Meaning "tungsten steel." Inserts for aluminum castings: tungsten or steel What properties does tungsten give to steel?
artyun 03.12.2013 - 14:45
Hi all!
A friend got excited about the idea of buying a tungsten watch.
The budget is extremely modest. We are considering the Chinese.
For now we settled on the DOM W-624 model.
Tungsten, sapphire, date, 2000-2500r.
What do you say, comrades, is it worth it???
Have you heard of these, who sells them?
Are there any analogues or alternatives?
For clarity, photo of DOM W-624...
svalerii 03.12.2013 - 14:55
artyunI can’t resist asking: are you interested in beryllium bronze signets and Abibas sneakers?
We are considering the Chinese.
artyun 03.12.2013 - 15:13
Well, I understand the irony and I'm not offended.
😊
No, sports clothes are available in the Sportmaster stock.
And I’m indifferent to jewelry, I don’t even wear a wedding band.
By the way, I recently bought Zhinka a mobile phone on Ali, from Ketai.
Jiayu G4 is a cool device, productive and beautiful.
At a price of less than 7000 wooden, IMHO, a very pleasant weight.
It would be full of money, I would take her 5S, but there are none and she needs 2SIM.
iPhones and a bunch of other branded products are produced in China...
I'm sure it's a quality control issue. Is there an honest China, not a fake?
For example, a mobile phone. Or am I wrong and the selected watch is a copy???
artyun 03.12.2013 - 15:22
Later, when I have sorted out the loans, I will buy the originals.
In the meantime, poverty fucks me, I’m content with cheaper analogues...
One-room apartment, not a three-room apartment in the center, a Lada, not a European one.
Copy of Strider, etc. and so on. I want to live now, not after 40.
And then, the subject is a friend’s whim, he caught fire and that’s it, there’s no dissuading him.
He doesn’t want to show off, it’s time to look, but still made of tungsten...
😊
RTDS 03.12.2013 - 15:39
What's so cool about watches made of tungsten? What special consumer properties do they have?
pavel1962 03.12.2013 - 16:08
artyun 03.12.2013 - 16:46
Yes, this is an alloy - tungsten steel.
Thank you for your opinion, Pavel, I will voice it to a friend.
By the way, I’m thinking about titanium Seiki, later.
😊
Still, the opinion of those who have personally encountered the topic and the brand is interesting...
Is it a waste of money or is it worth the asking price? It seems not plush and sapphire glass.
artyun 03.12.2013 - 23:29
Well, what do you guys say, can I take it???
I wrote off the seller, 2100 with shipping.
RTDS 04.12.2013 - 15:01
pavel1962
It's not tungsten. This is tungsten steel - an alloy of iron and tungsten (and maybe something else). The crap must be stainless, hard (and refractory, probably - you need to look at what kind of alloy it is). It is used for springs, projectiles, cash cabinets, and cutting tools. And as the Chinese experience has shown, it is also possible to make watches. In addition to the fact that it is more difficult to process mechanically, there is also a lot of show-off! You can’t just melt a watch like this - you have to throw it into a blast furnace, like the well-known rings.
Here is some knowledge on this issue:
http://www.wikiznanie.ru/ru-wz...%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C
Corrosion resistance is achieved by more cost-effective methods. It turns out to be ordinary stainless steel.
There is at least one cool thing about titanium ones - low weight (something like aluminum). The difference in weight is very noticeable if the watch and bracelet are made of titanium.
In short, it's kind of absurd...
artyun 04.12.2013 - 18:53
RTDSLike many other things in life...
In short, it's kind of absurd...
😊
But, according to taste, color and wallet...
😛
You don't like it, I understand, thank you.
greattherion 04.12.2013 - 20:10
pavel1962 04.12.2013 - 21:11
greattherion
Yes, for a couple thousand if you don’t have the money, it’s better to take something Japanese, Seiko, Orient, Casio, at least they will work, or take my Tagi, an excellent watch of a sporty classic cut on a leather strap and with Japanese filling
Here, too, the Japanese filling "Japan Movt" is visible in the top photo.
