Presentation Alfred Nobel presentation for an English lesson (grade 11) on the topic. Presentation, report class hour Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize Testament of Alfred Nobel
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On October 14, 1864, Alfred Nobel took out a patent for the right to produce an explosive containing nitroglycerin. This was followed by patents for the detonator ("Nobel fuse"), dynamite, gelled dynamite, smokeless powder, etc. and so on. In total, he owns 350 patents, and not all of them are related to explosives. Among them are patents for a water meter, a barometer, a refrigeration apparatus, a gas burner, an improved method for producing sulfuric acid, the design of a combat missile, and much more. On October 14, 1864, Alfred Nobel took out a patent for the right to produce an explosive containing nitroglycerin. This was followed by patents for the detonator ("Nobel fuse"), dynamite, gelled dynamite, smokeless powder, etc. and so on. In total, he owns 350 patents, and not all of them are related to explosives. Among them are patents for a water meter, a barometer, a refrigeration apparatus, a gas burner, an improved method for producing sulfuric acid, the design of a combat missile, and much more.
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The great inventor never married and had no children. But there was love in his life. At 43, Alfred Nobel fell in love with a 20-year-old saleswoman flower shop in Vienna Sophie Hess (1856-1919) and took him with him to Paris, where he then lived. He rented an apartment for her next to his house and allowed her to spend as much as she wanted. Sophie, who proudly called herself “Madame Nobel,” was beautiful and graceful, but, unfortunately, stupid, uneducated, and also lazy - she refused to study with the teachers that Nobel hired for her. The great inventor never married and had no children. But there was love in his life. At the age of 43, Alfred Nobel fell in love with a 20-year-old flower shop saleswoman in Vienna, Sophie Hess (1856-1919), and took him with him to Paris, where he then lived. He rented an apartment for her next to his house and allowed her to spend as much as she wanted. Sophie, who proudly called herself “Madame Nobel,” was beautiful and graceful, but, unfortunately, stupid, uneducated, and also lazy - she refused to study with the teachers that Nobel hired for her. Their relationship lasted 15 years, until 1891, when Sophie gave birth to a daughter from a Hungarian officer. Nobel broke up with his girlfriend without a scandal and even gave her a decent allowance. But Sophie was used to exorbitant spending and was annoyed by requests for additional amounts. When four years later she married the father of her child, her husband made similar requests. After Nobel's death, Sophie Hess began to demand an increase in content, threatening otherwise to publish his intimate letters. The executors, who did not want their client’s name to be splashed across the newspapers, had to make concessions: buy Nobel’s letters and telegrams from Sophie and increase her annuity.
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Alfred Nobel responds to insistent requests from publishers to write his biography with his characteristic sarcasm and cynicism: “Sir, don’t torment me. This is the lot of famous murderers and actors. But I don’t have enough time to work... But, by the way, you can publish. Here is my biography: “Nobel is a poor half-dead creature. Advantage: keeps nails clean and is not a burden to anyone. Disadvantages: no family, great patience, poor health, but good appetite. My only wish: not to be buried alive. The greatest sin: lack of love for wealth... Isn't this enough for a mortal?" In recent years, Nobel worked with his personal secretary and chemist, the young Swede Ragnar Salman. Together with him, he received a patent for his latest invention - smokeless gunpowder ("ballistite"). The assistant gained such trust that Alfred called him nothing more than “the main executor of my desires." Alfred Nobel responded to persistent requests from publishers to write his biography with his characteristic sarcasm and cynicism: “Sir, don’t torment me. This is the lot of famous murderers and actors. But I don’t have enough time to work... But, by the way, you can publish. Here is my biography: “Nobel is a poor half-dead creature. Advantage: keeps his nails clean and is not a burden to anyone. Disadvantages: no family, great patience, poor health, but good appetite. Only wish: not to be buried alive. Greatest sin: lack of love for wealth... Isn’t that enough for a mortal?” In recent years, Nobel worked with his personal secretary and chemist, the young Swede Ragnar Salman. Together with him, he received a patent for his latest invention - smokeless gunpowder ("ballistite"). The assistant gained such trust that Alfred called him nothing more than “the main executor of my desires.” On December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his villa in San Remo, Italy.
