Consumption of medical services as a sociological criterion of the standard of living. Reducing the overconsumption of medical services Healthcare Labor Market

Healthcare Labor Market

Ministry health care LPR State Institution "Lugansk State Medical University named after St. Luke" Department of Philosophy, social and human sciences. Abstract In the discipline "History of Medicine" On the topic: "Economics health care in the market system of economic relations. Market services health care . » Performed by a student of the 1st year of the Medical Faculty of the 28th group Kobzey E.V. Lugansk...

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TOPIC: "Sphere services : structure and role in modern society" Completed by: 1st year full-time student Chen Angelika Konstantinovna Group "100100-Service" Supervisor: Senior Lecturer Bloshenko Elena Valerievna Ekaterinburg 2013 Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 3 1.Sphere services . Basic concepts………………………………………..............5 1.2. Sphere Structure services ……………………………………………………………9 2. Evolution of the sphere services ………………………………………………………..12 2.1. Peculiarities service industries...

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healthcare marketing

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service market

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FEATURES OF THE LABOR MARKET OF HEALTH WORKERS IN THE CFD

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Development of the service sector in Russia

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Features of healthcare services

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Formation and development of the medical services market in Russia

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Study of the range of arterial hypertension drugs to assess their consumption using the ABC-analyzer and its reports

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healthcare marketing

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statistics on consumption of goods and services by the population

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Features of the national consumption of the Republic of Belarus

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The healthcare market is part of the general economic market environment. It has the same characteristics, but it has its own specific features.

Part of medical services has the character of "public goods". Their consumer effect extends to the whole of society and even to persons not participating in the market transaction, for insolvency or for other reasons. Everyone benefits from these services.

Public goods include sanitary and anti-epidemic, preventive, medical measures, the result of which is the prevention of diseases and the improvement of the health of the entire community.

Meeting the needs of the population in these services is carried out by sanitary and epidemiological stations, health centers, which are financed from the budget.

"Asymmetry" of information in the medical services market affects the economic relations between the provider of medical services and their consumer.

On the one hand, the insufficiently informed patient about the state of his health, the volume and price of medical services enables the doctor to influence the demand (“demand imposed by supply”) and realize his economic interests (offer medical services that are not mandatory to achieve a clinical result). Therefore, there is an increase in prices in the hospital sector by 60% (USA).

On the other hand, the patient may have a "moral temptation", without obvious needs, to expensive diagnostic tests, surgical interventions, medicines, and with health insurance, frequent visits to the doctor. This is due to the fact that the patient is not aware of the price of medical services, which leads to financial and moral costs.

Accessibility and equity in health services is the main strategy of modern health systems. It is based on the historically established principle of social solidarity: the healthy pays for the sick, the rich pays for the poor; the one who works pays for the one who does not work. The principle is introduced with the participation of the state (compulsory health insurance).

In the world, the volume of medical care consumption is not determined solely by the patient's ability to pay, but in some cases depends on the urgency of medical care. Even in a private health care setting, emergency medical care can be provided free of charge.

Producers of medical services also act as their sellers. This is due to the combination in space and time of production, sale and consumption of medical services.

Complex structure of demand for health services associated with the need for their personification and individualization.

Peculiarities of the dynamics of demand for medical services characterized by her hesitation depending on the season of the year (decreases in summer, and increases in the autumn-winter period), on the structure of the population in various territorial segments of the healthcare market.

The result of medical activity can be determined only after the consumption of the service, it is difficult to express it in terms of value.

High market volatility associated with changes in the epidemic and environmental situation in the country.

Feature of territorial segmentation market depends on the structure of the incidence of the population of the region.

Limited access to the medical services market due to the presence of special higher medical education, testing, licensing, high tuition fees.

Ethical-economic discrepancy. On the one hand, medical care requires significant funds, and on the other hand, it is immoral to demand money for saving lives and restoring health. In economically developed countries, a historically developed mechanism is the availability of public medicine for the poor and insurance medicine for other segments of the population.

A feature of the market of medical services in countries with economies in transition is the exploitation by the private sector of fixed assets and human resources of the state segments, replenishing it. This process is effectively regulated in France. Physicians in public hospitals are allowed to work part-time in private practice at their hospital. Patients pay for medical services to the hospital administration, which deducts part of the doctors' fees for the use of equipment, premises and labor of nursing staff.

