Presentation on the topic of ceramics for children. Types of ceramics

The history of the appearance of ceramics. Ceramics appeared 12-15 thousand years ago, back in the Stone Age. The vessels were molded by hand. Crushed shells and crushed granite were added to the clay so that it would not crack during firing. Products were fired at fires. Later, special ovens appeared. In the Copper Age (4 - 6 thousand years ago), the shapes of vessels became diverse, sculptures of people and animals appeared. Products begin to be decorated with ornaments. At first, patterns were extruded with a stamp and a point into wet clay, then they learned how to make paintings with colored clays. The drawings depicted natural phenomena (lightning, moon, sun, water) using conventional symbols. People believed in the magical (witchcraft) power of these signs. Gradually, the original meaning of the ornaments was forgotten, and they began to be made simply for decoration.

Slide 4 from the presentation “Pottery Art”

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Art history

“Hairstyles” - XIX century). Long golden locks fell to her hips. The era of the European Middle Ages (V-XIV centuries). The great French bourgeois revolution marked the end of the age of “vain marquises.” Curls were a must. Hairdressing art has received a new development. Sometimes eyebrows were also shaved off. Young girls wore their hair loose.

“Garden Art” - Basic styles in landscaping. China. Landscape art of England in the second half of the 18th century. Catherine Park. Landscape art of China and Japan. French gardening art 17th century. Ancient Greece. Yellowstone Park. Renaissance. Japan. Villa Lante. France. Sacred groves? heroons Philosophical gardens Privately owned gardens.

"Eras of Culture" - Cubism. Epochs of world culture. Surrealism. Romanticism. Neoclassicism. Modernism. Mannerism. Northern Renaissance. Renaissance. Impressionism. Rococo. High Renaissance. Cultural eras. Early Renaissance. Vanguard. Baroque. Epochs. Dadaism. Post-Impressionism.

"Architecture and painting of Germany and the Netherlands" - Old Church of Delft. Architecture. Architecture of the Netherlands. Dutch painting. Architecture and painting of Germany and the Netherlands. Painting of the altar of the Church of St. Bavo. Scandinavia. Four horsemen. Frans Hals. Architecture of Germany. Albrecht Durer. Painting by Dutch masters. Painting by German masters.

Types of ceramics. Depending on the structure, fine ceramics are distinguished from coarse ones. - The main types of fine ceramics are porcelain, semi-porcelain, earthenware, majolica. - The main type of rough ceramics is pottery ceramics. Porcelain has a dense sintered shard of white color (sometimes with a bluish tint) with low water absorption (up to 0.2%), when tapped it produces a high melodic sound, and can be translucent in thin layers. The glaze does not cover the edge of the bead or the base of the porcelain piece. The raw materials for porcelain are kaolin, sand, feldspar and other additives. Faience has a porous white shard with a yellowish tint, the porosity of the shard is 9 - 12%. Due to the high porosity, earthenware products are completely covered with a colorless glaze of low heat resistance. Earthenware is used to produce tableware for everyday use. The raw materials for the production of earthenware are white-burning clays with the addition of chalk and quartz sand. Semi-porcelain in properties occupies an intermediate position between porcelain and earthenware, the crock is white, water absorption is 3 - 5%, it is used in the production of tableware. Majolica has a porous shard, water absorption is about 15%, the products have a smooth surface, shine, thin walls, are covered with colored glazes and can have decorative relief decorations. Casting is used to make majolica. Raw materials - white-burning clay (faience majolica) or red-burning clay (pottery majolica), flux, chalk, quartz sand. Pottery ceramics have a red-brown shard (red-burning clays are used), high porosity, and water absorption up to 18%. Products can be covered with colorless glazes or painted with colored clay paints - engobes.

Slide 8 from the presentation “Modern decorative exhibition art”

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“Eras of Culture” - Northern Renaissance. Post-Impressionism. Epochs of world culture. Modernism. Renaissance. Surrealism. Dadaism. Vanguard. Neoclassicism. Romanticism. Mannerism. High Renaissance. Baroque. Rococo. Cultural eras. Early Renaissance. Impressionism. Epochs. Cubism.