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Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm in the family of the talented self-taught inventor Immanuel Nobel, a native of the peasants of the southern Swedish district of Nobelef, which is the origin of the family name. The head of the family became famous and rich in Russian service, especially during the Crimean War. Mines made at his factory protected the raids of Kronstadt and Revel from the attack of the English squadron. For his services to Russia, he received a large imperial gold medal, which, as a rule, was not awarded to foreigners. Alfred's mother - Andrietta Emmanuel Ludwigovich Nobel
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Although Alfred Nobel was very talented, he did not even receive a secondary education. In 1849, his father sent young Alfred on a two-year journey through Europe and America. Alfred spends most of this trip in Paris. There he takes a practical course in chemistry and physics in the laboratory of the famous chemist Jules Peloua, who researched oil and discovered nitriles. After his father left for Stockholm, Alfred Nobel began researching the properties of nitroglycerin. It is likely that this was facilitated by Nobel’s frequent communication with the outstanding Russian chemist Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin. Young Alfred Nobel
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In Paris, young Nobel was received at the court of Napoleon III, where he reads romantic poetry and falls in love with a young black-eyed brunette from Provence, who soon dies of consumption. Heartbroken, Nobel leaves for America, where he meets the famous Swedish engineer John Erikson, who built for Lincoln the unusual ship "Monitor", which bravely destroyed the southern fleet. Erickson conducted experiments on the use of solar energy and introduced his compatriot to invention. John Ericsson
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In Stockholm, where Alfred left in 1863, he continued his experiments. But on September 3, 1864, tragedy struck. The explosion during the experiments killed several people, including Alfred's younger brother Emil-Oscar, who was only 20 years old. Soon after the accident, my father was paralyzed, and he spent the last eight years bedridden. On October 14, 1864, Alfred Nobel took out a patent for the right to produce an explosive containing nitroglycerin. This was followed by patents for the detonator ("Nobel fuse"), dynamite, gelled dynamite, smokeless powder, etc. and so on. In total, he owns 350 patents, and not all of them are related to explosives. Among them are patents for a water meter, a barometer, a refrigeration apparatus, a gas burner, an improved method for producing sulfuric acid, the design of a combat missile, and much more.
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Alfred Nobel was a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of London, and the Paris Society of Civil Engineers. Uppsala University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Philosophy. Among the inventor's awards are the Swedish Order of the Polar Star, the French Legion of Honor, the Brazilian Order of the Rose and the Venezuelan Bolivar. But all the honors left him indifferent. He was a gloomy man who loved solitude, avoided fun companies and completely immersed in work.
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Nobel's main wealth came from the production of dynamite, which he invented, a patent for which was received on May 7, 1867. Newspapers of those years wrote that the engineer made his discovery by accident. During transportation, a bottle of nitroglycerin broke, the spilled liquid soaked the ground, and the result was dynamite. Nobel always denied this. He claimed that he was deliberately looking for a substance that, when mixed with nitroglycerin, would reduce its explosiveness. Kieselguhr became such a neutralizer. This rock is also called tripoli (from Tripoli in Libya, where it was mined).
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In recent years, Nobel worked with his personal secretary and chemist, the young Swede Ragnar Salman. Together with him, he received a patent for his latest invention - smokeless gunpowder ("ballistite"). The assistant gained such trust that Alfred called him nothing more than “the main executor of my desires.” On December 10, 1896, Alfred Nobel died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his villa in San Remo, Italy. Alfred Nobel's Villa in Sanremo Alfred Nobel's Tomb in Sanremo
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Alfred Nobel's will
“All my movable and immovable property must be converted by my executors into liquid assets, and the capital thus collected must be placed in a reliable bank. The income from investments should belong to a fund, which will distribute them annually in the form of bonuses to those who, during the previous year, have brought the greatest benefit to humanity... The specified interest must be divided into five equal parts, which are intended: one part - to the one who will do the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; the other - to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third - to the one who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth - to the one who creates the most outstanding literary work of an idealistic direction; fifth - to the one who has made the most significant contribution to the unity of nations, the abolition of slavery or the reduction of the size of existing armies and the promotion of peace congresses ... It is my special desire that, in awarding prizes, no consideration will be given to the nationality of the candidates ... "
But there was love in his life. At the age of 43, Alfred Nobel fell in love with a 20-year-old flower shop saleswoman in Vienna, Sophie Hess (1856-1919), and took him with him to Paris, where he then lived. He rented an apartment for her next to his house and allowed her to spend as much as she wanted. Sophie, who proudly called herself “Madame Nobel,” was beautiful and graceful, but, unfortunately, stupid, uneducated, and also lazy - she refused to study with the teachers that Nobel hired for her. Their relationship lasted 15 years, until 1891, when Sophie gave birth to a daughter from a Hungarian officer. Nobel broke up with his girlfriend without a scandal and even gave her a decent allowance. But Sophie was used to exorbitant spending and was annoyed by requests for additional amounts. When four years later she married the father of her child, her husband made similar requests. After Nobel's death, Sophie Hess began to demand an increase in content, threatening otherwise to publish his intimate letters. The executors, who did not want their client’s name to be splashed across the newspapers, had to make concessions: buy Nobel’s letters and telegrams from Sophie and increase her annuity.
