home Work and education Hazards of industrial environment factors of gravity. Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

Hazards of industrial environment factors of gravity. Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

STATE SYSTEM OF SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
REGULATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2.2. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE

Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions by indicators
harmfulness and danger of factors of the production environment,
severity and intensity of the labor process

Hygienic Criteria for Evaluation of Labor Conditions by
Indexes of Harmfulness and Danger of Industrial
Environment and Working Process Difficulty and Intensity

Management

Introduction date 1994-01-01

1. DEVELOPED by the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Department of Occupational Health of the Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov.

Head: N.F. Izmerov.

Responsible executors: N.N. Molodkina, A.I. Korbakov.

Performers: O.G. Alekseeva, R.F. Afanasiev, G.A. Bogdasaryan, V.V. Elizarova, L.T. Elovskaya, A.A. Kasparov, G.N. Lagutina, V.V. Matyukhin, Yu.V. Moikin, Yu.N. Fingers, L.V. Pokhodzey, L.V. Prokopenko, G.A. Suvorov, L.A. Tarasova, V.V. Tkachev, I.P. Ulanova, A.I. Khalepo, E.F. Shardakova, G.B. Steinberg, E.G. Yampolskaya.

Starring:

Ivanovo Research Institute of Occupational Safety (S.V. Voronkova, E.I. Ilyina, T.I. Chastukhina), Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (V.Ya. Golikov, E.N. Yermolina), All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene (V. A. Kaptsov, E.S. Freiman).

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED by the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia - Deputy Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on July 12, 1994

Valid for three years from the date of approval.

3. Introduced to replace the "Hygienic classification of labor (in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process)", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on August 12, 1986 No. 4137-86.

1. Scope and general provisions

1.1. Hygienic criteria are intended for hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work depending on harmful factors in the workplace in order to:

- establishing priorities in the implementation of recreational activities;

- creation of a data bank on existing working conditions at the level of an enterprise, district, city, region, republic;

- determination of administrative and economic sanctions in connection with unfavorable working conditions;

- certification of workplaces.

1.2. The use of hygiene criteria for other purposes is possible upon agreement with the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation.

1.3. Hygienic assessment criteria and classification of working conditions are based on the principle of differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the working environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards in accordance with the revealed influence of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers. Working with pathogens of infectious diseases, with substances for which inhalation or contact with the skin should be excluded (antineoplastic drugs, estrogen hormones, narcotic analgesics) gives the right to classify working conditions as a certain hazard class for potential danger.

1.4. Work in conditions of exceeding hygienic standards is possible provided that personal protective equipment is used and the time of exposure to harmful production factors is reduced - time protection.

The determination of the allowable time of contact with harmful production factors for a work shift and / or period of employment (restriction of work experience) is carried out by the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies on the proposal of the administration in relation to the professional groups of a particular enterprise. In the latter case, working conditions can be classified as less harmful.

1.5. The validity of this manual is three years from the date of its approval. The experience of applying hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions should be used in the preparation of a new version of the document.

2. Basic concepts used in hygiene criteria

2.1. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

2.2. WORKING CONDITIONS - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.

2.3. HARMFUL PRODUCTION FACTOR - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in efficiency, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

- physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination, increased ultraviolet radiation);

- chemical factors, including some substances of biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

- biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;

- factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;

- factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

2.4. DANGEROUS PRODUCTION FACTOR - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

2.5. HYGIENIC STANDARDS OF WORKING CONDITIONS - levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern methods of research in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations.

Compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions does not exclude health problems in hypersensitive individuals.

2.6. SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

3. Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

Based on hygienic criteria and principles for classifying working conditions, the latter are divided into four classes.

Grade 1 - OPTIMUM working conditions - such conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency.

Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process. For other factors, conventionally, such working conditions are taken as optimal, under which unfavorable factors do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Grade 2 - PERMISSIBLE working conditions are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and remote period on the health of workers and their offspring.

The optimal and permissible classes correspond to safe working conditions.

Class 3 - HARMFUL working conditions, characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness.

1 degree 3rd class (3.1) - working conditions characterized by such deviations from hygienic standards, which, as a rule, cause reversible functional changes and determine the risk of developing a disease.

2 degree 3rd class (3.2) - working conditions with such levels of production factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, leading in most cases to an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, an increase in the frequency of general morbidity, the appearance of initial signs of occupational pathology.

3rd degree of the 3rd class (3.3) - working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors that lead to the development, as a rule, of occupational pathology in mild forms during the period of employment, the growth of chronic general somatic pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability .

