Dkc drawings dwg. Album of standard solutions for laying cable routes
GAPOU Ufa Fuel and Energy College 02/08/08 Project-presentation in the discipline “Fundamentals of hydraulics, heat engineering and aerodynamics” Topic: “Hydraulic machines based on hydrostatics”
Completed:
student of group 2GS-1
Mazitov Ainur Davletsheevich
Head: Zulfiya Azatovna Valeeva
Introduction This research paper discusses the topic “Hydraulic machines based on hydrostatics”. These machines are widely used in gas industry. Target research work study this type cars, since they are relevant for my profession 02/08/08. Installation and operation of equipment and gas supply systems. Project goals and objectives
- Study the topic “Hydraulic machines based on hydrostatics.”
- Show the types and operating principles of these machines.
- Know and describe the structure of machines.
- Summarize the results obtained and use them in practical application.
K.D.Frolov
Types of hydraulic machines
Hydraulic press A hydraulic press is the simplest hydraulic machine designed to create significant compressive forces. Previously called the “Brahma press”, as it was invented and patented Joseph Bramah and Basin Alexander in 1795. Drive and equipment of hydraulic press installations The hydraulic press installation includes:
- the hydraulic press itself;
- working fluid;
- high pressure fluid source;
- drive unit;
- liquid receivers - tanks;
- a pipeline with appropriate equipment connecting all of these elements into a single system;
- electric drive
It consists of a frame on which the entire mechanism is located. Lifting occurs due to the action of a hydraulic piston on the lever system. For greater mobility, it is equipped with wheels. During lifting, they shift relative to the frame so that the entire load falls only on it;
Bottle type jack Samaya simple model, where the working cylinder is located vertically, according to the bottle principle. It is characterized by its small dimensions and is often used for equipment by motorists. Hydraulic pump A hydraulic pump is equipment through which mechanical energy is converted into hydraulic energy: supply or pressure is generated from the torque generated by the engine. There are many types of such units, but they work on a similar principle, the essence of which is to displace fluid between the chambers of the hydraulic pump. Hydraulic lift Hydraulic lifts are multifunctional mobile equipment used to transport goods to a certain height in order to speed up the organization of loading and unloading operations. A hydraulic lift is a kind of whole lifting system, the lifting platform of which is powered by a powerful electric motor. Hydraulic brake Hydraulic brake, a brake operated by a fluid. A hydraulic brake can quickly and safely absorb the kinetic energy of large moving masses without allowing reverse action. The simplest form of a hydraulic brake is a cylinder filled with liquid (oil, water, glycerin) with a piston and a rod. The principle of operation of a hydraulic brake The master cylinder is used to create braking force, using a piston acting on the brake fluid. The fluid transmits force to the caliper, in which one or more pistons are installed (see fig.). These pistons move outward in response to the force exerted by the master cylinder piston on the fluid. The pistons in the caliper press on the brake pads, which in turn press against the disc to create the necessary friction. Hydraulic Jackhammer A jackhammer is a mechanical hand tool that has a percussive action. Its main functions are loosening and splitting sedimentary rocks, asphalt, and various concrete structures. Today it is impossible to imagine without a jackhammer construction works. This tool greatly simplifies the work, making it high quality. Advantages of a hydraulic hammer Unlike pneumatic and electric hammers, a hydraulic tool has a number of significant advantages. The working fluid circulates in a closed volume and constantly lubricates particularly loaded parts that operate in all hammers at high speeds and overloads, which primarily affects such important parameters as reliability and service life. The closed circuit ensures stable operation of the jackhammer within the specified characteristics. Inexpensive and accessible ones are recommended as working fluids. industrial oils, which greatly reduces operating costs. With high impact characteristics, it is quite compact, it has no air exhaust, it is much less noisy and does not raise dust from the work site and is not afraid of moisture, snow and wet pits. The hydraulic hammer remains operational even at a temperature of -40 because hydraulics, unlike pneumatics, heat up during operation and do not cool down. Application of hydraulic machines in the oil and gas industry Hydraulic machines in technological processes associated with the production and transportation of oil and gas are widely used: 1) When drilling wells: drilling pumps, centrifugal pumps. 2) For lifting liquids from wells: submersible rod pumps; submersible electric centrifugal pumps; submersible screw pumps; hydraulic driven plunger pumps. 3) For mainline transport (oil, water and their mixtures): centrifugal pumps; piston and plunger pumps; screw pumps. 4). For injection of liquids into the reservoir: centrifugal pumps; piston and plunger pumps. 5). For cementing wells: piston and plunger, centrifugal pumps installed on mobile cementing units. Conclusion In this presentation, I covered the topic “Hydraulic machines based on hydrostatics”, showed the types and operating principles of these machines. Summarized the results obtained and used them in practical application. List of used literature and online sources
- Agroskin I.I., Dmitriev G.T., Pikallov F.I. Hydraulics, edited by prof. I.I. Agroskina, ed. Fourth. 352 pp.
