In the Volga region, most of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. Rumors about the accident at the Balakovo nuclear power plant provoked panic in the Volga region
In the Volga region electric power industry It is represented by three types of power plants: hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear.
The most powerful HPPs of the Volga cascade are located on the territory of the district: Volzhskaya near the city of Zhigulevsk (capacity 2.3 million kW, average annual electricity generation 11 billion kWh), Saratovskaya near the city of Balakovo (capacity 1.3 million kW, average annual output 5, 4 billion kW/h), Volgograd (capacity 2.53 million kW, average annual output 11.1 billion kW/h), Nizhnekamsk (capacity 1.08 million kW). It is possible to build the Perevolokskaya HPP with a capacity of 2.4 million kW, designed both to cover peak loads and to generate additional electricity.
According to preliminary estimates, the total electricity generation at all HPPs in the Volga region can reach more than 30 billion kWh per year.
Hydroelectric power plants in the Volga region play an important role in covering peak loads in the energy system of the European part of the country.
There are a number of powerful thermal power plants operating in the region, located in centers of large consumption of heat and electricity (centers of oil chemical industry and oil refining). The share of thermal power plants in the total electricity production is about 3/5. One of the largest is the state district power plant in the Republic of Tatarstan (capacity 2.4 million kW) operating on gas.
Electricity generation in the Volga region will grow due to the commissioning of new capacities at the Nizhnekamsk HPP and the Balakovo NPP. Electricity from the Volga region is transmitted via power lines to the Donbass, to the Urals, from the Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station to Cheboksary and Nizhny Novgorod. Electricity is also transmitted from Zainskaya and Botkinskaya GRES.
The development of the chemistry of organic synthesis in the region of oil refining required the creation of a powerful thermal power industry.
civil defense
Yesterday, residents of Saratov, Samara and a number of other regions were seized with panic, which arose because of rumors about a major accident at the Balakovo nuclear power plant (Saratov region). In fact, on the night of November 4, an emergency situation arose at the nuclear power plant from the category of often occurring: emergency protection worked at the power unit due to a rupture of a water pipe. But the management of the station and the regional Ministry of Emergency Situations did not promptly explain to the population what had happened. As a result, iodine disappeared from pharmacies, dozens of enterprises stopped, hundreds of people moved away from nuclear power plants, fearing radiation.
The first reports of an emergency situation at the Balakovo NPP (BalNPP) appeared on the morning of November 4th. The Public Information Center of BalNPP reported that power unit #2 is undergoing current repairs of the feed pipe pipeline of the fourth steam generator. According to the report, the power unit was shut down on November 4 at 1.24 a.m., its launch is planned to be carried out at 10 p.m. on November 5. But the residents of Balakovo did not believe in the current repairs, which should be started at two o'clock in the morning. By mid-afternoon, most of the nearly 200,000-strong city was convinced that there had been an accident with a release of radiation at the station.
“It was horror and doomsday,” Anna Vinogradova, head of the Balakovo Society for Nature Conservation, shared her impressions with a Kommersant correspondent. “The whole city went crazy. The bosses spoke about the accident to their subordinates, who called their relatives. All phones were busy. People advised each other to drink vodka, iodine and never use tap water.
When the site http://aesbalakovo.narod.ru, promptly created by some independent journalists, appeared on the Internet, Balakovo was completely taken over by panic.
The site, in particular, stated: "There was an accident at the BalNPP. As a result of the incident, 4 workers died, another 18 received burns of varying severity. The situation is critical."
In several kindergartens, on the orders of the directors, teachers gave the children potassium iodide tablets. Stocks of iodine, iodomarin and other iodine-containing preparations disappeared from local pharmacies by the evening. In at least ten villages in the Balakovo district, the peasants refused to turn their cattle out to pasture. A similar situation has developed in the Saratov, Samara, Penza regions, in part of the Nizhny Novgorod region and Mordovia. Everywhere people were stocking up on iodine and alcohol, trying to get out of what they thought might be already contaminated areas, and factories were shutting down because their directors couldn't keep the workers rushing to save their families.
