home Interpreter total and marginal utility. Law of diminishing marginal utility

total and marginal utility. Law of diminishing marginal utility

Biological needs are not reducible to one another and cannot be interchanged.

Not completely satisfied with any of social needs does not cause the death of the organism and can be "compensated" by the development of other needs of this type.

Biological needs are inherent in all living beings, therefore not they determine the characteristics of a person.

However, it was the biological needs that gave rise to, brought to life the social needs that are peculiar to man.

Satisfaction of both biological and social human needs is subject to one goal - reproduction man, his survival on Earth.

This goal is subordinated to functioning , and development person.

Therefore, a person moves towards new, higher and more perfect forms of existence due to the constant expansion and enrichment of the system of his needs, i.e. going on elevation of needs .

Rise of Needs- the most important characteristic of man and human society, which distinguishes him from animals. This is a general sociological law.

The Law of Elevation of Needs- the law of the development of society, expressing the growth and improvement of its needs with the development of productive forces and culture.

The progressive development of production and culture leads to an increase in the means and methods of satisfying human needs. Those commodities that yesterday seemed like a luxury are today becoming vital.

So today it is hard to imagine how people could do without a telephone or a refrigerator, without a TV or a computer.

The time interval between the invention of new means of satisfying the needs of modern man and the introduction of these means into mass production is rapidly shrinking.

For example, it took 112 years to introduce photography, 56 years for the telephone, 12 years for television, and 2 years for solar panels.

Man, subordinating the wild nature to his will, did not immediately realize that he should be careful owner that reserves of natural wealth limited and often irreplaceable .

Rational nature management is significant, first of all, for the person.

Therefore, mankind was forced to seek an answer to the question of necessary and acceptable measure of consumption.

It is very difficult to determine the measure of consumption, as Hegel wrote, “there is no way to set the boundaries of what should be a need; new means are opened up to meet needs, and thus a need arises for new means.

How to find a harmonious balance between a progressive rise in needs and a decrease in the impact on the biosphere on the part of consuming humanity? And how not to go to extremes?

According to legend, he lived in a barrel, trying to convince others that a person can be happy only when he reduces his needs to a natural minimum. But tradition says that he himself found it difficult to clearly distinguish between natural and imaginary needs. “Diogenes had a drinking cup. But when he saw that some person was drinking from his hand, he threw away the mug,” wrote Hegel.

What are the limits of the necessary and permissible measure of consumption?

There is no single, once and for all, correct answer to this question. In each case, it is necessary to determine minimum and maximum consumption limits .

Minimum Limit- the consumption of an individual or human society must ensure its own normal reproduction and development (required measure of consumption) ;

Maximum Limit- human consumption should not contradict the normal functioning and development of the biosphere, of which he himself is a part (permissible measure of consumption) .

Each individual and society as a whole must follow principle of "reasonable sufficiency" in consumption.

The challenge is to put consumption in its rightful place among other sources of personal satisfaction and to find a way to live in accordance with the possibilities of the Earth.

How many vitamins and minerals should be consumed daily? To help you understand, below are recommended intake levels for key micronutrients based on RDA (Recommended Daily Intake) provided by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States. In the case when the recommended amount of consumption of food and biologically active substances cannot be determined, it is used AI (Adequate Intake Level).

Is it possible to get an overabundance of vitamins and/or minerals? Yes. And for this reason the values were set UL (Upper Limit of Consumption). There is an increased risk of adverse events when the UL is exceeded - although these risks are sometimes justified when a nutrient is used for medicinal purposes.

Why does the DV (Daily Value) value indicated on dietary supplement labels not correspond to RDA and AI levels? DV values are set by the FDA ( Food and Drug Administration, US Food and Drug Administration) and RDA values are set by the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academy of Sciences mentioned above. From 1968 until July 2015, DV values often did not reflect the latest recommendations from the Institute of Medicine, nor did they distinguish between age and gender needs. Since July 2016, the FDA has updated many of the DV values closer to the RDA and added DV values specifically for infants, children 1 to 3 years of age, and pregnant and lactating women. DV values are highlighted in green at the end of each table.

Recommended Allowances and Upper Intake Limits for Major Micronutrients

Abbreviations: g - women, m - men, take - pregnant, feed - breastfeeding, mg - milligram (1000 mg = 1 gram), mcg - microgram (1000 micrograms = 1 mg)

Notes:

Norms for vitamin A can be expressed both in mcg (micrograms) and in IU (international units). The equivalent of 1 IU in mcg depends on the forms of vitamin E, such as retinol, retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate.
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin A applies to retinol forms, but not to beta-carotene.
Folate from dietary supplements is absorbed twice as well as folate from food. Therefore, if you are using supplements as a source of folate, it will be sufficient to take half of the indicated amount. ( Marina's note: here, most likely, synthetic folic acid is meant. Some vitamin/mineral supplements may contain other forms of vitamin B9 and absorption levels may vary)
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for folate only applies to supplements, not regular foods.
The numbers can also be expressed in IU (International Units) (1 μg = 40 IU), but labels now require the value in μg.
RAE = retinol activity equivalent; 1mcg RAE = 1mcg retinol, 2mcg purified beta-carotene from supplements, 12mcg dietary beta-carotene, or 24mcg alpha-carotene, or 24mcg beta-cryptoxanthin (FDA 2016)
DFE = folate food equivalent; 1 DFE = 1 mcg of natural folate = 0.6 mcg of folic acid.

