is divided into export and import. In export leasing, the foreign country is the lessee, and in the case of import leasing, the lessor;


in relation to tax depreciation benefits: fictitious - the transaction is speculative


nature and is concluded with the aim of extracting the greatest profit by obtaining unreasonable tax and depreciation transactions; valid lease - the landlord is entitled to tax benefits such as an investment discount and accelerated depreciation, and the tenant can deduct rental payments from income claimed for tax purposes;


By the nature of lease payments: with a cash payment - all payments are made in cash; with compensation - payments are made by the supply of goods produced on this equipment, or in the form of a counter service; as well as with mixed payment.


Existing forms of leasing can be combined into two main types: operational and financial leasing. Operational leasing is a lease relationship in which the lessor's expenses related to the acquisition and maintenance of leased items are not covered by rental payments during one leasing contract. Financial - this is an agreement that provides for the payment of lease payments during the period of its validity, covering the full cost of equipment depreciation or most of it, additional costs and profits of the lessor.


2.2. Factoring and forfaiting as a form of organization of services and settlements


Factoring is a fairly common form of lending in foreign banking practice.


Initially, factoring, known since the 16th-17th centuries, arose as an operation of specialized resellers, and later merchant banks joined it. But only in the 60s of our century, factor operations replaced commercial credit in the form of bills of exchange and began to be widely used to service the process of selling products. This was caused by increased inflationary processes and instability in the economies of a number of countries at that time, which required faster sales of products, i.e. acceleration of the transfer of capital from the commodity form to the monetary one.


The bill of exchange form of payment widely used in market economy countries does not always guarantee the timely receipt of funds and the reimbursement of the actual costs of production. Therefore, the problem of receivables for suppliers has become of paramount importance.


One of the most promising types of banking services
factoring is a risky but highly profitable business, an effective financial marketing tool, one of the forms of integrating banking operations that are most adapted to modern economic development processes.


The factoring operation is a purchase by a bank or a specialized factoring company of the supplier's monetary claims against the buyer and their collection for a certain fee. This is a method of lending to a supplier with the condition of repayment of the loan in the form of an assignment or assignment of the right of claim to the buyer.


The term "factoring" from English - intermediary, agent. Factoring is the acquisition of the right to collect debts, to resell goods and
services with subsequent receipt of payments on them. In this case, we are talking, as a rule, about short-term requirements. In other words, factoring is a kind of intermediary activity in which an intermediary firm (factoring company) for a certain fee receives from the enterprise the right to collect and credit to its account the amounts of money due to it from buyers (the right to collect receivables).


At the same time, the intermediary lends to the client's working capital and assumes its credit and currency risks. In Russian legislation, factoring is understood as a financing agreement for the assignment of a monetary claim.


Forfaiting (English, forfeiting) is a form of lending to foreign economic operations in the form of purchasing bills of exchange from an exporter, accepted by an importer. In forfaiting, the seller assigns his claims to the buyer to a specific credit institution. The seller buys the entire amount at once minus interest. In this case, the buyer of goods liquidates his debt obligations with a regular (usually semi-annual) installment. Forfeiting differs from the usual accounting of bills of exchange by banks in that it involves the transfer of all risks on a debt obligation to its buyer - the forfaitor. Forfaiting allows you to reduce the seller's receivables, improve the structure of the balance sheet, and accelerate the turnover of capital. Although forfeiting is more expensive than a bank loan, it stabilizes lending rates and simplifies the assignment of bills of exchange and other debt claims.


In accordance with the Convention on International Factoring, adopted in 1988 by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, a transaction is considered factoring if it satisfies at least two of the four criteria: 1) availability of credit in the form of prepayment of debt claims; 2) accounting of the supplier, primarily accounting for sales; 3) collection of his debts; 4) supplier insurance against credit risk. However, in a number of countries
Factoring still includes the accounting of invoices - an operation that satisfies only one, the first of these signs.


Financial institutions that provide factoring services are called factor firms. They are created by the largest banks (or the banks themselves act as factor firms, which ensures high reliability of factoring transactions and minimal costs for customers.


Factoring is only applicable to regularly recurring short-term sales contracts. The main advantage of regularly recurring short-term contracts over long-term contracts is that the former facilitates adaptive, consistent decisions.