The editorial offices of regional newspapers in Saratov on November 4 and 5 withstood a real flurry of calls from the population. A Kommersant correspondent managed to talk to several callers.
“I went to the market in the morning, they said that a reactor had exploded at a nuclear plant,” Anna Samokhina, a resident of the city of Petrovsk, shouted into the phone.
Several circumstances worked simultaneously to incite panic. November 3 in the area nuclear power plant held the planned exercises of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The city was informed about them, but no one spoke about the nature of the exercises. On the afternoon of November 4, the generals who arrived for the exercises attended a concert of a patriotic song, which took place in the house of culture in the city center. The sight of a dozen black "Volgas" with military numbers did not add optimism to anyone in Balakovo. And most importantly, none of officials did not consider it necessary to speak to the population and tell what happened on the night of November 3-4 at the nuclear power plant. Only in the evening of November 4, Lieutenant Colonel Romanenko, head of the Balakovo Ministry of Emergency Situations, appeared on the air of the local television company Free Television. He demanded that the residents stop panicking, but he did not say a word about the incident at the BalNPP. This only made things worse.
- The city has long been warmed up by the discussion about the construction of the fifth and sixth power units, which is being conducted by the administration and environmentalists, - says Anna Vinogradova. - All this accumulated negativity should have had a way out. Here it happened. I think that one of the station workers came home, told one neighbor, another. And it began.
From the morning of November 5, people from all over the Volga region tried by phone to find out from specialists in what quantities they should take iodine (see certificate). The first cases of iodine poisoning appeared on the same day.
“We have already documented three cases,” the duty officer of the ambulance station in Balakovo told Kommersant. “Two elderly women and a schoolboy. Their condition is satisfactory, only the temperature is high and they constantly feel sick. Please tell me through the newspaper that iodine and vodka do not interfere. It will be very bad. Since they bought up all the iodine, let them smear the thyroid gland, there is more benefit from this: the prevention of cancerous tumors.
Seven iodine poisonings were recorded yesterday in Samara. One of the victims, a 52-year-old woman, was told by the city's ambulance station: "She bought a topical iodine solution from a pharmacy, dissolved the iodine in water, and drank the liquid, which burned her throat."
And only in the middle of the day on November 5, officials finally explained what happened at the nuclear power plant. The NPP Public Information Center issued a statement stating that a leak was found in the pipeline that supplies water to the steam generators of the second power unit. At 01:24 on November 4, the emergency protection of the power unit was triggered due to this leak, and it was shut down.
“This is a common situation that occurs at any nuclear power plant several times a year,” Nikolai Shingarev, a spokesman for the Federal Atomic Energy Agency, said yesterday. “The automation shut down the power unit due to malfunctions that are not related to the reactor.
As Kommersant was told in the NPP safety supervision department of the Volga department of Rostekhnadzor, the pipe rupture has nothing to do with the reactor core. The incident occurred in the water pipe of the secondary circuit, through which clean water is supplied to the steam generator. The water flowing out of the pipe closed the electrical terminals of the capacity regulators of the main pumps pumping water to the steam generator, and the water level in the steam generator dropped. In this regard, the emergency protection worked - the automation lowered safety rods into the reactor, absorbing the neutron flux, thus stopping the process and shutting down the reactor.
Atomic scientists claim that even an accident as such did not happen - only an emergency situation arose. “The protection automatics worked instantly,” they claim. “The fuel assembly body did not melt, the reactor containment did not collapse, there was no release of radioactive steam from the steam generator, circuit # 1, through which water “contaminated” with uranium circulates, did not depressurize.” Problems, according to them, arose in the so-called civilian part of the nuclear power plant, where there is no radiation at all. The leaked water of the secondary circuit was absolutely clean - cleaner than that supplied to the domestic water supply network, so there is no cause for concern.