Recommended Allowances and Upper Intake Limits for Supplementary Micronutrients (Start)

Abbreviations: NE - not defined.

Notes:

The amount of vitamin E can also be expressed in mg (milligrams).
Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin E, niacin, and folate only apply to synthetic forms in dietary supplements and fortified foods.
The RDA value for vitamin K has not been determined. Values given are based on adequate intake.
Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin K have not been defined.
Tolerable upper intake levels for thiamine have not been defined.
Tolerable upper intake levels for riboflavin have not been defined.
1 mg α-tocopherol (label requirements) = 1 mg α-tocopherol = 1 mg RRR-α-tocopherol = 2 mg all rac-α-tocopherol (FDA 2016)
(For α-tocopherol) 1 mg α-tocopherol = 1.5 IU
NE = niacin equivalent; 1 mg NE = 1 mg niacin = 60 mg tryptophan. (FDA 2016)

Notes:

Because 10% to 30% of older people may have impaired absorption of vitamin B12 from food, it is recommended that those over 50 get their RDA mainly from food fortified with vitamin B12 or supplements.
Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin B12 have not been defined.
The RDA for pantothenic acid has not been determined.
The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for pantothenic acid has not been defined.
The RDA for biotin has not been determined.
Tolerable upper intake levels for biotin have not been defined.
The RDA for choline has not been determined. Technically, choline is not a vitamin, but is often found together with B vitamins.
The RDA for chrome has not been determined.
Tolerable upper intake levels for chromium have not been defined.

Recommended Allowances and Upper Intake Limits for Supplementary Micronutrients (continued)

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The article considers the purpose and legal regulation of the recycling fee, as well as the application of the recycling fee in the practice of customs authorities. An analysis of court decisions on disputes between customs authorities and participants in foreign economic activity is carried out in order to identify problems in the application of legislation regulating the procedure for collecting and paying the recycling fee.

. No. 89FZ "On production and consumption waste" (hereinafter - Law No. 89-FZ): in order to ensure environmental<...>2012 No. 128-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Wastes”<...> <...>to the Rostov customs during the customs clearance of vehicles and their "release for domestic consumption<...>Customs declaration and release of vehicles for domestic consumption takes place independently

article about Vladimir Sorokin

original use of post-modernist techniques features of the modern Western "consumer society<...>VLADIMIRSKY "consumer society".<...>Maximum regulation of consumption, limiting it in the name of ecology, widespread transition to vega<...>Only an individual way of salvation is possible - through the free development of the personality, the limits of which251 Copyright

M.: PROMEDIA

Determining the degree of danger of pollution from the enterprise for a specific area.

Waste management of production and consumption: textbook. allowance / V. M. Boltrushko, G. A.<...>SanPiN 2.1.7.1322-03 "Hygienic requirements for the placement and disposal of production and consumption waste<...>pollutants into surface and underground water bodies, disposal of production and consumption waste<...>on the formation, use, neutralization, transportation and disposal of production and consumption waste<...>Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste”. 12.

Intensification of educational work of high school students in teaching mathematics with the help of complexes of educational equipment

M.: PROMEDIA

the rational use of study time is ensured, the volume of the studied material increases within<...>equipment: textbook "Algebra I started analysis." 9-10 grades", banners, individual frames of filmstrips "Limit

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SEED PRODUCTIVITY OF LUCERN DEPENDING ON DENSITY OF STANDING OF PLANTS (IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LEFT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE) ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Purpose and objectives of research. The purpose of the research was to develop and justify agricultural practices that ensure the minimum plant density of seed crops, which forms the largest seed yield.

Technical "limit of the minimum seeding rate, seeders SLT-3.6; .3.

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Accounting: the basics of the configuration method. instructions

The guidelines contain a brief description of the basics of configuration in the 1C: Accounting 7.7 system, a list of tasks on this topic and an example of solving one of them. Designed for students studying in the specialties 080801 Applied Informatics (in chemistry) and 080801 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (in economics) (subject-oriented economic information systems, SD block), full-time education.

Editing a dialog consists in placing the specified elements within the window template and editing<...>Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" 48 Collection of tasks for independent solution on the topic "Limit

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RELATIONSHIP OF ACCUMULATION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE COLLECTIVE HOUSES OF THE KALININ REGION ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

LENINGRAD AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE

A. on the basis of Marxist-Leninist economic science, to determine, based on the essence of expanded reproduction, the nature and sources of distribution of collective farm incomes; b. on collective farms with different levels of economic development, to study the actual proportions of the distribution of newly created value into the accumulated and consumed parts, the size in these parts and their trends; in. to study the relationship between the ratio of accumulation and consumption on collective farms, on the one hand, and the rates of expanded reproduction, the growth of labor productivity, and the efficient use of production assets, on the other; d. to try to identify and recommend to the collective farms the ratio of accumulation and consumption that has developed in farms with high rates of expanded reproduction.

With an increase in labor productivity, the share of the consumption fund in gross income decreases, and, accordingly,<...>; i 8 ; o St. 8.0 JSOHQ consumption _ 1962 76.1 76.5 75.2 73.9 72.5 69 1 61 5 t 1963 !<...>However, within individual industries and even individual farms, there is often a need for more<...>The equation expresses the proportions empirically found by the collective farms between accumulation and consumption.<...>The nature of the ratio of accumulation and consumption is determined by the size of gross income.