Factoring is beneficial for both the supplier, the buyer and the factoring bank. Additional income and benefits of the supplier associated with factoring services.


In world practice, there are the following types of factoring operations:


Buying invoices at a discount and paying a factor;


Acceptance by the factor firm of all operations for accounting for the company's sales with the maintenance of all accounts of its debtors and debt collection;


- providing a guarantee of full payment for the goods, even if the buyer delays or does not pay the debt at all.


Factoring provides the supplier with the following benefits:


Early implementation of debt claims;


Exemption from the risk of non-payment;


Simplification of the balance sheet structure;


Savings on administrative and accounting costs.


In world practice, factoring companies, as a rule, are created in the form of subsidiaries of large banks. This is due to the fact that factoring operations require the mobilization of significant funds that factoring companies receive from “parent banks” on concessional lending terms. Factoring companies' own funds usually do not exceed 30% of their resources.


There are three parties involved in factoring operations: 1) an intermediary factor, which may be, as noted above, the factoring department of a bank or a specialized factoring company; 2) client (supplier of goods) - an industrial or trading company that has entered into an agreement with an intermediary factor; 3) the buyer of the goods.


In Russia, factoring activities are regulated by Chapter 43 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation “Funding against the assignment of a monetary claim”. Art. 824 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that under a financing agreement against the assignment of a monetary claim, one party (financial agent) transfers or undertakes to transfer funds to the other party (client) against the monetary claim of the client (creditor) to a third party (debtor) arising from the provision of goods by the client , performance of work or provision of services to a third party, and the client assigns or undertakes to assign this monetary claim to the financial agent. Therefore, the provision of funds in the form of prepayment of debt claims is a defining feature of factoring activities. These norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation apply only to financing transactions under the assignment of the right to claim, and not to collection operations.


Under civil law, banks and other credit institutions, as well as other commercial organizations licensed to carry out activities of this type, can act as a financial agent.


Factoring can act in two forms: open and closed.


Open factoring is a type of factoring in which the payer (debtor) is notified that the supplier (client) has assigned the claim to the intermediary factor. The debtor makes the payment directly to the intermediary.


Closed, or confidential, factoring got its name due to the fact that it is a hidden source of funds for crediting the supplier's sales, since the buyer is not at all aware of the supplier's assignment of the requirement to the intermediary factor. In this case, the debtor makes settlements with the supplier himself, who, after receiving the payment, must transfer the corresponding part of it to the factoring company to repay the loan.


The contract between the client and the intermediary factor may provide for the right of recourse, or the right of the factor to return to the client unpaid invoices by the buyer with the requirement to repay the loan. In world practice, factoring with the right of recourse is rarely used - factoring firms, as a rule, take on the entire risk of non-payment of the buyer.


The legal basis for the relationship of the intermediary factor with the client is an agreement that defines the monetary claim - the subject of assignment, type of factoring, the term of the agreement, whether the factor has the right of recourse to the client, the amount of the factoring loan and fees for its provision, the obligations of the intermediary to provide additional services to the client, the amount commission fee of the intermediary, the right of the intermediary to the subsequent assignment of the claim, other rights and obligations of the parties, guarantees for the fulfillment of the obligations assumed by the parties and liability for their violation, the procedure for processing documents and other conditions at the discretion of the parties.


The factoring transaction is preceded by a serious analytical work of the factor on risk assessment. Having received the supplier's application, the factoring company or bank carries out preliminary work, as in the issuance of a conventional loan: it comprehensively assesses the client's creditworthiness, the scope of its activities, the types of products, the possibility of its sale on the market, the structure and duration of receivables, the solvency of the main buyers, products. With a positive decision, the intermediary factor concludes an agreement with the client. The contract may provide for both one-time crediting of the client, and the obligation of the factor to credit the client's sales for a certain period of time. In the latter case, the maximum amount of the factoring loan is set.


In Western financial markets, factoring, due to its advantages, has already gained significant positions. At the same time, banks play an important role in the development of factoring. Almost all large banks have specialized departments for factoring.


In Russia, at present, factoring operations are not used by banks, which is due to the prohibitively high risks of their commission due to the massive nature of non-payments in the economy, the difficult financial situation of commodity producers. The consequence of this is the supply of goods (works, services) on a prepaid basis, as well as the predominantly financial, rather than commodity nature of bills of exchange issued into circulation.