BalNPP Chief Engineer Viktor Ignatov confirmed this at an emergency press conference yesterday: “There was no radiation release. planned exercises were held at the station in the field of civil defense and emergency situations with the evacuation of personnel. The coincidence of events gave rise to panic moods."
“I myself am a Chernobyl survivor and would be the first to scream if something happened to you,” said Alexander Rabadanov, Minister for Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the Saratov Region. and emergency situations, recommended that people put on cotton-gauze bandages and drink iodine. Apparently, there are forces interested in panic moods, perhaps pursuing political goals."
Andrey Zolotkov, head of the representative office of the international environmental organization Bellona in Murmansk, told Kommersant nuclear reactors icebreakers, "theoretically, the danger still remains." "The problem is that even a shutdown reactor continues to operate, as it were, by inertia - the so-called residual heat release occurs. The duration of this process depends on how long and under what load the reactor was operating before the accident: residual heat release can take from several hours to several days "All this time, the fuel assembly housing must be forced to cool. Since the second circuit is not working, water has to be supplied through an emergency system, which communicates directly with the first, contaminated circuit. Accordingly, during the entire time until the reactor cools down, spent radioactive water flows outside For its collection at each nuclear power plant, there are special sealed containers, but their possibilities are not unlimited," says Mr. Zolotkov.
The Kommersant correspondent's simple questions about whether the emergency cooling of Unit 2 has been completed, how much space is left for radioactive water in the tanks, and whether it can be dumped in an emergency (with all the consequences), for some reason unbalance the previously benevolent BalNPP press officer. "There is no danger, and that's all we would like to tell the media," he shouted, not wanting to even introduce himself. "Technical questions are not relevant to your work, and we will only answer them upon written request."
Last night, Balakovo ecologists and the official website of the BalNPP simultaneously gave the same indicators of the level of radiation in the atmosphere. In Balakovo it fluctuates between 8 and 13 microroentgens per hour. In Saratov, according to the specialists of the Radon enterprise engaged in the disposal of radioactive substances, it is 11 microroentgens per hour. Exceeding the norm starts from 20 microroentgen per hour.
Nevertheless, Sergei Kiriyenko, presidential envoy to the Volga Federal District, arrived in the Saratov Region yesterday. He explained that the decision to travel was made due to the fact that, despite the statement of the competent authorities about the complete safety of Balakovo's facilities, panic continues among the inhabitants of the region. "The plenipotentiary went to the region to personally prove that nothing terrible had happened here," Kiriyenko's plenipotentiary's office noted.
ANDREY B-KOZENKO, Saratov; SERGEI GUBANOV, Balakovo; SERGEY Y-MASHKIN
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Fuel and energy complex. The Volga region uses both its own fuel and energy raw materials and imported ones. More than half of the oil and gas produced in the region is exported. In the same time thermal power plants(TPP) and thermal power plants (TPP) of the region operate on thermal coal from Kuzbass, Karaganda, etc., on Orenburg gas supplied by main gas pipeline. No significant changes in the structure of the fuel balance are expected in the future. A more active use of excess fuel in the eastern regions is expected.
The Volga region in 1995 generated about 100 billion kW/h of electricity, ranking fifth in Russia according to this indicator.
In the Volga region electric power industry It is represented by three types of power plants: hydroelectric power plants, thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. The power industry of the region is of republican importance. The Volga region specializes in the production of electricity (more than 10% of the total Russian production), which it also supplies to other regions of Russia.
The basis of the energy economy is the hydropower plants of the Volga-Kama cascade (Volzhskaya near Samara, Saratovskaya, Nizhnekamskaya, Volgogradskaya, etc.). According to preliminary estimates, the total electricity generation at all HPPs in the Volga region can reach more than 30 billion kWh per year. The cost of energy generated at these HPPs is the lowest in the European part of the Russian Federation.
Hydroelectric power plants in the Volga region play an important role in covering peak loads in the energy system of the European part of the country.