But the shell is Chinese and the company "DOM" raises doubts about subsequent liquidity. And they can get bored very quickly.
Well, in the end, 2000 is not the money worth talking about. Buy it. At least, no one else in the city will have anything like this (for a long time).
artyun 05.12.2013 - 01:52
Comrades, I repeat, I’m not fussing for myself, I’m trying for a friend!!!
The man caught fire and asked for a crumpled one, since I had already ordered from Ali.
greattherionIf it’s not too much trouble, write down a list, ideally with prices, in a private message.
Yes, for a couple of thousand, if you don’t have money, it’s better to take something Japanese, Seiko, Orient, Casio,
at least they will work, or take my tags, great watch
sporty classic cut on a leather strap and with Japanese filling
THANK YOU
Real Japan. Mechanical, self-winding, day of the week + date...
Waterproof Not for diving, of course, but they can withstand greater depths than the owner without scuba gear. Info 100%.
And all this for just 500 rubles.
bad UserName 05.12.2013 - 13:33
I have a watch like this (DOM W-624). I ordered on aliexpress.
In addition to their advantages, they have a couple of unpleasant disadvantages that you need to keep in mind before purchasing.
1. Day of the week they have half a day in English, half a day in Chinese.
2. The head of the conversion screw is very small, it is inconvenient to adjust.
3. No backlight, thin arrows. At dusk you can't see anything on the clock
artyun 05.12.2013 - 23:48
bad UserNameThank you for your reply!
I have DOM W-624...
😊
The seller swore that the day was in English...
It turns out he doesn’t know or is lying?
It's not often necessary to translate...
Can you talk a little about the advantages? Please!!!
Mini review from a real user...
😊
Vfqjh 06.12.2013 - 07:50
1. Day of the week they have half a day in English, half a day in Chinese.Don't give a fuck, it's even original
2. The head of the conversion screw is very small, it is inconvenient to adjust.Once a month - you can handle it
3. No backlight, thin arrows. At dusk you can't see anything on the clockLike the vast majority swiss watches for tens of thousands of dollars 😛
Can you talk a little about the advantages? Please!!!Mini review from a real user...As they write, or rather, show, the watch does not scratch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8S8hACtLv8
It makes sense to try, but if you have a normal replacement watch 😛
And the fact that there is quartz inside is an advantage; if it’s not defective, then you’ll break the hell out of it. In the worst case, the hands will fall off or hang for 6 hours (it’s easy and cheap to treat even in the station tent near Anzor) 😊
bad UserName 06.12.2013 - 11:35
Here is a review with a photo, I bought it after reading it http://mysku.ru/blog/aliexpress/15172.html
I have an English-Chinese display of the days of the week. It seems to me that the seller is misleading when he says that there is only English.
I adjust the date quite often, but this is most likely my crankiness plays a role.
Pros: What I liked
Design
+ Do not scratch. I scratched it with a knife and a file when I received it, I scratched it with an awl when I took the links out of the bracelet, I wore them anywhere for half a year, but they were still mirrored.
+ Thin, but quite weighty (~165 g). (I like it when the watch weighs normally)
+ Delivery set. Comes in a normal case, in which there is a watch on the pillow, instructions not in Chinese and an awl screwdriver. You can give and not blush too much.
Tungsten is a dull silvery metal with the highest melting point of any pure metal.
Also known as Tungsten, from which the element takes its symbol, W, tungsten is more resistant to tearing than diamond and much harder than steel. It is the unique properties of refractory metals - its strength and ability to withstand high temperatures - that make it ideal for many commercial and industrial applications.
Tungsten is primarily extracted from two types of minerals: wolframite and scheelite. However, tungsten recycling also accounts for about 30% of global supply. China is the world's largest producer of the metal, providing more than 80% of the world's supply.
After processing and separating the tungsten ore, it is produced chemical form, ammonium paratungstate (APT). APT can be heated with hydrogen to form tungsten oxide or reacted with carbon at temperatures above 1925 °F (1050 °C) to produce tungsten metal.