2.3. Trust (trust) services of banks and their types


Trust operations are trust operations that banks provide in the form of various services to their clients - legal entities and individuals. Such operations are carried out on the basis of an agreement on the establishment of a trust.


Trust services include the management of real estate and other property, the formation and management of an investment portfolio, the acceptance of valuables for safekeeping, the management of property as a guardian of an incompetent owner, the settlement of creditors' claims against a bankrupt company, the administration of property under a will. The members of the trust are as follows.



trustee, those. the owner of property or property rights, which he transfers to management by proxy to the trustee. The founder of a trust can be any natural or legal person, including a state authority or administration, an enterprise, institution, public, religious, charitable organization, as well as a foreign, natural or legal person, a stateless person, an international organization.



Trustee - this is a legal or natural person who assumes the functions of property management on the terms stipulated by the trust agreement. Banks that are interested in the development of trust operations often act as trustees.



Beneficiary - This is any natural or legal person in whose favor a trust agreement has been concluded. The beneficiary of the trust has the right to receive income arising from the ownership of property transferred to the trust to the trustee, within the limits and on the terms established by the trust agreement. The settlor may also be the beneficiary of the trust.


Legal relations associated with a trust arise as a result of the establishment of a trust on the basis of an agreement on this concluded between the founder of the trust and the trustee in favor of the beneficiary.


When establishing a trust, the founder transfers the property and property rights belonging to him as property for a certain period of time to the trustee, and the trustee is obliged to exercise the right of ownership to the property entrusted to him exclusively in the interests of the beneficiary. After the trust agreement has entered into force, the founder is not entitled to interfere in the actions of the trustee in managing the subject matter of the trust. The trustee has the exclusive right to determine what course of action in exercising the rights and obligations arising from the trust agreement is in the best interests of the beneficiary. At the same time, he must act in good faith, avoiding confusion of personal interests with the interests of the founder or beneficiary.


The settlor is given the right to verify the fulfillment of the conditions of the trust. The trustee is obliged to provide the founder with the necessary documents for this, as well as submit to him balance sheets and reports on his actions no later than one month after the end of the relevant quarter.


The development of trust operations will lead to the creation of special trust departments in large banks. In relatively small banks, trust operations are entrusted to individual employees.


Banks are interested in performing the functions of trustees, as they get the opportunity to use resources in excess of their own and attracted in the form of deposits and interbank loans, additional income at relatively low costs for conducting trust operations and significantly expand ties with the clientele and other banks due to the diversification of services and the expansion of correspondent relations.


The special interest of banks in trust operations is that banks invest the capital entrusted to them in shares and bonds of large, well-established, highly profitable companies. In this case, the income received is divided with the founder of the trust.


The desire to develop trust and other trust operations is shown by both legal entities and individuals - clients of banks. Trust operations performed by banks for individuals include the execution of wills, guardianship and other functions.


Banks store various valuables without their active use and manage the property of individuals.


The most characteristic here is the management of a portfolio of securities. Banks analyze the state of this portfolio, sell and buy new securities. The fact is that portfolio management by one individual is difficult, and often impossible, since for this you need to have systematized information about the issuers of securities. Banks accumulate such information and offer the most effective investment solutions.


One of the types of trust services is the maintenance of the register of shareholders. Banks have a sufficiently developed computer system, without which it is practically impossible to monitor the state of the securities market. When servicing the register of shareholders, the bank charges a commission. As a result, he receives income and extensive information about the client. For its part, the client, when concluding a contract, reduces his costs, since he does not need to maintain special staff and appropriate computer equipment. Moreover, in order for a purchase and sale transaction to be valid and legally binding, it must be registered by a financial institution, in particular a bank. Maintaining the register includes its formation based on the results of subscription, accounting for changes in the composition of owners based on the results of the movement of shares and other securities, accrual of dividends and interest with their crediting to the relevant deposit accounts. However, it should be borne in mind that, in accordance with the Law on Joint Stock Companies, adopted on December 26, 1995, a company with more than five hundred shareholders owning ordinary shares is obliged to entrust the maintenance of the register of shareholders to a specialized registrar.


