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Optimization of commodity stocks. Inventory management in the enterprise

The results of the commercial activity of the enterprise largely depend on their volume and level. They are sensitive to any changes in market conditions, and, first of all, to the relationship of supply and demand.

The very fact of their existence does not bring their owners anything but costs and losses. And yet, without them, no trading enterprise can exist.

This is inventory.

Inventory is the main cash investment for trading firms, the main source of profit, the main problem of daily control. Currently, trading companies are increasingly faced with the problem of competition, which puts pressure on the established markup. Therefore, to ensure the necessary return on investment in the business, to ensure the necessary growth rates of the company, effective inventory management is relevant.

Efficient inventory management allows you to reduce the duration of the production and the entire operating cycle, reduce the current costs of their storage, release part of the financial resources from the current economic turnover, reinvesting them in other assets. Ensuring this efficiency is achieved through the development and implementation of a special financial policy for inventory management.

The choice of inventory management policy practically consists in answering one, fairly simple question: "What is the optimal amount of inventory for the company?".

It is obvious that the stocks of the company are needed in order to fulfill the orders of their customers for goods in the right quantity and on time.

However, stocks require expenses for their storage until they "wait in the wings" and are sold. Moreover, the company's losses increase, first of all, due to the diversion of part of the capital invested in reserves from turnover.

Therefore, the company must find for itself the optimal combination between the costs and benefits of the chosen level of inventory and determine what amount of inventory for each product group (or even item) is sufficient.

The inventory management system is designed to implement such a procedure for the formation and use of them, which would uninterruptedly meet the needs of the turnover, reflecting consumer demand, at the lowest cost of maintaining the total stocks.

One of the effective methods for optimizing inventory management is the use of a corporate information system (CIS) in a company.

The main advantages of a corporate information system are the ability to work in real time, "transparency" and, due to this, the optimization of business processes, the ability to predict the results of a company's activities, and company management at a qualitatively new level.

The implemented inventory management functionality allows you to effectively manage supplies and sales, quickly control inventory in the company's warehouses, optimize the assortment and inventory, determine the most profitable product, predict future sales based on the analysis of sales statistics for any period of time.

The presence in the system of automatic import and storage of price lists of suppliers allows you to obtain information about a new product from suppliers, about the best price for the purchase, and select the best assortment.

Analytical information about competitors' prices allows you to optimize the sales process, offer competitive prices, and thus increase the company's profits. Minimized the likelihood of obsolescence of the goods and the cost of maintaining the inventory.

Before inventory optimization, two main goals should always be set: minimizing costs and maximizing demand satisfaction.

When analyzing the optimal size of inventory, the actual inventory in days is compared with the norm and the deviation in days and in total is determined.

Inventory variance in days is calculated using the following formula:

where - stock deviation in days, days;

Actual stocks in days, days;

Inventory rate in days, days.

The stock variance in total is determined by the following formula:

where - stock deviation in total, rub.;

One-day turnover, rub.;

For example, if the stock rate is 23 days and the actual stock is 21 days, then the variance is 2 days.

Such a deviation with a "-" sign indicates that inventory needs to be replenished, otherwise the volume of trade in the next period may be reduced.

And, on the contrary, the deviation with the "+" sign indicates that there are excess inventories. In this case, it is necessary to find out why they arose.

If these goods arrived in the last days of the month and they simply did not have time to be sold, then it follows that they will contribute to an increase in trade in the next period. If these goods are not sold for a long time, they take up sales space and increase distribution costs. Then it is necessary to take measures for their implementation (for example, by setting discounts).

It should be said that the share of slow-moving and stale goods (low-quality, out-of-sale, out of fashion, etc.) in the total volume of commodity stocks can be calculated separately for a more thorough study of the reasons for this situation.

The above analysis can only be carried out on current stocks. If the enterprise has inventory of seasonal accumulation, their volume must be deducted from the total amount of actual inventory.

It should be noted that it makes sense to estimate the optimal size of commodity stocks not for all types of goods. So, there is no need to resort to the calculation of this indicator for goods whose average turnover is one day (for example, bread).

