Negative impact of harmful production factors

As a result of exposure to harmful production factors, workers may develop occupational diseases - diseases caused by exposure to harmful working conditions. Occupational diseases are divided into:

Acute occupational diseases that have arisen after a single (during no more than one work shift) exposure to harmful occupational factors;

Chronic occupational diseases that have arisen after repeated exposure to harmful production factors (increased concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area, increased noise, vibration, etc.). .

Evaluation of working conditions by factors of the working environment

In order to identify harmful and (or) dangerous factors of the production environment and the labor process and assess the level of their impact on the employee, taking into account the deviation of their actual values ​​from the established ones, enterprises are required to conduct a special assessment of working conditions.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee.

Evaluation of working conditions is the determination of the actual values ​​​​of dangerous and harmful production factors, the intensity and severity of labor.

The levels of hazardous and harmful production factors are determined by instrumental measurements.

The results of the survey are compared with hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. The criteria are based on the differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards and the impact of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.

Working conditions in accordance with the hygienic criteria for assessing and classifying working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process are assessed in four classes (Fig. 1).

Rice. one

1st class - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

2nd grade - permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade - harmful working conditions - are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

2nd degree - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases;

3rd degree - characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

4th degree - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Extreme conditions are created, for example, when the MPC of harmful substances is exceeded by more than 20 times, the MPC of noise - by more than 50 dB. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Labor activity of a person must be carried out in acceptable conditions of the production environment. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment do not exceed. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with a reduction in the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th grade) not allowed except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergency situations. Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Enterprises of any form of ownership are obliged to strive to create safe working conditions.

Safe working conditions are levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or abnormalities in the health of the worker and his offspring. Safe working conditions are also considered working conditions in the complete absence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Jobs are evaluated according to three main criteria:

Hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work; assessment of safety of workplaces;

Accounting and assessment of the provision of employees with means of individual (collective) protection, training, etc.

- injury safety rated 1st, 2nd or 3rd class (no degree of danger).

Assessment of existing conditions and nature of work produced on the basis of instrumental measurements of physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological factors. The classification of these factors is given in. After measurements, the class of working conditions at the workplace is determined. The most time-consuming work is the definition of the class of working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process and labor intensity.

Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the labor process.

The severity of labor- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) that ensure its activity. The severity of labor is characterized by physical dynamic load, the mass of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotyped working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the form of the working posture, the degree of inclination of the body, and movements in space.

Labor intensity- a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system, sensory organs, and the emotional sphere of the worker. The factors characterizing the intensity of labor include intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of their monotony, and the mode of work.

A general assessment of the severity of the labor process is made on the basis of all indicators of the severity of the labor process. At the same time, a class is first established and entered into the protocol for each measured indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is established according to the most sensitive indicator assigned to the highest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall score is set one degree higher.

The assessment of the intensity of the labor process of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime. Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 22 indicators are taken into account. It is not allowed to selectively take into account any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity.

For each of the indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. If any of the indicators is not presented due to the nature or characteristics of professional activity, the 1st class (optimal) is assigned to this indicator.

The final definition of the optimal, acceptable and harmful classes of working conditions is based on the number of indicators that have one or another class. The overall assessment of working conditions in terms of the degree of harmfulness and danger is established according to the highest class and degree of harmfulness. If three or more factors belong to class 3.1, then the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2. In the presence of two or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, working conditions are rated one degree higher, respectively.

With a reduction in contact with harmful factors (time protection), working conditions can be assessed as less harmful, but not lower than class 3.1.

The definitions of the main parameters used in the field of occupational health are given in Guideline R 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

Occupational hygiene is a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of their work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to a violation of the health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

• - physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols, predominantly of fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination), increased ultraviolet radiation;
• - chemical factors, including some biological substances (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);
• - biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of operation.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process that can cause injury, acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

Hygienic standards of working conditions - the levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern research methods in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present or subsequent generations.

Safe working conditions - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

Depending on the ratio of the levels of dangerous and harmful factors and the maximum permissible levels, working conditions are divided into four classes according to the degree of harmfulness and danger:

• 1 class - optimal working conditions;
• Class 2 - permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal;
• Class 3 - harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect the offspring.
• Class 4 - dangerous (extreme) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

The main hygienic characteristics of harmful substances are: maximum allowable concentration (MPC), maximum allowable emission (MPE), toxodose, average lethal toxodose and average lethal dose. The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are the maximum concentrations that are within the established working hours (no more than 40 hours per week). The unit of MPC is milligram per cubic meter. meter (mg/cu.m.).