4 degree of the 3rd class (3.4) - working conditions under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, there is a significant increase in chronic pathology and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

Grade 4 - DANGEROUS (EXTREME) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

Table 1

Classes of working conditions depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area (excess of MPC, times)


Harmful substances*	Working condition class
	Admit- my	Harmful - 3				dangerous (extreme)
		1st degree	2 degrees	3 degrees	4 degrees

____________ * - In accordance with the list "Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area" and additions to it, GOST 12.1.005 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", "List of substances, products, production processes and household factors that are carcinogenic to humans.
Harmful substances other than those listed below
Substances with sharp lazy mechanism of action. Substances of irritating action						>10*
______________ * - Exceeding the specified level for substances with a highly directional mechanism of action can lead to acute fatal poisoning.
Allergens
Carcinogens
Aerosols predominantly fibrogenic action
Anticancer drugs, hormones (estrogens)*
__________________ * - Substances, when working with which contact with respiratory organs and skin should be excluded with mandatory control of the air in the working area by approved methods (in accordance with the list "Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area" and additions to it).
__________________
Narcotic analgesics *
__________________ * - Substances, when working with which contact with respiratory organs and skin must be excluded with mandatory control of the working area by approved methods (in accordance with the list "Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area" and additions to it).
__________________ ** - Working with these substances in their production, as well as in oncological dispensaries and departments, gives the right to classify working conditions as this class.
Metals, metal oxides

table 2

Classes of working conditions when working with a biological factor


Name		WORKING CONDITION CLASS
		Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
			1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Pathogenic micro- organisms	Particularly dangerous infections
	pathogens of other infectious diseases
_______________________ * - Work in specialized medical, veterinary institutions and units, specialized farms for sick animals gives the right to classify working conditions to the specified class.
Microorganisms-producers, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms; (exceeding MPC, times)
Protein preparations (exceeding MAC, times)

Table 3

Classes of working conditions depending on the level of noise and vibration of workplaces


Factor	WORKING CONDITION CLASS
	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
		1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Exceeding the MPD up to:
Noise (equivalent sound level, dBA)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Sanitary Norms for Permissible Noise Levels at Workplaces".
Vibration local (equivalent corrected- vibration velocity level, dB)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Sanitary norms and rules for working with machines and equipment that create local vibration transmitted to the hands of workers."
Vibration overall (equivalent corrected level of vibration velocity, dB)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Sanitary Vibration Standards for Workplaces".
Infrasound (total sound pressure level, dB Lin)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Hygienic Standards for Infrasound at Workplaces".

_______________________ * - In accordance with GOST 12.1.001 SSBT "Ultrasound. General safety requirements".
Ultrasound contact (vibration velocity, m/s; logarithmic level of vibration velocity, dB; intensity, W/cm)
_______________________ * - The combination of local vibration with a cooling microclimate and / or static stress increases the class of working conditions by one.

Table 4

Classes of working conditions under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (exceeding the MPD, times)


FACTOR	WORKING CONDITION CLASS
	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
		1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Permanent magnetic field
electrostatic field
Power frequency electric fields (50 Hz)	Remote control (for the whole working day)
Power frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz)	Remote control (for the whole working day)
Radio electromagnetic radiation frequency range:
0.01-3MHz


300 MHz - 300 GHz
laser radiation	PDU (for chronic whom to influence actions)	>PDU PDU (for single exposure)
In accordance with the "Maximum permissible levels of exposure to permanent magnetic fields when working with magnetic devices and materials."
In accordance with GOST 12.1.045 SSBT "Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels in the workplace and requirements for monitoring."
In accordance with the "Sanitary norms and rules for performing work under the influence of electric fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz)".
In accordance with the "Maximum permissible levels of magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz".
In accordance with GOST 12.1.006 SSBT "Electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies. Permissible levels in the workplace and requirements for monitoring", "PDU exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 10-60 kHz".
For remote control with an exposure time equal to or less than 0.2 hours.
In accordance with the "Sanitary Norms and Rules for the Design and Operation of Lasers".

Note: For persons working in shielded (with a decrease in the natural electromagnetic field of the Earth) and especially clean rooms, the class of working conditions is set in accordance with the levels of all available environmental factors and the labor process, increasing the degree of harmfulness by one step.