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MANAGEMENT OF THE PROCESS OF INCREASING THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE SOCIAL SPACE OF THE ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BELGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of the conceptual approach to managing the process of improving the quality of life in the space of the organization; - in the development of a regulatory framework for managing the process of improving the quality of life in the space of an organization - a comprehensive regulatory method; - in the justification and calculation of the minimum consumption limit - the method of limiting consumption; - in developing a method of supporting innovations based on the use of human intellectual potential.

Level of consumption and property characteristics of the middle class // Sociological research. 1999<...>The basis of the method is the calculation of the minimum consumption limit, which included the cost of food<...>M.), the method of supporting innovation, the method of limiting consumption.<...>The minimum consumption limit is nothing more than the amount of a person's monthly consumption<...>", "Innovation support method" and "Consumption limitation method" creation of equal potential

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No. 1 [Consolidated abstract collection of the journal Representative Power - XXI century: legislation, comments, problems, 2011]

"Consolidated abstract collection of the journal Representative Power - XXI century: legislation, comments, problems" in Russian. lang. has been published since 1994, 2 issues a year, and for the convenience of getting to know all the articles of the journal, it combines in a short form the semi-annual 4 issues of the main edition

words: technogenic deposit; RF Law "On Subsoil"; Federal Law "On production and consumption waste<...>adjustment of certain articles in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Waste

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Russian Culture as a Factor of Social Development: Proceedings of the Round Table April 28, 2006

The collection presents the materials of the round table, which discussed the problems posed to the cultural community by I. Kobzon and Y. Ageshin in the article "Healing by culture", published in "Literaturnaya gazeta" in No. 10 dated March 15-21, 2006. Its authors are - scientists and teachers of the Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. The collection was prepared on the basis of the laboratory of technical means of teaching journalistic skills.

Associated with the ongoing change in world GDP in favor of the service sector; transition from a "consumer society<...>"towards an "intellectual society", "information society"; transition to new types of social consumption<...>The most essential mechanism of mass culture is the ever-expanding consumption in its various forms.

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The article is devoted to the economic analysis of the speeches of Academician A. G. Agabekyan - Director of the Siberian Institute of Economics, and later Secretary of the Department of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, economic adviser to Gorbachev. The author tries to uncover the contradictions of academician Aghabekyan, who shouldered the burden of theoretical and constructive substantiation of perestroika.

They are especially impressive when compared with similar production and consumption figures in the United States.<...>Consumption of meat and meat products per capita in the USSR in 1986 amounted to 62 kg, in the USA almost<...>In the same places where the sale of meat is "no sale", the average consumption rate is not at all higher.<...>The task of "catching up and overtaking America" in terms of meat consumption, as we see, is not even set.<...>and a harmful burden on society only when it significantly and for a long time exceeds the optimal limit

No. 3 [Financial business, 2017]

The journal highlights the theoretical and practical results of scientific research in the field of financial business on the following issues: accounting and auditing; budget policy; monetary and credit relations; investment and innovation policy; taxes and taxation; appraisal activity; insurance business; world economy.

The repayment of external debt remained outside the overall budget assessment.<...>Household consumption, which in previous years was the main driver of GDP growth, will leave the first<...>“After that, the Federal Law “On production and consumption waste” was amended to equalize domestic<...>Customs declaration and release of vehicles for domestic consumption takes place independently<...>On the other hand, consumption is falling, purchases are declining, and sales of new cars are declining.

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF FOREST RESTORATION AND MODELING OF GROWING SPRUCE CROPS ON CLEARINGS IN THE ZONE OF CONIFEROUS-BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

VORONEZH STATE FOREST ACADEMY

Purpose and objectives of research. The main goal was to scientifically substantiate and develop the theory and practice of artificial reforestation based on the use of environmentally-resource-saving technologies for growing large-sized planting material and forest crops, which ensure an increase in the efficiency of silvicultural production in highly productive forest types of the coniferous-broad-leaved forest zone of the European part of Russia.

the optimal width of seed beds from a practical point of view can be taken equal to 1 m, and its height within<...>in some cases, it is advisable to completely uproot stumps with their removal, deadwood and logging waste outside<...>soil properties in the rhizosphere of forest crops are determined by the horizons of the soil profile, which are within<...>Timi Ryazev said: "The limit of fertility of a given area of land is not determined by the amount of fertilizer, which<...>The use of ODS1,5 preserves the genetic soil horizons Ao and A] within the forest zone for

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Legislative and regulatory support of the construction method. instructions

The guidelines are intended for independent work of students studying under the advanced training program "Ensuring safety in construction" and are part of the educational content of the Moodle e-learning system. The guidelines for independent work contain brief information about the system of state and technical regulation of urban planning. A list of documents regulating construction activities is given.

such a document and the procedure for amending it; 9) urban planning regulations - established within<...>impacts for the rational and safe use of territories and land plots within them<...>As a general rule, it is customary to understand the territory as limited (i.e. with any limits, borders<...>Environmental protection during storage of production waste 1 Law "On production and consumption waste<...>b) level; c) sight; d) all options are correct. 57 Grades of cements are established according to the limit

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Physiological methods of studying the functional readiness of athletes study.-method. allowance

The teaching aid presents the main methods of monitoring and evaluating the functional readiness and functional state of the body. A description of a wide range of methods for diagnosing the state of the respiratory, cardiovascular systems of the body and physical performance is given. The teaching aid has been prepared with the aim of improving the quality of students' knowledge and the effectiveness of teaching theoretical and practical courses in general and sports physiology, increasing students' motivation in preparing for seminars, tests, and exams.