Consequently, some identified features of the health care market create restrictions for the operation of market mechanisms.

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Operating in a market economy, healthcare, like any other industry, to a certain extent, is subject to the laws of the market.

In everyday life, the market is most often associated with a place where you can buy food, clothes, household goods, etc. This is the oldest form of the market - the traditional place where buyers and sellers make transactions. From an economic point of view, the market reflects the relationship that develops between producers, sellers, intermediaries and consumers of goods and services. There are many definitions of the market, but they all boil down to the fact that the market is a set of economic relations that manifest themselves in the exchange of goods and services, as a result of which demand, supply and price are formed in a competitive environment.

The market for medical goods and services is a market segment that provides medical goods and services to maintain and improve the health of the population. It makes it possible to receive and provide medical services, guarantees their required volume and appropriate level of quality.

The healthcare market includes a whole system of interconnected markets: medical services, medicines, labor of medical personnel, scientific developments, medical technologies, medical equipment, etc.

There are the following basic concepts of the market:
. demand;
. offer;
. service;
. price;
. competition;
. marketing.

Demand is one of the fundamental concepts of a market economy. With regard to healthcare, demand (need) is the amount of medical goods and services that society (individual patients) is willing and able to purchase in a given period of time at a certain price.

There are the following types of demand in the market of medical goods and services.

Negative demand: for vaccinations, appointments with doctors of certain specialties, painful, expensive procedures, etc.

hidden demand. When individual patients may experience a need that cannot be met with the medical products and services available on the market, for example: family doctor services, disposable medical products, service services, individual meals in a hospital, etc.

Falling demand. For example, the demand for syringes, reusable blood transfusion systems, and domestically produced antihypertensive drugs has recently fallen, so the market has responded with increased supply for syringes and disposable blood transfusion systems, and imported drugs.

irregular demand. These are seasonal fluctuations. For example, the demand for spa treatment is higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Appeals to individual medical specialists depend on the seasonality of certain diseases (flu, peptic ulcer, viral hepatitis, etc.).

Excessive demand. In healthcare, there is an excessive demand for urgent medical care on holidays and after holidays, when patients suffering from chronic diseases violate their diet, regimen, and abuse alcohol; the level of injury increases.

C \u003d N x P,

Where C is the demand for medical services;
N is the number of patients;
P is an indicator of the population's access to medical services.

The next fundamental concept of the market is supply. The amount of supply is determined by the amount of goods and services that the producer (seller) is willing and able to sell at a given price in a certain period of time.

In healthcare terms, supply is the quantity of medical goods and services that manufacturers can provide to the population in a given period of time. The supply, other things being equal, also changes depending on the change in price: as prices rise, manufacturers (sellers) offer patients more goods and services. When prices fall, their interest decreases and, accordingly, the volume of goods and services produced by them decreases.

A medical service is a structural element of preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic, rehabilitation, sanatorium, sanitary and epidemiological, medicinal, prosthetic and orthopedic and other types of assistance, which has a certain cost.

The most difficult object of standardization in healthcare is medical services. The need for standardization of medical services is determined by the needs of the population in obtaining affordable and high-quality medical care, as well as the emergence of fundamentally new medical technologies, medicines, medical products, and equipment.

Medical services are divided into:
. simple;
. complex.

According to their functional purpose, medical services are divided into:
. preventive;
. diagnostic;
. medical;
. recovery and rehabilitation;
. service.

Manipulations, examinations and procedures as separate medical measures aimed at providing medical care, but not having an independent completed preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic or rehabilitation value, are auxiliary elements of medical services. So, for example, the removal of an organ from a donor, autopsy, etc.

According to the conditions and place of provision, medical services can be divided into those provided at home, in outpatient clinics, hospitals, sanatoriums and other health care institutions. A simple medical service is an indivisible service, such as diagnostic manipulation, medical examination, etc.

A complex service can be represented as a set of simple services that reflect the technological process of providing medical care for a given disease that has developed in each particular institution.

In addition, a distinction is made between standard and individual medical services.

Standard medical services are mainly provided according to a unified technology for the vast majority of patients and have relatively stable pricing.

Individual medical services have a wide range of manipulations, diagnostic, treatment procedures, a large range of medicines and medical products. They have differentiated price lists that maximally take into account the individuality of costs in their implementation.