Inventory optimization is a matter that must be addressed daily.

In some cases, an effective solution is to transfer inventory management (at the level of plans) to the sales department while adjusting the incentive system.

For managers involved in inventory management, wages are tied to the net profit of the enterprise, taking into account the cost of diverted capital.

That is, if earlier marketers were interested in the volume of sales and the difference between purchase prices and selling prices, now the inventory is also in the circle of their interests.

For the purposes of inventory optimization, the following formula can also be used - the formula for calculating profit for the period:

Pv \u003d (T 2 + D 2 - K 2) - (T 1 + D 1 - K 1) + Vp - P, (18)

where Пв - gross profit before taxation, rub.;

T 2 - commodity stock at discount prices at the end of the period, rubles;

D 2 - accounts receivable at the end of the period, rubles;

K 2 - accounts payable at the end of the period, rubles;

T 1 - commodity stock at accounting prices at the beginning of the period, rubles;

D 1 - accounts receivable at the beginning of the period, rubles;

K 1 - accounts payable at the beginning of the period, rubles;

Vp - gross receipts of funds minus the cost of purchasing goods for the period,

P - expenses in the process of marketing.

Gross profit Pv actually reflects the increase in capital for the period.

The growth of accounts payable (the use by the enterprise of commodity credit from suppliers and prepayments from buyers), the reduction of accounts receivable (more prompt receipt of funds from debtors) increase the efficiency of the enterprise's capital.

To stimulate "automatic" optimization by selling inventory, profit is calculated taking into account the cost of financing according to the formula:

Pu \u003d Pv-N - (T 3 + D 3 - K 3) Ko, (19)

where Pu - conditional profit, taking into account the cost of financing, rubles;

Пв-Н - gross profit after taxation, rub.;

(T 3 + D 3 - K 3) - abstract weighted average capital for the period, rub.;

Ko - percentage of the cost of finance.

In the case when the finances are own, Ko can be taken equal to the percentage received from the use of capital in the industry, in the financial market or in the most profitable area of the enterprise.

We will explain the operation of this system using an example: the weighted average inventory of an enterprise for the previous quarter amounted to 20 million rubles, accounts receivable - 5 million rubles, accounts payable - 3 million rubles.

As a result of the enterprise's activities, these figures have changed to 15 million rubles, 3 million rubles. and 5 million rubles. respectively; at the same time, a commodity stock of 5 million rubles was sold. in accounting prices, which brought 14 million rubles. total proceeds from sales, taking into account the margin, 2 million rubles. brought the return of accounts receivable, 2 million rubles. - growth of accounts payable - i.e. total gross receipts amounted to 18 million rubles. (14 + 2 + 2), and distribution costs amounted to 4 million rubles. . Then:

Pv \u003d (15 + 3 - 5) - (20 + 5 - 3) + 18 - 4 \u003d 13 - 22 + 14 \u003d 5 million rubles;

those. gross profit for the quarter is approximately 23% on initial capital.

Pu \u003d (5 - 5 * 0.35) - (17.5 + 4 - 4) * 0.15 \u003d 3.2 - 2.6 \u003d 0.6 million rubles.

As already noted, the final figure of 0.6 million rubles. can be conditionally considered the net profit of the enterprise, tk. it reflects the actual profit, compared with the use of the same funds in a different way.

In this example, Ko = 15% per quarter - return on capital in the GKO financial market at the end of the year.

If, in the above example, the inventory is replenished through purchases and brought to the previous level of 20 million rubles, then the result will change as follows:

Pv \u003d (20 + 3 - 5) - (20 + 5 - 3) + 13 - 4 \u003d 18 - 22 + 13 - 4 \u003d 5 million rubles. (same figure);

Pu \u003d (5 - 5 * 0.35) - (20 + 4 - 4) * 0.15 \u003d 3.2 - 3 \u003d 0.2 million rubles.

Conditional profit decreased.