“Landscape art” - Vasilievka (estate of N.V. Gogol). Play the role of an architect and create a fabulous sculpture. Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. Humpbacked bridge. Mother Earth. Grottoes (artificial caves). Staircase connecting the greenhouses. Mikhailovskoye (estate of A.S. Pushkin) Yasnaya Polyana(estate of L.N. Tolstoy). Fragrant plants.

“The state of water” - Aivazovsky’s Ninth Wave. Spring flood. A.S. Yesenin. I. Bunin. Thaw. Quietly slide along the glass and wander, Just as if you were looking for something fun... The hollow water is raging, The noise is both dull and drawn-out. Who is driving you away: is it destiny’s decision? N.K. Roerich. Test. Early snow. Solid state of aggregation water. A.S. Pushkin.

“Architecture and painting of Germany and the Netherlands” - Albrecht Durer. Painting by German masters. Germany. Architecture and painting of Germany and the Netherlands. Frans Hals. Scandinavia. Architecture. Painting by German masters. Architecture of Germany. Painting by Dutch masters. Painting of the altar of the Church of St. Bavo. Four horsemen. Dutch painting.

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Methods of decorating porcelain Porcelain is painted in two ways: underglaze painting and overglaze painting. In underglaze painting of porcelain, paints are applied to unglazed porcelain. The porcelain piece is then covered with a transparent glaze and fired at high temperature up to 1350 degrees. The palette of colors for overglaze painting is richer; overglaze painting is applied over glazed linen (the professional term for unpainted white porcelain) and then fired in muffle furnace at temperatures from 780-850 degrees. During firing, the paint fuses into the glaze, leaving behind a thin layer of glaze. After a good firing, paints shine (except for special matte paints used only for decorative purposes), do not have any roughness and in the future better resist the mechanical and chemical effects of acidic food products and alcohol. Among the paints for painting porcelain, the group of paints prepared using noble metals stands out. The most common paints are those using gold; silver and platinum paints are less commonly used. Gold paints with a lower percentage of gold content (10-12%) are fired at a temperature of 720 to 760 degrees (bone china is fired at a lower temperature than hard - "real" - porcelain). These paints are more decorative, and products decorated with them cannot be subjected to mechanical stress (wash with abrasive agents and in dishwasher.) Gold, silver chandeliers, polishing polish and powdered gold and silver 50-90 percent are fired at a higher temperature along with paints. Polishing polish and powdered gold after firing has a matte appearance and is marked with an agate pencil (the pattern is applied approximately like a simple pencil on paper, only in our case you cannot make a mistake with shading the pattern, because this cannot be corrected in any way later. The master in this case must be very highly qualified.) The combination of matte and shiny gold after zitting creates an additional decorative effect on porcelain. Chandeliers and gold powder paints are more durable on porcelain than 10-12% gloss. However, in the entire history of the creation of porcelain and its technologies, nothing better and cheaper than decorating porcelain with gloss has been invented. Professional overglaze painting is carried out using gum turpentine and turpentine oil. The paints are pre-soaked on the palette for a day or more. After work, they are thoroughly rubbed with the addition of turpentine oil. Turpentine in jars should be dry, slightly oily and oily (turpentine gradually changes from one state to another). The oil should also be more fluid and thicker. To work, take a piece of soaked paint, add oil and turpentine and dilute it to the consistency of thick sour cream. For brush stroke painting, the paint is diluted a little thicker, for pen painting - a little thinner. It is IMPORTANT that the paint does not bleed from under the pen or brush. Underglaze paint is diluted with water, sugar with the addition of a small amount

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Raw materials and general technology for producing ceramic materialsThe main raw materials for the production of ceramic materials
serve as clay minerals, which are sedimentary,
stratified rocks consisting of hydrous aluminosilicates with
various impurities.
The technology for the production of ceramic materials is based on
the following properties of clays:
highly dispersed particles (from 0.01 microns to 1 mm) capable of
to form molding mixtures with different degrees of plasticity;
high
hydrophilicity,
providing
receiving
highly mobile (cast), homogeneous, non-separating mixtures;
high water yield during drying, accompanied by an increase
strength and minor deformations;
ability to sinter at a temperature of 1000 - 13000C s
the formation of a durable, water-resistant material.