Specific features of medical services:
. intangibility;
. perishability;
. quality variability;
. ambiguity in the evaluation of the result;
. A medical service is a product not only of the manufacturer (medical worker), but also of the consumer (patient).

Intangibility

Perishability

Quality variability

It depends, first of all, on the qualifications of a medical worker, the equipment of a medical institution, the availability of medical care, the time and place of the service, who is its consumer, and many other factors.

Ambiguity in the evaluation of the result

A medical service is a product not only of the manufacturer (medical worker), but also of the consumer (patient)

The quality of a medical service is formed as a result of the coordinated actions of a medical worker and the desire of the patient to benefit. The result of treatment will largely depend on how accurately the patient follows the recommendations and prescriptions. Delay in seeking medical help can also cause an unfavorable outcome, which does not depend either on the level of qualification of medical personnel or on the nature of their actions.

Medical goods and services, like any product, have a value, the monetary expression of which is the price. In the market of medical goods and services, price occupies a central place in the competitive exchange and serves as one of the instruments for regulating this market.

The price is the amount of money for which the “buyer” can buy, and the “seller” is ready to sell this product or medical service. The price is a kind of compromise of the economic interests of market participants.

Prices are a powerful and at the same time flexible lever of economic control.
Taking into account the fact that the price is organically connected with supply and demand, the following concepts are distinguished;
. demand price;
. offer price;
. balance price.

The bid price is the market price in the state of supply and demand that a buyer's market is in place. At this price, the "buyer" is able to buy a medical service or product. Above this limit, the price cannot rise, since patients will not be able to purchase it.

The offer price is the market price in such a state of supply and demand, when a so-called seller's market is formed. This is the price at which the "seller" offers his service or product. At the same time, the offer price should recoup the costs of producing a medical product and service.

When supply and demand are equal, the so-called equilibrium price is established in the market. When the price decreases, demand increases because people want to buy more goods or services, and, conversely, when the price increases, demand may decline.

Thus, the market mechanism provides a dynamic balance between supply and demand. The market in this case acts as a self-regulating system, an effective mechanism for the interaction of demand, supply and competition in the formation of prices, production and sales volumes, as well as the level of consumption of goods and services. In addition, it provides an increase in production efficiency, product quality.

However, market self-regulation is not universal and should be supplemented by state regulation mechanisms, which seems to be the fundamental idea of ​​improving market mechanisms in socially significant areas of the economy. This is especially true for the market of goods and services in healthcare.

The main link of the market mechanism is competition.

Competition is a competition between economic entities, the struggle for markets for goods and services in order to obtain higher incomes and other benefits.

Competitive struggle for economic survival and prosperity is the law of the market economy. In the market of health care products and services, competitive participants can be:
. state, municipal health care institutions - on the implementation of the state (municipal) task on a competitive basis;
. organizations producing similar goods and services for healthcare needs;
. private practitioners and pharmacists who provide similar medical goods or services for medical purposes.

Studying competitors, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses are extremely important for gaining a certain share of the medical services market. By comparing your services with those of your competitors, you can determine your competitive advantages and position in the market.

Competitive advantages are the unique, special features of medical organizations that distinguish them from others. It is they who help to make a profit higher than others who produce and provide the same medical goods and services. When defining competitive advantages, it is important to focus on patients, their needs and be sure that these advantages are perceived by them as such.

The following competitive advantages can be distinguished:
. high reputation of the healthcare organization;
. high quality of medical goods and services provided;
. focus on the patient, his needs and wishes;
. sufficient material and technical base, highly qualified personnel, modern equipment, sustainable financial support;
. the uniqueness of the offered medical goods and services;
. prices acceptable to patients, not exceeding or lower than the prices for similar medical goods and services of other market participants.

Competitive advantages should be considered as the basis for the behavior of participants in the market of medical goods and services, which is especially important in the context of the development of compulsory and voluntary medical insurance.

For the effective organization of the production and sale of medical goods and services, knowledge of the basics of medical marketing is necessary.

O.P. Shchepin, V.A. Medic

Reforming the economy in Russia aims to form a socially oriented market economy . Social orientation means the subordination of production to the consumer, the satisfaction of the mass needs of the population. In this regard, great importance is attached to the development of the social sphere as a branch of the economy.