Liquidation of receivables and increase by 5 million rubles. accounts payable, with the same level of sales and inventory replenished by lending to suppliers, will give the result:

Pv \u003d (20 + 0 - 8) - (20 + 5 - 3) + 19 - 4 \u003d 5 million rubles;

Pu \u003d (5 - 5 * 0.35) - (20 + 2.5 - 5.5) * 0.15 \u003d 3.25 - 2.55 \u003d 0.7 million rubles.

Stimulation of inventory optimization through the application of this or a similar formula gives a significant result under the following prerequisites:

the bonus to personnel should be a significant share of Pu (usually not less than 25%);

the personnel concerned must be familiar with the method of calculating the premium, and be able to independently monitor and predict the outcome of each transaction.

To stimulate sales personnel, a detailed study of the P variable is also essential. Costs for wages, office rent, advertising, transport and storage services can be tracked and optimized if an unambiguous method of accounting for them is developed.

Another, simpler, but less effective way to keep inventory within certain limits is the directive setting of its upper and lower limits in discount prices. The desire of the marketers to expand the range as much as possible, and the desire of the suppliers to increase the supply lines, are limited by the total amount of funds diverted to the inventory.

The method is operable, but has the disadvantage that it does not provide an optimization function, but only a restrictive one.

In developed countries, inventory management is based on the use of powerful information technologies that allow almost every day to monitor their status and dynamics, automatically place orders through a computer network and replenish stocks to the optimal level. The most common inventory management systems that are based on the use of the EQQ model, the red line tool, the two-sector tool. Recently, the Just-In-Time inventory management method has become widespread. At the same time, the completeness and reliability of the information base is ensured by automating accounting and using the international coding system for goods.

The general principle on which all inventory management systems are based is the relationship of input and initial parameters, which are indicated in Figure 1.

Figure 1-Inventory management system

Such systems are created to most effectively solve the following problems:

Real assessment of the current state of stocks;

Establishing the necessary terms for placing orders;

Determining the appropriate volume of a consignment of goods that is ordered;

Determining the required volume of insurance stocks;

Estimation of inventory management costs and means of their minimization.

The first problem is solved by using inventory control systems that provide management needs for operational information about the dynamics of their implementation and the current state.

Existing inventory control systems vary from the simplest to the most complex, depending on the size of the enterprise, management policy and technology, volume, types and other characteristics of stocks.

Common stock level control systems are those based on the use of red line tools. The essence of the means is to fix the marginal limit, below which the level of stocks should not fall. When this limit is reached, a new order is automatically placed.

The second type of control systems is based on the use of a two-sector facility, according to which stocks for storage are kept in two sectors - working and reserve. When the stocks of the working sector are exhausted, two processes are included - the working sector is replenished at the expense of the reserve, and a new order is placed.

The classification approach to inventory management (ABC system) has become widespread in developed countries. His idea is to use the classification of stocks and the allocation of three groups - A, B, and C, depending on the degree of influence of this type of stock on the increase in the turnover of the enterprise.

Group A includes stocks, the sale of which makes the largest contribution to the volume of trade in monetary terms. This group includes stocks that provide 50% of the sales volume. As a rule, these are the most expensive goods, and their share in the volume of stocks in physical terms does not exceed 15%. Stocks of this kind require special attention of managers and the use of quantitative tools and models to optimize decision making.

Group B includes reserves of medium importance, which provide 35% of the company's sales volume. Their share in physical terms, as a rule, is about 35%. The choice of group B inventory management tools should be based on a comparison of management costs and the economic effect of their use.

Commodity stocks, the sale of which has an insignificant contribution to the volume of trade, about 15%, are classified as group C. Quite often they make up a significant part of the volume of stocks in physical terms - about 50%. It is inappropriate to apply complex quantitative management methods to the management of group C reserves, since in this case, the management costs may be greater than the economic effect of their use.

The principle of classifying reserves into groups according to their importance to the enterprise is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 - Classification of reserves (ABC system).