functional changes during working out at a constant power of the performed muscular work and the limit<...>Usually the heart rate in this case varies within 130-170 beats / min.<...>A plateau appears on the graph of the dependence of oxygen consumption on the power of work; 3.<...>There is also another name for this indicator "respiration limit".<...>The average values of MOS on inspiration in men are in the range of 4.7-7.0; in women 3.5-5 l / s; environmentsCopyright

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC ESSENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF AGRARIAN INTEGRATION OF THE COMMON MARKET ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

Moscow: ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNDER THE CPSU Central Committee

The novelty of scientific research lies in the development of a number of political and economic aspects that characterize the role of agrarian integration as: a specific interethnic form of state-monopoly capitalism in agriculture in the system of economic relations of the EEC, its class goals, the impact on integration processes in the Community, in the statement of the ratio of national and supranational methods of agricultural regulation

on the "sales guarantee" g; UES .; : and beyond its products,!.<...>V. Ilevin characterized as "an expansion of production without a corresponding expansion of consumption" ^ .<...>", --" expansion "of demand and consumption ^ Hence the mechanism of agrarian. . noy integration dooms the Community<...>In.some. other products, the rate of production significantly "exceeded the consumption rate.<...>The presence of overproduction of certain products in the EEC takes place when their consumption by the population is not up to

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Environmental law. Workbook.

Institute of Law and Administration of the All-Russian Police Association

The workbook on the discipline "Environmental Law" for university students is intended for use in practical classes and independent study of the subject. Solutions and notes on the topic are carried out directly in the workbook, which, among other things, saves the student's time. The subject of the workbook corresponds to the work program of the discipline. Compiled by candidate of legal sciences Osipov M.Yu.

On the Red Book of the Russian Federation" (1996), "Forest Code of the Russian Federation" (1997), "On production and consumption waste<...>allowable emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms; production and consumption waste generation standards<...>allowable emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, standards for the generation of production and consumption waste<...>emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms, limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste<...>Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" 44 disposal of production and consumption waste

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No. 12 [Industrial and environmental safety, labor protection, 2008]

At the same time, the annual growth in electricity consumption in the republic is 2-2.5%.<...>To what extent will the adjustment be made?<...>"Voluntary" accounting has already brought a certain effect: according to ABOK experts, since 1991, consumption<...>made a significant contribution to the construction of about 500 objects of the republic, actively carried out practice outside<...>determine the volumes and sources of financing for the resettlement of residents, if necessary, outside

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Library life in Bryansk: Inform. Sat. Issue 19

The information collection provides an analysis of the activities of the Bryansk Regional Scientific Universal Library. F. I. Tyutcheva. The activities of the libraries of the Bryansk region in the field of library services for the population with agricultural literature, as well as the issues of forming the funds of the municipal libraries of the region and working with the CLS catalogs are considered.

We are faced with the task of organizing corporate interaction of libraries within the region.<...>"Information support for solving the problems of recycling production and consumption waste" (Interregional<...>scientific-practical conference "Problems of recycling production and consumption waste, ways to solve them<...>local self-government to independently make decisions on the volume of municipal services exclusively within<...>scientific-practical conference "Problems of recycling production and consumption waste, ways to solve them

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Ecological and economic assessment of environmental impact studies. allowance for the preparation of undergraduates 280200.68 Environmental protection

The textbook discusses indicators of environmental and economic assessment of the impact of enterprises on the environment, methods of economic assessment of damage from environmental pollution. A glossary, a user manual for the software product "System for calculating fees for negative environmental impact" ECOREPORT are given.

The limits of growth, according to Meadows, are the limits of the intensity of flows, i.e. source limits ensure<...>The consumption of these goods by one person does not reduce their consumption by others and does not exclude them from this.<...>Limits to growth - limits of sources to ensure the flow of resources and limits of sinks to absorb<...>emission limits (within the UTC).<...>discharge limits (within the VSS).

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No. 39 [Posev, 1948]

"The limit of impudence or impudence without limit To a large democratic demonstration in Berlin, directing<...>to add also political emigrants, and "old" and "new", and "newest" and not only beyond<...>Solidarism calls for the service of one's profession, one's people, one's state, in the limit - everything

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No. 5 [Solid household waste, 2015]

And yet, we can’t get away from discussing the topic of the updated law “On Production and Consumption Wastes”.<...>The term "garbage revolution" refers to the period of mass transition of the population of the Russian Federation to the consumption of products<...>SOURCES OF PET WASTE<...>In Russia, very tough changes are being made to the law "On Production and Consumption Waste" No. -F<...>Within one or more residential quarters, an underground system is organized, consisting of a collection

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No. 2 [Electroplating and surface treatment, 2009]

By using lighter and less massive hangers, a paint shop can reduce consumption by up to 40%.<...>Reuse of treated wastewater reduces the consumption of fresh water, effluent discharge<...>The Basic Law on Environmental Protection as well as the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Wastes"

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<...> <...> <...> <...>

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Methodological foundations for the analysis of systemic contradictions of social development monograph

Moscow: Direct-Media

The monograph is devoted to the study of the processes of formation, development and smoothing of systemic contradictions in social systems. Using the methodology of the general theory of systems and the theory of self-organization, the author analyzes, on the basis of a generalization of the factual and theoretical material, the regularities in the manifestation of systemic interests, needs and contradictions at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation.

