Copper is an element of a side subgroup of the first group, the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev, with atomic number 29. It is designated by the symbol Cu (lat. Cuprum). The simple substance copper is a ductile transition metal of a golden-pink color (pink in the absence of an oxide film). It has been widely used by man since ancient times.

Physical properties of copper: golden-pink ductile metal, quickly covered with air oxide film which gives it a characteristic intense yellowish-red hue. Thin films of copper in the light have a greenish-blue color. Copper forms a face-centered cubic lattice. Copper has high thermal and electrical conductivity (ranks second in electrical conductivity after silver, specific conductivity at 20 °). It has two stable isotopes - 63 Cu and 65 Cu, and several radioactive isotopes. The longest-lived of these, 64 Cu, has a half-life of 12.7 hours and two decay variants with different products. There are a number of copper alloys: brass - with zinc, bronze - with tin and other elements.

Content in nature: Copper is found in nature both in compounds and in native form. Chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 , chalcosite Cu 2 S and bornite Cu 5 FeS 4 are of industrial importance. Along with them, other copper minerals are also found: covellite CuS, cuprite Cu 2 O. Sometimes copper is found in native form, the mass of individual accumulations can reach 400 tons. Copper sulfides are formed mainly in medium-temperature hydrothermal veins. Also, copper deposits are often found in sedimentary rocks - cuprous sandstones and shales. The most famous deposits of this type are Udokan in the Chita region, in Kazakhstan, in Germany. The other richest copper deposits are in Chile and the USA. Most of copper ore is mined in an open pit.

Methods for obtaining copper To obtain copper, pyro -, hydro - and electrometallurgical processes are used. The pyrometallurgical process for obtaining copper from sulfide ores of the CuFeS 2 type is expressed by the overall equation: 2CuFeS 2 + 5O 2 + 2SiO 2 = 2Cu + 2FeSiO 3 + 4SO 2 . Hydrometallurgical methods for obtaining copper are based on the selective dissolution of copper minerals in dilute solutions of sulfuric acid or ammonia, copper is displaced from the resulting solutions by metallic iron: CuSO 4 + Fe \u003d Cu + FeSO 4. Pure copper is obtained by electrolysis: 2CuSO 4 + 2H 2 O \u003d 2Cu + O 2 + 2H 2 SO 4; copper is released at the cathode, oxygen is released at the anode.

Chemical properties of copper: Copper belongs to low-active metals. Under normal conditions, it does not interact with water, alkali solutions, hydrochloric and dilute sulfuric acid. However, in strong oxidizing acids (for example, nitric and concentrated sulfuric) copper dissolves: Cu + 8HN0 3 \u003d 3Cu (N0 3) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 0 diluted Cu + 4HN0 3 \u003d Cu (N0 3) 2 + 2N0 2 + 2Н 2 0 concentrated

Copper powder reacts with chlorine, sulfur and bromine at room temperature: At 300-400 °C it reacts with sulfur and selenium:

Uses of copper: In electrical engineering: Copper is widely used in electrical engineering for the manufacture of power cables, wires or other conductors, for example, in printed wiring. Copper wires, in turn, are also used in the windings of energy-saving electric drives and power transformers. For these purposes, the metal must be very pure: impurities sharply reduce electrical conductivity. Heat transfer: Another useful quality of copper is its high thermal conductivity. This allows it to be used in various heat-removing devices, heat exchangers, which include well-known cooling, air conditioning and heating radiators.

Used in alloys: Jewelry alloys: Copper alloys with gold are often used in jewelry to increase the resistance of products to deformation and abrasion, since pure gold is very soft metal and is not resistant to these mechanical influences. Other Applications: Copper is the most widely used acetylene polymerization catalyst. Copper is widely used in architecture.

Introduction. It just so happened that in one subgroup were copper, silver and gold: elements of the same age as civilization. All of them are in different time acted as the ultimate measure of values, in other words, money. Weapons were forged from these metals, household utensils and jewelry were made. These days, copper, silver and gold are in the thick of technical progress. The physicist will emphasize their unsurpassed heat and electrical conductivity. The sculptor will note the plasticity and beautiful appearance. He will be supported by a jeweler and chaser, and a chemist will certainly remember the noble inertness and high corrosion resistance of these metals. Golden mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Gold nugget "Mephistopheles" weighing 20.25 g, found in Siberia. Diamond fund. Moscow. Silver nugget Cap of Monomakh. Boctok, late 13th early 14th century Bowl. Ancient Rus' Chernihiv, 12th century Silver; forging, carving. Belonged to Prince Vladimir Davydovich of Chernigov.