Applications:
The primary use of tungsten for over 100 years was as the filament of incandescent lamps. Made in small quantities of potassium aluminum silicate, tungsten powder is sintered at high temperatures to create the wire filament that is at the center of the light bulbs that light millions of homes around the world.
Thanks to tungsten's ability to retain its shape when high temperatures Tungsten filaments are now also used in a variety of household applications, including lamps, spotlights, heating elements in electric ovens, microwave ovens, X-ray tubes, and cathode ray tubes (CRTs) in computer monitors and televisions.
The metal's tolerance to intense heat also makes it ideal for thermocouples and electrical contacts in electric arc furnaces and welding equipment. Applications that require concentrated mass or weight, such as counterweights, fishing weights, and darts, often use tungsten due to its density.
Wolfram carbide:
Tungsten carbide is made by either combining one tungsten atom with one carbon atom (represented by the chemical symbol WC) or two tungsten atoms with one carbon atom (W2C). This is done by heating tungsten powder with carbon at temperatures ranging from 2550 °F to 2900 °F (1400 °C to 1600 °C) in a stream of hydrogen gas.
According to the Moh hardness scale (a measure of one material's ability to scratch another), tungsten carbide has a hardness of 9.5, only slightly lower than diamond. For this reason, this solid compound is sintered, a process that requires pressing and heating a powder mold at high temperatures to make products used in machining and cutting. This results in materials that can operate under high temperature and stress conditions, such as drills, turning tools, cutters and armor-piercing ammunition.
Cemented carbide is produced using a combination of tungsten carbide and cobalt powder and is used to make wear-resistant tools such as those used in the mining industry.
The tunnel boring machine used to dig the canal tunnel linking the UK to Europe was actually fitted with almost 100 cemented carbide tips.
Tungsten alloys:
Tungsten metal can be combined with other metals to increase their strength and resistance to wear and corrosion. Steel alloys often contain tungsten for these useful properties. Many high-speed steels used in cutting and machining tools such as saw blades contain about 18 percent tungsten.
Tungsten steel alloys are also used in the production of nozzles rocket engines, which must have high heat-resistant properties. Other tungsten alloys include Stellite (cobalt, chromium and tungsten), which is used in bearings and pistons for its durability and wear resistance, and Hevimet, which is produced by sintering tungsten alloy powder and is used in ammunition, dart barrels, and golf clubs.
Superalloys of cobalt, iron or nickel, along with tungsten, can be used to make turbine blades for aircraft.
Steel, where the main alloying element is . Used since the beginning of the 20th century. There are tungsten steel, alloyed only with tungsten, and complex alloyed tungsten steel, to which, in addition to tungsten, other elements are added. In steel it is partially in solid solution and forms stable, sparingly soluble carbides, as a result of which its tendency to grain growth decreases when heated to high t-p and irreversible temper embrittlement, hardenability and, consequently, strength and toughness increase.
In many tungsten steels alloyed with chromium, metastable carbides of the type (W, Cr, Fe)23 C6 are formed, which easily dissolve when heated, which significantly reduces the critical hardening rate and improves hardenability. Tungsten steel is smelted in electric (induction) furnaces, in which good electrodynamic mixing of the steel ensures complete dissolution of tungsten. Complex alloy tungsten steels are used as structural steels, tool steels, and steels with special physical properties. and chem. St. you, for example. heat-resistant steels. Structural V. s. characterized by a low tendency to overheat, fine-grained, increased strength and ductility, they are not prone to temper brittleness. Fur. The properties of these steels are improved by hardening and high-temperature tempering.
Structural tungsten steel grades 18Х2Н4ВА and 15ХНГ2ВА (also used in a cemented state) are used to make crankshafts, gears and other machine parts operated at high speeds, shock loads and vibration; from steel grade 38ХНЗВА rotor disks, parts of compressors and gearboxes operated at temperatures up to 400° C. Steel, from which heavily loaded parts are made, for example. crankshafts, along with tungsten, are alloyed with molybdenum. Pearlitic tool steels are wear resistant.
