Who invented the Internet. What year did the Internet appear

The Internet has become so tightly integrated into the life of a modern person that it is sometimes even difficult to imagine that it could not exist. It's even harder to imagine how we could ever get by without the Internet today. Indeed, thanks to this invention, any boundaries and distances practically ceased to exist. Everything on the web is at arm's length. This is truly a worldwide phenomenon. Few people think about it or attach importance to it, but the history of the creation and development of this means of communication is quite interesting. And yet, who invented the Internet? What sequence of events led to his appearance that gave rise to such an incredible rise in popularity?

At the beginning

If you try to look at the very origins, the history of the Internet goes back to the very first computer networks that appeared in 1956. Naturally, almost every invention is preceded by a certain need. Even then, there was a need to combine computing technology in order to provide simplified data exchange and increase productivity.

In 1957, the US Defense Department decided to start developing reliable information and communication systems in case there was any danger from the outside. DARPA (US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) has proposed the use of computer networks in this capacity. All this was a great start of the whole information sphere. Of course, the Internet in the form in which we know it will appear much later.

The prototype of the Internet - ARPANET

It cannot be said that the creation of the Internet took place overnight; rather, it was created in stages. The design and development of the network was entrusted to the four largest scientific institutions. These are California State Universities in Santa Barbara and Los Angeles, the University of Utah and the Stanford Research Center. In 1969, they were united among themselves in a network called ARPANET.

The development was funded by the US Department of Defense. Subsequently, other research centers and scientific institutions joined the network. Many expressed a desire to take part in the work on building and improving the technology. The installation of the first server took place on September 2, 1969. A computer called the Honeywell DP-516 had an insignificant, by today's standards, amount of RAM - 24 kilobytes.

By the way, there is another person who can be considered the forefather of the Network. This is Joseph Licklider. He was one of the first active promoters of global networking. If you ask yourself who invented the Internet, then part of the credit definitely belongs to him. He published his ideas, very close in meaning to the Internet that we see now, back in 1960 in the article “Man-Computer Symbiosis”.

Birthday

We have come to the main issue. In what year was the Internet invented? So, on October 29, 1969, a momentous event occurred. Charlie Kline, who was in Los Angeles, was trying to establish a remote connection to a computer in Stanford, located at a distance of 640 kilometers. There, the reception of the transmitted characters was controlled by Bill Duvall, confirming the success by phone. It was planned to send the LOGIN command, but on the first attempt only two characters were sent - LO, after which the Network went down. Functioning resumed quickly, and by about 10:30 p.m., the transfer had been successfully completed. We can say that from this date the Internet takes its actual beginning.

Further development

When the performance of the new technology was experimentally verified, the systematic development of related software began. 1971 is the year of birth of the first mail client. Of course, it was far from the software that is available now, but it quickly gained popularity.

Already in 1973, the Network began to acquire the image of an international one, since organizations from another continent, namely Europe, were attached. The first countries were Great Britain and Norway. The connection was made through the transatlantic telephone trunk.

In general, in the 1970s, the main services that were available and used on the Internet were e-mail, news, bulletin boards. Even mailing lists appeared even then, although there was no spam then, everything was just on business. Spam appeared a little later.

Network Engineering

To make using the Internet as simple and intuitive as it is now, there was still a lot of work to be done. In particular, at that time there was no interaction with other computer networks that were built according to other standards. The creators, engineers and programmers faced a difficult and interesting task: it was necessary to develop a protocol that would standardize and make it possible for diverse networks to work together.

Jon Postel played a huge role in resolving this issue. It was he who came up with the concept of TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol), which replaced the previously used NCP. It is with the help of TCP / IP that the association (or merging, overlaying) of networks occurs. The protocol was adopted in 1983 (later, however, it was repeatedly subjected to changes and improvements). So among the names of those who invented the Internet or made a significant contribution to it, his name can definitely stand.

At the same time, the ARPANET was increasingly referred to as the "Internet". By the way, this name itself is an abbreviation for INTERconnected NETworks, which means “interconnected networks”.

And in 1984, they completed the development and implemented the domain name system. The scientific name is Domain Name Server, DNS. Thanks to this, you now write website addresses in letters. If there were no DNS, I would have to write sets of numbers - IP addresses.

Well-known chats - real-time communication - work on IRC (Internet Relay Chat) technology, which was created in 1988.

Another predecessor

In fact, the history of the Internet is very rich in many faces, factors, backgrounds and coincidences. It's easy to write an entire book. But we will focus on the most basic events. In 1984, the US National Science Foundation launched a large inter-university network - NFCnet, which became a serious competitor for ARPANET. It connected several small networks, had more bandwidth, and in the first year about 10,000 computers connected to it.

The key point was that NFCnet used the principle of "core networks", which provides high stability, speed and reliability. This feature was a major breakthrough, outlining the contours of the technology that we have now.