Depending on the degree of toxicity, all toxic substances are divided into 4 classes (GOST 12.1.007-76. SSBT. Harmful substances.

Classification and general safety requirements:

• - extremely dangerous (MPC less than 0.1 mg/m3),
• - highly hazardous (MPC 0.1 mg/m3 to 1.0 mg/m3),
• - moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3),
• - low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m3).

Maximum allowable release - the maximum amount of a hazardous substance, the release of which by an industrial enterprise for a certain period will not yet lead to an excess of the MPC.

Control over the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 - 88. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area.

Hygienic requirements for the microclimate at workplaces are established by the standard GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.

Meteorological conditions (or microclimate) are characterized by the following parameters:

• 1. temperature, t, oC;
• 2. relative humidity j, %;
• 3. air velocity at the workplace V (m/s).

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric pressure P, which affects the partial pressure of the main components of air (oxygen and nitrogen), and, consequently, the breathing process.

The need to take into account the main parameters of the microclimate can be explained on the basis of consideration of the heat balance between the organism and the environment.

The value of heat release Q by the human body depends on the degree of physiological stress in certain meteorological conditions and ranges from 85 J/s (at rest) to 500 J/s (hard work).

The release of heat by the body to the environment occurs as a result of heat conduction through clothing Qt, convection near the body Qk, radiation to the surrounding surfaces Qred, evaporation of moisture Qisp. Part of the heat is spent on heating the exhaled air.

The amount of heat given off by the human body in various ways depends on the value of one or another microclimate parameters.

Heat transfer due to evaporation depends on relative humidity and air velocity.

At rest at an ambient temperature of 1800C, the share of Qk - (convection) is about 30%, Qexc ~ 45%, Qexp ~ 20% and Qin - (exhaust air heating) ~ 5%.

Normal thermal well-being (comfortable conditions) corresponding to this type of work is ensured subject to the heat balance Q = Qtherm.od. + Qconv.. + Qred + Qexp + Qair. At t=30-350C, the heat transfer of convection and radiation basically stops.

Humidity is of great importance for the thermoregulation of the body. High humidity (j > 85%) makes thermoregulation difficult due to a decrease in sweat evaporation, and too low humidity (j< 20 %) вызывает пересыхание слизистых оболочек дыхательных путей.

Optimum humidity - 40 - 60%.

Air movement affects the state of the body. The minimum air velocity felt by a person is ~0.2 m/s.

In winter, the air velocity should not exceed 0.2 - 0.5 m/s, and in summer 0.2 - 1.0 m/s.

In hot shops, it is allowed to increase the blowing speed up to 3.5 m/s.

GOST 12.1.005-88 establishes the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions for the working area of ​​the premises, the choice of which takes into account:

• 1. season - a cold period with an average daily temperature of less than +100C and a warm period - with an average daily temperature of more than +100C t0>+100C.
• 2. category of work:

a. light physical work;

b. physical work of moderate severity;

in. hard physical work.

• 3. permanent or non-permanent workplace.
• 4. Temperature, relative humidity and air velocity are measured at a height of 1.0 m from the floor or work platform when working while sitting, and at 1.5 m when standing.

test

Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (make an analysis for a specific example)

Working conditions play an important role in a person's working life. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection from industrial hazards - that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal working conditions (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of employees is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process.

l Permissible working conditions (2nd class) - are characterized by such

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect on the health of workers in the near and long term. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree of the 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;

2nd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in occupational morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after a long period of work (often after 15 years or more);

3rd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of employment, the growth of chronic (production-caused) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general ability to work), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

b Dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) -

are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including in severe forms.

Work environment factors include: microclimate parameters; the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; the level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig.1 The main elements characterizing the working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In a general assessment, the factors of the working environment are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

· Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the worker and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (according to special scales).

If, for example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order of the State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 03, 2007 No. 287, labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

Sanitary microclimate standards (temperature, humidity and air velocity) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

· The intensity of infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

The temperature of the surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cº, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machines. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for setting the temperature limits of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and equipment elements with an external surface temperature above 43Сє must be provided with thermal insulation or a fence and signal paint must be applied to them in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· In production and auxiliary buildings and premises, natural lighting should be used as much as possible.

· The level of vibration that affects workers at the workplace should not exceed the values ​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 39.

· The permissible noise level at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of DSN 3.3.6.037-99 "Sanitary norms for industrial noise, ultrasound and infrasound", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 37.

Analysis of working conditions based on certification of the workplace of a surgeon

Actual and standard values ​​of the measured parameters: Indicators of intensity of the labor process Class of working conditions 1 2 3.1 3.2 3...