A relatively new approach to inventory management is the principle of Just-In-Time ("just in time") management. This approach was first used by Japanese corporations and has since spread throughout the world. The main idea is that stocks are practically not created, and the process of delivery of goods by suppliers is strictly coordinated with the technological process at the enterprise. This system allows you to get a significant economic effect by bringing storage costs to zero. However, the high level of requirements for the accuracy of the functioning of the supply system and the risk of possible errors that will lead to a violation of technology do not allow this approach to be used in countries with an underdeveloped information and communication infrastructure.

The management of most trading companies in developed countries is based on the use of computer technology. Management systems include an automated system for inventory accounting and placing orders with suppliers. The movement of each unit of goods, with the help of magnetic bar coding, is reflected in a database that covers information throughout the company's distribution network. The database management system allows you to constantly update information about the status of stocks, automatically place orders through a computer network and take into account replenishment information. At the same time, information on the sale of goods enters the inventory, receivables and cash management system and is processed based on the model tools built into the system.

Introduction

No commercial enterprise can exist without commodity stocks. The results of the commercial activity of the enterprise largely depend on their volume and level. They are sensitive to any changes in market conditions, and, first of all, to the relationship of supply and demand. The very fact of their existence does not bring their owners anything but costs and losses.

Commodity stocks are called consumer goods that are in the sphere of commodity circulation, and, simply speaking, "reserve" is a product that is waiting for the moment of its sale. After the commodity is sold, it passes into the sphere of consumption and ceases to be a commodity stock.

Inventory management is aimed at increasing the profitability and speed of circulation of invested capital. It provides for at the stage of formation of inventories - control of the level of inventories and substantiation of the optimal volume of orders, at the stage of sale of inventories - a change in the volume and reasons for the creation of inventories and the development of a policy for the implementation of excess inventories.

The purpose of this course work is to study the management of inventory in a wholesale trade enterprise.

The main objectives of the course work:

1. To study the theoretical aspects of inventory management;

2. Give the organizational and economic characteristics of the wholesale trade enterprise;

3. Conduct an analysis of inventory management in a wholesale trade enterprise;

4. Formulate ways to improve inventory management in a wholesale trade enterprise;

5. Develop specific measures to improve inventory management and evaluate their cost-effectiveness.

The object of study of the course work is the "Trade City of Babylon".

The study period is 2012-2014.

When writing a term paper, the following methods were used: dialectical, deduction, abstract-logical, analysis, synthesis, comparison, grouping, forecasting.

The information base of the study was the accounting financial statements of the enterprise LLC "Trade City Babylon" for 2012-2014.

The theoretical and methodological foundations for writing the work were the educational literature of domestic authors, as well as periodicals devoted to the issues of inventory management.

Theoretical aspects of inventory management of a trading enterprise

Wholesale turnover

The historical process of development of the commodity economy contributed to the isolation of the sphere of circulation and the allocation of intermediary areas in it - wholesale and retail trade. As a result of wholesale, goods do not enter the sphere of personal consumption, they either enter industrial consumption or are purchased by a retail network for sale to the population. Thus, wholesale turnover is the total volume of sales of goods by manufacturing and trading enterprises, as well as intermediaries to other enterprises and legal entities for the next sale to the population or for industrial consumption.

The role and purpose of wholesale trade can be most clearly seen when considering its functions.

At the macro level, wholesale trade performs a variety of market functions:

Integrating - to ensure the relationship between partner manufacturers, sellers and buyers - to find the best channels for marketing products;

Estimated - to determine the level of socially necessary costs of work through pricing;

Organizing and regulating - to ensure the rational construction and harmonious functioning of the economic system with the help of impulses that stimulate structural changes.

The macroeconomic functions of wholesale trade are transformed at the micro level into various sub-functions or functions of wholesale trade enterprises. Among them are the following:

The function of economic integration of territories and overcoming the spatial gap;

The function of converting the production assortment into a trading assortment of goods;

Function of formation of stocks for insurance against changes in demand for goods;

storage function;

The function of refinement, bringing the goods to the required quality, filling and packaging;

The function of lending to its customers, especially small retail businesses;

Function of marketing researches of the market and advertising.