The deformation of a tool made of this steel decreases during hardening. Carbide class tool steels are characterized by increased heat resistance due to the formation of secondary high-alloy martensite with high hardness and stability, as well as the precipitation of high-strength dispersed carbides. Blanks for tool V. s. in front of the fur processing is annealed onto granular perlite at a temperature of 780-800° C for softening and better workability. Tool tungsten steel grades KhVSG and KhV4 are subjected to hardening from a temperature of 820-840° C in oil heated to a temperature of 60-80° C and tempering at a temperature of 160-180° C. The hardness of the steel after such heat treatment is 66-67 HRC.
Cutting tools, dies and rolls for cold and hot rolling are made from tungsten tool steels. Heat-resistant steels of martensitic and austenitic classes, alloyed with tungsten, are used for the manufacture of steam pipes, disks and turbine blades. Heat treatment of these steels consists of quenching in water from a temperature of 1000-1150 ° C and subsequent tempering or aging at a temperature of 600-800 ° C for 2-3 hours. Grades, chemical. composition and fur. St. structural V.
Lit.: Geller O. A. Tool steels.; Chemistry and technology of molybdenum and tungsten
You are reading an article on the topic tungsten steel
TUNGSTEN STEEL, an iron-tungsten alloy containing some C, Si and Mn; Sometimes tungsten steel also contains Cr. The way tungsten steel differs from ferrotungsten is its ability to be processed in a hot state. The maximum W content in practically accepted grades of tungsten steel is 20%. The equilibrium diagram of the iron-tungsten system was studied by the Japanese Honda and Murakami and later by the American W. R. Sykes. According to these studies, the Fe-W equilibrium diagram is as shown in Fig. 1.
As can be seen from this diagram, the melting temperature of iron-tungsten alloys (ABC line) in the chemical composition range from 0% W to 49% W remains almost constant and is not much different from the melting temperature (ACE line) of pure iron. With a further increase in the W content in steel, the melting temperature of the alloy increases sharply. Iron-tungsten alloys containing 33% W, when quenched, reveal under a microscope only large polyhedra of a solid solution of tungsten in iron (Fig. 1).
With slow cooling of alloys containing ≤33% W, the second phase is observed (Fig. 2). This second phase corresponds to the composition Fe 3 W 2; the W content in it is 68.7%. The Fe-W equilibrium curve shown in Fig. 1 shows that if an alloy containing 20% W is quenched at a temperature of 1400°, i.e. above the BG line - the curve that determines the limit of saturation of α-Fe with tungsten (solid solution of W in the cubic lattice of α-Fe), then the microstructure such an alloy will (similar to Fig. 1) consist only of polyhedral grains of the solid solution; if such an alloy (20% W; 80% Fe) is kept for a long enough time at 1300-1350° and then quenched at this temperature, i.e. below the BG line, then against the background of large polyhedra of the solid solution, particles released from the solution should be visible chemical compounds Fe 3 W 2. An alloy with 10% W, when quenched at temperatures above 950°, has a polyhedral structure of a solid solution of tungsten in iron; when quenching the same alloy at a temperature of 900° and below against the background of solid solution polyhedra, b. particles of Fe 3 W 2 released from the solution are visible. If an alloy containing 15% W is quenched at 1300° or an alloy containing 20% W is quenched at a temperature above 1400°, then the structure of such alloys will consist of only large polyhedra; if these hardened alloys are heated to a temperature of 700-800°, i.e. below the BG line, and the hardened alloys are kept at these temperatures for a sufficiently long time, then Fe 3 W 2 particles will stand out from the supersaturated solid solution in the form of small inclusions against the background of polyhedra ; the hardness of the alloys will increase noticeably. The hardness change curves below show how the hardness of tungsten alloys increases significantly when they are subsequently heated after quenching at 1500°.
The aging phenomenon of tungsten alloys is similar to the aging of duralumin, with the only difference being that in duralumin an increase in hardness is observed when a hardened sample is aged at a temperature of 15 to 100°, while an increase in the hardness of tungsten alloys requires aging them at a higher temperature.
Table 1., showing changes in the hardness of iron-tungsten alloys quenched in water at 1500° and then held for a long time at 700° and 800°, clearly confirms this phenomenon.
