Presentation on the topic "scientific and technological progress". Scientific and technological progress and culture Scientific and technical progress and socio-political thought

Scientific and technological progress (STP) became possible thanks to the scientific and technological revolution (STR), which took place in the 40-50s. XX century. STP has affected all spheres of society. This lesson is devoted to the main achievements of the NTP.

background

The main characteristic of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR) of the second half of the 20th century. - the transformation of science into the main factor of socio-economic development. Thus, the scientific and technological revolution contributed to the transformation of industrial society into a post-industrial one.

post-industrial society- a society in which science becomes a factor of production, and the predominant type of labor is employment in the service sector (in contrast to the industrial society, which is dominated by work in factories, and pre-industrial, in which agricultural labor prevailed).

These changes were only possible thanks to technical development, which made it possible to replace a person in factories with a machine (automated, computer-controlled production).

Events

1942- created the first atomic reactor in the USA.

1953- studied the molecular structure of DNA, which stores the genetic code. This discovery marked the beginning of the development of genetic engineering.

1957- Launch of the first satellite into space (USSR).

1961- the first manned flight into space (USSR).

1965- the first manned spacewalk (USSR).

1969- manned flight to the moon (USA).

1953- Deciphered the structure of the DNA molecule.

1976- The personal computer appeared.

In the 1960s-1990s. experiments in physics, chemistry, engineering, etc., were particularly successful. Since the 1970s developed at an accelerated pace electronics and computerization. The point was that all the achievements of science were processed in one way or another and served man. Chemistry supplied man with new fabrics, paints and varnishes, etc., physics and engineering - televisions, receivers, etc.

Starting from the 1980s, scientific and technological progress began to take place in a new form. That "revolutionary base" of the 1950s-1970s, which was truly a breakthrough, began to be used to improve and develop the new. So, from primitive huge mobile phones by the beginning of the new millennium, the world came to almost invisible devices (Fig. 2). From powerful computers occupying entire floors to portable gadgets.

Rice. 2. Mobile phones over the past 40 years ()

The main emphasis at the present stage of scientific and technological progress is on the so-called. nanotechnology, new sources of energy, for universal automation, and so on.

The world has entered the era of post-industrial society. This society is characterized by the primacy of high technology, informatization and computerization of all spheres of society. High tech should further facilitate the daily life and work of a person. The Internet has become an integral part of human society. There is a new way to communicate. Human life has practically ceased to be any secret from others. Information society- it's a societyXXIcentury and subsequent centuries (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Information society ()

Coming at present post-industrial society It is characterized not only by universal informatization, but also by the fact that it recognizes a person, or rather, his intellectual abilities, as his main resource. It is scientists, and not the military, that have become more valued at the present stage of human development.

On the other hand, it is impossible not to note the disadvantages of NTP. Science not only began to serve man, but also began to serve the military. It was in the twentieth century that the world "acquainted" with such new types of weapons as the atomic, hydrogen and neutron bomb. There were nuclear weapons. With the development of technology, new types of "killing devices" have appeared.

Thus, scientific and technical progress helps people (although many believe that such help will lead to the final replacement of a person by a machine), and at the same time can destroy him.

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian Word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Describe the information society.

2. How is the NTR different from the NTP? Give examples.

3. Why has intelligence become the main investment in a post-industrial society?

Society and scientific and technological progress

Option 1

The current state of scientific and technological progress is determined by the concept of scientific and technological revolution. Scientific and technological revolutiontion(NTR) is a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of society, its transition to a new state based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

In the scientific and technological revolution, there are two stages

1) 50s - late 70s. 20th century (the main engine of change is automation production processes);

2) the end of the 70s. to the present (the main engine of change is the development of microelectronics, the introduction of computers, the technological revolution, computerization).

The main directions of scientifictechnical revolution:

automation and computerization production;

introduction of the latest infomationtechnologies

development biotechnology;

creation new structural materials;

mastering the latest sources energy;

revolutionary changes in means of communication and connections.

Socio-economic consequencesscientific and technical rerevolutions:

the nature of labor changes in the direction of its complication, youcrowding out the share of simple labor, increasing the requirements for qualifications and education of employees;

increase capital investmentscience and knowledge-intensive industries production;

the social structure of society is changing, the number of people with highereducation;

intensifies social orientation economic growth;

problems are getting worse employment of the population;

environmentally e problems

Option 2

Society and scientific and technological progress

Scientific and technological progress (STP) is an interdependent, progressive development of science and technology, production and consumption. Scientific and technological progress first began to converge in the 16th-18th centuries, when the development of manufacturing, trade, and navigation required the theoretical and experimental solution of practical problems. Since the end of the 18th century, science and technology have finally converged, which determines their interconnected, interdependent further development.