The development of market relations contributes to the emergence of new elements in the activities of wholesale enterprises. For example, providing a variety of management and consulting services to their clients. The list of specialized services includes consultations on the operation of goods, especially technically complex ones, their repair and warranty service.

The functions of wholesale trade can also be divided into two parts: traditional - mainly organizational and technical (organization of wholesale purchase and sale, warehousing and storage of stocks, transformation of the range of goods, their transportation) and new ones that arise under the influence of market development.

The organization of wholesale purchase and sale has been one of the most important functions of wholesale trade since the time when, in the process of the social division of labor, it separated into an independent area of trade. When contacting product manufacturers, wholesalers act as representatives of demand, and when offering goods to buyers, they act on behalf of the manufacturer.

The specialization of wholesale trade in the performance of the contact function provides significant savings in distribution costs, which predetermines a decrease in the number of contacts. As a result, the buyer, that is, the retail trade, saves time, as it is freed from purchases from a great variety of manufacturers, reduces the material costs associated with storage, the formation of an assortment of goods and their delivery.

It is a well-known fact that it is much cheaper to store inventory in wholesale than to place it in a retail network. In particular, the storage of goods by wholesale enterprises, the production and demand for which are seasonal in nature, is of great importance. Considering the experience of storing goods in developed countries, it should be noted that, despite the widespread development of a system of public trains in them, which commercially provide their space to commodity owners, the wholesale link plays a leading role in the accumulation of inventories. Wholesalers are more suited to the specialized storage function, so many corporations, by strengthening their ties with wholesalers, have freed retailers from holding much of their inventory. The transfer of finished products, raw materials, and materials to wholesale enterprises for storage is also beneficial for industrial firms that have a seasonal production cycle.

The function of assortment transformation is closely related to the product storage function. The list of operations combined in this function includes: sorting of goods and their assembly, crushing and consolidation of batches of products, its standardization. In other words, wholesalers transform the industrial supply of goods into assortment groups corresponding to the demand of individual buyers. The need to perform this function is especially relevant in modern conditions, when, due to the development of specialization, production is effective only with the release of mass batches of goods, and consumption is increasingly characterized by an increase in the range with small volumes of purchases of individual goods.

Wholesale enterprises organize the delivery of goods to various regions of the country, thereby improving the territorial division of labor.

In the conditions of the formation of market relations, the role of trade and its wholesale link is steadily increasing. It is under the conditions of a functioning normal market that wholesale trade should become an active lever for stimulating an increase in the efficiency of production, a better satisfaction of the needs of the buyer, and the successful development of the entire national economy.

Inventory

For the implementation of the continuous process of commodity circulation, certain stocks of goods are necessary. Commodity stocks are a set of commodity mass, which is in the sphere of circulation and is intended for sale. Commodity stocks perform certain functions:

They ensure the continuity of expanded production and circulation, during which their systematic formation and expenditure take place;

Satisfy the effective demand of the population, as they are a form of product offering;

They characterize the relationship between the volume and structure of demand and product supply.

The need for the formation of commodity stocks of commodities is caused by the following reasons:

Continuity of circulation processes;

Seasonality of production and consumption;

Uneven distribution of production and areas of consumption;

Unforeseen fluctuations in demand and rhythm of production;

The need to transform the production range into a trade one;

The need to form insurance reserves,

Other reasons.

Inventories are classified according to various criteria. Depending on the characteristics of circulation, they are divided into current storage inventories, which are designed to meet the daily needs of trade in the uninterrupted sale of goods for the population, as well as stocks of seasonal accumulation and early delivery of goods, which are associated with the seasonality of production and consumption of individual goods, with the conditions for their transportation to certain regions of the country.

When accounting and planning inventory, absolute and relative indicators are used. The absolute value of commodity stocks can be expressed in natural or in value units. The absolute value of commodity stocks is a variable value. It changes all the time depending on the receipt and sale of goods. Therefore, when analyzing and planning, it is of great importance to compare inventory with turnover. For this purpose, inventories are expressed in days. This indicator is relative, it characterizes the amount of inventory that is in the trade enterprise on a certain date, and shows how many days of trade there will be enough inventory.