Alfred Nobel
- Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm. His father, Immanuel Nobel (1801-1872), a middle-class entrepreneur, having gone bankrupt, decided to try his luck in Russia and in 1837 moved to St. Petersburg. Here he opened mechanical workshops, and five years later, when business got better, he moved his family to St. Petersburg. For nine-year-old Alfred, Russian very soon became his second native language. In addition, he was fluent in English, French, German and Italian.
- During the Crimean War of 1853-1856, Nobel's workshops produced underwater mines and other weapons for the Russian navy. Mines of his design were used to defend Kronstadt, Sveaborg Fortress in Finland and Revel Harbor in Estonia. Immanuel Nobel was awarded a gold medal "For zeal and development of Russian industry", but after the end of the war there were no more naval orders, and in 1859 he returned to Stockholm.
- Alfred Nobel did not receive a systematic education. At first he studied at home, in 1849-1851 he traveled throughout America and Europe for educational purposes, and then studied chemistry in Paris for two years in the laboratory of the famous French scientist T. Pelouz (1807-1867). After his father left for Stockholm, Alfred Nobel began researching the properties of nitroglycerin. Perhaps this was facilitated by Nobel’s frequent communication with the outstanding Russian chemist Zinin (1812-1880).
- On October 14, 1864, Alfred Nobel took out a patent for the right to produce an explosive containing nitroglycerin. This was followed by patents for the detonator ("Nobel fuse"), dynamite, gelled dynamite, smokeless powder, etc. and so on. In total, he owns 350 patents, and not all of them are related to explosives. Among them are patents for a water meter, a barometer, a refrigeration apparatus, a gas burner, an improved method for producing sulfuric acid, the design of a combat missile, and much more.
- Nobel's interests were extremely varied. He studied electrochemistry and optics, biology and medicine, designed automatic brakes and safe steam boilers, tried to make artificial rubber and leather, studied nitrocellulose and rayon, and worked on producing light alloys. Of course, he was one of the most educated people of his time. He read a lot of books on technology and medicine, history and philosophy, fiction(and even tried to write himself), was acquainted with kings and ministers, scientists and entrepreneurs, artists and writers, for example, Victor Hugo.
- Nobel's main wealth came from the production of dynamite, which he invented, a patent for which was received on May 7, 1867. Newspapers of those years wrote that the engineer made his discovery by accident. During transportation, a bottle of nitroglycerin broke, the spilled liquid soaked the ground, and the result was dynamite. Nobel always denied this. He claimed that he was deliberately looking for a substance that, when mixed with nitroglycerin, would reduce its explosiveness. Kieselguhr became such a neutralizer. This rock is also called tripoli (from Tripoli in Libya, where it was mined).
- It may seem strange that a man who devoted his entire life to creating powerful means of destruction bequeathed part of the money he earned to the peace prize. What is this? Redemption? But for military purposes, “Nobel’s explosives” began to be used only during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, and at first the explosives he created were used for peaceful purposes: for the construction of tunnels and canals using blasting, laying iron and highways, mining. He himself said: “I would like to invent a substance or machine with such destructive power that any war would become impossible.” Nobel gave money for congresses dedicated to peace issues and took part in them.
- The great inventor never married and had no children. But there was love in his life. At the age of 43, Nobel fell in love with a 20-year-old flower shop saleswoman in Vienna, Sophie Hess (1856-1919), and took him with him to Paris, where he then lived. He rented an apartment for her next to his house and allowed her to spend as much as she wanted. Sophie, who proudly called herself “Madame Nobel,” was beautiful and graceful, but, unfortunately, stupid, uneducated, and also lazy - she refused to study with the teachers that Nobel hired for her.