There are a number of powerful thermal stations located in the centers of large consumption of heat and electricity in the region. In the total electricity production, the share of thermal power plants is approximately 3/5. One of the largest is the state district power plant in the Republic of Tatarstan, which runs on gas.
The development of the chemistry of organic synthesis in the region of oil refining required the creation of a powerful thermal power industry.
Leading in the industry of the Volga region petrochemical complex is the largest in the country in terms of production. It includes the entire technological chain of sequential oil and gas processing - from their extraction to the production of various chemical products and products from them.
The development of this complex was facilitated primarily by the presence of a powerful raw material base. Petrochemical industries were able to develop rapidly due to the good supply of water, fuel and energy resources. In addition, an important role was played by the transport and geographical position of the region, located in close proximity to consumers of products.
Oil industry remains one of the main branches of specialization of the region, although the emerging last years the downward trend in the production of this fuel and raw materials as a result of the depletion of the most productive deposits. The current scale of oil production in the area fluctuates within 10-14% of the level of the Russian Federation. To maintain this level, here apply latest methods the most complete oil recovery.
More than half of oil production comes from Tatarstan. The largest oil production center here is Almetievsk, which developed on the basis of the most powerful Romashkinskoye field in the Volga region. The Druzhba oil pipeline originates from Almetyevsk. The Samara region is also distinguished by oil production, the most important centers are the cities of Otradny and Neftegorsk. Currently, oil production is being developed in Kalmykia.
Development is directly related to oil and gas production oil and gas processing industry. At the refineries of the region (Syzran, Samara, Volgograd, Nizhnekamsk, Novokuibyshevsk, etc.) they process not only their own oil, but also oil Western Siberia. Refineries and petrochemistry are closely related. Along with natural gas, associated gas is extracted and processed, which is used in the chemical industry.
Reached a very high level chemical and petrochemical industry. The chemical industry of the Volga region is represented by mining chemistry (extraction of sulfur and table salt), chemistry of organic synthesis, and production of polymers. Major centers: Nizhnekamsk, Samara, Kazan, Syzran, Saratov, Volzhsky, Tolyatti. In the industrial hubs of Samara-Tolyatti, Saratov-Engels, Volgograd-Volzhsky, energy and petrochemical production cycles have developed. In them, the production of energy, oil products, alcohols, synthetic rubber, and plastics are geographically close.
Recently, the region accounted for 22.2% of the total Russian production of all products of the chemical industry. Hydrocarbon resources, favorable opportunities for water and energy supply, and the constantly growing needs of the country and the region itself for the products of this industry made it possible to locate and develop large chemical and petrochemical complexes and enterprises here.
Machine building complex- one of the largest and most complex industries in the structure of the Volga region. It accounts for at least 1/3 of the entire industrial output of the region. The industry as a whole is characterized by low metal consumption. Mechanical engineering works mainly on the rolled metal products of the neighboring Urals; a very small part of the demand is covered by our own metallurgy. The machine-building complex combines various machine-building productions. The Volga Engineering produces a wide range of machinery and equipment: cars, machine tools, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.
A special place in the complex is occupied by transport engineering, represented by the production of aircraft and helicopters, cargo and cars, trolleybuses, etc. The aircraft industry is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (Yak-40 aircraft).
But the automotive industry stands out especially in the Volga region. The Volga region has long been rightfully called the “automotive workshop” of the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in the zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, is well provided with a transport network, the level of development industrial complex allows you to organize broad ties for cooperation.
In the Volga region, 71% of passenger cars and 17% of trucks in Russia are manufactured. Among the machine-building centers, the largest are:
Samara (machine tool building, production of bearings, aircraft building, production of autotractor equipment, mill and elevator equipment, etc.);
Saratov (machine tool building, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);
Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);
Togliatti (a complex of VAZ enterprises is the leader in the country's automotive industry).
Important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy and petrochemical industries), Engels (90% of the production of trolleybuses in the Russian Federation).
The automotive industry of the Volga region is presented in table 1.