- 4. Bashta T.M., Rudnev S.S., Nekrasov B.B. and others. Hydraulics, hydraulic machines and hydraulic drives: Textbook. 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1982. - 423 p.
- Bryukhanov O. N., Korobko V. I., Melik-Arakelyan A. T. “Fundamentals of hydraulics, heat engineering and aerodynamics” Moscow, INFRA-M, 2015. – 203 pp.
- Ukhin B.V., Gusev A.A. Hydraulics: Textbook. – M.: INFRA-M, 2014. – 432 pp. (Secondary vocational education).
- Uginchus A.A. Hydraulics and hydraulic machines. - M.L: State Energy Publishing House, 1953. - 359 p. Internet sources
- htpp.www.wikipedia.org. 1 page
- htpp.www.gidravlika.com. 1 page
- htpp.www.gidravlika.narod.ru. 1 page
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Slide captions:
Hydraulic machines Dynamic illustration for lesson 7th grade Author: physics teacher ALEKSEEVA Marina Viktorovna Municipal educational institution high school No. 3 Lyskovo Nizhny Novgorod region ©
Hydraulic machines ©
(1623 – 1662) - French physicist, mathematician, philosopher, writer. He established one of the basic laws of hydrostatics: the pressure exerted on a liquid or gas is transmitted to any point equally in all directions. Blaise PASCAL In honor of B. Pascal, the SI unit of pressure is called pascal and is equal to 1 N/m 2 ©
These are machines whose operation is based on the laws of motion and equilibrium of fluids. Hydraulic machines - * The Greek word hydraulics translated into Russian means “water”. ©
Let's consider the principle of operation of a hydraulic machine... ©
Piston areas S 1
S 1 S 2 F 1 ©
S 1 S 2 F 1 ©
S 1 S 2 F 1 ©
S 1 S 2 F 1 ©
S 1 S 2 F 1 F 2 How many times do the forces F 1 and F 2 differ from each other? ©
S 1 S 2 F 1 F 2 Under the small piston S 1 a pressure p 1 is created Under the large piston S 2 the same pressure p 2 F 1 p 1 = S 1 F 2 p 2 = S 2 p 1 p 2 According to Pascal's law, this pressure is transmitted to every point of the liquid, therefore... ©
S 1 S 2 F 1 F 2 p 1 p 2 F 1 S 1 F 2 S 2 = (according to Pascal's law) p 1 = p 2 = = F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 = or ©
F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 = Let S 1 = F 1 = F 2 = ? F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 10 cm 2 S 2 = 100 cm 2 2 N = 10, that is, the forces here differ from each other by a factor of 10. F 2 F 1 then F 2 = ...? ©
F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 = Let S 1 = F 1 = F 2 = ? F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 3 cm 2 S 2 = 9 cm 2 2 N = 3, that is, the forces here differ from each other by a factor of 3. F 2 F 1 then F 2 = ...? ©
F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 = Let S 1 = F 1 = F 2 = ? F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 5 cm 2 S 2 = 25 cm 2 2 N = 5, that is, the forces here differ from each other by a factor of 5. F 2 F 1 then F 2 = ...? ©
then F 2 = ...? F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 = Let S 1 = F 1 = F 2 = ? F 2 F 1 S 2 S 1 4 cm 2 S 2 = 8 cm 2 2 N = 2, that is, the forces here differ from each other by a factor of 2. F 2 F 1 Assignment: find in the textbook (p. 112) and write down in your notebook what the relation is called. F 2 F 1 ? ©
hydraulic jack hydraulic press hydraulic machines If you want to look at the operation of the jack and press again, click on the red arrow: hydraulic jack ©
hydraulic jack hydraulic press hydraulic machines ©
Homework§ 47 Exercise 23 (after § 47) Task 13 (after § 47) ©
During the classes.