Certification of workplaces according to working conditions at the enterprise

In the course of studying the factors, the following are determined: - production factors characteristic of each workplace ...

Life safety as an academic discipline

Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process ...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Safety of technological processes and equipment at the workplace of a carpenter at the enterprise LLC "TD Igrinsky lespromkhoz"

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Individual and collective protective equipment

The production environment is the space in which human labor activity is carried out. Elements of the production environment: - objects of labor; - means of labor (tools, technological equipment, machines, etc. ...

Classification of working conditions and their examination

Collective and individual means of protection

dangerous hazardous work safety Centuries-old human practice gives grounds for the assertion, which formed the basis of the main axiom of life safety, that any activity is potentially dangerous...

Collective and individual means of protecting workers

One of the most important conditions for normal human life in the performance of professional functions is the preservation of the body's heat balance ...

1. Intelligent loads. Intellectual loads consider the labor process from the point of view of its mental activity. They are expert...

Methods for assessing labor intensity

Quantitative value or detailed expert description of each factor is correlated with Table 4.9. GK R.2.2.755-99 and receives the corresponding score; the data is entered into the final protocol (Appendix 4). - Factors...

Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher

The overall assessment of the intensity of the labor process is carried out as follows. Regardless of the profession, all of the above 22 indicators are taken into account ...

Industrial dust, effects on the body, preventive measures

In the process of labor activity in the working area, harmful and dangerous production factors that affect a person arise. Hazardous production factor - production factor ...

power station labor minder fuel supply The workplace of the automated fuel feed minder is designed to control equipment from the fuel supply control panel ...

Development of measures to improve the working conditions of a minder in the fuel supply shop of OAO OGK-6 at Novocherkassk State District Power Plant

The main functional element of the automated fuel supply minder's workplace is vertical panels on which information display devices are mounted in the form of recording and indicating devices (thermometers ...

Test questions:

Name the main causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases. Define an accident and an occupational disease.

Formulate an axiom about the potential danger of life activity. How is the issue of production safety in the gas industry solved?

What is meant by labor protection? Formulate the main tasks of labor protection.

Give a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors. Make a nomenclature of dangers for a gas fitter.

Name the most dangerous jobs in industrial enterprises. Define hazard, injury and occupational safety.

Lecture 2. "Types and conditions of work"

Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

If the labor activity of a person is carried out in production, it is called production activity.

Production activity- this is a set of actions of workers using the means of labor necessary to turn resources into finished products, including the production and processing of various types of raw materials, construction, and the provision of various types of services.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems - the cardiovascular, neuromuscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time can have negative consequences, such as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. Mental labor is characterized by a decrease in motor activity - hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and environmental perception functions deteriorate.

Rice. 1. Types of labor activity.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires a lot of nervous tension and, combined with the high speed of work and its monotony, leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On the semi-automatic and automatic production, energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. The work of the operator is characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. The work of students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions - memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with tests, exams, tests.

The most complex form of mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). Creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in the electrocardiogram, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by an increased neuro-emotional load.

Production activities are carried out in the working area.

Working area called the space (up to 2 m) above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers.

Work zone is defined by arcs that can be described by a hand turning at the shoulder or elbow at the level of the working surface. In addition, the working area must necessarily be combined with an area convenient for the human eye. The optimal work area follows the worker and exists wherever he works. The highest height available for men and women should be taken equal to 1800 ... 2000 mm. And a comfortable height is within 900 ... 1500 mm.

Rice. 2 Classification of working conditions by severity

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body inclinations, movement in space.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are the emotional and intellectual load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, and the mode of work.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate (permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work (in kgm) performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift the value of the total effort (in kgf) applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work. The values ​​of these criteria for women are 40...60% less than for men.

For example, for men, if the mass of weights lifted and moved (no more than twice per hour) is up to 15 kg - light work, up to 30 kg - moderate, more than 30 kg - heavy. For women, respectively - 5 and 10 kg.

The assessment of the severity class of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all the criteria, while the class is evaluated for each criterion, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is determined by the most sensitive criterion

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal - labor intensity of a light degree, permissible - labor intensity of an average degree, intense labor of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are the degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity; the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens; emotional burden, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people; the monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations; work schedule, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical labor is classified according to the severity of labor, mental - according to tension.

2. Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment

Human health largely depends not only on the characteristics of the labor process - severity and tension, but also on environmental factors in which the labor process is carried out.