The current stage of scientific and technical progress is characterized by a sharp acceleration of its pace, which gave rise to the introduction of the term "scientific and technological revolution" (NTR). Scientific and technical revolution includes: carrying out fundamental and applied scientific research; bringing their results to practical use in the form of scientific and technical developments, engineering solutions; organization of production new technology; improvement of the organization of production, labor, management; constant technical re-equipment of enterprises.

The scientific and technological revolution has determined such innovations of modern society as integrated automation, computerization, robotization, informatization, radioelectronicization, chemicalization, biologization, genetic engineering, the use of atomic energy, the creation of new materials, etc.

Scientific and technological revolution covers all spheres of society, exerting a huge influence on politics, ideology, international relations, and the development of countries. It involves the expansion of the sphere of human activity, the development of new areas of the biosphere and outer space. The main feature of scientific and technological revolution is the intellectualization of all types of human activities.

However, the scientific and technological revolution is also fraught with serious dangers to public life. According to social scientists, the abuse of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, even under conditions of a certain control over their use, can lead to the creation of a totalitarian technocratic system in which the vast majority of the population will be under the rule of a privileged ruling elite for a long historical period. If the scientific and technological revolution takes the form of an uncontrolled process, then it can lead humanity to a thermonuclear, environmental or social catastrophe.

Thus, science and technology in their development bring not only benefits, but also a threat to man and mankind. This has become a reality today and requires new constructive approaches in the study of the future and its alternatives. Already in today's reality, the prevention of undesirable results and negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution has become an urgent need for humanity as a whole. It offers timely anticipation of specific dangers, coupled with the ability of society to counteract them. The problem of the humanistic use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the interests of society, in the interests of the spiritual enrichment of all mankind, comes to the fore today.

Option 3

The current state of scientific and technological progress is determined by the concept of scientific and technological revolution.
The scientific and technological revolution is a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of society, its transition to a new state based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.
There are two stages in the scientific and technological revolution:
1) 50s - late 70s. 20th century (the main engine of change is the automation of production processes);
2) the end of the 70s. to the present (the main engine of change is the development of microelectronics, the introduction of computers, the technological revolution).
The main directions of the scientific and technological revolution:
1) automation and computerization of production;
2) introduction of the latest information technologies;
3) development of biotechnologies;
4) creation of new structural materials;
5) development of the latest energy sources;
6) revolutionary changes in the means of communication and communications.
Socio-economic consequences of the scientific and technological revolution:
1) the nature of labor is changing in the direction of its complication, the displacement of the share of simple labor, the increase in requirements for the qualifications and education of workers;
2) investments in science and knowledge-intensive industries are increasing;
3) the social structure of society is changing, the number of people with higher education is growing significantly;
4) the social orientation of economic growth is enhanced;
5) the problems of employment of the population are aggravated;
6) environmental problems are rising to their full potential.

The atomistic structure of matter was placed on an experimental basis. First attempts to determine atomic weight. detection of isomerism. Models of molecular structures have been created. Development of synthetic organic chemistry. Creation of the Periodic system of chemical elements.

Founder O. Kont. Its representatives are characterized by admiration for the omnipotence of scientific knowledge. "The Law of Three Stages" 1. Theological 2. Metaphysical 3. Positive. Founder K. Marx. He represented the development of society as a change in socio-economic formations.

The century began as the "age of steam" and ended with the transition to the energy of electricity. Widespread development of medicine. New diagnostic tools. R. Koch Scientific School of Bacteriology Protective vaccinations L. Pasteur Sanitary and hygienic prophylaxis. effective medicines. Nutrition has improved. development of conservation.

Every family has furniture. Displacement of national clothes. Moral debt. Kerosene lamps, electric arc lamps, incandescent lamps. The family has lost the function of a production unit. Women were drawn into production. The feminist movement in the United States has intensified. The dominance of the modern family.

Today, when the century is drawing to a close, we have the opportunity to summarize the results of philosophical and sociological thought and to identify, based on an analysis of the works of philosophers and sociologists, the main factors that determined the course of events and the spiritual atmosphere of the time. This is all the more important because these factors have not lost their effectiveness so far, and the influence of many of them has increased.

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS

The unprecedented progress of science and technology largely determined the unique originality of the 20th century. The consequences of scientific and technological progress can be traced literally in all spheres of life. modern man. It is generally accepted that the development of science and technology in the XX century. showed an unprecedented revolution, as a result of which science became a decisive part of technology, both industrial and any other. Thus, we can talk about technological revolution. The essence of the latter is seen in the large-scale application and dissemination of technologies based on the latest theoretical achievements. The technology itself has become the most valuable product. The current situation, only with a slight exaggeration, can be characterized as follows: “Who owns the most advanced in scientific and technical technology, he owns everything.”