I.Organizing time.
Purpose: to inform the topic of the lesson, formulate the goals of the lesson, get students ready for work.
- Base repetition.
Questions:
- Slides 1,2 . Oral answers to questions given on the slides.
- Motivation and message of the lesson topic.
Teacher's word: A person, settling where there are no sources of water, is forced to organize its delivery to the place of residence and its purification. People need water not only for drinking, but also for watering agricultural land, hygiene procedures, extinguishing fires, etc. It is clear that even in a city on the banks of a river it is necessary to have devices that allow water to rise upward. The first such devices were simple lifts. It was with their help that water was mainly obtained from wells and reservoirs until the 18th century.
However, back in the 1st century. n. e. The ancient Greek scientist Heron from Alexandria described a fire pump invented by the ancient Greek mechanic Ctesibius (Slide3) This pump uses two pistons and four valves, through which water gradually fills the central cylinder of the pump under pressure. When the water level in the central cylinder reaches the hole, the water rushes out through a tube placed on the pipe extending from the hole and is directed to the fire. This pump was used by firefighters until the mid-20th century.
(Slide 4) Manual piston pumps, in which the piston creates a vacuum and atmospheric pressure supplies water under it, are still preserved today. garden plots. They have only one piston and two valves. Otherwise, their principle of operation is the same as in the ancient fire pump. A story about the design of a diaphragm pump on a slide. Piston pumps reached their heyday in the 19th century, when they began to use steel pistons driven by steam engines.
4). The development of electric power in the 20th century, the emergence of a variety of engines, from diesel to electric, the need to extract oil from deep wells - all this contributed to the invention of new types of pumps that make it possible to use the rotation of the engine shaft.
For example, gear, centrifugal, and diaphragm pumps are widely used. They allow you to lift liquids to a height of more than 10 m. For example, in the USA, a vertical single-stage centrifugal pump was created for the Grand Coulee pumping station, capable of delivering 138,000 m 3 / h to a height of 95 m. A distinctive feature of all these pumps is the acceleration of the incoming liquid to high speed.
A story about the design of a diaphragm pump on a slide (Slide 5)
- Conception stage.
Purpose: to explain the principle of operation of hydraulic machines.
Other remarkable machines, the operating principle of which is based on Pascal's law, make it possible, with little effort, to achieve the influence of enormous forces on the desired objects.
Their design is simple: two communicating vessels with different base areas, in which the compressed liquid transfers the force of one piston to the other.
1. If on a piston with an area S 1 press hard F 1, then the pressure under the piston (slide 6) will be equal to
At the same level in the right vessel the pressure will also be equal p 1 ,. However, if the area of the right piston is equal to S 2, then the force of the liquid on the right piston will be equal to
Thus, if the right piston is 10 times larger in area than the left piston, then by applying a force of 1 N to the left piston, we can create a force on the right piston 10 times greater
2. As much liquid leaves the left half of the vessel, the same amount will arrive in the right half. Therefore, if we move the left piston by 10 cm, the right one will rise only 1 cm. To lift the bodies, they use a valve system and repeat the procedure of lowering and raising the left piston several times. The hydraulic jack works
Try to tell yourself from the slide how a hydraulic jack works.
3. If we place a stationary crossbar above the piston on the right, then the load will rest against it, and we will squeeze it with with great effort. This device is called a hydraulic press.
In serious technical devices, oil is pumped not manually, but using a special engine.
- Reflection stage.
Target: application of acquired knowledge in solving problems and answering questions.
It is necessary to formulate answers to the questions given on slides 6, 7 .
- Summing up, grading.
Goals and objectives of the lesson: To know: - physical basis device and operation of a hydraulic machine; - the concept of a hydraulic machine; - practical use hydraulic press; Be able to: - apply the acquired knowledge when conducting an experiment; - master the techniques of written and oral speech;
Mechanisms that operate with the help of some kind of liquid are called hydraulic (Greek "gidor" - water, liquid).