The size of commodity stocks is directly related to the speed of circulation of goods. With a constant volume of trade, an acceleration in the turnover of goods leads to a decrease in inventories, and, conversely, a slowdown in turnover requires a greater mass of inventories.

Accelerating the time of circulation of goods is of great importance: it increases the economic efficiency of all social production, affects the rate of reproduction, and at the same time is an important condition for increasing the profitability of the trading activity of an enterprise.

The turnover of goods can be accelerated only by improving the entire trade, commercial and economic work of the enterprise. This requires a deep understanding of the influence of various factors on the formation of commodity stocks.

Some of these factors accelerate the speed of circulation of goods and thereby objectively reduce the required amount of stocks, while others, on the contrary, slow down the speed of commodity circulation and thereby increase the size of stocks. Knowing this, it is possible to detect reserves for accelerating the turnover of the company's stocks, reduce the cost of forming and storing inventories.

The main factors that affect the turnover and the amount of inventory include the following.

The relationship between supply and demand for goods. In conditions when the demand of the population exceeds the supply of goods, their turnover sharply accelerates, the trade turnover is carried out with smaller commodity stocks. As the supply of goods increases, the market is saturated, there is a slight slowdown in the speed of circulation of goods. Studying the demand of the population is one of the conditions that contribute to the normalization of commodity stocks;

The complexity of the range of products. The time of circulation of goods of a complex assortment, as a rule, far exceeds the time of circulation of goods of a simple assortment;

Organization and frequency of importation of goods. The more often goods are delivered to a trading enterprise, the less commodity stocks can be used to fulfill the turnover plan. In turn, the frequency of importation depends on the location of trade enterprises, the conditions of transportation, and the location of production enterprises. The closer the located industrial enterprises or wholesale bases to the areas of consumption, the more often the delivery of goods is made, the less time is spent on their delivery. The high frequency of importation is typical for goods that quickly deteriorate;

Consumer properties of goods. They either reduce or increase turnaround time.

Rhythm of receipt of goods during the quarter and month, the order of delivery of goods.

A great many other factors also influence the circulation of goods: the organization of advertising and the sale of goods, transport conditions, the state of the material and technical base, the features of packaging of goods, etc. The qualifications of personnel and the level of management of a complex trading process, organization of work, etc. are important.

Inventory Management Optimization

The general principle on which all inventory management systems are based is the relationship of input and initial parameters, which are indicated in Figure 1.

order point

Order volume

Safety stock level

Operating inventory level

Figure 1- Inventory management system

Such systems are created to most effectively solve the following problems:

Real assessment of the current state of stocks;

Establishing the necessary terms for placing orders;

Determining the appropriate volume of a consignment of goods that is ordered;

Determining the required volume of insurance stocks;

Estimation of inventory management costs and means of their minimization.

The first problem is solved by using inventory control systems that provide management needs for operational information about the dynamics of their implementation and the current state.

The principle of classifying reserves into groups according to their importance to the enterprise is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 - Classification of reserves (ABC system).

Management and optimization of commodity stocks in a wholesale trade enterprise

Department of Education of the City of Moscow

State budgetary professional educational institution

Moscow State College of Technology and Law

COURSE WORK in the discipline: "Organization of commercial activities"

student of the K-31 group in the specialty "Commerce (by industry)

Ivanova I.A.

Topic: "Inventory management and optimization in a wholesale trade enterprise"

Head: Surdu N.V.

Grade__________________________________________________________

Moscow 2014

Head of department

"Commerce and merchandising"

Prokopieva E.A.

from a student of the K-31 group

Specialties: "Commerce (by industry)"

Ivanova I.A.

Statement

I ask you to allow me to carry out my term paper on the topic “Management and optimization of inventory in a wholesale trade enterprise” under the guidance of Surdu N.V.