In order to regulate the properties of the molding mass and finished products, into clay
add additives:
supplements
emaciated (fireclay (crushed fired clay), broken brick, quartz
sand, thermal power plant ash, slag);
pore-forming;
These include:
burnable (sawdust, coal waste, peat);
gas-forming agents that decompose at high temperatures, releasing
gaseous products (limestone);
heat-resistant lightweight aggregates (expanded perlite).
plasticizing (highly plastic bentonite clays and organic
surfactants (surfactants) in an amount of 0.1-1%));
fluxes (feldspars, cullet, perlite materials).
Leaning additives are introduced into the mixture in a finely ground state at
the use of highly plastic clays, which shrink in products during drying and firing.
In this way, they prevent cracks and cracks from occurring during heat treatment.
deformations.
Pore-forming additives provide increased porosity, reduced
average density and thermal conductivity coefficient of products.
Plasticizing additives are used when using low-plasticity
(lean) clays to improve the molding properties of mixtures.
Fluff additives are added to the mixture to reduce the sintering temperature
clay mass.

The technology for producing ceramic products is usually
consists of the following main stages:

The method of preparing the molding mass depends on:
type of product received;
quality of clays;
technical equipment of production.
There are:
semi-dry;
plastic;
slip (casting).

Preparation of the raw mixture using the semi-dry method can
carried out according to two different technological schemes.
According to the first
first used to produce facing
bricks and stones, coarsely crushed raw materials
dried in dryers and served for joint fine grinding with
additives to mills. The resulting press powder with moisture
10 - 12% goes into the molds.
According to the second scheme,
scheme used in the production of finishing materials
tiles for floors and facades, fine joint grinding of all
components are produced in wet grinding ball mills.
The resulting suspension (slip) with a moisture content of 30 - 60% is fed into
special pools to adjust the composition and then
pumps are pumped into tower spray dryers for
dehydration. From dryers, finely dispersed press powder with
sent to the molding and pressing department.
Application of various technological schemes in preparation
molding compound is determined primarily by the requirements
requirements for the quality of finished products.

The plastic method is used in the presence of plastic
clays that soak well when moistened. Clay many times
grind until finely ground, grind to
obtaining a homogeneous mass and served together with lean
and other additives into special clay mixers, where
additional humidification is carried out with steam until it becomes moist
18 - 20%.
The plastic method is suitable for production
tiles, wall and cladding ceramics, drainage and
sewer pipes.
The slip method of preparing the mass is used in the case of
the presence of clays with high quarry humidity. slip
is a clay suspension with a moisture content of 30-33%,
which should easily fill the plaster mold, not
separate and release (filter) water upon contact with
porous surface of the mold.
This method of preparing raw materials is used in production
sanitary equipment of complex shape (bathtubs,
sinks, etc.) or facing carpet-mosaic tiles.

Ceramic materials and products

Using clay raw materials and high temperature
processing receive:
structural;
facing;
materials special purpose.
Special purpose materials are divided into:
sanitary and technical;
acid-resistant;
thermal insulation;
fireproof.

Structural ceramic materials include
bricks and stones used to build walls
buildings,
roofing
tiles,
plumbing,
sewer and drainage pipes.
The largest volume of output belongs to wall
materials: brick of various modifications and stone
ceramic.