Article 73 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that outside the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, its subjects have all<...>The structure of consumption at different system levels optimally adapts to new conditions.<...>We clearly see how the administration of the Sverdlovsk region, within its competence, establishes<...>No social level will voluntarily agree to reduce resource consumption.<...>On the Limits of Regional Subjectivity // Strategic Directions for the Regional Development of the Russian

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No. 2 [Energy security in documents and facts, 2006]

The peculiarity of the publication is informativeness, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The magazine covers the issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy saving, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents.

Through the central heating station, heat is supplied to a group of residential and cultural buildings with a total consumption of 2.32<...>impact); the principle of reducing specific risk (development of only such areas of growth in material consumption<...>on handling waste: : Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89: FZ "On production and consumption waste<...>features and rural settlements within the limits of these points. thirteen.<...>Optimization of payments for consumed resources. Commercial and technical metering of electricity.

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Methodology for the analysis of systemic contradictions of social development dis. … cand. philosophy Sciences: 09.00.11

The subject of the dissertation research is the system needs, interests and contradictions between the elements of social systems that arise in the process of self-organization of society. The purpose of the study is to use the methodology of the general theory of systems (the theory of self-organization by I.R. Prigozhin), based on the generalization of factual and theoretical material, to identify patterns of manifestation of system interests, needs and contradictions at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation.

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No. 5 [Industrial and environmental safety, labor protection, 2009]

Information specialized magazine in the field of industrial, environmental, fire safety and labor protection, construction and energy, labor law. The magazine is not published in January.

The facility is operating almost at the limit of design capacity.<...>The uniqueness of this seminar lies in the fact that it provided a way out of the “platform” inherent in<...>The rate of such "consumption" is quite high.<...>Specific consumption of DHW per 1 person.<...>Increasing injection volumes and, as a result, the operation of pumps outside the zone of optimal supply with an underestimated

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Formation of an effective business environment for innovative development of the Khabarovsk Territory

The publication examines the existence and state of the legislative base of the Khabarovsk Territory in the field of innovative development. The systematization of programs and strategies according to the model "Territory of innovative development" is given. A conceptual model for the formation of an effective business environment in the field of innovation in the Khabarovsk Territory is proposed. Innovative strategies are considered and the logic of monitoring the innovative activity of enterprises is developed

Now the world scientific and technological base provides fierce competition in the field of consumer goods<...>performers allows the Japanese to create a high-tech product intended for general consumption<...>Through the amount of wages, the indicator of specific wages reflects the level of consumption, and, therefore,<...>security; mechanism for the implementation and management of the subprogram subprogram "Energy Efficiency in the Sphere of Consumption<...>security; mechanism for the implementation and management of the subprogram subprogram "Energy Efficiency in the Sphere of Consumption

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No. 2 [Bulletin of SibADI, 2016]

The scientific peer-reviewed journal "Vestnik SibADI" has been published since 2004 and is included in the list of leading periodicals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission. Articles in the journal are grouped into specialized sections: TRANSPORT (transport and technological machines, operation of road transport) CONSTRUCTION (buildings and structures, building and road materials, transport structures) MATHEMATICAL MODELING. DESIGN AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (algorithms, software tools, mathematical models) ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT (economic theory, economics and management, logistics, finance, statistics) UNIVERSITY AND POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION (psychological and pedagogical aspects of higher education, university and postgraduate education) ECOLOGY AND ERGONOMICS ( environmental protection, life safety, improvement of working conditions)

Environmental Measures to reduce: consumption of energy resources; oxygen consumption; gas level<...>Omsk escalated to the limit.<...>laying reinforced concrete transition slabs 4, 6 or 8 m long within the carriageway.<...>The diameters of the conjugation circle D varied from 22 to 42 mm.<...>Therefore, within the limits of the methodological measurement error, it can be taken as k2 = 1.

Preview: Bulletin of SibADI No. 2 2016.pdf (1.0 Mb)

No. 3 [Industrial and environmental safety, labor protection, 2008]

Information specialized magazine in the field of industrial, environmental, fire safety and labor protection, construction and energy, labor law. The magazine is not published in January.

operating and repairing; examination of industrial safety of facilities outside<...>During inspections of aboveground gas pipelines, gas leaks are detected, gas pipelines move beyond the supports<...> <...>increase in the level of negative impact on the environment and deterioration of the environmental situation within<...>N 89-FZ "On production and consumption waste" (hereinafter - the Federal Law "On production and consumption waste"):

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No. 3 [Posev, 1996]

Socio-political magazine. Published since November 11, 1945, published by the publishing house of the same name. The motto of the magazine is "God is not in power, but in truth" (Alexander Nevsky). The periodicity of the journal has changed. Initially published as a weekly publication, for some time it was published twice a week, and from the beginning of 1968 (number 1128) the magazine became a monthly one.

the question of accepting the citizenship of the "Zaporizhzhya Cherkasy", these Cherkasy moved in thousands to Moscow<...> <...>Knowledge is wealth, the value of which increases with the increase in its consumption.<...>Even for the 1980s, the "limit of tolerance" turned out to be quite modest.<...>Knowledge is wealth, the value of which increases with the increase in its consumption.

Preview: Sowing No. 3 1996 (1).pdf (1.7 Mb)

Financial law study guide: Direction of preparation 030900.62 - Jurisprudence. Undergraduate

NCFU publishing house

The textbook is a course of lectures and includes topics on the main issues of financial law. Each lecture contains a plan, questions for self-control, a list of legal acts and literature for self-study. The course of lectures is intended for bachelors of the specialty "Jurisprudence".