History of copper. Copper has been known since time immemorial and is one of the "magnificent seven" of the most ancient metals used by mankind - these are gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury. According to archaeological data, copper was known to people already 600 years ago. It turned out to be the first metal that replaced stone in ancient man's primitive tools. This was the beginning of the so-called. copper age, which lasted about 2000 years. Axes, knives, maces, household items were forged from copper, and then smelted. According to legend, the ancient blacksmith god Hephaestus forged a shield of pure copper for the invincible Achilles. Stones for the 147-meter pyramid of Cheops. Fresco from Pompeii: Hephaestus showing Thetis a shield made for Achilles. OK. 70 n. e. National Museum. Naples.

Now it is impossible to establish when man first became acquainted with copper. In any case, around 3000 BC. e. the Egyptians could already make wire out of it. In nature, copper is sometimes found in its native state, and this made it easier for the ancient craftsmen to extract it. They knew how to forge various products from this metal with stone tools. Later, copper mines began to be developed, which were scattered all over the planet: and in North America on the shores of the Great Lakes, and in Asia on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Europe on the territory of present-day Austria, and on the island of Cyprus. According to experts, the Latin name for the metal "cuprum" comes from the name of this island. The name of the metal familiar to the Russian ear - "copper", probably came from the Old Slavonic "smith", which meant metal in general. Nugget of copper.

The use of copper. Copper has long been used in construction: the ancient Egyptians built copper water pipes; the roofs of medieval castles and churches were covered with sheet copper, for example, the famous royal castle in Elsinore (Denmark) is covered with roofing copper. Coins and jewelry were made from copper. Due to its low electrical resistance, copper is the main metal of electrical engineering: more than half of all copper produced is used to produce electrical wires for high-voltage transmissions and low-current cables. Even insignificant impurities in copper lead to an increase in its electrical resistance and large losses of electricity. Ship hulls are sheathed with copper tin. High thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance make it possible to manufacture parts of heat exchangers, refrigerators, vacuum apparatuses, pipelines for pumping oils and fuels, etc. from copper. Copper is also widely used in electroplating when applying protective coatings to steel products. So, for example, when nickel-plating or chromium-plating of steel objects, copper is pre-deposited on them; in this case, the protective coating lasts longer and is more effective. Copper is also used in electroforming (i.e., when replicating products by obtaining their mirror image), for example, in the manufacture of metal matrices for printing banknotes, and in the reproduction of sculptural products.

Bronze. June Bronze Weapons in China. Ancient metallurgists learned how to extract copper from ores and add additives to it that improve the properties of the alloy. So, mixing copper with tin, they got bronze. It was such an important milestone in human history what we call it the Bronze Age. An unusually simple way to obtain an alloy (a fire melts a mixture of tin and copper) allowed craftsmen to make various tools, tools and, of course, weapons from it. Bronze is harder than copper, stable in air, well processed into various products, but more fusible. The ancient Greeks, the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, and Japanese craftsmen were able to obtain especially high-quality alloys. Therefore, it is not at all accidental that the rise and fall of states were directly related to the degree of development of metallurgy.

Bronze items were used by the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, and Etruscans. Beautiful bronze statues were cast in Greece and Rome; many of them have survived to this day, such as the famous equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome or one of the seven wonders of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes. For sculptures standing outdoors, especially in places with a humid climate, bronze is preferable because over time a dense greenish-brown patina appears on its surface, which protects the metal from further oxidation. The shields of Roman legionnaires were also bound with bronze. Shield of a Roman legionnaire.

It is from bronze that the "Bronze Horseman" sung by A. S. Pushkin in St. Petersburg and the monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow were cast. Due to its special mechanical properties and good casting qualities, bronze is an ideal metal for casting bells with a loud and beautiful sound. Everyone knows the giant "Tsar Bell" in the Moscow Kremlin weighing almost 202 tons, cast in years by Russian masters I.F. and M.F. Matronin. Guns were also made of bronze in the old days; the largest of them "Tsar Cannon" (39.3 tons) was intended for the defense of the Moscow Kremlin and was cast by master A. Chokhov in 1586 by E. M. Falcone. "Bronze Horseman". Saint Petersburg. The Tsar Bell was cast by order of Empress Anna Ioannovna in the years. Moscow casters Ivan Motorin and his son Mikhail instead of the Great Assumption Bell that crashed in the city during a fire.