The social sphere covers such sectoral systems as health care, physical culture and sports, education, culture, social services and social security, housing, social insurance and pensions.

Branches of the social sphere have as their direct addressee people, their material, physical and spiritual needs and opportunities. Therefore, they are characterized by the following distinctive features:

In market conditions, the main prerequisites for the development of entrepreneurship in the social sphere are :

• the legal framework that creates opportunities for engaging in this type of activity;
• a change in property relations; a shift in the focus of the activity of the subject (entrepreneur) towards making a profit;
• a sharp reduction in financial resources coming from the budget to the social sphere;
• the emergence of wealthy strata of the population, which form effective demand for a number of new services in the social sphere.

Health care, as the most important branch of the social sphere, has all the distinctive features mentioned above. From this it is clear that the definition of entrepreneurial activity (business), which is widely used in the literature, in relation to entrepreneurship in health care needs to be clarified and supplemented.

Entrepreneurship in healthcare should be considered the activities of organizations and individuals aimed at making a profit, by providing medical or other services.

Among the many definitions of medical services, the most general is the definition of Stolyarov S.A.: “A medical service is any professional action aimed at changing or maintaining physical or mental health, in order to benefit its consumer (patient) in one form or another ".

Medical services - a kind of useful activity that does not create material values, as a rule, they do not lead to ownership of anything. Although it happens that a person, receiving a medical service, for example, in the form of dentures, also acquires the prosthesis itself (an element of the product in the service).

An element of a product in a medical service can be an extract from a medical history, medical examination data, a doctor's prescription, etc. But an element of a product in a service still cannot be considered as a product in the full sense of the word, since an element of a product in a service is inseparable from it and, as a rule, has no independent value.

Recently, due to the improvement of people's well-being and the development of new technologies, there has been an increase in the number of medical services provided. Investments related to the provision of medical services are considered profitable in developed countries with market economies.

Not only private investors, who invest their money in the creation of medical organizations and receive profit from this, benefit, but also the state, because. a healthy person, participating in the creation of GDP, generates income, and the country spends less money on treating diseases and paying disability benefits.

At the same time, some types of medical services require large investments, such as the services of hospitals, sanatoriums, diagnostic centers, while others, such as the services of a massage therapist, dentist, reflexologist, can cost relatively little initial capital.

But all of them are distinguished by a high level of professionalism of their employees, since, as a rule, highly qualified specialists with medical experience and seniority decide to go into private medicine.

Considering the specifics of medical services, it is necessary to name a number of their distinctive characteristics. : lack of possession; intangibility; continuity of production and consumption of services; inability of services to store; quality variability.

Lack of ownership . If a person has purchased a product that has a physical embodiment, then he becomes its owner, which cannot be said about the service. People are forced to purchase medical services throughout their lives. By consuming a medical service, a person has access to it for a limited period of time.

Having an insurance policy in hand, its owner can only see a doctor during a certain period, which is paid by the patient.

Intangibility, elusiveness or intangible nature of medical services. Examination, for example, cannot be transported, stored and packaged at all. And you cannot demonstrate, see, try, or study them before receiving these services.

At the same time, it is possible to evaluate medical services only after they have been received, and even then with difficulty. The intangibility of medical services causes problems for both their sellers and buyers.

It is difficult for the patient to understand and evaluate what is being sold before purchasing the service, and sometimes even after receiving it. He is forced to take the word of the service seller. A patient who has applied to a medical institution cannot not only see the process of diagnosis and treatment, but also assess what was done and whether it was done correctly. Therefore, on the part of consumers of medical services, there is always an element of hope and trust in the seller of the service.

At the same time, intangibility complicates the activity of their seller. Enterprises providing medical services face the following problems: it is difficult to show their goods to patients; it is even more difficult to explain to patients what they are paying money for.

The enterprise can only describe the benefits that result from the provision of this service, and the patient can evaluate the services themselves only after they have been performed (although not always).

To build trust on the part of customers, a medical service provider can take a number of measures:

To increase the materiality of the service, to make it more tangible, the presence of an element of the product in the service in a variety of forms can. This may be modeling the patient's future appearance on a computer before cosmetic surgery, as well as providing clients with information about employees, their experience and qualifications.

Inseparability of production and consumption . The production and consumption of medical services are closely interconnected and cannot be separated in time. With this inextricable relationship, the degree of contact between the seller and the client can be different.