However, the core networks did not become the final stage of development. In 1993, they were replaced by even more advanced NAPs, or, more simply, access points. This opened up the possibility of interoperability between commercial networks, which further expanded the boundaries of the use of the Internet.

The technical background is, perhaps, a symbiosis of ARPANET and NFCnet.

World Wide Web, or the well-known WWW

Few people know, but the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN, the one that scared us with the launch of the Large Hadron Collider) played a big role in making the Internet so popular among ordinary users. More specifically, the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee, who worked there. It was he who came up with the concept that later became the World Wide Web.

Over the course of two years, he developed HTTP, the URI system, and HTML. The latter is a programming language using hypertext markup. To make it clear how huge this contribution is, it is worth saying that almost all sites are written in HTML (all other options appeared much later). With HTTP technology, users access the vast majority of Internet resources, and URLs (a subtype of URI) are the names that we see in the address bar of a web browser.

So, what we constantly use when browsing sites is just the Web. And the Internet is a network through which information and servers are accessed. Nowadays, the Internet is identified directly with the Web, although this is not the same thing.

Some more facts

In 1990, the service and operation of the ARPANET network was terminated due to the need for it having disappeared. We can say that the final transition to the Internet has taken place. At the same time, the first connection to the network was made using a telephone line.

The World Wide Web went public in 1991. And the very first web browser called NCSA Mosaic was developed by Mark Anderssen in 1993. Perhaps it was Mosaic, together with HTTP, that ensured such a rapid spread of the Internet and its incredible popularity. The first is due to a clear and thoughtful user interface, and the second is due to the fact that it provided all the necessary communications and made it possible to develop content. Now it was really the Internet information network.

Later, providers began to provide data exchange, instead of university and other supercomputers. The World Wide Web Consortium, W3C, was organized. And already in 1995, WWW overtook all other protocols in terms of the amount of information transmitted.

Rapid growth

In the 1990s, the Internet united almost all disparate networks and grew significantly in all respects. These are hardware and software, the number of sites and other information, access speed and stability. But the main growth is the number of users. For 5 years of existence, the audience has already amounted to more than 50 million users. For comparison, it took television 13 years to collect the same number. Today, more than two billion people are connected to the network, and this figure is growing steadily.

A wide variety of services have emerged, such as video streaming, cloud storage, social networks, forums, blogs, and more. Data transfer occurs at high speeds and in gigantic volumes. Hundreds of petabytes of information pass through the network every day. In general, it is now difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without the World Wide Web. Now access can be obtained via satellite, mobile communications, cable and fiber optic backbones, from almost anywhere on Earth. The Internet has become an integral part of our existence.

Conclusion

There are too many key figures in the history of the creation and development of global networks to unambiguously answer the question of who invented the Internet. This did not happen at once, but many talented specialists worked on it.

The advent of the Internet is not a whim or an experiment, it was due to many factors that made it simply inevitable. One can only give credit to all the above-mentioned people for the fact that we have such an indispensable thing as the Internet at our disposal.

So who invented the internet?

Well, the very first answer is obvious: one name is not here and cannot be. And here is a list of the names of those people who invented the Internet, I will give.

Who Invented the Internet? Creation idea.

The initial idea of ​​creating a network in which it will be possible to communicate not by telephone or by means of television belongs to Leonard Kleinrock(Leonard Kleinrock). So, at the end of May 1961, his first work appeared under the title "Information flow in large communication networks." One year later, Joseph (J. C. R.) Carl Licklider becomes the first director of the first-ever Information Technology Division of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Having taken office, he submits his vision of the galactic network for discussion to the first persons of the Pentagon.

Soon these two are joined by (Robert Taylor), later founder of Xerox PARC and DEC centers and companies. The three of them almost completely formed the basic principles of the idea of ​​a global network. A little later, this network acquired the name APRANET.

APRANET- the network of the Office for Advanced Research Programs (a packet-switched network that appeared on paper in 1966 and organized at the very beginning of the 1970s). This network is the prototype of the Internet as we know it. Now the network does not exist - it was disbanded in February 1990. And then the emergence of a network that was designed to connect to a single global network of university and research computers was marked by the inclusion of two points of attachment to the network (nodes) of computers at the University of California at Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute.

The Internet itself, in the form in which it exists now, began to be developed in the late 1960s in the same United States. In 1968, at the Stanford Research Institute, Elmer Shapiro chaired the first meeting of the NWG Network Working Group. Its members were just beginning to discuss issues related to how computers would communicate with each other. And at the end of the year, Shapiro publishes a Study on the Design Parameters of Computer Networks. Based on this and other work, Thomas Merrill, Lawrence Roberts, Barry Wessler, and others are working together to create an integrated multiprotocol processor to adapt existing protocols to network requirements.