Tsar Cannon. Master Andrey Chokhov. The monument to the tradesman Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was created according to the project of the artist I.P. Martos and cast from bronze by the foundry master of the Academy of Arts V.P. Ekimov, opened on February 20, 1818.

And now sculptures are cast from bronze, chandeliers, candelabra, candlesticks, as well as parts of various mechanisms (for example, bearings) are made. As many centuries ago, to obtain bronze, copper and copper scrap are alloyed with tin. Only not in earthen, but in modern electric furnaces. So that copper and tin do not oxidize during melting, and bronze is especially durable, phosphorus compounds are added to the charge before casting. Due to the shortage of tin and its high price tin bronze is gradually being replaced by other bronzes, ch. arr. aluminum. Aluminum bronze containing up to 11% Al has good mechanical properties, stable in sea water and even in dilute hydrochloric acid. This one is very durable alloy goes to the manufacture of pipelines, parts steam turbines And aircraft engines and others. "Copper" coins were minted from aluminum bronze in Russia from 1926 to 1957. Bearings for diesel locomotives, ship engines, water turbines are made from lead bronze. Beryllium bronze is extremely strong and durable, which, due to its elastic properties, serves as a material for springs that practically do not know fatigue (withstand up to 20 million load cycles). Saint Petersburg. Bronze monument to Ostap Bender on Italian street. Sculptor Albert Charkin.

Brass. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Although zinc was discovered only in the Middle Ages, brass was known to the ancient Romans, who obtained it by smelting. copper ores with zinc without air access. To give brass the desired properties in its composition, it is often introduced into its composition in small quantities alloying metals such as Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc. Brass melts more easily than copper, but it is harder than it. Brass is well forged, pierced into sheets, stamped, drawn into wire and perfectly polished (to a mirror finish). Products from it can be hardened. If necessary, brass can be applied to the surface of other metals by the electrochemical method. It is important that brass is much cheaper than copper. Brass is used in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering; parts of various mechanisms, water and gas taps, radiator pipes, door handles, hinges, cartridge cases are made from it. Brass with aluminum addition appearance similar to gold, badges, emblems, medals are made from it. If there is relatively little zinc in the alloy (up to 18%), brasses have a reddish tint. For example, brass with up to 10% zinc is called tombac; From this alloy, from 1961 to 1991, “copper” coins were minted in Russia, in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks. Alloys with a high zinc content (up to 50%) are yellow and are called brass proper. They are perfectly processed by rolling, pressing and broaching, and good quality castings are obtained from them.

other alloys. Of other alloys, we note monel metal (% copper,% nickel and zinc with the addition of lead, tin and iron) was previously used for the manufacture of cutlery and jewelry "under silver". Due to its high corrosion resistance and strength, good plasticity, it is now used in the chemical, shipbuilding, medical, oil, textile and other industries. But constantan, manganin, chromel and kopel almost do not change their resistance with significant temperature fluctuations and therefore faithfully serve in electrical engineering for the manufacture of thermocouples - very sensitive devices that measure temperature. Also compensating wires, rheostats, parts of heating devices are made from chromel and kopel. Reference resistors and elements of measuring instruments are made from mangonin.

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Presentation on the topic: Copper and its alloys

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It just so happened that in one It just so happened that in one subgroup were copper, silver and gold: elements of the same age as civilization. All of them at different times acted as the ultimate measure of values, in other words, money. Weapons were forged from these metals, household utensils and jewelry were made. Today, copper, silver and gold are in the thick of technological progress. The physicist will emphasize their unsurpassed heat and electrical conductivity. The sculptor will note the plasticity and beautiful appearance. He will be supported by a jeweler and chaser, and a chemist will certainly remember the noble inertness and high corrosion resistance of these metals.

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Copper has been known since time immemorial and Copper has been known since time immemorial and is one of the "magnificent seven" of the most ancient metals used by mankind - these are gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead and mercury. According to archaeological data, copper was known to people already 600 years ago. It turned out to be the first metal that replaced stone in ancient man's primitive tools. This was the beginning of the so-called. copper age, which lasted about 2000 years. Axes, knives, maces, household items were forged from copper, and then smelted. According to legend, the ancient blacksmith god Hephaestus forged a shield of pure copper for the invincible Achilles. Stones for the 147-meter pyramid of Cheops.