The change in hardness of alloys is in full accordance with the microstructure. The microstructure of the alloy (20% W and 80% Fe) after quenching in water at 1500° represents a homogeneous solid solution - a single phase without any traces of the second phase - the chemical compound Fe 3 W 2.
The microstructure of such an alloy consists of light polyhedra of a solid solution of W in iron. When such an alloy is held for two hours at 700° (Fig. 3), particles of Fe 3 W 2 begin to separate from the alloy in an extremely dispersed state; the dispersion is so great that even with a magnification of 1000 times, these particles are almost invisible to the eye. As with duralumin, this structure corresponds to maximum hardness.
With further exposure at the same temperature for up to 20 hours. (Fig. 4) the size of the released Fe 3 W 2 particles increases, according to which the hardness of the alloy decreases slightly (from 330 to 312). At a higher temperature, the process of separation of Fe 3 W 2 particles from the solution occurs at a faster rate; the released Fe 3 W 2 particles are larger in size, as a result of which the hardness of the alloy decreases. Thus, on the microstructure of an alloy with 20% W, hardened at 1500°, after exposure at 800° for 20 hours. (Fig. 5), individual Fe 3 W 2 particles are clearly visible. Accordingly, the alloy has a hardness of only 260.
With prolonged exposure after quenching at a higher temperature (Fig. 1), the hardness of the alloy should be below for two reasons: 1) the size of the released Fe 3 W 2 particles increases, 2) the absolute number of Fe 3 W 2 particles released from the solution at higher temperatures will be less, since at higher temperatures a larger amount of tungsten will be retained in the solid solution (see line BG, Fig. 1). Rice. Figure 6 shows the microstructure of the same alloy after quenching for 1 hour at 1000°, and clearly illustrates the above considerations.
Naturally, such an alloy, where the number of released Fe 3 W 2 particles is noticeably smaller and the size of individual particles is quite large, should have insignificant hardness. The hardness number of 180 found during testing of this alloy is in good agreement with the microstructure shown here.
In fig. Figure 2 shows the change in hardness when heating alloys with 15, 20 and 25% W for 1 hour at different temperatures.
In fig. Figure 3 shows a diagram of the change in hardness of tungsten alloys when tempered at 700° for different times.
These diagrams, which clearly illustrate the phenomenon of secondary hardness, are in full agreement with the basic equilibrium diagram of the iron-tungsten system, which explains the nature of this phenomenon. In the presence of carbon, W enters into a WC compound with it. Under normal conditions, tungsten carbide with cementite forms a double carbide, which dissociates at temperatures above A C1 (indices: A C1, A r1, A r2, A r3, A r4 - see Iron) into simple carbides, which again combine into double carbides at heat, not too high. At high temperatures, tungsten carbide, reacting with iron, can produce Fe 3 W 2 and cementite. This formation and dissolution of Fe 3 W 2 in austenite causes a decrease in the critical points of tungsten steel upon cooling, which was first noticed by Th. Swinden. He observed that for tungsten steel, with different carbon contents, there is such a certain temperature Tk that preheating to temperatures below Tk does not affect the position of the critical point A r1, while heating tungsten steel above this temperature causes a noticeable decrease in the point A r1 , and the greater the W content in the steel, the more significant it will be. This specific temperature T k is called the setting temperature. The diagram below (Fig. 4) shows the reduction temperature (LT) curve obtained by Swinden for steel containing 3% W.
Mars gives the following explanation for the phenomenon studied by Swinden. He assumes that the decreasing temperature is the crystallization temperature of austenite, at which the last nuclei of individual phases dissolving in austenite disappear. Recrystallization of austenite containing foreign impurities occurs much more slowly, and therefore, when cooling tungsten steel heated above the lowering temperature, the critical point A r 1 decreases. The higher the W content in the steel, the higher the steel will need to be heated in order to transfer all the W into a dissolved state, i.e., the higher the lowering temperature will be and the more significantly the critical point A r1 will decrease.