S 1). According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2" title=" Hydraulic press device Two communicating vessels are filled with a homogeneous liquid and closed by two pistons, the areas of which are S 1 and S 2 (S 2 > S 1 According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2" class="link_thumb"> 4 !} Hydraulic press design Two communicating vessels are filled with a homogeneous liquid and closed by two pistons, the areas of which are S 1 and S 2 (S 2 > S 1). According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2 S 1). According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2"> S 1). According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2"> S 1). According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2" title=" Hydraulic press device Two communicating vessels are filled with a homogeneous liquid and closed by two pistons, the areas of which are S 1 and S 2 (S 2 > S 1 According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2"> title="Hydraulic press design Two communicating vessels are filled with a homogeneous liquid and closed by two pistons, the areas of which are S 1 and S 2 (S 2 > S 1). According to Pascal's law, we have equality of pressure in both cylinders: p 1 =p 2"> !}
Test The large piston is acted upon by a force N, and the small piston is acted upon by a force of 300 N. What gain in force does a hydraulic machine give?
Target: To study the physical basis of the operation and design of hydraulic machines.
Tasks:
Educational:
- Apply existing knowledge to explain the operating principle of technical devices.
- Create conditions for understanding the special properties of the operation of a hydraulic jack and press.
Developmental:
- Create conditions for enhancing cognitive activity.
- Develop students' abilities to express their thoughts correctly.
Educational:
- To develop cognitive interest in the subject, to show the importance of physics for the development of technology.
- Develop communication skills
During the classes
Checking homework
In previous lessons, we studied the pressure of solids, methods for calculating it, methods and the need in practice to increase or decrease this pressure. It was equally important to know how hydrostatic pressure is measured. Submarines, scuba divers, divers, etc. They are constantly under this enormous pressure. And finally, the pressure of gases and, above all, our atmosphere. After all, you and I live at the bottom of the air ocean and it is vitally important to monitor atmospheric pressure. In the previous lesson, we learned how to measure pressure, both greater than atmospheric pressure and pressure less than atmospheric pressure, which is equally important in technology. So we will show our knowledge on all these issues that have already been studied.
The topic of our lesson today is hydraulic machines.
(Slide 1).
Convert units of measurement mm.Hg. in Pa. (Slide 3)
Understanding many phenomena requires knowledge of one of the most important laws of nature - Pascal's law.
Who knows the formulation of Pascal's law, raise your hand.
We repeated to you:
1) How pressure is transmitted in a liquid.
All these 3 tasks are the main ones in the work of one of the most “strong” machines, which easily stamps bodies, fenders, doors of not only cars, but also trucks, does many, many hard work in agriculture, industry and even in dad's garage.
Who guessed what these cars are called?
Hydraulic machines.
First, let's see how they look on the model. (Appendix 3) (Appendix 2)
Who can describe its device?
A hydraulic press consists of two cylinders and freely moving pistons of different cross-sectional areas, connected by a tube filled with mineral oil. In their notebooks, students make a schematic diagram of a hydraulic machine, repeating the rule (algorithm) for describing the structure of the press. Presentation 1 (Slide 7)
Let F 1 be the force acting on a small piston with area S 1 . Then the pressure that the small piston produces on the liquid is equal to:
According to Pascal's law, this pressure is transmitted equally in all directions. Consequently, exactly the same pressure p 2 = p 1 is applied to the larger piston. Now you can calculate what pressure force acts on the larger piston: F 2 = p 2 S 2.
Let's carry out a simple calculation of the pressure force that the larger piston develops. It will provide a complete understanding of why this powerful machine was built. (The numbers are chosen to be effective and simple so that students can easily cope with the calculation of the gain in strength almost orally. Otherwise, behind the heavy calculations they will not be able to discern the essence of the matter).
The ratio F 2 /F 1 = S 2 /S 1 is called the gain in power.
Modern hydraulic presses make it possible to obtain a gain in strength of several thousand times.
Let's see how much force you need to act with to lift a car, a motorcycle, and find the mass with which various bodies will be balanced. Appendix 4
What conclusion can be drawn from this? Presentation 1 (slide 9)
Where are such devices used? (slide 11,12)
So, we got acquainted with the principle of operation, design and application of a hydraulic press. Now let's test ourselves what we learned in this lesson. ( Appendix 5)
Summing up lesson summary, children conclude that hydraulic mechanisms are necessary in human life.
They allow you to achieve gains in strength. Annex 1
Setting the price knock and announcement of homework.
Literature.
- Peryshkin A.V. Physics 7th grade - M.: "Drofa", 2009.
- Volkov V.A., Polyansky S.E. Lesson developments in physics, grade 7 - M.: "VAKO" 2009.
- Peryshkin A.V. Collection of problems in physics grades 7-9 - M.: Publishing House "Exam" 2006.