The work is in full swing, and, finally, on July 3, 1969, the University of California publishes a news release in the press, where the Internet is officially mentioned for the first time. Almost two months later, at the end of August, the first network switch and a piece of equipment for the integrated processor arrive at the University. And just a few days later, on September 2, the first data of information ran along the network wires from the university computer to the switch.

Who Invented the Internet? Work begins...

On the morning of October 29, 1969, the first Internet message was sent from a computer in Leonard Kleinrocker's laboratory. Clainrocker was trying to log in to the Stanford Institute computer from his own in California. The LOGIN command, however, failed. After entering two LO characters, the network from the Stanford side collapsed. The reason was soon found out, the network was corrected. Another authentication attempt was successful.

Two years later, in 1971, Ray Tomlinson sent the first email.

Working in 1973 and publishing the results in 1974, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn's RFC (the famous "up for discussion" series is from the IETF series of documents (Standards, Guidelines, Working Group Reports, and etc.), defining the principles of the Internet), which is assigned the number 675. This is how the TCP protocol appeared. Thanks to this, the aforementioned deuce is considered by many users to be the fathers of the Internet. For many, the question of who invented the Internet is closed at this point ... In 1978, the protocol was finally formed in TCP / IP to support online traffic. It is still a priority in the network.

Who Invented the Internet? First commercial network.

The commercial network, more specifically the commercial version of the ARPANET known as TELNET, was introduced to the general public in 1974 and is still considered the very first ISP.

Shortly before that, Robert Metcalfe was finishing work on his own brainchild - the Alto Aloha Network - a network where data was transmitted at the then inconceivable speed of 3M / s. Soon the founder of the network renames it to Ethernet.

Who Invented the Internet? First modem.

It came even later: Dennis Hayes introduced the 80-103A in 1977. These devices immediately became popular and indispensable devices for network users. And in 1984, the domain name system was introduced to the public. First domain name symbolics.com registered to a computer company in Massachusetts in March 1985.

Who Invented the Internet? Almost everything is ready...

1990 Tim Berners-Lee develops a hypertext scanning language. HTML still carries the lion's share of web information to this day. A year later, he introduces users to WWW - the famous worldwide network. It is she who is considered the Internet by the vast majority of people. Yes, the Internet has at its origins hundreds of names of very, very literate people, but without the WWW, the Internet, as we all know it, would definitely not exist.

Who Invented the Internet? The first graphical browser.

Mosaic - aka Mosaic - the first popular browser on the World Wide Web. Designed and released on April 22, 1993. Gradually merging into work, a competitor called Netscape joined him a year later. However, Mosaic is considered to be the prototype of all modern and popular "brands" of Internet browsers (IE, Chrome, Mozilla).

Pages rendered on bare HTML are very boring and unproductive. So it's time for the JAVA programming language (Java or Java) to come into play. James Gosling from the now living company supervised the work on its creation. Sun Microsystems. Java was first introduced to users in 1995 and today continues to occupy a leading position among the programming languages ​​involved in the development of website pages.

In the same 1995, Brendan Eich developed Javascript - a system for executing scripts on a user's computer in a browser installed on this computer. Now the creator of the web page has the opportunity to make changes to the structure of the site or page using code. It was originally called Livescript, but it was decided to work in the two named environments in parallel. The names were combined under a common root.

Now the global network is finally formed.

The Internet is, without exaggeration, the main technological breakthrough of the last decades. But by whom and when was it invented? In fact, the invention of the Internet is a rather complicated story, and we will deal with it in this post.

The first projects of the Internet

For the first time, ideas and projects for a global computer network appeared in the early 1960s. In 1962 in the USA, Joseph Licklider, who was then working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published a series of notes in which he described the concept of the "Galactic Network". The name was a joke, and Licklider saw the main purpose of this network in the convenient exchange of data and program code, but his concept did describe some of the principles of a global computer network that resembled the modern Internet. Soon Likladyer became the head of the information technology department of DARPA, and largely thanks to his efforts, after some time, this agency begins to implement the project of one of the first computer networks ARPANET.

V. M. Glushkov

In the same 1962, an article by academician Kharkevich was published in the Soviet Union, in which he wrote about the need to create a nationwide computer network that would allow all institutions to exchange information and become the basis for planning and management in various industries. Soon, Academician Glushkov came up with an even more detailed project, called OGAS (National State Automated System for Accounting and Processing Information). The project envisaged the creation of a single computer network in the USSR, within the framework of the project it was planned to create 6,000 computer centers and train 300 thousand IT specialists. Khrushchev approved the plan and its implementation began, but after Brezhnev came to power, the Soviet bureaucracy began to openly sabotage the project. Instead of a single network, the Soviet ministries began to build their own computer centers, not connected to each other, and attempts to integrate them into a network did not go beyond experiments. So the USSR missed the opportunity to overtake the West in the field of information technology.

