Factors of the working environment can have a harmful effect on the body of a working person.

In occupational health, a dangerous and harmful production factor is distinguished.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, etc.), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

All harmful production factors are divided into a number of groups.

• 1. Physical factors: temperature, humidity, air velocity, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation, electrostatic fields, permanent magnetic fields, power frequency electric and magnetic fields, laser and thermal radiation, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general) , ultrasound, infrasound, aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action, natural lighting (absence or insufficiency) or artificial, electrically charged air particles (aeroions).
• 2. Chemical factors: chemicals and some biological substances: antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations.
• 3. Biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, living cells and spores.
• 4. Factors of the labor process, characterizing the severity of physical labor.
• 5. Factors of the labor process, characterizing the intensity of labor.

Any work can be characterized by heaviness and tension.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting mainly the load on the musculoskeletal system and the functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.), which ensure its activity.

The severity of labor is determined by the energy (power) component and is characterized by certain indicators.

Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

The intensity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the worker and the degree of its severity.

Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

Modern production conditions in connection with scientific and technological progress determine the emergence of both new professions and new harmful factors of various nature (for example, physical - plasma processes). The role of psychophysiological factors increases with the introduction of computer technologies, while the physical activity of computer operators is sharply reduced, etc.

Safe working conditions - such conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

The hygienic standards of working conditions are the developed MPCs (maximum permissible concentrations) and MPCs (maximum permissible levels).

test

Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (make an analysis for a specific example)

Working conditions play an important role in a person's working life. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection from industrial hazards - that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal working conditions (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of employees is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process.

l Permissible working conditions (2nd class) - are characterized by such

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse impact in the near and long term on the health of workers. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree of the 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;

2nd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in occupational morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after a long period of work (often after 15 years or more);

3rd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of employment, the growth of chronic (production-caused) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general ability to work), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

b Dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) -

are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including in severe forms.

Work environment factors include: microclimate parameters; the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; the level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig.1 The main elements characterizing the working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In a general assessment, the factors of the working environment are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

· Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the worker and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

If, for example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order of the State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 03, 2007 No. 287, labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

Sanitary microclimate standards (temperature, humidity and air velocity) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

· The intensity of infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

The temperature of the surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cº, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machines. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for setting the temperature limits of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and equipment elements with an external surface temperature above 43Сє must be provided with thermal insulation or a fence and signal paint should be applied to them in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· In production and auxiliary buildings and premises, natural lighting should be used as much as possible.

· The level of vibration that affects workers at the workplace should not exceed the values ​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 39.

· The permissible noise level at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of DSN 3.3.6.037-99 "Sanitary norms for industrial noise, ultrasound and infrasound", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 37.

Analysis of working conditions based on certification of the workplace of a surgeon

Actual and standard values ​​of the measured parameters: Indicators of intensity of the labor process Class of working conditions 1 2 3.1 3.2 3...

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions at the enterprise

In the course of studying the factors, the following are determined: - production factors characteristic of each workplace ...

Life safety as an academic discipline

Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process ...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Safety of technological processes and equipment at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC "TD Igrinsky lespromkhoz"

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Individual and collective protective equipment

The production environment is the space in which human labor activity is carried out. Elements of the production environment: - objects of labor; - means of labor (tools, technological equipment, machines, etc. ...

Classification of working conditions and their examination

Collective and individual means of protection

dangerous hazardous work safety Centuries-old human practice gives grounds for the assertion, which formed the basis of the main axiom of life safety, that any activity is potentially dangerous...

Collective and individual means of protecting workers

One of the most important conditions for normal human life in the performance of professional functions is the preservation of the body's heat balance ...

1. Intelligent loads. Intellectual loads consider the labor process from the point of view of its mental activity. They are expert...

Methods for assessing labor intensity

Quantitative value or detailed expert description of each factor is correlated with Table 4.9. GK R.2.2.755-99 and receives the corresponding score; the data is entered into the final protocol (Appendix 4). - Factors...

Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher

The overall assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows. Regardless of the profession, all of the above 22 indicators are taken into account ...

Industrial dust, effects on the body, preventive measures

In the process of labor activity in the working area, harmful and dangerous production factors that affect a person arise. Hazardous production factor - production factor ...

power station labor minder fuel supply The workplace of the automated fuel feed minder is designed to control equipment from the fuel supply control panel ...