Date "____" ______________ 20__ Student Signature __________________

Course Supervisor agrees:

Date "____" ______________ 20__ Signature of the head _________________

Introduction________________________________________________________________4

1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of commodity stocks at a trading enterprise __________________________________________________________6

1.1 Wholesale turnover __________________________________________6

1.2 Commodity stock structure ____________________________________________9

1.3 The procedure for the formation of an assortment of goods at wholesale enterprises _______________________________________________________________18

2.1. General characteristics of the enterprise________________________________21

2.2 Planning for the wholesale sale of goods _________________________________26

Conclusion ____________________________________________________________31

Annex____________________________________________________________32

References ____________________________________________________________37

Introduction

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the efficiency of inventory management at trade enterprises, as well as to increase competitiveness - the most important condition for the scientific and technical reform of the Russian economy.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to create a system of scientific and methodological recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of inventory management at trade enterprises.

The main problems of the general plan in the process of development, as well as as economic conditions change, include the need to improve economic structures in terms of the use of domestic resources.

At the same time, enterprises fulfill two main goals: to increase the efficiency of using internal resources and adapt to new external dynamically changing conditions. One of the problems of achieving these goals is the task of increasing the efficiency of inventory management.

The colossal amount of funds invested in reserves makes the problem of their management of paramount importance.

The current situation at enterprises necessitates the formation of new methodological foundations and the development of practical recommendations for building inventory management systems, as one of the most important conditions for the development of domestic enterprises and system-forming factors for increasing production efficiency.

Inventory management processes are an integral part of the trading enterprise management system, therefore their effectiveness is characterized by such an important criterion as the amount of costs incurred during inventory management. Recently, in the process of cost analysis, enterprises have been paying attention to the excess stocks of material resources accumulated over the years of work, which lie in warehouses, become morally and physically obsolete, losing their value, and actually freeze the working capital invested in them. This topical issue has determined the need to set the task of research on the creation of a strategy and methods for managing excess stocks.

Object of study - JSC "Crystal"

The subject of the research is stock management of a commercial enterprise.

The purpose of the study is to study the features of inventory management of a trading enterprise.

1. Theoretical foundations of the formation of commodity stocks at a trading enterprise

1.1 Wholesale turnover

An important link that provides the necessary intensity and acceleration of the process of commodity circulation in the context of the transition to market relations is wholesale trade, the main task of which is the trade in goods with their subsequent resale or professional use. By organizing the movement of goods through distribution channels, wholesale trade contributes to the synchronization of production and consumption of goods.

Being an integral part of a unified system of commodity circulation, wholesale trade requires a radical restructuring.

Therefore, one of the important long-term tasks of state policy in the development of wholesale trade is its structural restructuring, which provides for the spread of such forms of its organization that should be maximally oriented towards small business among users of wholesale services.

In recent years there has been a sharp decline in the volume of wholesale operations. The role of wholesale enterprises in supplying retail trade enterprises with goods has significantly decreased. In this regard, the second important task of the state policy in the field of development of wholesale trade is to stop the decline and stabilize the volume of wholesale operations.

The existing potential of the wholesale link should be actively used to stimulate and fully support inter-regional integration processes in the consumer market.

The existing material and technical base of wholesale trade was created over many decades. Warehouse needs updating. This should happen not only through the construction of new modern warehouses equipped with advanced technological equipment, but also through the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing warehouses, rationalization of the existing material and technical base.

Among other tasks of the state policy in the field of development of wholesale trade, it is necessary to note the development of a competitive environment and overcoming monopoly in the wholesale trade market, as well as stimulating the work of the wholesale link to introduce active forms of promotion of domestic goods on the market.

Wholesale turnover is one of the main indicators of the economic activity of wholesale enterprises. Its volume and structure characterize the degree of development of production and the level of public consumption.

Depending on the volume, structure, types and forms, indicators of the economic and financial activities of the enterprise are determined.

There are primary wholesale turnover - this is the sale of goods by industrial enterprises directly to retailers and wholesalers, and intermediary turnover - this is the sale of goods by wholesalers - retailers. The wholesale turnover has a different economic content than the proceeds from the sale of products in industry or retail turnover.