OGAS Glushkova

ARPANET

In 1964, two years later than in the USSR, the implementation of the ARPANET network project was launched in the USA. But, unlike the USSR, this project was brought to an end there. In 1969, this network began to work, although at first there were only 4 nodes in it.

ARPANET in 1969

Later, many began to consider this year the year of the Internet. But in fact, the ARPANET network was quite far from the modern Internet. The main problem that they tried to solve with the help of this network was the problem of optimal use of computer power. Computers were still quite expensive, and if someone could remotely connect from another computer and use its power during idle time, it would turn out to be a big savings. Due to various difficulties, this task was never realized, but ARPANET continued to develop.

Larry Roberts

In 1972, Larry Roberts, one of the developers of ARPANET, who by that time had succeeded Licklider as director of the IT department of DARPA, organized an international conference on computer communications in Washington. At this conference, a demonstration of ARPANET was held, during which those who wished could connect to 20 computers from different US cities and execute different commands on them. At the time, the demonstration made a big impression on skeptics who did not believe in the reality of computer networks.

In 1972, e-mail appeared on the ARPANET. E-mail messaging soon became one of the most popular features of ARPANET. Some even believe that e-mail "saved" ARPANET, making this network really useful and in demand. Then other ways to use the network began to appear - file transfer, instant messaging, bulletin boards, etc. However, ARPANET was not yet the Internet. And the first obstacle to the further development of the network was the lack of a universal protocol that would allow computers of different types and with different software to exchange information.

TCP/IP protocol

The variety of hardware and software made it difficult to network computers. To overcome them, in 1973 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn decided to create a universal information exchange protocol that would allow connecting a variety of computers and local networks.

Vinton ("Vint") Cerf

Robert ("Bob") Kahn

The protocol was named TCP (Transmission-Control Protocol, or Transmission Control Protocol). Later, the protocol was divided into two parts and was called TCP / IP (IP - Internet Protocol). By the way, at the same time, around the mid-70s, the word “Internet” itself appeared.

The development of the protocol took quite a long time. Initially, many doubted that small computers were even capable of supporting such a complex protocol. Only in 1977 was the first data transmission using this protocol demonstrated. And ARPANET switched to the new protocol only in 1983.

And in 1984, the first DNS server was launched, which allowed using domain names instead of poorly remembered IP addresses.

Development of computer networks and the end of ARPANET

In the late 70s, the first personal computers designed for home use appeared. In the 80s, more and more such computers began to appear, and computer networks also developed at the same time. Along with state and scientific networks, commercial and amateur networks appeared, to which it was possible to connect via a modem through a telephone line. However, the functions of computer networks were still rather limited and were limited mainly to the forwarding of e-mail and the exchange of messages and files through electronic bulletin boards (BBS). It was still not the internet we were used to.

ARPANET, which at one time served as an impetus for the development of computer networks, fell into decay, and in 1989 this network was closed. The Pentagon, which financed DARPA, did not really need it, and the military segment of this network was separated from the civilian one in the early 80s. At the same time, the alternative global network NSFNET, created in 1984 by the US National Science Foundation, was actively developing. This network originally united American universities. In the mid-1980s, this network first began using high-speed lines for data transmission with a data transfer rate of 1.5 Mbps instead of 56 Kbps, which was the standard for modems and telephone lines. In the late 80s, the remnants of ARPANET became part of NSFNET, and NSFNET itself in the early 90s will become the core of the global Internet. This will happen, however, not immediately, since the network was originally focused on use only for scientific and educational purposes, but then these restrictions were nevertheless removed. In 1994, NSFNET was effectively privatized and fully open to commercial use.

www

But in order for the Internet to become the way we know it, in addition to computer networks and a universal protocol, something else had to be invented. That something was site organization technology. It was she who made the Internet truly popular and massive.

Tim Berners-Lee

In 1989, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee was working on a document viewing system at CERN (the famous international center for nuclear research in Switzerland). And then it occurred to him to implement a large-scale project based on the hypertext markup that he used in documents. The project was given the name World Wide Web ("World Wide Web").

For 2 years, Tim Berners-Lee worked hard on the project. During this time, he developed the HTML language for creating web pages, a way to set page addresses as URLs, the HTTP protocol, and the first browser.

August 6, 1991 Tim Berners-Lee posted the first website on the Internet. It contained basic information about WWW technology, how to view documents, how to download a browser.

So the first users saw the world's first website

In 1993, the first browser with a graphical interface appeared. In the same year, CERN issued a statement announcing that WWW technology would not be protected by any copyright and its free use was allowed to anyone. This wise decision led to an explosion in the number of sites on the web and the emergence of the Internet as we know it today. As early as 1995, the WWW became the most used service of all (e-mail, file transfer, etc.), and for today's users it is almost synonymous with the Internet.