To date, the list of really existing negative factors, both in the production environment, as well as domestic and natural, has more than 100 types.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are physical, chemical and biological factors.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 3):

1 class- optimal working conditions - conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions are created for high efficiency. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

Grade 2- permissible working conditions - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade- harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring;

Fig.3 Classification of working conditions by production factors

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

Grade 2 - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases .;

3 degree - is characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

Grade 4 - conditions of the working environment under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions - characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift or even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Depending on the severity and intensity of labor, the degree of harmfulness or danger of working conditions, the amount of wages, the duration of vacation, the amount of additional payments and a number of other established benefits are determined, designed to compensate for the negative consequences of labor activity for a person.

Labor activity can be considered in two aspects: from the point of view of the workload performed by a person in this type of work, and, on the other hand, the functional stress of the body as an integral response of the human body to the load.

The work load is a set of factors of the labor process performed in certain conditions of the working environment. Depending on the characteristics of the factors, the work load has a different effect on the human body, on certain functional systems, determining the magnitude and direction of their functioning. Under certain conditions, the levels of labor process factors can be regarded as dangerous and harmful.

According to GOST 12.0.003-74 (from March 1, 2017 GOST 12.0.003-2015 comes into force), factors due to the characteristics of the nature and organization and organization of work of employees, the parameters of the workplace and equipment, are distinguished into a complex of so-called psycho-physiologically dangerous and harmful production factors.

They can have an adverse effect on the functional state of the human body, his well-being, emotional and intellectual spheres and lead to a persistent decrease in working capacity and (or) a violation of the health of workers.

According to the nature of the action, psychophysiological OVPF (dangerous harmful production factors) are divided into physical (static and dynamic) overloads and neuropsychic overloads (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overloads).

Psychophysiological OVPF can be characterized by the parameters of labor (work) loads and (or) indicators of the impact of these loads on a person. Accordingly, the nomenclature includes both the parameters of physical and neuropsychic overloads - the parameters of labor activity, and indicators of their impact on the functional state of the human body during work, his well-being.

The technological processes existing in the conditions of modern production place high demands on the organ of vision of workers. Up to 90% of all labor operations are now under the control of vision. Miniaturization and microminiaturization of elements, which is typical for many industries, the introduction of new types of equipment, technologies and computer control systems causes an increased strain on the visual analyzer. The contingent of persons performing work at the limit of the resolution of the eyes, using optical means, means of displaying information, is constantly increasing.

In accordance with the "Guidelines m according to the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditionsP 2.2.2006-05 » , the parameters of the labor process (severity and intensity of labor) according to the degree of influence on the functional state and health of workers are classified into three classes:

Optimal working conditions (grade 1) - conditions under which the health of the employee is preserved and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency. Optimal standards for working environment factors have been established for microclimatic parameters and workload factors. For other factors, such working conditions are conventionally taken as optimal, under which harmful factors are absent or do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Permissible working conditions (grade 2) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of workers and their offspring. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

Harmful working conditions (grade 3) are characterized by the presence of harmful factors, the levels of which exceed the hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring.
1 degree 3 class (3.1) - working conditions are characterized by such deviations of levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes, which are restored, as a rule, with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;
2 degree 3 class (3.2) - levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading in most cases to an increase in occupationally caused morbidity (which can be manifested by an increase in the level of morbidity with temporary disability and, first of all, those diseases that reflect the state of organs and systems most vulnerable to these factors ), the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases (without loss of occupational ability) that occur after prolonged exposure (oftenafter 15 years or more).

Methodology for assessing the severity of the labor process
The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators expressed in ergometric values ​​that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process. The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

the mass of the lifted and moved cargo manually;
stereotyped labor movements;
working posture;
body slopes;
movement in space.
Each of the listed indicators can be quantitatively measured and evaluated in accordance with the methodology, section 5.10 and table. 17guidelines R 2.2.2006-05.
When performing work associated with uneven physical activity in different shifts, an assessment of the severity of the labor process (with the exception of the mass of the lifted and moved load and body tilts) should be carried out according to average values ​​for 2-3 shifts. The weight of the manually lifted and moved load and the inclination of the hull should be estimated at the maximum values.

Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process
The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."
The assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by chronometric observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the whole complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the emergence of adverse neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped according to the types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, regime loads.

Since 2017, a training cycle has begun to assess the severity and intensity of the labor process.

What is included in the cycle?

Regulatory documents and standardized values ​​for assessing the severity and intensity of the labor process;

Methodology for measuring indicators of severity and intensity of the labor process;

Working measuring instruments;

Calculation and registration of measurement results;

Conclusion (conclusions) on the results of measurements;

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Training is carried out in a state educational institution.