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Manufactured products |
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Tolyatti Naberezhnye Chelny Neftekamsk Ulyanovsk Caspian (Kalmykia) Serdobsk Balakovo Dimitrovgrad Samara, Saratov Nizhnekamsk Volzhsky |
Cars (VAZ), generators, starters Trucks, engines Dump trucks (based on KAMAZ trucks) ATVs, trucks, vans autoshops Trolleybuses, buses Autotractor trailers automotive fittings Truck engines Carburettors, technical fabrics Bearings plastics Rubber products Synthetic varnishes |
The Volga region is one of the main regions of Russia for the production of aerospace equipment.
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The fuel and energy complex produces almost a third (27% in 1996) of the region's gross output. In the Volga region, about 100 billion kWh of electricity is generated annually - approximately 10% of its total Russian production. In terms of the volume of electricity produced, the region is second only to the Central, Ural, East Siberian and West Siberian regions. The area is surplus in electricity production.
The electric power industry of the Volga region is represented by three types of stations: hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear. On its territory there are powerful hydroelectric power plants of the Volga-Kama cascade: Volgogradskaya (2530 thousand kW) and Nizhnekamskaya (1080 thousand kW).
HPPs of the Volga-Kama cascade play an important role in covering peak loads in the energy system of the European part of the country. Electricity is transmitted via power transmission line-500 of alternating current Togliatti - Moscow and Volgograd - Moscow. Communications with the Urals are stable, carried out through the power line-220. Transmission lines-500 Nizhnekamsk HPP - Cheboksary - Nizhny Novgorod were built. The development of oil refining and the chemistry of organic synthesis in the area required the creation of a powerful heat and power industry. The main fuel for these stations are fuel oil produced in the region, energy coal from Kuzbass and natural gas from the Orenburg field. The largest TPPs are Zainskaya KES (2.4 million kW), Nizhnekamskaya, Novokuibyshevskaya, Tolyattinskaya CHPPs (250 thousand kW each) and Balakovskaya CHPP (200 thousand kW).
Qualitatively new stage in the electric power industry of the Volga region came in connection with the construction of the Balakovo nuclear power plant (capacity 4 million kW).
The leading oil and gas energy chemical cycle in the industry of the Volga region is the largest in the country in terms of production scale and completion. It includes the entire technological chain of sequential oil and gas processing - from their extraction to the production of various chemical products and products from them. The development of the cycle was facilitated, first of all, by the presence of a powerful raw material base. Petrochemical industries were able to develop rapidly due to the good supply of water, fuel and energy resources. An important role was also played by the position of the region in the center of the European part of the country, in close proximity to the main consumers of products, as well as good transport accessibility.
The main oil fields of the Volga region are located in the Republic of Tatarstan, Samara, Volgograd and Saratov regions. The fields clean oil from water, salts, prepare it for further processing, there are installations for complex oil treatment, with the help of which, using a wide fraction of oil stabilization, hydrocarbon raw materials are extracted. Associated petroleum gases are also utilized here, from which the Minnibaevsky (Tatarstan) and Otradnensky (Samara region) gas and gasoline plants produce liquefied gases and natural gas. The content of heavy hydrocarbons in associated petroleum gas reaches 25%. The percentage of its utilization at the factories of the Volga region is the highest in the country (more than 80%). Further processing of oil and gas is carried out at refineries, where fuel is obtained from them (motor gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil), lubricating oils, liquefied gases (propane, butane, isobutane, etc.) are valuable raw materials for chemical industries. Largest enterprises there are oil refineries in the Samara region: the Syzran plant (which arose on the basis of the Baku oil refinery evacuated during the war years), the Kuibyshev plant and the Novokuibyshev petrochemical plant, the Volgograd oil refinery - the country's leader in the production of lubricating oils. About 15% of the production of oils in Russia is concentrated here, and the volumes of production of aviation and gear oils account for 20 and 50% of their total Russian production, respectively. Oil refining is in Saratov; process plant for oil refining was established at the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical plant. The region's refineries are characterized by high quality manufactured products - a large proportion of unleaded gasoline, low sulfur content. At present, not only Volga oil is processed in the region, but also oil coming through the Aktau-Samara, Samotlor-Tyumen-Kurgan-Ufa-Almetyevsk oil pipelines.