So who invented the internet? The Internet was not invented by one person. But of those who made the greatest personal contribution to its appearance, the following people can be distinguished.

1. The initiators and developers of ARPANET. Among them are such people as Joseph Licklider, Larry Roberts, as well as Paul Baran and Bob Taylor.
2. Creators of the TCP/IP protocol: Screw Surf and Bob Kahn.
3. WWW Creator Tim Berners-Lee.

The emergence of Runet

The first computer networks in the USSR appeared long ago, even earlier than in the West. The first experiments in this area date back to 1952, and in 1960 a network was already deployed in the USSR that united computers within the framework of an anti-missile defense system. Later, specialized civil networks appeared, designed, for example, to account for railway and air tickets. Unfortunately, there were big problems with the development of general purpose networks due to pervasive bureaucracy.

In the 1980s, Soviet scientists for the first time began to connect to foreign networks, at first only occasionally, for example, to hold some kind of conferences on scientific topics. In 1990, the first Soviet computer network "Relcom" appeared, uniting scientific institutions from different cities of the USSR. Its creation was carried out by employees of the Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov. In the same year, the su zone was registered - the domain zone of the Soviet Union (the ru zone appeared only in 1994). In autumn 1990 Relcom establishes the first connections with foreign countries. In 1992, Relcom implements the TCP/IP protocol and establishes a connection to the European EUnet network. Runet becomes a full-fledged part of the Internet.

The phrase "founder of the internet" is often used to refer to people like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington. Let's think about it from a more global point of view. And what could be more global than the Web?

Therefore, today we will meet 10 people who helped the worldwide network spread across our planet and come to the state in which we see it now.

By reading this top, you will meet some of the most influential people who created and developed the ideas and technologies that are leading the global web today. And you will also find out, in fact, where the Internet was invented.

1. So who invented the internet? - Tim Berners-Lee

This man stood out because he became an Internet investor. A physicist by training, Berners-Lee and his team created world's first internet browser "World Wide Web", as well as the hypertext markup language - HTML.

Berners-Lee founded and currently chairs the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), an organization that develops and implements standards for the World Wide Web. Although 1969 can be considered the birth date of the Internet, it was Berners-Lee who was the first person to combine the concept of the Internet with hypertext, which became the foundational moment for the current World Wide Web.

Due to the fact that CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) did not close access to its development called the World Wide Web, and also never claimed its rights to it, the protocols of this development have found wide application.

2. Marc Andreessen

Although Mosaic was not the first graphical web browser, it was the first browser to receive serious attention. It was also the first browser to display images inside text.

After creating Mosaic, Andreessen co-founded Netscape Communications. The company's flagship product, the Netscape Navigator browser, has had a huge impact on the development of the World Wide Web, allowing it to bring its benefits to ordinary users. In 1998, Netscape released the source code for Netscape Communicator under an open source license. This project, known as "Mozilla", became the basis for the development of the program we know as "Firefox".

3. Brian Behlendorf

What is the significance of this man: Brian Behlendorf was Apache web server lead developer, and a founding member of the Apache Group. While working as a webmaster on the Wired Magazine website HotWired, Behlendorf found himself making many changes and fixes to the HTTP server code originally developed at the NSCA at the University of Illinois on the Urbana Champaign campus. After he discovered several more groups of people making such fixes, he set up a mailing list to coordinate the work on the server.

By February 1995, the project was named Apache, and the original NCSA server code had been completely rewritten and re-optimized. The real achievement of Apache, in addition to being free and open source, was that it was an extensible solution. This meant that hosting providers could easily add their own extensions or plugins to better optimize the server, allowing hundreds of sites to be hosted on a single computer. Apache is by far the most popular web server on the web.

4, 5, 6. Rasmus Lerdorf, Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski

Lerdorf, Gutmans and Sourasky became the parents of what we know as PHP, a scripting language that remains one of the most used languages ​​in web development when creating dynamic web pages. Rasmus Lerdorf developed this language in 1995 and became the lead developer of the project in its first two versions.

In 1997, Gutmans and Surasky decided to extend PHP by rewriting the parser and creating its third version. After that, they both set about rewriting the core of the language from scratch, calling it the Zend Engine, bringing it up to the release of version number 4. Gutmans and Surasky, after the release of this version, founded Zend Technologies, which continues to make a huge contribution to the development of PHP.

While Larry Wall's Perl language was one of the first general-purpose scripting languages ​​that allowed the web to evolve, PHP's simplicity and ease of implementation became fundamental in that its de facto "P" became included in the acronym LAMP. (a set of components for building web applications)

7. Brad Fitzpatrick

Creator of LiveJournal, which is largely a social network, the author of the original memcached and OpenID authentication protocol.