The microstructure of tungsten steel was studied by the Japanese Honda and Murakami, as well as Guillet. According to these studies, tungsten steel can be divided according to its structure into two groups (Fig. 5): pearlitic steel and steel with double carbides.
The first group will include steel with a low content of W and C; When the content of one or the other increases, tungsten steel takes on a structure of the second type. The fracture of tungsten steel is noticeably smaller than that of carbon steel. The structure of tungsten steel becomes finer, the higher the content of W and C in the steel.
A significant specific gravity ec W (19.3) should be reflected in the specific gravity of tungsten steel, as can be seen from table. 2.
The thermal conductivity of tungsten steel is extremely low; therefore, it should be heated before forging with caution: rapid heating of tungsten steel can cause cracks to form. Theoretically, the forging temperature of tungsten steel should not differ from the forging temperature of carbon steel, however, due to the significant hardness of tungsten steel in the hot state, practically forging tungsten steel is carried out at a temperature that is significantly higher than the forging temperature of carbon steel.
Tungsten steel production. Tungsten steel is produced mainly in electric furnaces or in crucibles - in devices that ensure, on the one hand, giving the steel the best physical properties, and on the other hand, a lower percentage of tungsten waste during melting. Some plants also melt tungsten steel in small-tonnage acidic open-hearth furnaces. Ferro-tungsten is an alloy that burns relatively little; a small percentage of waste when melting tungsten steel is due to: a) tungsten’s insignificant tendency to oxidize; b) high specific gravity of Fe-W, due to which tungsten is not retained in the slag. The technique for preparing tungsten steel does not present the same difficulties associated with the preparation of chromium steels. Fe-W is introduced into the furnace in small portions each time after melting the previous portion: if Fe-W is added hastily, it is easy to weld a “goat” of tungsten onto the furnace bottom, the melting of which significantly delays the smelting time. In order to avoid unnecessarily lengthening the melting process when preparing steel with a high tungsten content, start adding Fe-W (with 80% W) to a not completely deoxidized bath, paralleling the addition with the deoxidation of steel; the slight increase in tungsten waste with this smelting method is compensated by the savings associated with the reduction in smelting duration. If the amount of Fe-W introduced into the furnace is small, then in order to reduce the percentage of tungsten waste, it is advisable to introduce Fe-W after deoxidation of the steel. In order to further reduce the duration of smelting, some plants tried to introduce Fe-W directly into the charge from the very beginning of smelting. This method of operation is applicable only when very pure charge materials with a low phosphorus content are loaded into the furnace. As a rule, Fe-W should not be introduced into the furnace along with the charge: a decrease in the cost of smelting does not compensate for the decrease in the quality of critical tungsten steels. It is more convenient to introduce tungsten into steel in the form of ferro-tungsten (in pieces): its melting point is lower than the melting point of metal tungsten, which has the form of powder; in case of using the latter, W is introduced in the following way (used by the author at the Elektrostal plant): tungsten metal powder is weighed into defective iron pots and packaged is thrown into the furnace; thanks a lot specific gravity The tungsten pot manages to sink into the steel before the iron of the pot melts, and thanks to this, tungsten powder is not lost in the slag.
Applications of tungsten steel.
I. Steel with a W content of 1 to 2.5% is used: a) as a special tool steel for cutters and other tools in which it is important to preserve the cutting ability of the tip, b) for gas engine valves, c) for drawing boards. Steel of this type, containing about 1% C and from 1.25 to 2% W, is recommended to be subjected to the following heat treatment: 1) slow heating to 800°, 2) quenching in water, 3) tempering at 200-260°.
II. Steel containing 1.1-1.3% C and 3-6% W is used as a tool for finishing hard products, for example, for cutting threads in gun barrels. To impart better cutting properties to this steel, sometimes it is added a small amount of chromium. D. Bullens recommends steel of the following composition for finishing hard products (Table 3):
These steels should be used before hardening. heated to 930°; heating d.b. gradual, and then at the specified temperature the steel must be kept so that the process of dissolution of tungsten carbides can be completed; the temperature recommended for hardening special steel ranges from 840-900°. If the processing is carried out in two stages (dissolution of carbides and hardening in the proper sense of the word), then for the first stage the heating can be brought to 930°, and for the second - to 840-875°.