Table 5.1

Classes of working conditions in terms of microclimate for industrial premises and open areas in the warm season


Indicator	WORKING CONDITION CLASS
	Optimal- ny	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
			1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Air temperature, °С			According to the WBGT index, see table. 5.1.1.
_______________________ * - "Sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises".
Air speed, m/s
Air humidity, %
Thermal radiation, W/m

Table 5.1.1

Classes of working conditions according to the WBGT index for industrial premises and open areas during the warm season (°С)


		WORKING CONDITION CLASS
Category- number of works*	General energy spending,	Opti- mal- ny	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
				1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4	[email protected] If the payment procedure on the website of the payment system has not been completed, cash funds will NOT be debited from your account and we will not receive confirmation of payment. In this case, you can repeat the purchase of the document using the button on the right. An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, funds from your account were not written off. Try to wait a few minutes and repeat the payment again.

Negative impact of harmful production factors

As a result of exposure to harmful production factors, workers may develop occupational diseases - diseases caused by exposure to harmful working conditions. Occupational diseases are divided into:

Acute occupational diseases that have arisen after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors;

Chronic occupational diseases that have arisen after repeated exposure to harmful production factors (increased concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, increased noise, vibration, etc.). .

Evaluation of working conditions by factors of the working environment

In order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous factors of the production environment and the labor process and assess the level of their impact on the employee, taking into account the deviation of their actual values from the established ones, enterprises are required to conduct a special assessment of working conditions.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee.

Evaluation of working conditions is the determination of the actual values of dangerous and harmful production factors, the intensity and severity of labor.

The levels of hazardous and harmful production factors are determined by instrumental measurements.

The results of the survey are compared with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The criteria are based on the differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards and the impact of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.

Working conditions in accordance with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process are assessed in four classes (Fig. 1).

Rice. one

1st class - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

2nd grade - permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade - harmful working conditions - are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

2nd degree - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases;

3rd degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

4th degree - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Extreme conditions are created, for example, when the MPC of harmful substances is exceeded by more than 20 times, the MPC of noise - by more than 50 dB. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Labor activity of a person must be carried out in acceptable conditions of the production environment. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment do not exceed. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with a reduction in the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th grade) not allowed except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergency situations. Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Enterprises of any form of ownership are obliged to strive to create safe working conditions.

Safe working conditions are levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or abnormalities in the health of the worker and his offspring. Safe working conditions are also considered working conditions in the complete absence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Jobs are evaluated according to three main criteria:

Hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work; assessment of safety of workplaces;

Accounting and assessment of the provision of employees with means of individual (collective) protection, training, etc.

- injury prevention rated 1st, 2nd or 3rd class (no degree of danger).

Assessment of existing conditions and nature of work produced on the basis of instrumental measurements of physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological factors. The classification of these factors is given in. After measurements, the class of working conditions at the workplace is determined. The most time-consuming work is the definition of the class of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process and labor intensity.

Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the labor process.

The severity of labor- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity. The severity of labor is characterized by physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the form of the working posture, the degree of inclination of the body, and movements in space.

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the worker. The factors characterizing the intensity of labor include intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of their monotony, and the mode of work.

A general assessment of the severity of the labor process is made on the basis of all indicators of the severity of the labor process. At the same time, a class is first established and entered into the protocol for each measured indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the most sensitive indicator assigned to the highest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall score is set one degree higher.

The assessment of the intensity of the labor process of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime. Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 22 indicators are taken into account. It is not allowed to selectively take into account any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity.

For each of the indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. If any of the indicators is not presented due to the nature or characteristics of professional activity, the 1st class (optimal) is assigned to this indicator.

The final definition of the optimal, acceptable and harmful classes of working conditions is based on the number of indicators that have one or another class. The overall assessment of working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger is established according to the highest class and degree of harmfulness. If three or more factors belong to class 3.1, then the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2. In the presence of two or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, working conditions are rated one degree higher, respectively.

With a reduction in contact with harmful factors (time protection), working conditions can be assessed as less harmful, but not lower than class 3.1.

Hygiene specialists classify human working conditions according to the degree of severity and intensity of the labor process and according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment.

the severity of physical labor- these are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, mass of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped working movements, static load, working postures, body tilts, movement in space.

Labor process factors characterizing labor intensity, is the emotional and intellectual load, the load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, the mode of operation.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes : easy(optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate(permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift; the value of the total effort applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work.

Classification of working conditions according to severity and intensity:

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal– 1st class, admissible– 2nd grade, tense- 3rd grade - work of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are:

o degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity;

: the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens;

, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people;

o monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations;

o working mode, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical work classified by gravity labor, mental- on tension.

Labor that requires physical activity, emotional, intellectual stress, responsibility is classified both according to the severity and intensity of labor.

Such types of labor include the labor of drivers, typesetters in printing houses, computer users who enter large amounts of information into memory, etc. The work of people in these professions is characterized by the stereotype of working movements involving the muscles of the fingers, hands, arms or shoulder girdle, the constancy of the working posture, the tension of the analyzers (primarily vision), the duration of concentrated observation, etc.