Fitzpatrick created LiveJournal while in college so that he and his friends could share their experiences and activities. Later, the project grew into a huge blogging community, and also gained many innovations, such as Friendslists, the ability to create votes, support for blog clients, the ability to send text messages to users, the ability to write posts from the phone, publish entries via E-mail, create custom blogs, and many more. others that have become the standard for networking such as Facebook, Tumblr, MySpace, WordPress.com and Posterous.

As LiveJournal grew and consumed more and more resources, Fitzpatrick launched a project called memcached to speed up dynamic web applications and reduce database load. This happens due to the clear and centralized distribution of RAM of the web servers hosting the application, which makes it easy for large projects to grow. Memcached is used by Wikipedia, Flickr, Facebook, WordPress, Twitter, Craigslist and many more.

This man has become creator of JavaScript and is currently chief engineer at Mozilla Corporation. Eich created JavaScript during his time at Netscape, first calling it Mocha, later renaming the project LiveScript, and then JavaScript. The official launch date for JavaScript is December 1995.

JavaScript has become one of the most popular languages ​​for web development in a short period of time. Over time and with the development of libraries and frameworks, JavaScript, together with the power of Ajax, have made it an integral part of web standards.

John Resig - creator and lead developer of jQuery, the most popular JavaScript library on the web. While other JavaScript libraries preceded jQuery, such as Sam Stevenson's Prototype, the library's cross-browser achievement has made it stand out from the crowd.

Over the past two years, attention to jQuery has increased significantly, and now this library is used by 31 percent of the 10,000 most visited websites in the world. Its extensibility and jQuery UI have also made it possible to adapt the jQuery library for use in enterprise application development. Any JavaScript library that makes it possible for web developers to transition into the enterprise application maker niche is a godsend.

JavaScript continues to dominate the standardized web, and jQuery plays a big role in that.

10 Jonathan Gay

He founded FutureWave Software and for over a decade was the lead developer and mastermind behind a technology called Flash.

While not everyone likes Adobe Flash, it's worth remembering how influential and important this technology has been over the past 15 years. Guy created a vector graphics program called SmartSketch for the PenPoint operating system in 1993, and after that operating system left the market, SmartSketch technology was introduced to create and render animations for web pages.

This product, renamed FutureSplash Animator, was taken over by Macromedia in 1996 and named Flash. Following the takeover, Guy became Vice President of Macromedia Development and Head of Flash Development. Over the years, his team has incorporated new elements into Flash, one of which is ActionScript.

However, Guy's crowning achievement was the creation of the technology known to us as the Flash Communication Server (now Flash Media Server), which allowed the Flash Player to use the RTMP protocol to play streaming audio and video over the web. In essence, this technology allowed YouTube to become… YouTube.

The Internet is the World Wide Web, a global information space. The history of the emergence and development of this world wide web is bright and unusual, because already 10 years after its appearance, it won many organizations and countries that began to actively use the network for work. At first, the Internet served exclusively for groups of researchers and scientists, soon the military squeezed into this group, and after that, businessmen. After that, the popularity of the Internet grew rapidly. Users were seduced by the speed of information transfer, cheap global communication, many easy and affordable programs, a unique database, and so on.

Today, at a low cost of services, each user can access information services from all countries of the world. Also, the Internet today provides opportunities for global communication around the world. Naturally, this is convenient for companies that have branches in different parts of the world, for transnational corporations, as well as for management structures.

The famous abbreviation "WWW" stands for "World Wide Web" - World Wide Web

But what was the history of the Internet? How did the Internet appear? How did it all start, and what was the development of this fabulous network with information about everything? Read on in the article.

How and when did the Internet appear

It happened over 50 years ago. Back in 1961, on the instructions of the US Department of Defense, DARPA (Advanced Research Agensy) began work on an experimental project to create a network between computers to transmit data packets. In the first version of the theoretical development of the predecessor of the modern World Wide Web, which was released in 1964 thanks to Paul Baran, it was argued that all network nodes should have the same status. Each node has the authority to originate, transmit, and receive messages from other computers. In this case, messages are divided into standardized elements, called "package". Each package is assigned an address, which ensures the correct and complete delivery of documents.

Paul Baran - thanks to which in 1964 the network appeared - the progenitor of the modern Internet

This network was called ARPANET, and it was intended to explore various options for ensuring the reliability of communication between different computers. It became the immediate predecessor of the Internet.

For eight years, DARPA worked on the project, and in 1969, the Department of Defense approved ARPANET as the leading research organization in the field of computer networks. Since that time, the nodes of the new network began to be created. The first such node was the UCLA Network Test Center, after which they created the node of the Stanford Research Institute, the node of the University of Santa Barbara and the University of Utah, and developed the UNIX operating system.

As early as next year, ARPANET hosts were using NCP to exchange. A year later, the network already had 15 nodes. 1972 is the year in which the addressing design teams were created to harmonize different protocols. At the same time, TCP / IP data transfer protocols were developed.