For example, during car repairs, there is usually no need for the personal presence of the customer, but the provision of medical services is inseparable from the one who provides them. Thus, treatment in a hospital is impossible neither without the medical staff nor without the patient being treated.

It should be noted that when selling medical services, there may sometimes be exceptions and there may be a time gap between their sale and consumption. So a voucher to a sanatorium is usually sold before a person receives medical services, but their continuity of production and consumption is preserved.

Service failure to store. The specificity of the production of medical services lies in the fact that, unlike goods, services cannot be produced for future use and stored. You can only provide a service when an order arrives or a client appears.

An important distinguishing feature of medical services - their "momentary". Medical services cannot be saved for further sale and provision. Unoccupied hospital beds, rooms in a sanatorium, medical services not rendered cannot be restored.

If the demand for services becomes greater than the supply, then this cannot be corrected, as in the sale of medicines, by taking the goods from the warehouse. Similarly, if the capacity for services exceeds the demand for them, then revenue and (or) the cost of services is lost.

Quality variability or heterogeneity . An inevitable consequence of the simultaneity of production and consumption of medical services is the variability of its performance.

Since one of the most important indicators of medical services is their quality, it is customary to distinguish three components of the quality of medical care: the quality of the structure, the quality of the technology and the quality of the result.

The quality of the structure implies the ability of health facilities to provide medical services at the proper level. This includes the qualifications of personnel, the availability of the necessary equipment, the condition of buildings and premises, drug provision, financing, etc.

The quality of the technology characterizes the optimality of the complex of diagnostic and treatment measures provided to the patient.

The quality of the result is the ratio of the actually achieved results to the really achievable results.

All components of quality are closely interconnected and have a great influence on each other. Thus, a low level of structure quality is unlikely to provide an acceptable level of technology quality, and a violation of diagnostic and treatment technology can lead to adverse results for the patient.

The quality of the service depends quite heavily on who provides it, as well as where and when it is provided. In one hospital, the treatment and service are of high quality, while in the other, they are of lower quality. Inside the hospital, one doctor is polite and efficient, while the other is arrogant and damages the prestige of the hospital. Even the same specialist provides services in different ways during the day.

When buying a product, the consumer simultaneously receives information about certain standards of its use. The person providing medical services is quite another matter. Sometimes even a highly qualified doctor can make a gross mistake.

The specifics of medical services described above determine the characteristics of the medical services market, as well as the specifics of the entrepreneur's activities in this market. .

As a socio-economic phenomenon, entrepreneurship in healthcare comprehensively reflects the system of relations that arise in the process of production and sale of medical goods and services between all participants at all stages of organizing medical care.

The global trends of recent years are the diversification of the service sector. By offering a range of services, health care facilities can increase their competitiveness, mitigate possible risks through their diversification.

Medical services firms are beginning to offer life and health insurance services, travel services for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients abroad, and so on.

The hospital can open a pharmacy kiosk for the sale of medicines and medical equipment; conclude an agreement with an insurance company for the provision of paid medical services that are not included in the mandatory list of free services; to offer (for a fee) the transportation of convalescents home with their own transport, etc.

So, entrepreneurship in health care is the activity of organizations and individuals aimed at making a profit by providing medical or other services. The peculiarity of entrepreneurship in healthcare determines the distinctive characteristics of medical services as a commodity .

The need for health care services and goods, its place in the general system of needs of the population. Peculiarities of consumption of health goods and services

Review questions

1. What is included in the concept of "health" as a biological, economic, social category?

2. What is the public importance of health?

4. What economic resources and how are they used to maintain and promote health?

6. What is the relationship between health and the standard of living of the population, the quality of life?

8. What does the concept of "healthy lifestyle" mean?

The main purpose of the economy as an economy is essentially to provide people livelihood and maintain the conditions of existence necessary for people. Main condition of existence a person is served by his health, in connection with this, it is legitimate to consider the maintenance of people's health as one of the defining tasks of the economy.

The means of subsistence in conjunction with the conditions of existence are designed to satisfy the needs of people, including such a fundamental one as the need for health. Since the need for health cannot be satisfied directly, by producing and providing, selling to the consumer a product called "health", then

the economy is able to satisfy this specific need only through services and goods that contribute to the maintenance and promotion of health, prevent diseases and cure them.