Banks acting as depositaries for government short-term and treasury bills perform, in essence, trust operations. The possibilities of the trust are expanding due to the fact that Russian joint-stock companies, following the experience of Western European ones, create systems for private pension provision, as well as profit sharing in addition to receiving dividends. The main goal of organizing such systems is to provide material support for the company's personnel of pre-retirement or retirement age, stimulate higher labor productivity, reduce staff turnover, provide employees in case of disability, and promote participation in enterprise management. Employee incentive systems can take many forms, but the task of the trust departments of commercial banks in this case is to invest the formed cash (pension) funds that arise on the basis of various incentive systems. At the same time, trust departments of banks can take into account the amounts due to each employee and pay them money according to the trust agreement. For example, if the latter provides for insurance, then the trust department buys individual insurance policies for each employee at the expense of the employer's contributions.


Promising is the cooperation of banks through trust operations with private pension funds, which are created to provide additional pension services to the population in addition to pensions paid from the state pension fund. Such funds will also use the services of trust departments of commercial banks, entrusting the latter with their funds for management. Since the funds have long-term reserves, they will invest them in securities. Banks can perform qualified intermediary services for managing the portfolio of securities of funds, as it has long been done in many Western countries.


Along with the above, the following trust operations with securities are possible:


– mediation in organizing the issue and initial placement of securities;


– storage, protection, transportation and transfer of securities on behalf of;


– return (partial or full) of callable bonds or preferred shares in case of their recall by the issuer before maturity;


– redemption of debt securities at maturity;


– converting preferred shares and bonds into common shares;


– use of the rights to purchase derivative securities, giving shareholders a preferential right to purchase company shares;


– replacement of securities in case of their damage, theft, loss, etc., including legal, documentary and organizational procedures related to their replacement;


– replacement of securities when changing the name of the joint-stock company;


- the exchange of securities upon division of the company (for example, shares of the old company of choice for shares of any of several new companies formed from it). Exchange of securities in the event of a merger of companies (shares of one of the old companies for shares of a new one formed as a result of the merger);


– implementation of a tender offer (a public offer to acquire a controlling interest in a joint-stock company by purchasing its shares on a set date at a certain price, often above the market price);


– Spin-off (separation of a structural subdivision from the company and creation of a new joint-stock company on its basis);


– reinvestment of dividends from securities, as well as income received from the increase in market value, other forms of using income from securities (crediting to certain accounts, making certain expenses). Creation and use of reserves against possible losses on securities;


– placement of securities as collateral and mediation in this;


– granting and receiving loans with securities;


– mediation in insurance of risks associated with securities and transactions with them;


– implementation of the procedures specified by law for legal fixing of the fact of non-payment on debt securities, as well as the subsequent recovery of unfulfilled monetary obligations. Organization of bill protest;


– acting as an agent for payments and for the exchange of securities;


– performance of the functions of a trustee for a bonded loan. The bank's income from conducting trust operations is established in the form of commissions on a contractual basis.


The commission can be defined as follows:


– quarterly or annual installment as a percentage of the principal amount;


– a contribution in the form of interest from the principal amount after the end of the trust agreement;


- regular, once a quarter or a year, deductions from income from the trust. Trust operations are accounted for in the balance sheet of the bank, income received as a result of trust operations are included in the total amount of income and, therefore, participate in the formation of the bank's balance sheet profit.


Conclusion


As a result of the completed course work, the following conclusions and conclusions can be drawn.


Financial services are financial intermediation services, and often, and / or credit. Examples of organizations providing financial services are banks, investment banks, insurance and leasing companies, brokerage companies and many other companies.


Today, in the context of the development of the commodity and the formation of the financial market, the structure of the banking system is changing dramatically. There are new types of financial institutions, new credit instruments and methods of customer service. There is a search for optimal forms of arrangement of the credit system, an efficient mechanism in the capital market, new methods of servicing commercial structures. Creating a stable, flexible and efficient banking infrastructure is one of the most important tasks of economic reform in Russia. The task is complicated by the fact that in addition to purely economic difficulties, social ones are added: the legal framework is constantly changing; rampant crime in the country - as a result - the desire of mafia structures to seize such a highly profitable under inflation conditions as banking; the desire of most bankers to get momentary profit - as a result - the development of only one line of activity, which leads to the threat of bankruptcy of individual banks and crises of the banking system as a whole (fascination with private deposits last year, the collapse of the interbank loan market this year, etc.)