Oil production and processing are carried out by several oil companies. Most of the production (66%) is carried out by the oil production association Tatneft JSC with a production volume of 25 million tons.
The main oil refining companies are the largest vertically integrated oil companies Russia, for example, OJSC Lukoil, Sidanco.
Hydrocarbon raw materials are used for the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic ethyl alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics, etc.
The oil and gas energy chemical cycle of the Volga region is characterized by a high territorial concentration of production. Several large petrochemical hubs have developed in the region. Combinations of petrochemical industries in their most complete form arose within the Samarskaya Luka: in Samara, Novokuibyshevsk, Syzran, Togliatti. Novokuibyshevsk petrochemical plant - largest manufacturer synthetic alcohol, high and low pressure polyethylene. In Togliatti there are factories for the production of synthetic rubber, mineral fertilizers. In Nizhnekamsk, the world's largest universal complex of petrochemical industries has been created, producing synthetic rubber, styrene, polyethylene; a tire factory was built. The Nizhnekamsk Petrochemical Plant operates the country's most powerful installations for the processing of a wide fraction of hydrocarbons. An organic synthesis plant for the production of high and low pressure polyethylene was built in Kazan. Partially using the petrochemical raw materials of the Volgograd oil refinery, chemical enterprises operate in the cities of Volgograd and Volzhsky. The Volga Chemical Plant produces synthetic rubber, alcohol, artificial fiber; organized the production of tires and rubber products. At the Volgograd Chemical Combine on the basis of salt processing and natural gas the production of soda, caustic, chlorine, pesticides, acetylene, fertilizers, organochlorine products, polyvinylchloride and epoxy resins was created. There is a smaller combination of chemical industries in Saratov (synthetic alcohol, artificial fibers), Engels and Balakovo (artificial fibers). The Astrakhan gas complex operates on the basis of the Astrakhan gas condensate field, including gas fields and a gas processing plant. The complex is specialized in the production of technical gas sulfur, motor gasoline, diesel and boiler fuel, propanobutane fraction.
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forest resources
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Water resources
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Nuclear power is one of the most developing areas of industry, which is dictated by the constant growth in electricity consumption. Many countries have their own sources of energy production with the help of "peaceful atom".
Map of nuclear power plants in Russia (RF)
Russia is included in this number. The history of Russian nuclear power plants begins in the distant 1948, when the inventor of the Soviet atomic bomb I.V. Kurchatov initiated the design of the first nuclear power plant on the territory of the then Soviet Union. Nuclear power plants in Russia originate from the construction of the Obninsk nuclear power plant, which became not only the first in Russia, but the first nuclear power plant in the world.
Russia is a unique country that has full-cycle technology nuclear energy, which implies all stages, from ore mining to the final generation of electricity. At the same time, due to its large territories, Russia has a sufficient supply of uranium, both in the form of the earth's interior and in the form of weapons equipment.
Nowadays nuclear power plants in Russia includes 10 operating facilities that provide a capacity of 27 GW (GigaWatt), which is approximately 18% of the country's energy balance. Modern development technology makes it possible to make nuclear power plants in Russia safe for environment objects, despite the fact that the use of nuclear energy is the most dangerous production in terms of industrial safety.
The map of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Russia includes not only operating plants, but also those under construction, of which there are about 10 pieces. At the same time, those under construction include not only full-fledged nuclear power plants, but also promising developments in the form of creating a floating nuclear power plant, which is characterized by mobility.
The list of nuclear power plants in Russia is as follows:
Current state The nuclear power industry of Russia allows us to speak about the presence of a great potential, which in the foreseeable future can be realized in the creation and design of new types of reactors that allow generating large amounts of energy at lower costs.