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Now it is impossible to establish when It is impossible to establish now when man first became acquainted with copper. In any case, around 3000 BC. e. the Egyptians could already make wire out of it. In nature, copper is sometimes found in its native state, and this made it easier for the ancient craftsmen to extract it. They knew how to forge various products from this metal with stone tools. Later, copper mines began to be developed, which were scattered all over the planet: in North America on the shores of the Great Lakes, and in Asia on the Sinai Peninsula, and in Europe on the territory of present-day Austria, and on the island of Cyprus. According to experts, the Latin name for the metal "cuprum" comes from the name of this island. The name of the metal familiar to the Russian ear - "copper", probably came from the Old Slavonic "smid", which meant metal in general.

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Copper has long been used in construction: the ancient Egyptians built Copper Copper has long been used in construction: the ancient Egyptians built copper water pipes; the roofs of medieval castles and churches were covered with sheet copper, for example, the famous royal castle in Elsinore (Denmark) is covered with roofing copper. Coins and jewelry were made from copper. Due to its low electrical resistance, copper is the main metal of electrical engineering: more than half of all copper produced is used to produce electrical wires for high-voltage transmissions and low-current cables. Even insignificant impurities in copper lead to an increase in its electrical resistance and large losses of electricity. Ship hulls are sheathed with copper tin. High thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance make it possible to manufacture parts of heat exchangers, refrigerators, vacuum apparatuses, pipelines for pumping oils and fuels, etc. from copper. Copper is also widely used in electroplating when applying protective coatings to steel products. So, for example, when nickel-plating or chromium-plating of steel objects, copper is pre-deposited on them; in this case, the protective coating lasts longer and is more effective. Copper is also used in electroforming (i.e., when replicating products by obtaining their mirror image), for example, in the manufacture of metal matrices for printing banknotes, and in the reproduction of sculptural products.

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Bronze products were in use Bronze products were used by the ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Etruscans. Beautiful bronze statues were cast in Greece and Rome; many of them have survived to this day, such as the famous equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome or one of the seven wonders of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes. For sculptures standing outdoors, especially in places with a humid climate, bronze is preferable because over time a dense greenish-brown patina appears on its surface, which protects the metal from further oxidation. The shields of Roman legionnaires were also bound with bronze.

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The Bronze Horseman sung by A. S. Pushkin in St. Petersburg and the monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow were cast from bronze. Due to its special mechanical properties and good casting qualities, bronze is an ideal metal for casting bells with a loud and beautiful sound. Everyone knows the giant "Tsar Bell" in the Moscow Kremlin weighing almost 202 tons, cast in 1733-1735 by Russian masters I.F. and M.F. Matronin. Guns were also made of bronze in the old days; the largest of them "Tsar Cannon" (39.3 tons) was intended for the defense of the Moscow Kremlin and was cast by master A. Chokhov in 1586.

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And now sculptures are cast from bronze, And now sculptures are cast from bronze, chandeliers, candelabra, candlesticks, as well as parts of various mechanisms (for example, bearings) are made. As many centuries ago, to obtain bronze, copper and copper scrap are alloyed with tin. Only not in earthen, but in modern electric furnaces. So that copper and tin do not oxidize during melting, and bronze is especially durable, phosphorus compounds are added to the charge before casting. Due to the shortage of tin and its high price, tin bronze is gradually being replaced by other bronzes, ch. arr. aluminum. Aluminum bronze containing up to 11% Al has good mechanical properties, is stable in sea water and even in dilute hydrochloric acid. This very strong alloy is used for the manufacture of pipelines, parts of steam turbines and aircraft engines, etc. "Copper" coins were minted from aluminum bronze in Russia from 1926 to 1957. Bearings for diesel locomotives, ship engines, water turbines are made from lead bronze. Beryllium bronze is extremely strong and durable, which, due to its elastic properties, serves as a material for springs that practically do not know fatigue (withstand up to 20 million load cycles).