III. Tungsten increases not only the temporary resistance, but also the resistance to burnout of steel from the action of powder gases; therefore, tungsten steels are used both for gun barrels (0.5-0.55% C; 1.6-1.9% W) and for howitzer gun tubes (0.6-0.7% C; 1- 3% W).
IV. Hadfield notes that low-tungsten steel (0.75%) is used for springs (although silicon steel makes more sense).
V. Tungsten steel has become widespread for the manufacture of permanent magnets. Normal composition of magnetic steel: 0.6-0.75% C; 5-6% W. Mars, who studied the effect of W on the magnetic properties of steel, obtained the following result (Table 4):
Bullens recommends tungsten steel with 0.7% Cu 5-6% W to be quenched without tempering in water at 845-860°. Sometimes some chromium is added to magnetic tungsten steel; Such steel has to be hardened not in water, but in oil. Currently, along with magnetic tungsten steel, chrome steel is used for permanent magnets; The best magnetic steel is cobalt steel.
VI. High carbon tungsten steel is used to make drawing boards. For drawing soft wire, boards containing 1.9-2.2% C and 1.5-3% W are used. Heat treatment boards comes down to hardening glasses (holes) in water at 760-790°; This steel is annealed by slow cooling, starting from 760-790°. Boards of medium hardness for drawing rods with a diameter of more than 3 mm are usually prepared from chrome-tungsten steel of the following composition: 1.9% C; 4% W; 2% Cr; 0.4% Mn. To draw wire of a very thin section, chrome-tungsten steel with a high W content is used; its usual composition: 1.9% C; 11.5-12% W; 1.9% Cr; 1.9%-2.0% Mn. Such steel is hardened at 820° in oil and then tempered at 160-220°. It is extremely difficult to process; for annealing, it is cooled extremely slowly after holding at 580-600°.
VII. Tungsten steel has become widespread for the production of high-speed steel.
VIII. Steel for dies - the following composition: 0.6-0.65% C; 8.0-9.0% W.
Some young jewelry designers, looking for colorful, wearable and more affordable alternatives to gold, silver and platinum, are focusing their attention on non-traditional metals: titanium, stainless steel and tungsten. These metals have a lot to offer. All three are very comfortable, wear-resistant and low-maintenance metals.
Jewelry designers create products made entirely of these metals, as well as in combination with 14 or 18 carat yellow gold, and. Some craftsmen decorate their products with diamonds and precious stones, while others use their talent on such unconventional items. jewelry materials such as rubber, leather and wood. These new metals are also often becoming popular materials for wedding rings.
Titanium
Best known for its use in space exploration and bicycle frames, titanium is an affordable and rising newcomer to the jewelry scene. It has an attractive metallic white appearance, and when alloyed with gold it gives a straw color.It can also be alloyed with other metals to produce other colors, such as black, or to highlight the unique iridescence of colors. This is a lightweight, hypoallergenic material that is not subject to the destructive effects of sea water or sun. In addition, it does not appear nicked or stained.
Tungsten
Tungsten is an unusually hard, dense metal. It is comparable in weight to 18-karat gold, making it especially attractive to men looking for massive rings. When combined with carbon and other elements to create tungsten carbide, it becomes a very durable, scratch-resistant material. Tungsten carbide is the hardest metal compound in the world - about 10 times harder and four times harder than titanium - and when polished has a bright surface that lasts very well. long time. That is why working with it requires special equipment and the use of diamond tools. This significantly increases its cost and also limits the availability of its use in certain types of jewelry. Currently, only rings are made from tungsten, and their price is significantly higher than similar products made from titanium or stainless steel.
The attractiveness of tungsten for consumers is explained not by cost, but by its qualities and durability. Its dark gray color is interesting in its own right and also allows for dramatic contrast when used with gold or platinum inlay. By itself or in combination with other metals and diamonds, used to make rings, tungsten creates a special image that will attract more than one future generation with its brightness.