Funds directed to consumption funds are redistributed through the state credit.<...>temporarily free funds of the population of enterprises and organizations not intended for current consumption<...>economic and political situations, the population and economic authorities can go to a conscious restriction of consumption<...>Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" and Federal Law No. 89-FZ of June 24, 1998 "On Production and Consumption Waste<...>calculation of corporate income tax; 3) performance of construction and installation works for own consumption

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General theory of textbook systems. allowance

Moscow: Direct-Media

The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard for higher professional education. It presents the main theoretical postulates of the General Systems Theory in an accessible way, and comprehensively considers the issues of the systemic development of matter, nature and society. Based on a broad generalization of factual and theoretical material, the author analyzes the patterns of manifestation of systemic processes of social self-organization, social needs and contradictions at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation.

<...> <...> <...> <...>

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No. 12 [Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex, 2019]

Economic problems of all areas of activity of the oil and gas complex, issues of corporate governance, analysis of the state and trends in the development of the oil market.

To a certain extent, this can be compensated by the relatively lower cost of Russian<...>It is obvious that a full import substitution can be understood only as the formation within the country<...>The third option could be building industrial cooperation ties within the EAEU,<...>Liquidation works within the licensed subsoil area are divided into current, included in the annual<...>Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the placement of free cash within Russia

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No. 8 [Solid household waste, 2019]

Solid Household Waste is the only periodical in Russia that reflects almost all issues related to the generation and processing of waste, the study of their composition and properties, problems and solutions in the field of waste management and environmental aspects related to waste management.

The resulting waste paper is consumer waste.<...>Initially low level of SGI consumption per person in the Russian Federation Fig. one.<...>It turns out that even without changes in the volume of consumption of various types of products, consumption of packaging<...>legislation of the Russian Federation, and the MSW owner undertakes to pay for the services of a regional operator at a price determined within<...>waste disposal and monitoring of the state and pollution of the environment on the territories of these facilities and within

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No. 5 [Legality, 2015]

. No. 89.FZ "On production and consumption waste" (hereinafter - Law No. 89.FZ) provides that the activity<...>Every year, prosecutors reveal numerous violations in setting tariffs and consumption standards<...>approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2011 No. 354, the burden of paying for excess consumption<...>issued Decree No. 1079 "On determining the consumption of electrical energy, cold and hot water consumed<...>In cases of need, employees may be involved in the performance of their duties outside the norms.

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Environmental policy of the Russian Federation: the main ways of implementation in the Oryol region monograph

Publishing House Orel GAU

The monograph covers such issues as the socio-economic and environmental state of the Oryol region, the regulatory framework for environmental regulation, ways to optimize the environmental situation and preserve the functional integrity of natural objects, as well as issues that allow optimizing the regulation of environmental activities at the state and municipal level. The paper provides the Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation and a description of specially protected areas of the Oryol region, which is of particular value and interest.

Publishing house of OmSTU

The lecture course was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the state educational standard of higher professional education. It presents the main theoretical postulates of the General Systems Theory in an accessible way, and comprehensively considers the issues of the systemic development of matter, nature and society. Based on a broad generalization of factual and theoretical material, the author analyzes the patterns of manifestation of systemic processes of social self-organization, social needs and contradictions at the present stage of development of the Russian Federation.

The literature listed in the list expands the limits of the lecture course.<...>The structure of consumption optimally adapts to the new conditions.<...>Article 73 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that outside the jurisdiction of Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency<...>This process has a single basis - the reproduction of resources (otherwise - energy consumption).<...>Such dimensions for him would lie beyond the imagination.

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#2 [Legality, 2019]

As you know, in the last decade and a half, legislation has been actively updated in Russia, on some issues - radically, many legal institutions are undergoing significant changes, new ones are being introduced. During this time, many discussion articles have been published on the pages of the journal about the place and role of the prosecutor's office in our society and state, devoted to judicial reform, the new Code of Criminal Procedure, jury trials, the reform of the investigation in the prosecutor's office, etc. But this has never been to the detriment of materials about the exchange experience and comments on legislation, complex issues of law enforcement practice. Essays on well-known prosecutors are also regularly published. The journal has a well-established team of authors, which includes well-known scientists and law enforcement officers from almost all regions of Russia who are passionate about their cause.

Information specialized magazine in the field of industrial, environmental, fire safety and labor protection, construction and energy, labor law. The magazine is not published in January.

Over the past two years, the growth in electricity consumption has reached the level of 4-4.2%.<...>The main disadvantage of dividing the territory into zones is the difficulty in choosing the upper and lower limits of the size<...>The values of the function on the border of the territory are not equal to zero, so the influence of objects goes beyond its borders<...>However, the number of facilities built in the republic and abroad, always high quality<...>The task of noxology also includes the study of the principles of minimizing hazards in sources and protection from them withinconsumption dose limits<...>reactors in the world, there were about ten serious accidents, three of them with the release of radionuclides outside<...>temperature below +160C and air speed over 0.3 m/s, while air humidity should be within<...>automatic gas analyzers are installed, which, when the concentration reaches 20% of the lower limit

Preview: XII Republican School of Students and Postgraduates Live in the XII century materials of the competition for the best work of students and postgraduates..pdf (0.1 Mb)

Abstract of lectures on the academic discipline "Sociology". Direction of training: 210700 Infocommunication technologies and communication systems. Training profile: 210700 - Multichannel telecommunication systems, 210700 - Communication networks and switching systems

Publishing house PSUTI

The abstract of lectures on the discipline "Sociology" is intended for university students studying in the direction of training 210700 Infocommunication technologies, training profiles: Multichannel telecommunication systems, Communication networks and switching systems.