In 1973, the first international connections were made. The countries that entered the ARPANET network were England and Norway. The ARPANET project turned out to be so successful that soon many organizations in the USA, England and Norway wished to join it. Already after 2 years, ARPANET outgrew the name of the "experimental" network, and became a full-fledged working network. Since that time, responsibility for administering the ARPANET has been taken over by the Defense Communications Agency, which today is called the Defense Information Systems Agency.

DISA - Defense Information Systems Agency - information systems defense agency

But the development of ARPANET didn't stop there; TCP / IP data transfer protocols have evolved and improved. After some time, this protocol was adapted to public standards, after which the term Internet became generally accepted and entered into everyday communication.

The history of the Internet is just beginning. In 1976, they developed the UUCP protocol, and three years later they launched USENET, which works on the basis of UUCP.

The US Department of Defense in 1983 declared TCP / IP as its standard. Also in the same year, an announcement was made that ARPANET had completed its research phase. At the same time, MILNET spun off from ARPANET.

1984 was the year the DNS system was introduced, and the total number of hosts exceeded 1,000. The following year, NFS was created, the purpose of which was to build a network that would connect all the national computer centers. The formation of CSNET accelerated significantly in 1986, when they began to create supercomputer centers. The result of hard work was the NSFNET network, the data packet rate of which was 56 Kbps. The network was based on 5 supercomputing centers located in NCSA, Princeton, UCSD, Pittsburgh and Cornell University.

By 1987, the number of hosts had crossed over 10,000. And in 1988, NSFNET began using the T1 channel. At the same time, countries such as Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, France, Sweden and Finland joined NSFNET. The following year, the number of hosts increased to over 100,000. At the same time, the UK, Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy, Israel, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and Mexico joined the network. In 1990, Russia joined the World Wide Web.

Despite the fact that in 1991 the ARPANET company ceased to exist, the worldwide Internet network did not die along with its creator, but, on the contrary, became even larger, united many networks into one huge bundle of connections. Since that time, the NSFNET network began to use T3 links for operation, which provided a data transfer rate of 44.736 Mbps. At the initiative of the NSF, in 1993 they created InetNIC, in which domain names were registered. Since 1994, trading activities have begun via the Internet.

In the same year, the Internet celebrated its 25th anniversary. This year, Vladimir Levin (a Russian hacker) attacked the American Citibank. This showed the whole world that network security is not 100%, and new developments of various data security systems on the network began.

In addition, in 1994 there were two more important events that cannot be ignored. The first event is the development of access protection tools, the second is the licensing of the Mosaic browser, the Mosaic Communication Corporation, founded by James Clark. This year, traffic on the World Wide Web has exceeded 10 gigabytes / month.

The following year, NSFNET made domain name registrations free of charge. Since September 14, 1995, the registration fee has been $50. And in April of the same year, NSFNET ceased to exist. As a result of rapid growth in 1995, the network reached the level of six million connected servers. At the same time, the AltaVista search engine was launched and RealAudio technology appeared. The first variants of IP-telephony also began to appear.

In 1996, a tacit competition began between Netscape and Internet Explorer browsers. And in the world this year there were already 12.8 million hosts and 500 thousand sites.

1997 was a serious test for the entire web system. An Internet bug at DNS Network Solutions resulted in the blocking of access to millions of commercial .

A few years later, namely in 1999, a new global network called Internet 2, or the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, came into operation. With the advent of the new company, they changed the 32-bit representation system to 128-bit.

In the same year, the first attempt to censor the Internet was made. The government agencies of some countries - China, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the countries of the former USSR have made serious efforts to technically block user access to certain sites and servers with political, religious or pornographic content.

In 2001, the number of users of the World Wide Web exceeded 530 million. The following year, this number increased to 689 million people.

Today, almost all possible communication lines are used on the Internet, ranging from low-speed telephone lines to high-speed digital satellite channels. The operating systems used on the Internet also differ.

Internet in Russia

The Internet entered Russia in the early 1990s. In those years, a number of universities began to build their own computer networks. On the basis of the Institute of Atomic Energy. Kurchatov, two commercial companies were formed that provided services for connecting to the Internet.

In 1993, a strong impetus for the development of the Internet in Russia was given by the "Telecommunications Program" from the International Science Foundation.

The following year, within the framework of the state program “Universities of Russia”, a direction was allocated for the creation of a federal university computer network. The network went into operation in 1995. In 1996-98, a backbone network was built for science and higher education.

At the same time, networks of commercial suppliers emerged and developed. Initially, they focused on connecting organizations.

In 1998, Rostelecom formed the Relcom-DS company together with Relcom. Today it is the largest provider of Internet services in Russia.

To date, the Internet already has a huge database of information in Russian. According to sociologists, at the end of 1998 in Russia about 1.5 million people were Internet users, more than half of these users lived outside of Moscow. In 1999, the number of users exceeded 5 million.