Development of measures to improve the working conditions of a minder in the fuel supply shop of OAO OGK-6 at Novocherkassk State District Power Plant

The main functional element of the automated fuel supply minder's workplace is vertical panels on which information display devices are mounted in the form of recording and indicating devices (thermometers ...

Production (working) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the course of labor activity: the technical equipment of the organization, the features of technological processes and production, the condition of buildings, structures, structures and utilities, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic environment, relationships in the work team, the level of occupational risk based on identified hazardous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation contains the concepts of harmful and dangerous production factors:

• Harmful production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead him to a disease.
• Hazardous production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification” (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions ”(hereinafter referred to as Guideline R 2.2.2006-05), dangerous and harmful factors of the production (working) environment are usually classified according to the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the working environment:

• increased or decreased air temperature of the working area;
• increased humidity and air velocity;
• thermal radiation - thermal load of the medium (THC-index);
• non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
• permanent magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
• electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
• broadband EMF created by PC;
• electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;
• broadband electromagnetic pulses;
• electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
• ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
• ultrasound and infrasound;
• vibration (local, general);
• aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
• natural lighting (lack or insufficiency);
• artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of the light flux, excessive brightness, high uneven distribution of brightness, direct and reflected glare);
• electrically charged particles of air - air ions.

Hazardous physical factors of the working environment:

• moving machines and mechanisms;
• lifting and transport devices and transportable goods;
• moving parts of production equipment;
• electricity;
• increased or decreased temperature of surfaces of equipment, materials;
• location of the workplace at a height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically dangerous and harmful production factors: chemicals, mixtures, including some substances of a biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations) obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which chemical analysis methods are used, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which According to the nature of the action on the human body, they are divided into general toxic, irritant, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the sex cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically dangerous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (labor severity and intensity): physical activity (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards of working conditions

All factors of the production environment are normalized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors falls on the middle of the last century. The concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions, which include:

• MPC– maximum allowable concentration of chemicals;
• remote control– maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
• PDZ– maximum allowable value;
• SDA- the maximum allowable dose of hazardous factors.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) were established on the basis that there is a certain limit value of a harmful factor, below which it is completely safe to stay in a given area or use the product.

To establish the MPC, calculation methods, the results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of lindens exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish MPC, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials of dynamic observations of the health status of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. Recently, computer modeling methods using databases or information-predictive systems, biotesting on various objects, etc. have been widely used.

MPC standards for pollutants are calculated according to their content in the atmospheric air, soil, water and are set for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. MPC values ​​are set based on the impact of harmful substances on humans, and these values ​​are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area of ​​the Russian Federation.

MPC levels of the same substance are different for different environmental objects:

• For the atmospheric air of populated areas and enclosed spaces, MPCs are set. – average daily, MPC m.r. - maximum one-time;
• For the air of the working area MPC r.z. - in the working area, MPC r.s. - average shift in the working area;
• For the aquatic environment MPC v1 - water bodies of the first category of water use, MPC v2 - water bodies of the second category of water use, MPC for fish farms - for reservoirs for fisheries;
• MPC p. - for the soil;
• MPC p.p. - for food.

The maximum one-time MPC value is set to prevent human reflex reactions during short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily value of MPC is set to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effects of a substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards of working conditions (MPC, MPD)- these are the levels of harmful factors of the working environment, which, during daily (except weekends) work for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern research methods, in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygienic standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity.

The maximum permissible value of the fire hazard factor (IDZ OFP)- this is such a value of a dangerous fire factor, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of a fire does not lead to injury, illness or a deviation in the state of health for a normatively established period of time, and the impact on material assets does not lead to the loss of their target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is understood as the time during which the maximum permissible value of a dangerous fire factor is reached.

Maximum allowable doses (SDA) of ionizing radiation- this is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are Federal Law No. 3-FZ of 09.01.1996 “On Radiation Safety of the Population” (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Radiation Safety of the Population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 "Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)" and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 "Basic Sanitary Rules for Ensuring Radiation Safety (OSPORB-99/2010)".

The action of ionizing radiation is a complex process and, when exposed to the human body, can cause two types of effects that clinical medicine refers to diseases:

• deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (clouding of the lens), radiation infertility, anomalies in the development of the fetus, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which the effect is absent, and above - the severity of the effect depends from the dose;
• Stochastic(random, probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases), the probability of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of the manifestation depends on the dose.

In radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels, the possibility of even single ionization acts to cause a violation of some hereditary mechanisms has been shown. In addition, it is impossible to exclude the possibility of the occurrence of disorders in cellular structures at low doses of radiation and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disorders.

In the absence of direct evidence of the influence of exposure to low doses or the safety of this exposure, and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to standardizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed that there is no threshold for stochastic effects of exposure according to a linear relationship between dose and effect in the region of small doses. This hypothesis, in the form of an official concept, was accepted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as the basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. Most often, this hypothesis is called the concept of a non-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are justified taking into account an 8-hour work shift. With a longer shift, but not more than 40 hours a week, in each specific case, the possibility of working must be agreed with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations, etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and the obligatory observance of hygienic standards.

It should be noted that the excess of hygienic standards in the process of labor activity of workers leads to an increase in accidents at work, occupational diseases, work-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional capacity for work of a significant number of workers.

The state of the production environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy costs for the basic metabolism and resistance of the human body to external influences, form a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibilities of energy consumption for the performance of labor actions are reduced, which also leads to a decrease in working capacity. A decrease in the overall resistance of the human body is not excluded, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of working capacity, loss of time due to illness and injury, an increase in the time spent on rest, an increase in defects and a decrease in product quality, the appearance of excessive staff turnover due to unsatisfactory working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable production environment leading to a decrease in efficiency. activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a result, their offspring), partial or complete disability as a result of injuries and illnesses, a drop in work motivation, a decrease in income and consumption levels of people who have lost their ability to work prematurely, and their families. That is why the problems of creating healthy and safe working conditions are of particular relevance in our country.

Labor activity can be considered in two aspects: from the point of view of the workload performed by a person in this type of work, and, on the other hand, the functional stress of the body as an integral response of the human body to the load.

The work load is a set of factors of the labor process performed in certain conditions of the working environment. Depending on the characteristics of the factors, the work load has a different effect on the human body, on certain functional systems, determining the magnitude and direction of their functioning. Under certain conditions, the levels of labor process factors can be regarded as dangerous and harmful.

According to GOST 12.0.003-74 (from March 1, 2017 GOST 12.0.003-2015 comes into force), factors due to the characteristics of the nature and organization and organization of work of employees, the parameters of the workplace and equipment, are distinguished into a complex of so-called psycho-physiologically dangerous and harmful production factors.

They can have an adverse effect on the functional state of the human body, his well-being, emotional and intellectual spheres and lead to a persistent decrease in working capacity and (or) a violation of the health of workers.

According to the nature of the action, psychophysiological OVPF (dangerous harmful production factors) are divided into physical (static and dynamic) overloads and neuropsychic overloads (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overloads).

Psychophysiological OVPF can be characterized by the parameters of labor (work) loads and (or) indicators of the impact of these loads on a person. Accordingly, the nomenclature includes both the parameters of physical and neuropsychic overloads - the parameters of labor activity, and indicators of their impact on the functional state of the human body during work, his well-being.

The technological processes existing in the conditions of modern production place high demands on the organ of vision of workers. Up to 90% of all labor operations are now under the control of vision. Miniaturization and microminiaturization of elements, which is typical for many industries, the introduction of new types of equipment, technologies and computer control systems causes an increased strain on the visual analyzer. The contingent of persons performing work at the limit of the resolution of the eyes, using optical means, means of displaying information, is constantly increasing.

In accordance with the "Guidelines m according to the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditionsP 2.2.2006-05 » , the parameters of the labor process (the severity and intensity of labor) according to the degree of influence on the functional state and health of workers are classified into three classes:

Optimal working conditions (grade 1) - conditions under which the health of the employee is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency. Optimal standards for working environment factors have been established for microclimatic parameters and workload factors. For other factors, such working conditions are conditionally taken as optimal, under which harmful factors are absent or do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Permissible working conditions (grade 2) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of workers and their offspring. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

Harmful working conditions (grade 3) are characterized by the presence of harmful factors, the levels of which exceed the hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring.
1 degree 3 class (3.1) - working conditions are characterized by such deviations of levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes, which are restored, as a rule, with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;
2 degree 3 class (3.2) - levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading in most cases to an increase in occupationally caused morbidity (which can be manifested by an increase in the level of morbidity with temporary disability and, first of all, those diseases that reflect the state of organs and systems most vulnerable to these factors ), the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational disease (without loss of occupational ability) that occurs after prolonged exposure (oftenafter 15 years or more).