Considering that the needs for health care services and goods are manifested and are in direct relationship with other needs of people, the state, society and form an integral part of this general system of needs, we will consider human needs as a whole, highlighting the group of needs we are interested in. At the same time, let us establish the place that ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is occupied by the needs for health care goods and services in the general system of personal, family, and social needs.

Everything that a person needs, that he needs, without which it is difficult or even impossible to live, is called needs. All people strive to satiate or, as economists say, to satisfy their needs. Things, objects, services with the help of which a person, family, people satisfy various, numerous needs, are usually called good things.

The need for health is undoubtedly one of the primary vital needs, the satisfaction of which is the main task of health care and is ensured by all its means, including economic ones. For this reason, health itself as a source of satisfaction of vital needs, and medical methods and means of health care should be considered as benefits.

Some human needs, for example, oxygen, water, partly heat, are met from natural sources. Nature itself has created the conditions of existence, thanks to which a person saturates such needs without much effort and expense, like animals. This is freely received by all benefits, for which you do not have to pay money or pay with labor, give other things in return. Man owes the presence of such free goods to nature. Concern for natural resources, protection of the natural environment, its restoration is a kind of payment for free benefits.

Natural sources in the form of fresh air, clean water, sunlight and heat are also free goods that contribute to the preservation and promotion of health. This and much more man receives from nature in the form of natural medicines and treatments. As accessibility decreases, such benefits are less and less free. In addition, due to the adverse environmental consequences of the production and economic activities of people, leading to environmental pollution, many types of natural benefits that people cannot do without become anti-benefits that undermine human health.

But many other needs, especially in food, clothing, shelter, movement, spiritual goods, can be satisfied only with the help of the means of subsistence created by people themselves. This, as mentioned earlier, economic benefits that people don't get for free. Οʜᴎ are obtained only for money, through labor costs or in exchange for other benefits.

in urban transport and much more, for which all citizens or their individual categories do not pay money? Yes, these are economic benefits, for which not the one who receives them pays, but other people represented by the state, society. Such benefits are known as public.

In fact, you have to pay for free, natural benefits, spending efforts on picking up the fruits of nature, carrying out environmental protection measures. So there is no clear boundary between paid and free goods. The continuous increase in the needs of people, the increase in their diversity, on the one hand, and the limited possibilities for satisfying them due to the insufficiency of available sources, on the other, lead to an increase in the share of economic benefits compared to free, non-economic ones. Even natural water and clean air are becoming less and less accessible, more and more often you have to pay money for benefits that were free. More and more benefits a person receives not directly from natural sources, but through the economy, economic activity. The creation by people of the things they need, benefits is the main economic process, called production.

Created by people products and services health care are, of course, economic benefits. Even medicinal herbs and medicines of natural origin, treatment through the use of thermal springs, mud, mineral waters require preliminary efforts in the form of collection, preparation, arrangement, packaging, transportation and other procedures. Certain types of natural remedies used require the support of medical personnel. All this testifies to the economic nature of benefits in the form of goods and services used in health care.

The very processes of creating and using treatments are so closely related to the economy that it is appropriate to call them not the provision of services, but health production.

The use, application, use of goods, the saturation of needs, the satisfaction of needs in economic science are called consumption. The word “consumption” must therefore be understood in the broadest sense, meaning eating, wearing clothes, living in a house, driving a car, serving in a bathhouse (consumption of services), and reading a book (consumption of services). spiritual blessings). Consumption is the final process in the name of which the economy works, operates. It is legitimate to consider consumption as the goal of the economy, but with one significant caveat. You need to consume exactly as much as is required for a full life, in volumes determined by the physiological needs of the body, the spiritual needs of the individual, rational, scientifically based standards. Otherwise, consumption can develop into unrestrained, harmful consumerism,ᴛ.ᴇ. consumption for the sake of consumption, and not for the sake of satisfying needs. Consumer tendencies often lead to the accumulation of goods in excessive amounts, beyond any measure, and, moreover, unused. The reasons for consumerism most often lie in greed, money-grubbing, and immoderation of people.

The consumption of health goods and services fits into the above general description of consumption, but at the same time has certain characteristics. When it comes to drugs,

special types of clothing and footwear for sick people, bandages, bandages, devices that facilitate the performance of vital functions, and other similar means, then consumption means in the economic sense use, application. Consumption of medical equipment means its usage in the process of diagnosis and treatment. The same applies to buildings, premises, equipment that form the fixed assets of healthcare organizations.