The wholesale turnover does not reflect the production and sale of goods directly to the population for personal consumption, but characterizes the movement of goods from the sphere of production into the sphere of circulation.

According to the size of turnover, there are: large, medium and small turnover.

Large-scale wholesale trade occurs when goods are received from enterprises in large quantities and sent through wholesale trade links.

The average wholesale turnover is formed by wholesale enterprises that buy goods not only from industry, but also from other large wholesale enterprises.

Small wholesale turnover is formed at the wholesale bases of grassroots wholesale enterprises.

Depending on the purpose of commodity resources, the wholesale trade turnover is divided into three types: sales turnover, intra-system and inter-republican.

Wholesale sales turnover includes the sale of goods to organizations and retailers located in the area of activity of the wholesale enterprise.

Intra-system wholesale turnover determines the mutual sale of goods by wholesale enterprises to one system within one republic.

Inter-republican trade turnover covers the sale of goods outside the republic on the basis of free purchase and sale.

Thus, the intra-system and inter-republican wholesale trade turnover reflect the movement of goods between the wholesale trade links. The sum of the three types of wholesale trade is the gross wholesale trade.

Wholesale turnover for each of the three types is divided into two forms:

warehouse - sale of goods from the warehouses of wholesale enterprises. The goods brought to the warehouses are checked, sorted, completed, etc.
transit - the supply of goods by manufacturers directly to retail, wholesale, bypassing intermediate links.

The wholesale sale of goods in transit can be carried out with participation in settlements (with an investment of funds) and without participation in settlements (organized turnover).

Transit turnover with participation in settlements is first calculated with suppliers, and then, as a seller of goods, presents invoices for payment to buyers. At the same time, wholesale enterprises use their working capital, use bank loans, pay income tax to the budget, and receive wholesale sales discounts.

Transit turnover without participation in the calculations provides only for the intermediary activity of wholesale trade, while producers and buyers conduct payments for goods directly between themselves. The role of the wholesale link is limited to the organization of contractual relations and the supply of goods. It participates in placing orders and drawing up specifications for goods, controls the progress of their shipment.

In this case, wholesalers do not receive wholesale sales discounts.

1.2 Inventory structure

Commodity stocks are a part of commodity supply, which is a set of commodity mass in the process of its movement from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption.

The characteristics of the production and transportation of goods determine the nature of the process of replenishing stocks of goods, and the characteristics of consumption determine the nature of the process of spending stocks. Commodity stocks are formed at all stages of product distribution: in the warehouses of manufacturing enterprises, on the way, in the warehouses of wholesale and retail trade enterprises. The complexity of the formation of commodity stocks is due to the following factors:

¾ seasonal fluctuations in production and consumption;

¾ the time required to transport goods from the place of production to the place of sale;

¾ the need to transform the production range into a commercial one, which requires sub-sorting, under-processing and packaging;

¾ conditions for the transportation of goods, the distance between the supplier and the trading company;

¾ links in the distribution of goods, opportunities for storing goods

Thus, the existence of commodity stocks as a phenomenon is due to the need to ensure the normal process of circulation of goods, its reliability and continuity. However, not every commodity stock is objectively necessary to ensure commodity circulation.

Inventory must meet the following requirements:

¾ reach a certain size in order to satisfy the size of demand during a given period;

¾ be larger than average sales or customer demand;

¾constantly renewed and updated.

Inventory performs 3 functions:

1) ensure the continuity of expanded production and circulation, during which their systematic formation and consumption take place;

) satisfy the effective demand of the population, because are a form of product offering;

) characterize the relationship between the volume and structure of demand and product supply

The creation of stocks is always associated with additional financial costs. The costs associated with the creation and maintenance of stocks can be divided into several groups:

¾ diversion of part of financial resources from circulation, their "death".

Excessive reserves stop the movement of capital, violate financial stability, forcing the management of the enterprise to urgently seek the funds necessary for operating activities (usually expensive);