But the indicator of the level of alcohol consumption makes sense only in combination with data on the structure of consumption.<...>Exogamy is the prohibition of marriage within a certain group of people.<...>The ancient Greek thinker considered the limit of life to be 80 years (and he himself died at 80).<...>The biological limit of human life is changing extremely slowly.<...>Factors and limits of controllability. Management styles 1.

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No. 2 [Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: Chemistry, 2011]

Changing the hydration of membranes significantly changes the balance of forces within the ternary protein system.<...>It is possible to obtain binary and ternary alloys and control the conductivity over a wide range.<...>The error limit of the gas analyzer is 5%. The measurement results are presented in table. 4.<...>The determination of CO is carried out in within

The goals pursued by the founders of this journal are as follows: - to provide the target audience with theoretical, methodological and practice-oriented information that contributes not only to the development of Russian and foreign research in the field of corporate governance and innovation development, but also ensures the sustainable development of the regions of the North. - meet the growing need of the scientific community and practitioners for up-to-date, objective and professional information on new controversial issues of business management in the North, which provides a significant contribution to the development of the world economy. - stimulate the development of a system of electronic scientific journals, both specialized and multidisciplinary, which allows creating a fundamentally new information environment for the Russian and foreign scientific community, helping to present the results of research from scientific schools dispersed in space and avoiding self-isolation, an information vacuum.

Second: production and consumption waste; types of objects of past economic activity (dumps,<...>In our opinion, cities should have some limits to their growth.<...>If these limits exist and do not depend on the initial state of the system, then they are called final.<...>Consumption of the population is one of the most important characteristics of the people's well-being.<...>As soon as the index returns within the interval, the position is closed.

Preview: Corporate governance and innovative development of the North Bulletin of the Research Center for Corporate Law, Management and Venture Investment of Syktyvkar State University No. 1 2013.pdf (0.6 Mb)

Interregional Youth Scientific and Technical Conference "Science and Youth", November 22-24, 2012

The materials of the conference consider innovative technologies in science, technology, instrumentation, resource-saving technologies, as well as innovative management issues developed by young scientists from the universities of Elista, Cheboksary, Moscow. - Elista: Kalmyk University Publishing House, 2012. - 175 p.

The population's demand for consumer goods is covered by agriculture by almost 60%.<...>Within the limits of organized repetition, the variants of the experiment on the main plots and subplots were placed by the method<...>The duration of laser irradiation in water varied from several tens of seconds to<...>Within the limits of organized repetition, variants of the experiment on the main 130<...>According to statistics, the consumption of semi-finished products from 2002 to 2010 increased by 25%.

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The basic concepts of the theory of marginal utility are "utility", "total utility" and "marginal utility".

Utility is the ability of a product or service to satisfy human needs.

General utility- This is the consumer's assessment of the total utility of the purchased quantity of goods or services. Since total utility is a subjective concept, when evaluating the same units (portions) of the same product, it will differ for different people depending on their tastes and preferences. The overall utility of any good tends to increase as the portions, or units, of that good consumed increase. However, the increase in total utility decreases as additional portions are consumed, as they bring less and less satisfaction to the needs of a particular consumer, and his overall need for this product is gradually saturated.

The change in total utility is related to marginal utility. marginal utility- this is an additional, additional utility received by the consumer from each additional unit of a certain type of product. We can say that marginal utility is the increase, the change in total utility, caused by the consumption of each additional unit. It is defined as follows:

where MU (marginal utility) is marginal utility;

ΔTU (total utility) - change in total utility;

ΔQ - change in the amount of consumed products.

Within a relatively short period of time, as long as the tastes and preferences of the consumer do not change, the marginal utility of each successive unit of output will decrease. As a result, economists have formulated law of diminishing marginal utility: as additional units or servings of the same good are consumed, the total utility received by the consumer increases at an increasingly slow rate, i.e., the marginal utility of each successive unit or serving decreases.

Let's represent the law of diminishing marginal utility with the help of conditional digital data and graphically.

It is necessary to analyze according to the table the change in the total and marginal utility.

Law of diminishing marginal utility

a) total utility b) marginal utility

The curve of diminishing marginal utility resembles a declining demand curve. The difference between them lies in the fact that when constructing a demand curve, the vertical axis reflects the monetary units of the price that is objectively formed in the market, and when constructing a graph of marginal utility, conventional units of subjective marginal utility are reflected. However, according to some economists, there is a relationship between both graphs, which manifests itself in relationship between the law of decreasing demand and the law of diminishing marginal utility. If each successive unit of a good has less and less marginal utility, then the consumer will only buy additional units if their market price falls.

Resource planning management methods are reduced to methods that allow you to optimally plan the need and distribution of resources between jobs (see Chapter 13).

On fig. 17.4.1 shows the resource planning process.

Rice. 17.4.1. Example resource scheduling process

There may be situations where the resources assigned to a particular job are the main factor that determines when it starts and finishes. In this case, the resources have their own resource calendars according to which work is performed.

When assigning limited resources to jobs, it is necessary to take into account their consumption limits, which will later allow us to analyze their usage profiles. Existing network scheduling software products support one to two consumption limits: normal and maximum. The normal consumption limit characterizes the amount of resource that can be provided to perform work under normal conditions per unit of time (for example, for a worker, this is 8 people/hours per day). The maximum consumption limit characterizes the amount of resource use per unit of time that can be provided at additional costs (10-12 people/hours per day) (Fig. 17.4.2).