The situation is more complicated with the consumption of health services in the form of diverse activities of medical and auxiliary medical personnel. In health care they are called treatment, nursing. In the economy, the use of services, including medical ones, is commonly called service consumption, by which it is customary to understand the receipt by the consumer of benefits in the form of the results of the activities of persons providing him with assistance, assistance, treatment, service.

In health care, the consumption of services is not always the final process in the full sense of the word. Services complete a certain type of production and treatment activity or stage of the treatment process. The rest, which completes the process, is the assimilation by the patient's body of the results of treatment. An indirect analogy is the consumption of food, which, strictly speaking, is completed by its assimilation by the body. The only difference is that the results of treatment are rarely absorbed as quickly and reliably as food. The consumption of certain types of health services, for example, diagnostic, consulting, medical and health-improving services, can rightly be considered the final procedure of the corresponding types of activity.

There is reason to talk about consumer trends in health care, observing the sick, and even more pseudo-sick, ready to spend the bulk of their lives in medical institutions without the need for it. Such overconsumption (harmful consumerism) is manifested in the immoderate use or even abuse of medicines, not due to the need for health.

Many people's needs are saturable in the sense that they can be sufficiently satisfied by known means. For example, it is quite enough for a person to consume a diet with a calorie content of approximately 2500 calories per day. Consumption beyond this saturation point becomes excessive and even harmful (another thing is that people always want to consume more varied, tasty food). Or it is hardly necessary to have more than two refrigerators in the apartment. But the need for knowledge is not limited to a clear boundary. The need for money is also included among the insatiable, unlimited, although there is a known limit to the amount of money that is quite sufficient for a comfortable existence of a person.

As for the needs for health care goods and services, they should, in our opinion, be classified as saturable. Even the initial need for health itself is satiated in the sense that the painless state of health of a person whose body normally performs its inherent functions may well be called the norm of health that sufficiently satisfies the need for it. Accordingly, the saturation of the need for health care goods and services should be considered the possibility of obtaining them in the quantity and composition, time and place determined by

the state of human health and the objectively necessary means of maintaining it. At the same time, the quality of methods and means of treatment, scientific knowledge about human health is not limited by a predetermined limit.

Are the needs of different people the same? It is obvious that certain needs, for example, for food, clothing, knowledge, are characteristic of all people, others - far from everyone, but only those who need them. The need for health is obviously inherent in all normal people, but the need for certain health services and goods is for those who need them. It seems that the needs for modern diagnostics of the state of the human body, dangerous diseases, anti-epidemic measures, sanitation and hygiene, health-improving procedures are of a general nature, apply to all people (to a slightly different degree - depending on age ͵ gender, state of health, regional peculiarities).

To a certain extent, the needs of a person, family, group of people, society differ. For this reason, allocate personal, family, group, social needs.

The needs for services and goods intended for the protection of human health, treatment, are mostly personal, individual in nature. The object of care, service, satisfaction of needs for medical supplies is ultimately a person, a person. The health of an individual is that elementary cell that makes up the level of health of families, social groups, the population of a region, a country. For this reason, the personal needs of a person in the means of maintaining health form the basis of the entire system of needs for health services and goods.

At the same time, there are personal needs, due to the fact that self-medication plays a huge role in medicine, as well as home treatment - under the supervision of doctors or independently. Any person needs a home first aid kit in the form of a set of standard or individually designed medicines. Each person must have devices for measuring temperature, and in some cases - special equipment, the choice of which is determined by the nature of the disease. The presence in every home of health-improving, sanitation and hygiene facilities has become a sign of medical and even general culture.

The category of personal health care needs should include the presence of elementary, common medical knowledge, household reference medical literature, the ability to recognize signs of a sudden widespread disease and provide the simplest emergency care. People who are prone to diseases or chronically ill need a means of calling for medical help.

In special cases, individual patients can afford to meet the need for a personal doctor; however, more often people use the services of family doctors.

Family medical needs may exceed the sum of the personal needs of each family member, as sometimes there are health and health problems related to the family as a whole (due to, for example, hereditary diseases, the danger of spreading the disease of one of the family members to the whole family). Separate funds

health care, physiotherapy exercises, drugs are the object of the needs of the whole family or several family members. This fully applies to the subjects of sanitation and hygiene.