Occupational health is a field of medicine that studies human labor activity and the working environment from the point of view of their influence on the body, develops measures and hygienic standards aimed at improving working conditions and preventing occupational diseases. Tasks of occupational health: determination of the maximum permissible levels of harmful production factors, classification of working conditions, assessment of the severity and intensity of the labor process, rational organization of the regime of work and rest, workplace, study of the psychophysiological aspects of labor activity, etc.

When assessing the quality of the environment, it is necessary to study not only the influence of various parameters, but also their interaction and develop appropriate integrated indicators (for example, a heat stress indicator).

Hygiene methods include instrumental studies of environmental factors, physiological and clinical observations, as well as methods of sanitary inspection and medical statistics.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are the following factors:

physical factors: climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility), electromagnetic fields of various wave ranges (ultraviolet, visible, infrared - thermal, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, ultrasound, irritating aerosols (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination);

chemical factors: harmful substances, including biological ones (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producing microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes:

o 1st grade – optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

o 2nd grade – permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

o 3rd grade – harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

o 4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Labor activity of a person must be carried out in acceptable conditions of the production environment. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment are not exceeded. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with a reduction in the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) is not allowed, except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergency situations. Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Test questions:

Name the main causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases. Define an accident and an occupational disease.

Formulate an axiom about the potential danger of life activity. How is the issue of production safety in the gas industry solved?

What is meant by labor protection? Formulate the main tasks of labor protection.

Give a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors. Make a nomenclature of dangers for a gas fitter.

Name the most dangerous jobs in industrial enterprises. Define hazard, injury and occupational safety.

Lecture 2. "Types and conditions of work"

Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

If the labor activity of a person is carried out in production, it is called production activity.

Production activity- this is a set of actions of workers using the means of labor necessary to turn resources into finished products, including the production and processing of various types of raw materials, construction, and the provision of various types of services.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems - the cardiovascular, neuromuscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time can have negative consequences, such as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. Mental labor is characterized by a decrease in motor activity - hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and environmental perception functions deteriorate.

Rice. 1. Types of labor activity.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires a lot of nervous tension and, combined with the high speed of work and its monotony, leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On the semi-automatic and automatic production, energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. The work of the operator is characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. The work of students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions - memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with tests, exams, tests.

The most complex form of mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). Creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in the electrocardiogram, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by an increased neuro-emotional load.

Production activities are carried out in the working area.

Working area called the space (up to 2 m) above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers.

Work zone is defined by arcs that can be described by a hand turning at the shoulder or elbow at the level of the working surface. In addition, the working area must necessarily be combined with an area convenient for the human eye. The optimal work area follows the worker and exists wherever he works. The highest height available for men and women should be taken equal to 1800 ... 2000 mm. And a comfortable height is within 900 ... 1500 mm.

Rice. 2 Classification of working conditions by severity

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body inclinations, movement in space.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are the emotional and intellectual load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, and the mode of work.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate (permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work (in kgm) performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift the value of the total effort (in kgf) applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work. The values of these criteria for women are 40...60% less than for men.

For example, for men, if the mass of weights lifted and moved (no more than twice per hour) is up to 15 kg - light work, up to 30 kg - moderate, more than 30 kg - heavy. For women, respectively - 5 and 10 kg.

The assessment of the severity class of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all the criteria, while the class is evaluated for each criterion, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is determined by the most sensitive criterion

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal - labor intensity of a light degree, permissible - labor intensity of an average degree, intense labor of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are the degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity; the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens; emotional burden, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people; the monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations; work schedule, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical labor is classified according to the severity of labor, mental - according to tension.

2. Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment

Human health largely depends not only on the characteristics of the labor process - severity and tension, but also on environmental factors in which the labor process is carried out.

To date, the list of really existing negative factors, both in the production environment, as well as domestic and natural, has more than 100 types.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are physical, chemical and biological factors.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 3):

1 class- optimal working conditions - conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions are created for high efficiency. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

Grade 2- permissible working conditions - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade- harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring;

Fig.3 Classification of working conditions by production factors

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

Grade 2 - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases .;

3 degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

Grade 4 - conditions of the working environment, under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions - characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift or even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Depending on the severity and intensity of labor, the degree of harmfulness or danger of working conditions, the amount of wages, the duration of vacation, the amount of additional payments and a number of other established benefits are determined, designed to compensate for the negative consequences of labor activity for a person.