Fig 17.4.2. Resource Consumption Limits

When analyzing the use profiles of scarce resources, the correspondence between their consumption limits (capacity) and the need to perform work is determined. In some cases, a resource conflict arises when the demand for a resource exceeds its maximum consumption limit (for example, simultaneously performed jobs use the same resource (Fig. 17.4.3).

Fig, 17.4.3. An example of a resource conflict

To optimize the distribution of resources and, in particular, to resolve resource conflicts, leveling methods are used that take into account the limits of resource consumption and allow them to be used most efficiently. Resource leveling eliminates peaks in resource usage and sets the resource usage level below the maximum limit, pushing some work to later dates (Figure 17.4.4).

Typically the following are used alignment methods:

normal - work is planned for a later date due to the reserve of time until the required amount of resource appears;

splitting - the work is divided into several parts, each of which requires the required amount of resource;

stretching - reducing the intensity of resource use by increasing the duration of work;

compression - in the case of an excess of a resource - a decrease in the duration of the work by increasing the intensity of resource use.

Rice. 17.4.4. Resource Leveling Example

17.5. Structure and scope of work

Under work structure the following operating parameters are assumed:

identifier- a unique code that uniquely identifies the work in the project;

description - a brief description used in the network diagram (graph) of the project. Usually describes the essence of the work;

initial duration (duration). An estimate of the time (in hours, days, weeks, months, years) required to complete the work, given its nature and the resources required. Estimation of the duration of work is influenced by time constraints, assumptions about the need for labor resources, their qualifications and experience in previous projects (project fragments). The main methods for estimating the duration of work are:

expert review;

peer-to-peer estimating, also called top-down estimating, involves using the true duration of past work as the basis for estimating the duration of similar work in the future. This method is often used when estimating the duration of a project where detailed information is limited, such as in the early stages. This assessment is most reliable when the projects are of the same type and the assessors have the necessary experience;

imitation (simulation). A simulation is a calculation of the duration under various sets of assumptions. The most common Monte Carlo analysis is where a distribution of possible outcomes is determined for each activity and used as a calculation of the distribution of possible outcomes for the project as a whole;

percentage of completion- share of the completed part of the work in percent (4);

remaining duration for the work being done. Calculated either based on the percentage of completion, or by estimation;

calendar- a list of working and non-working periods adopted for the performance of work in the project;

early start and end, late start and end;

time reserves- free and complete. Free float determines the amount of time that work can be delayed without changing the early start of all subsequent work. Full slack determines the amount of time work can be delayed without changing the duration or finish dates of the entire project. It is defined as the difference between the late and early completion of work.

actual start and end- actual start and end dates of work;

previous work - work, which determines the timing of the performance of this work, which is technologically (logically) preceding it;

subsequent work- work, the deadlines for which depend on the performance of this work, technologically (logically) following the given one.

The main methods for determining the sequence of work are:

restrictions - characterize the external or internal conditions in relation to the work of the project, affecting the timing of the implementation. For example, it is necessary to report on the financial activities of the enterprise no later than a predetermined date, etc.;

CPP code - a code that determines which work package within the CPP the given work belongs to;

resources - equipment, materials, human resources necessary for the performance of work;

costs/budget - expressed in monetary terms, the cost of performing work.

17.6. Principles of Effective Time Management

Management principles- General patterns within which links (relationships) are realized between various structures (elements) of the management system.

Effective time management is related to the achievement of performance results. The results-based business framework (Figure 17.6.1) is an important tool for implementing results-based management. The result-oriented activity scheme differs from the traditional task-oriented one. It covers a one-year period of time and is compiled for each reporting period by setting new goals.

The schema is linked to all stages of results-based management. This is part of the results measurement process - it is used continuously in the results monitoring process, which evaluates the results of the activities in the past reporting period and sets new final goals for the activities. The most important link in the scheme in terms of managing individual work and time use is the definition of key performance results in the upcoming reporting period. Key results are determined individually, in order of their importance and with an assessment of their mutual influence. Based on the key results, a personal action plan and a calendar work plan for the coming year (annual time allocation) are drawn up.

Based on the annual work plan, time is distributed monthly and weekly for the coming months and weeks, and within a week an exact plan is drawn up for each working day.

Rice. 17.6.1. System for managing own activities and time use

In the course of carrying out activities in certain time intervals, the results obtained and the use of time are monitored. Based on these assessments, a plan is drawn up to improve the efficiency of work and use of time both in the short term and throughout the year. In addition, the self-management and time-use management system (ATMS) recommends that a time-use analysis be performed at least once a year on the basis of a 2-3 week period. This will provide additional assistance in time management.

For each key result, goals are clearly defined, the time required to achieve them and methods for monitoring this process. There are large losses of time due to the fact that the goals of the project either do not exist, or are not clearly formulated or unattainable. Goals determine the direction of the project and the execution of work. Clearly defined goals become the standard used to develop individual goals and work towards achieving them.

Objectives for key results can be quantitative, qualitative and time-bound. They need to be compared with the current situation, if one exists for this purpose (Table 17.6.1).

Table 17.6.1

Goal setting example

Key performance results	Key Results Objectives
Profitability	Improve current level by 25%
Market share	Increase the current share from 10 to 18% in each district
Staff efficiency