Brick sizes
Single brick is produced in dimensions: 250x120x65 mm
One and a half brick standard size: 250x120x88 mm
Rice. Ordinary and hollow bricks:
a – plastic molded brick: 1 – bed; 2 – spoons; 3 – poke;
b, c, d – semi-dry pressing bricks: hollow b – single;
c – modular (one and a half); d – ceramic seven-slit. Ceramic stones:
d – stones with 8 voids; e – stone with 8 voids; g – brick with 6 voids

Types of clay tiles. a – stamped groove; b – tape groove; c – flat tape; g – ridge

Clay tiles are used for roofing in
low-rise housing construction. They receive it
plastic molding from high- and medium-plasticity
high quality clays.
Types of clay tiles.
a – stamped groove; b – tape groove; c – flat tape;
g – ridge

Ceramic sewer pipes are long hollow products with
a dense sintered shard obtained from refractory and refractory clays,
coated inside and outside with acid-resistant glaze and having at one end
trumpet.
Drainage pipes – unglazed ceramic products with a smooth surface
surface and through grooves or slots to increase
water permeability. Such pipes are designed to collect and drain groundwater from
with the aim of lowering their level and drying the soil.

Facing materials and products are used for
vertical and horizontal finishing of surfaces with
in order to protect them from moisture, mechanical
damage, exposure to fire, chemicals,
ensuring the required hygiene standards, convenience
cleaning,
giving
facing
surfaces
decorativeness.
There are external and internal cladding.
Facade bricks are used for cladding facades.
(solid and hollow), face stones (hollow),
ceramic tiles, fittings for devices
drains, cornices.

To materials and products for special purposes
include sanitary equipment: washbasins, sinks
laboratory, sinks, baths, etc.
Acid-resistant products are used for lining
towers and tanks in chemical plants, for
installation of floors and protection of walls in workshops with aggressive
Wednesdays.
Refractory materials in the form of bricks, shaped
products are used for lining furnaces, fireboxes and other
devices operating at high temperatures.
To thermal insulating ceramic materials
include diatomite, foam diatomite, perlite diatomite products, as well as such loose, bulk
materials such as expanded clay crushed stone, gravel, sand and
agloporite sand and crushed stone).

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• The term “ceramics” comes from the Greek word “keramos”, which means clay.
• Ceramic products are products made from clay with various additives and fired to a stone state.
• From ancient times to the present day, ceramic products have occupied one of the leading places in the decorative and applied arts of all peoples of the world.

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• Technology system The production of ceramic tiles includes the following main phases:

1. Preparation of slip;
2. Product molding;
3. Drying;
4. Preparation of glaze and glazing (enamelling);
5. Burning.

• Raw materials for ceramic masses are divided into plastic (clays and kaolins) and non-plastic. Additions of fireclay and quartz reduce product shrinkage and the likelihood of cracking at the molding stage. Lead and borax are used as glass formers.

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• The preparation of slip takes place in three phases:
  • First phase: grinding of feldspar and sand (grinding lasts from 10 to 12 hours);
  • In the first phase, clay is added;
  • Kaolin is added to the second phase. The finished slip is poured into containers and aged.
• Transportation from the raw materials warehouse is carried out using a loader to the receiving bunkers. From there it is sent along a conveyor either to a ball mill (for grinding) or to turbo solvents (for dissolving clay and kaolin)

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• Pottery has been known since time immemorial. Clay was a ubiquitous material at hand, the rich plastic and artistic possibilities of which attracted people even in ancient times. Clay is very easy to process; you can sculpt anything from it.

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• Depending on the structure, a distinction is made between fine ceramics (vitreous or fine-grained shards) and coarse ceramics (coarse-grained shards). The main types of fine ceramics are porcelain, semi-porcelain, faience, majolica. The main type of coarse ceramics is pottery ceramics.

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• Porcelain vase from the collection of Chinese porcelain from the Qing Dynasty (XVII-XIX centuries) in the Kunstkamera (St. Petersburg).

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Egyptian goddess Tawaret from faience

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majolica

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pottery ceramics

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• CERAMIC URN - an example of Mayan pottery art.
• Working on a potter's wheel. Image on ceramic tiles.

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• Cement is widely used in construction - one of the types of ceramics, the raw materials for which are clay and limestone mixed with water.

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History of domestic ceramic tiles

• In Rus', ceramic tiles appeared in the 9th century with the advent of Christianity. During the pagan period, as building materials Stone and wood were predominantly used.