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Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Although zinc was discovered only in medium brass, it is an alloy of copper and zinc. Although zinc was discovered only in the Middle Ages, brass was known to the ancient Romans, who obtained it by smelting copper ores with zinc without air. To give brass the desired properties, alloying metals such as Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, etc. are often introduced into its composition in small quantities. Brass melts more easily than copper, but it is harder than it. Brass is well forged, pierced into sheets, stamped, drawn into wire and perfectly polished (to a mirror finish). Products from it can be hardened. If necessary, brass can be applied to the surface of other metals by the electrochemical method. It is important that brass is much cheaper than copper. Brass is used in mechanical engineering and electrical engineering; parts of various mechanisms, water and gas taps, radiator pipes, door handles, hinges, cartridge cases are made from it. Brass with the addition of aluminum is similar in appearance to gold; badges, emblems, and medals are made from it. If there is relatively little zinc in the alloy (up to 18%), brasses have a reddish tint. For example, brass with up to 10% zinc is called tombac; From this alloy, from 1961 to 1991, “copper” coins were minted in Russia, in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks. Alloys with a high zinc content (up to 50%) are yellow and are called brass proper. They are perfectly processed by rolling, pressing and broaching, and good quality castings are obtained from them.

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From other alloys, we note monel metal (50 - 70% copper, 15 - 25% From other alloys, we note monel metal (50 - 70% copper, 15 - 25% nickel and zinc with the addition of lead, tin and iron) was previously used for production of cutlery and jewelry "under silver". Due to its high corrosion resistance and strength, good plasticity, it is now used in the chemical, shipbuilding, medical, oil, textile and other industries. But constantan, manganin, chromel and kopel almost do not change their resistance with significant temperature fluctuations and therefore faithfully serve in electrical engineering for the manufacture of thermocouples - very sensitive instruments that measure temperature. Also, compensating wires, rheostats, parts of heating devices are made from chromel and kopel. Reference resistors and elements of measuring instruments are made from mangonin.

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Metals. Copper.

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The position of copper in the periodic system of chemical elements and the structure of the atom.
Copper element of the side subgroup of group I (IB group)

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Finding in nature.
Copper occurs in nature mainly in a bound form and is part of the following minerals: copper luster Cu2S and malachite CuCO3 Cu(OH)2

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Finding in nature.
Cuprite Cu2O
Copper pyrite CuFeS2

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Receiving copper.
The process of obtaining copper is very complex. Oxides are most suitable for this. With the help of coke and carbon monoxide (II) in non-ferrous metallurgy, copper is obtained from cuprite Cu2O.

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physical properties.
Copper is a golden-pink ductile metal, quickly covered with an oxide film in air, which gives it a characteristic intense yellowish-red tint. Thin films of copper in the light have a greenish-blue color.

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Melting point 1083 ºС. An excellent conductor of electric current (second only to silver).

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Chemical properties.
Interaction with non-metals With oxygen, depending on the interaction temperature, copper forms two oxides: at 400–500°C, an oxide of divalent copper is formed: 2Cu + O2 = 2CuO; at temperatures above 1000°C, copper (I) oxide is obtained: 4Cu + O2 = 2Cu2O.

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When heated with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, copper (II) halides are formed: Cu + Br2 = CuBr2; with iodine - copper (I) iodide is formed: 2Cu + I2 = 2CuI. Copper does not react with hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon and silicon.

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interaction with acids.
In the electrochemical series of voltages of metals, copper is located after hydrogen, so it does not interact with solutions of dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids and alkalis.

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It dissolves in dilute nitric acid to form copper (II) nitrate and nitric oxide (II): 3Cu + 8HNO3 = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O. Reacts with concentrated solutions of sulfuric and nitric acids to form copper (II) salts and acid reduction products: Cu + 2H2SO4 = CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O; Cu + 4HNO3 = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O. Copper reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen trichlorocuprate (II): Cu + 3HCl = H + H2.

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restorative properties.
Copper is oxidized by nitric oxide (IV) and iron (III) chloride: 2Cu + NO2 = Cu2O + NO; Cu + 2FeCl3 = CuCl2 + 2FeCl2.

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Application.
Pure copper (99.9% Cu) is used in the electrical industry for the manufacture of electrical wires, cables and heat exchangers.

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Copper wire is widely used in electrical and power engineering, telecommunications, shipbuilding and automotive industries, it is used for the production of electrical cables, wires, windings, spark ignition leads, fuses

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Alloys using copper are widely used in various fields of technology, the most widespread of which are the bronze and brass mentioned above. For example, in the composition of the so-called cannon metal, which in the XVI-XVIII centuries. was really used for the manufacture of artillery pieces, all three basic metals are included - copper, tin, zinc. Nowadays, it is used in military affairs in cumulative ammunition due to its high ductility, a large amount of brass is used to make gun cases. Copper-nickel alloys are used for coinage. Copper-nickel alloys, including the so-called. "Admiralty" alloys are widely used in shipbuilding and applications associated with the possibility of aggressive exposure to sea water due to exemplary corrosion resistance.