- Their relationship lasted 15 years, until 1891, when Sophie gave birth to a daughter from a Hungarian officer. Nobel broke up with his girlfriend without a scandal and even gave her a decent allowance. But Sophie was used to exorbitant spending and was annoyed by requests for additional amounts. When four years later she married the father of her child, her husband made similar requests. After Nobel's death, Sophie Hess began to demand an increase in content, threatening otherwise to publish his intimate letters. The executors, who did not want their client’s name to be splashed across the newspapers, had to make concessions: buy Nobel’s letters and telegrams from Sophie and increase her annuity.
- Since childhood, Nobel was in poor health and often fell ill. IN last years he was tormented by pain in his heart. “Isn’t it ironic,” he wrote to one acquaintance, “that I was prescribed to take nitroglycerin! They (doctors - B.L.) call it trinitrine so as not to scare away pharmacists and patients.” In 1896, Nobel died of a cerebral hemorrhage at his villa in San Remo (Italy). There was no one in the house except the servants.
- Dynamite (from the Greek δυναμις - strength) is a mixture of substances, which is an absorbent (for example kieselguhr) soaked in nitroglycerin. It may also contain other components (saltpeter, etc.). The entire mass is usually compressed into a cylindrical shape and placed in paper or plastic packaging. The charge is detonated using a detonator.
- Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel in 1866 and was patented on November 25, 1867 (US Patent No. 78,317). Dynamite greatly changed the methods used in mining and other industries, and it began to be used in warfare.
- Composition of the most common dynamites:
- 1: Standard 62%: Nitroglycerin or its mixture with nitroglycol 62%, Nitrocellulose 3%, Potassium or sodium nitrate 27%, wood flour 8%. (Heat of explosion 5.3 MJ/kg, ref. t 205°C. High explosiveness 380 ml. Detonation speed 6000 m/s at 1.4 g/cm3)
- 2: Nitroglycerin or its mixture with nitroglycol 15%, Nitrocellulose 1%, Ammonium Nitrate 73.5%, TNT 9%, polymethyl methacrylate -0.5%, Wood flour 2%. Explosiveness 340 ml. Detonation speed 5100 m/s at 1.32 g/cm3
- 3: Nitroglycerin or its mixture with nitroglycol 60%, Nitrocellulose 3%, Ammonium Nitrate 31%, wood flour 6%. Capacity 410 ml. Detonation speed 6400 m/s
- 4: Nitroglycerin or its mixture with nitroglycol 60%, Nitrocellulose 4%, Potassium or sodium nitrate 28%, Charcoal 8%.
- 5: Nitroglycerin or its mixture with nitroglycol 10%, Nitrocellulose 1%, Ammonium Nitrate 58%, Charcoal 8%, Ammonium Oxalate 5%, Sodium Chloride 18%,
- When making dynamites, the so-called first is prepared. “explosive jelly,” which is a colorless, transparent, soft mass that strongly detonates on impact; It is more powerful than nitroglycerin. t flash of explosive jelly 205°C. dense 1.55-1.58 g/cm3. The heat of explosion is 6.47 MJ/kg. Capacity 600 ml. Detonation speed 7800 m/s. Brisance according to Cast - 8 mm. It is obtained by carefully heating nitroglycerin to 60 - 70 ° C, adding colloxylin (7-8%), mixing thoroughly and gently. Then the filler is poured in, and after a while the mixture is cooled. Dynamites containing as a filler a mixture of ammonium nitrate and charcoal banned in most countries due to unstable properties and high sensitivity.
- In 1900, the Nobel Foundation was created - a private, independent, non-governmental organization with initial capital SEK 31 million. Since 1969, on the initiative of the Swedish Bank, prizes in economics have also been awarded. In the future, the Nobel Foundation decided not to increase the number of nominations.
- Awarded annually for achievements in the following areas of human activity:
- Physics - since 1901, Sweden
- Chemistry - since 1901, Sweden
- Medicine and physiology - since 1901, Sweden
- Economy - since 1969, Sweden
- Literature - since 1901, Sweden
- Defending peace - since 1901, Norway
- The first Nobel banquet took place on December 10, 1901, simultaneously with the first presentation of the prize. Currently, the banquet is held in the Blue Hall of the City Hall. 1300-1400 people are invited to the banquet. Dress code: tailcoats and evening dresses. Chefs from the Town Hall Cellar (a restaurant at the Town Hall) and chefs who have ever received the title of Chef of the Year take part in the development of the menu. In September, three menu options are tasted by members of the Nobel Committee, who decide what will be served “at Nobel’s table.” The only dessert that is always known is ice cream. And then until the evening of December 10th, no one, except for a narrow circle of initiates, knows what kind
- The erroneous publication in 1888 of Nobel's obituary in one of the French newspapers condemning his invention of dynamite is considered the event that prompted Nobel to decide to leave some more valuable legacy after his death.