Methodology for assessing the severity of the labor process
The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators expressed in ergometric values ​​that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process. The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

the mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually;
stereotyped labor movements;
working posture;
body slopes;
movement in space.
Each of the listed indicators can be quantitatively measured and evaluated in accordance with the methodology, section 5.10 and table. 17guidelines R 2.2.2006-05.
When performing work associated with uneven physical activity in different shifts, an assessment of the severity of the labor process (with the exception of the mass of the lifted and moved load and body tilts) should be carried out according to average values ​​for 2-3 shifts. The weight of the manually lifted and moved load and the inclination of the hull should be estimated at the maximum values.

Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process
The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."
The assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime loads.

Since 2017, a training cycle has begun to assess the severity and intensity of the labor process.

What is included in the cycle?

Regulatory documents and standardized values ​​for assessing the severity and intensity of the labor process;

Methodology for measuring indicators of severity and intensity of the labor process;

Working measuring instruments;

Calculation and registration of measurement results;

Conclusion (conclusions) on the results of measurements;

For more information write This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view. .

Training is carried out in a state educational institution.

Test questions:

Name the main causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases. Define an accident and an occupational disease.

Formulate an axiom about the potential danger of life activity. How is the issue of production safety in the gas industry solved?

What is meant by labor protection? Formulate the main tasks of labor protection.

Give a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors. Make a nomenclature of dangers for a gas fitter.

Name the most dangerous jobs in industrial enterprises. Define hazard, injury and occupational safety.

Lecture 2. "Types and conditions of work"

Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

If the labor activity of a person is carried out in production, it is called production activity.

Production activity- this is a set of actions of workers using the means of labor necessary to turn resources into finished products, including the production and processing of various types of raw materials, construction, and the provision of various types of services.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems - the cardiovascular, neuromuscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time can have negative consequences, such as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. Mental labor is characterized by a decrease in motor activity - hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and environmental perception functions deteriorate.

Rice. 1. Types of labor activity.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires a lot of nervous tension and, combined with the high speed of work and its monotony, leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On the semi-automatic and automatic production, energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. The work of the operator is characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. The work of students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions - memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with tests, exams, tests.

The most complex form of mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). Creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in the electrocardiogram, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by an increased neuro-emotional load.

Production activities are carried out in the working area.

Working area called the space (up to 2 m) above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers.

Work zone is defined by arcs that can be described by a hand turning at the shoulder or elbow at the level of the working surface. In addition, the working area must necessarily be combined with an area convenient for the human eye. The optimal work area follows the worker and exists wherever he works. The highest height available for men and women should be taken equal to 1800 ... 2000 mm. And a comfortable height is within 900 ... 1500 mm.

Rice. 2 Classification of working conditions by severity

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body inclinations, movement in space.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are the emotional and intellectual load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, and the mode of work.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate (permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work (in kgm) performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift the value of the total effort (in kgf) applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work. The values ​​of these criteria for women are 40...60% less than for men.

For example, for men, if the mass of weights lifted and moved (no more than twice per hour) is up to 15 kg - light work, up to 30 kg - moderate, more than 30 kg - heavy. For women, respectively - 5 and 10 kg.

The assessment of the severity class of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all the criteria, while the class is evaluated for each criterion, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is determined by the most sensitive criterion

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal - labor intensity of a light degree, permissible - labor intensity of an average degree, intense labor of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are the degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity; the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens; emotional burden, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people; the monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations; work schedule, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical labor is classified according to the severity of labor, mental - according to tension.

2. Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment

Human health largely depends not only on the characteristics of the labor process - severity and tension, but also on environmental factors in which the labor process is carried out.

To date, the list of really existing negative factors, both in the production environment, as well as domestic and natural, has more than 100 types.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are physical, chemical and biological factors.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 3):

1 class- optimal working conditions - conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions are created for high efficiency. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

Grade 2- permissible working conditions - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade- harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring;

Fig.3 Classification of working conditions by production factors

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

Grade 2 - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases .;

3 degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

Grade 4 - conditions of the working environment, under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions - characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift or even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Depending on the severity and intensity of labor, the degree of harmfulness or danger of working conditions, the amount of wages, the duration of vacation, the amount of additional payments and a number of other established benefits are determined, designed to compensate for the negative consequences of labor activity for a person.