In the XX century. found its full realization the process of transformation of science from the form of knowledge of the laws of the universe into the main means

world transformation based on his knowledge. The position of science today is radically different from previous eras, when the scientist was perceived as a lone eccentric, solving the mysteries of nature with greedy curiosity. modern science research teams (which, however, does not exclude the role of the individual creator), are organized according to universal principles, and everyone is related to technologies and their application. New technologies have radically changed the world of man and the very nature of his being. In addition, they turned human activity into one of the intra-natural factors (for example, into a geological factor), the power of which is comparable, and sometimes exceeds the forces of nature itself. Many natural processes now do not proceed as they could in the absence of human activity. Man has become a geological force on a planetary scale.

At the origins of the technological revolution lay scientific revolution late XIX - early XX century. During this period, a number of outstanding discoveries were made that radically changed the ideas about the laws of nature and the face of science itself. The scientific revolution gave rise to non-classical (post-classical) science, which differs from the previous type of scientific knowledge in a number of essential characteristics. The latter is now perceived as classic.

Classical science arose from the 17th century. It was based on the methods of classical mechanics developed by I. Newton and mathematical natural science in general, based on the achievements of mathematics by R. Descartes, G. Leibniz and others. This type of scientific knowledge assumed a certain picture of the world, which from the standpoint of non-classical (modern) must be recognized as simplified. Let us pay attention to some of its features - this issue will be considered in more detail later.

Firstly, the picture of the world of classical science assumed the dominance in nature of unambiguous and definite laws - dynamic - and paid almost no attention to statistical (probabilistic) laws. Secondly, it was based on the premise of the possibility of complete exclusion (elimination) of the subject, i.e. man, from the object of knowledge - the conceivability of nature in such a way, "as if there were no man." Thirdly, it proceeded from the understanding of man himself as a purely or predominantly rational being - the role of the irrational, dark principle in man was not fully known and was not taken into account. The picture of the world of classical science created the basis for the belief in the achievability of the absolute triumph of scientific reason, the belief that all social and human problems would soon be solved through the development of science. During several centuries of its development, classical science has enriched human thought with a number of brilliant achievements in the most diverse branches of knowledge.

postclassical science did not reject the achievements of scientific classics, although at first it seemed that we are talking about the destruction of the very foundation of the former scientific knowledge. However, it soon became clear that it was necessary to talk about a radical expansion of scientific horizons, about a significant complication scientific picture of the world. From the second half of the XIX century. followed by a series of scientific discoveries that marked the emergence of a new, different from the classical type of scientific knowledge.

One of the first in this series was the creation by J. Maxwell of the theory of the electromagnetic field, which required the introduction of some fundamentally new provisions into the foundations of physics. This was followed by discoveries related to the detection of radioactivity (A. Becquerel, M. Sklodowska-Curie, and others), which later led to the creation of M. Planck's quantum theory. Quantum theory has introduced physics into a peculiar world of elementary particles, the laws of which are striking in their unusualness and strangeness in comparison with the laws of classical physics. The creation by A. Einstein of the theory of relativity, which postulated the constancy of the speed of light and the possibility of accelerating and slowing down the passage of time, strengthened confidence in the unusual (non-classical) theses new science. To this should be added a revision of the foundations of mathematics, which led to the creation of set theory, as well as the development of a new logic, significantly different from that which was laid down by Aristotle and existed without major changes for more than two millennia. New theories made it possible to give a physical interpretation of the non-Euclidean geometry of G. Riemann and N. Lobachevsky, whose ideas cannot but look surprising when compared with the usual geometry of Euclid.

Panorama of scientific achievements of the first decades of the XX century. is not exhausted, of course, by the named discoveries. It is no coincidence that the most extensive literature is devoted to the dramatic events in the scientific world of that time. However, these are enough to draw a conclusion about the novelty and unusualness - non-classical - of the new science. Over the course of subsequent time, these achievements were developed and enriched, comprehended from different angles of view. Soon, many of them brought their practical results, embodied in a variety of technical devices.

By the age of 40 conditions are ripe for the transformation of what was previously only theoretical calculations into material form of technical achievements. This period includes the formation of electronics, which led to the creation of the first computers, the use of radar, remote control and automation, the creation of nuclear weapons and the beginning of work on thermonuclear weapons, the development of projects for the peaceful use of atomic energy, experimental jet aircraft, including those with supersonic speed, the widespread introduction of radio , the first steps of television and much more.

Technological revolution of the XX century. was a continuation and qualitative development of the industrial revolution of the XIX century. The first stage of the technological revolution is associated with automation production processes. Automation has become a fundamentally new step compared to mechanization, which was feature industrial revolution of the past. Mechanization meant the replacement of the muscular energy of man and animals with the energy of machines. Steam and then electric machines back in the 19th century. allowed the creation of a large industry. Automation was the next step on this path. Now a person has got the opportunity not only to use the energy of machines instead of muscular, but also to create and use specific working bodies of machines, largely replacing the human hand. The process of automation went especially intensively after the Second World War, starting from the end of the 1940s and 1950s.