- On November 27, 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his will, according to which most of his fortune was to be used to establish a prize awarded regardless of nationality.
- Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy.
- The Nobel Prize fund amounted to 31 million crowns.
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Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) 180th birthday
Swedish engineer, chemist, inventor of dynamite. Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm in the family of Emmanuel and Andrietta Nobel. He was the third child of eight children in the family, but, apart from Alfred, only Robert, Ludwig and Emil survived.
The Nobel family moved to St. Petersburg in the fall of 1842, where the father of the family, Emmanuel, began working on the development of torpedoes. In the second half of the 40s of the nineteenth century, the pope sent Alfred to receive education in America and Europe. Alfred devoted himself to the study of explosives, especially the safe production and use of nitroglycerin, discovered in 1846 by Ascanio Sobrero. In 1868, Nobel received a patent for dynamite - a mixture of nitroglycerin with substances capable of absorbing it. From the production of dynamite and other explosives and from the development of the oil fields of Baku (the Branobel Partnership), in which he and his brothers Ludwig and Robert played a significant role, Alfred Nobel accumulated a significant fortune.
Testament of A. Nobel. Including about the prize... They began to write about Nobel as a “millionaire on blood”, “dealer in explosive death”, “dynamite king”, and he decided to do so so as not to remain in the memory of mankind as a “villain on a global scale”. He bequeathed his enormous fortune to the establishment of the Nobel Prize.
...All my capital must be contributed to a special fund and placed in safe custody. The interest should be distributed annually in the form of bonuses to those who will bring the greatest benefit to humanity: one part to the one who makes the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; one part to the one who makes the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; one part to the one who makes the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; one part to the one who creates the most outstanding work of an idealistic orientation in the field of literature; and one part to the one who will make the greatest contribution to the cause promoting brotherhood between nations, the destruction or reduction of existing armies. Let the prizes in physics and chemistry be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; for physiological or medical work– Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; for literary works - the Stockholm Academy; Peace Prize - by a five-member committee selected by the Norwegian Parliament. It is my special wish that the most worthy person receive the prize, whether he is a Scandinavian or not,” Nobel wrote in his will in clear, legible handwriting.
The Nobel Prize fund amounted to 31 million crowns. 10 crowns 1874 Medal awarded to a Nobel Prize winner.
Alfred Nobel's Villa On December 10, 1896, exactly one year after writing his will, Alfred Nobel died at his villa in San Remo, Italy, of a cerebral hemorrhage. He was 63 years old.
A. Nobel's grave at the Norra begravningsplatsen cemetery in Stockholm. He died as lonely as he lived - there were only Italian servants nearby, who did not understand a word of Swedish, and therefore Nobel’s last words remained unknown. But, according to the servants, he looked like a man satisfied with his own lot. He probably remembered his will...
A. Nobel founded 93 factories in 20 countries, patented 355 inventions, among them not only explosives, but also a barometer, monometer, refrigeration apparatus, gas meter, rubber bicycle tires, a speed switch, a recipe for making artificial silk and artificial precious stones, improvement phone, new method getting soda, aluminum boat...
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics Albert Einstein 1921 - For services to theoretical physics and especially for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck 1918 In recognition of the services he rendered to the development of physics by his discovery of energy quanta Pierre Curie 1903 - In recognition of the exceptional services they rendered to science through their joint research into the phenomena of radiation discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1901 - In recognition of the exceptional services , which he contributed to science with the discovery of remarkable rays, later named in his honor
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Svante August Arrhenius 1903 - Awarded in recognition of the special significance of his theory of electrolytic dissociation for the development of chemistry Ernest Rutherford 1908 - For his research in the field of decay of elements in the chemistry of radioactive substances
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1908 -For his work on immunity Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1904 - For his work on the physiology of digestion, which expanded and changed the understanding of the vital aspects of this issue. Robert Koch 1905 - For his research and discoveries concerning the treatment of tuberculosis.
Monument to A. Nobel on Petrogradskaya embankment. According to the creators' plan, the monument symbolizes the tree of life, protected by a bird (the holy spirit) from destruction and the forces of evil. The name of Alfred Nobel is engraved on a low granite pedestal. The synthesized one is named in his honor. chemical element nobelium. The Nobel Institute of Physics and Chemistry in Stockholm and the University in Dnepropetrovsk are named in honor of Nobel.