With all the importance of personal and family needs for health care services and goods, such needs can be met almost in full, at the normative level, only when they become part of group, public needs. There are compelling reasons for such a conclusion.

First of all, the provision of medical services individually to each person in need of them at home, through personal treatment, would require a significant increase in medical personnel, the delivery of treatment products to each individual, which would lead to a huge increase in costs and the cost of care.

Secondly, the provision of health care services in their public form makes it possible to concentrate medical staff, medical equipment, diagnostic and treatment tools, create favorable conditions for treatment and the provision of other services required by medical science within relatively narrow areas of polyclinics and hospitals. This significantly improves the quality and reliability of service and treatment by making it comprehensive, comprehensive and providing sterile conditions. At the same time, with a collective, multi-personal service, cost savings and a better use of the production potential of clinics are achieved.

The reasons cited are so significant that they give grounds to speak about the social nature of the bulk of the needs for health care. There is no doubt that the health of each person is of intrinsic value both for him personally and for the state and society. It is clear that the processes of treating patients are personally oriented, mass treatment is the exception rather than the rule. But the needs for health care services and goods are of a public nature in the sense that they are characteristic of almost all people and can only be fully satisfied using social forms. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, and the consumption of health care products is predominantly of a mass social nature, has a social nature.

This thesis is also supported by the consideration that the same diseases, for all their specificity, are characteristic of many people and tend to spread on a massive scale. For this reason, the treatment of one requires the treatment of many, just as the treatment of many requires the treatment of each of them.

The public need for health care arises as a result of integration, connection and interaction of personal and family needs with group, collective. So, the ship's crew needs a ship's doctor and a medical center, the population of the village needs a small clinic, the city needs a variety of clinics, hospitals, doctors, and the country as a whole needs a comprehensive healthcare system that can meet the needs of the entire population. œnia.

In economics, needs are usually divided into material and spiritual. Material call the needs of people in things, objects, material values, while spiritual needs- this is the need for spiritual food in the form of knowledge, beliefs, cultural values,

information, information about the world, intellectual communication.

Health needs are both material and spiritual in nature. Material and material needs include the need for medicines, clinical nutrition, medical clothing and footwear, material and technical means of treatment in the form of materials, energy, equipment, vehicles, devices, premises, buildings, structures. The need for the science of health, medical knowledge, information about diseases and methods of their treatment, consultations, culture of health, and a healthy lifestyle should be considered spiritual.

These are fairly obvious truths. But it is not always so easy to classify health care needs as obviously material or spiritual. The problem is not solved in such a simple way with regard to the nature of health services in the form of basic types of medical and medical activities in the process of treating patients. The need for an operation to remove or even replace organs and their parts is formally material in nature and is directly related to the application of physical effort. But it is inseparable from the spiritual need in the form of the initial establishment of the type of disease and the method of treatment. By studying the patient's examination data, listening to his complaints, prescribing a medicine, the doctor most likely satisfies the spiritual needs of patients, but in the process of taking medicines, using other material means of treatment, the needs materialize, acquire a material form.

The thing is that health itself combines inextricably linked, interacting material and spiritual principles. For this reason, both the need for health and the need for healthcare facilities that provide it are of a complex material and spiritual nature. This connection is so strong that it is often not possible to separate the material and spiritual aspects of health services. This is one of the most characteristic features of health care services, the needs for them and the processes of their consumption, which distinguishes the health care economy into the category of very specific sectors of the economy and services.

Usually, it is customary to rank people's needs, establishing a measure of importance, significance of a particular group of needs in the general hierarchy, often depicted as a "needs pyramid". Sociologists quite often place at the top of such a “pyramid” the need of people for self-realization, self-expression, self-affirmation, and at its base - physiological needs, considered as the simplest, not so significant and important. At the same time, the need for health and healthcare is not singled out as an independent one, but is included in the need for security and assistance.

If we proceed from the fact that the need for health and its protection is of a vital nature and without its satisfaction other needs cannot be realized, then this need deserves the highest place. But since health is originally present in a healthy organism, psychologically people are not predisposed to consider it the highest value until the need for health becomes adequate to the need for life. Only as a result of loss of health comes awareness

the fact that physical and spiritual health is the main, main life value.