Online programs

To fully work with the Internet, there are a number of programs that are popular today. And successful use of the World Wide Web is possible only if you choose the right quality software. It is worth noting that it is impossible to give universal advice on this matter, since everything depends on the configuration of your computer, the specifics of your interests and the operating system you are working with. Also, another reason why it is impossible to assert with certainty about the full quality of a particular program is the constant development of the Internet. Almost every day there are new standards or new methods for their implementation.

But, in any case, all Internet software is divided (conditionally) into several groups:

1. Browsers - Microsoft Internet Explorer, Opera, Google Chrome and others;
2. Mail programs are special programs that work to send, receive, view and sort e-mail;
3. Programs for communication - these programs provide the ability to conduct real-time negotiations on the Web. It can be text mode, audio or video exchange: ICQ, Odigo, Skype, IPhone, EasyTalk, etc.;
4. Programs for working with files.

Naturally, this list of Internet software is not limited, it is constantly updated and expanded.

What you need to network

In order to work on the World Wide Web, you need to connect to it. Today there are several ways to connect to the Internet. These are different types of connections with different connection speeds and prices.

Modem. A modem connects to the Internet via a standard telephone line. This connection is quite unreliable, although relatively cheap. Modem communication requires a telephone line and an internal or external modem.

ISDN. This is a communication line that is very similar to a regular telephone line, with only one difference - it is completely digital and can provide much higher speed, unlike a modem. To work, you need either an ISDN modem or an ISDN adapter and an NT-1 connector.

frame relay- Frame relaying. This is a permanent line of communication, a reliable connection to the Internet. To establish such a connection, you must have an appropriate computer board and a frame relay line.

Dedicated line. This is a technology similar to frame relay, but in this case, the connection is established between two points. For a permanent connection to the Internet, a leased line is the best choice.

Tasks of the World Wide Web

The Internet, as a worldwide network, has several main objectives to satisfy its consumers. The Internet implements its main functions:

1. Email. This is the simplest and most useful feature. Many Internet users use only e-mail. You can exchange messages, send files, .
2. File transfer. Another indispensable and indeed one of the best features of the Internet is the ability to transfer files from one computer to another.
3. Remote access.

What is the importance of the Internet for modern users

It is difficult to imagine a PC user who would not use the Internet. But what is the purpose of this? The main idea of ​​the Internet is the free distribution of information. Thanks to the Internet, racial, religious, and ideological barriers between people or countries are overcome.

The Internet can easily be called one of the most impressive democratic achievements of the technological process.

Today, the Internet actively serves as:

1. Decision making tool. All the information the Internet brings together in an organization. Now there is no need to collect disparate data, to filter them out.
2. Learning organization tool. Thanks to the Internet, information is exchanged almost instantly, so it is now possible to analyze information and make decisions much faster.
3. The Internet is also a perfect communication tool. It ensures the integration of all divisions of the corporation.
4. Collaboration tool.
5. Expert tool.
6. A single tool for inventions.
7. Phone of the 21st century.
8. A tool to control and improve the production cycle.
9. Partner tool. There is no longer a company that does not have its own page on the World Wide Web. Thanks to the Internet, you can exchange information with your people, as well as control the conduct of services, communicate with customers.
10. Marketing tool.
11. Human resource tool.

A look into the future of the Internet

During these half a century from the beginning of its creation to the present day, the Internet has appeared, grown and changed a lot. And it continues to change even today. The Internet was conceived in an era of another time, and was able to survive in the era of personal computers, client-server and computer networks. Moreover, it not only survived, but also became an integral part of any PC. The Internet was developed, even before local networks began to exist, it became their prototype and hit not only the local network but also the global one.

It is not difficult to give at least a short-term forecast for the development of the Internet now, as well as to name the technologies that will become popular in the near future. It is much more difficult to know what fundamentally new technology will replace the Internet, and whether it will come. The future of technology is now unpredictable, but it may well happen that this technology will fundamentally change the entire face of the computer world.

This refers to the end of the era of the Internet in its modern form. It can be replaced by the World Wide Web - a giant supercomputer that offers not data transfer services, but a slightly different principle of operation. Instead of the usual personal computer, the user will be offered a remote access adapter that connects to a monitor, mouse, phone or other peripheral devices. At the same time, providers will turn from service providers into holders of multiprocessor mainframes.

But, it is worth noting that the technology of a new generation of a single computing network with terminal access has a number of undeniable advantages:

• the average user has no problems associated with the purchase, installation, operation, configuration, etc. hardware;
• the presence of payment only for the actual use of the software, and not an advance payment for services and resources may be unclaimed;
• professional solution to the problem of information security, as well as ensuring privacy;
• software availability;
• transition to a new level of resource utilization.

Naturally, the deployment of such technology requires the solution of a huge number of technical problems.