The next step in the technological revolution was informatization. Informatization is associated with the widespread introduction of computers and computer networks in conjunction with perfect means of communication. The computer has become a unique means of automating intellectual activity. If all the previous means of automation concerned only the sphere material labor, facilitated the work of the hands, but not the head, then computer and information technologies directly affected the intellectual sphere. As a result of the changes that have taken place, information capabilities have not only increased many times over, but have become incomparable with the pre-computer era.

The importance of the information revolution was realized in the 70s and 80s. Since that time, the importance of information has sharply increased as a powerful means of influencing social processes and a person. The introduction of satellite communications and other ways of disseminating information dramatically increases the capabilities of radio and television, including their impact on the mass consciousness, and, consequently, on the direction and course of social processes. The struggle for control of the media becomes part of political struggle which is conducted both within the country and in the international arena. However, informatization has made it impossible for individual countries to exist in isolation; the desire to isolate oneself from the processes taking place outside the country has become completely unrealizable.

The brilliant achievements of science and technology have significantly changed the face of the world and man. The consequences of the technological revolution are manifold. It is obvious that technical power has opened up wide opportunities for spiritual development in the most diverse directions. However, as it turns out, technology by itself does not automatically entail progress in the spiritual, moral and cultural fields. Rather, it is the case that scientific and technological achievements are complicating factor spiritual situation, which since the XX century. becomes much more diverse and confusing compared to previous eras. The power of technology raises many acute problems that need to be solved. Suffice it to name the problem of nuclear safety and environmental threat. They are only component a whole range of problems that are well known today.

The social significance of technology is so obvious that it is not disputed by any of the philosophers of the 20th century. Differences between philosophical directions are associated with differences in evaluation this role. Some thinkers assess this role as extremely positive, linking high hopes with the progress of technology. This view should be characterized as technocratic. Another part of thinkers approaches the assessment of the role of technology more cautiously, pointing not only to the advantages created by scientific and technological progress, but also to the dangers. This view should be classified as humanitarian. Representatives of the humanitarian approach express concern not only about the problems generated by scientific and technological progress (such as nuclear and environmental), but mainly about the fact that in the face of technical power, a person is in danger of “losing his own face”. In other words, a person, having believed in the omnipotence of technological achievements, can imperceptibly lose humanitarian values, such as the ability to sympathize and compassion for one's neighbor, the values ​​of goodness and beauty. In this case, there would be a threat dehumanization social, interpersonal relations. This threat is quite real, and its reality can be observed everywhere, including in our country. Therefore, in what follows, we will mainly adhere to the humanitarian approach.

Over the course of the century, waves of technocratic sentiments and expectations arose repeatedly. As a rule, they were associated with a new breakthrough in science and technology. Yes, in the early 1960s. special hopes were placed on automation. A little later - to solve the problem of thermonuclear fusion, which would provide mankind with practically inexhaustible sources of energy. In the 70-80s. hopes for the progress of biological science became popular, promising tempting prospects in the field of genetic engineering and in other directions. It is characteristic that each time the next achievement was perceived as a kind of " lifesaver wand”, like a magic key that opens the door to an instant solution to all problems. Today, some authors place the same hopes on informatization and the computer.

Of particular importance is the fact that technological progress is characterized by the property of fundamental unpredictability their consequences, among which are those that have a negative value. A person, therefore, needs to be in constant readiness in order to be able to respond to the challenges of what he himself has created: the artificial world of technical devices can bring not only benefits, but also cause irreparable damage to humans and the environment.

History of philosophical development of the XX century. testifies to an intense search for answers to the challenges of technology, to the dramatic difficulty of realizing the impending dangers, when instead of a frivolous confidence in the transient and insignificant nature of the difficulties, on the one hand, and a panic fear of negative consequences technical progress - on the other hand, comes a courageous realization of the need for tireless and painstaking work. Hardly any major philosopher of the 20th century left unattended questions of understanding the role of technology. It is obvious that the result of the philosophical understanding of scientific and technological progress, first of all, should be recognized as the understanding of the importance of constant “monitoring” of the negative consequences of the development of science and technology. The task of realizing the danger and developing an adequate response, excluding both the immoderate praise of technology and the curse addressed to it, is not the task of a one-time solution. She gets up again and again, each time as if anew. Each subsequent generation must solve it independently, however, not forgetting the lessons of the past and thinking about the future.

• See, for example: Avdeev R F. Philosophy of Information Civilization. M., 1994.

philosophy psychoanalysis science

New time replaces the Renaissance as a transitional period from feudalism to capitalism. The formation of the capitalist mode of production still nourishes the illusions of Freedom, Equality and Fraternity. The place of the "religion-philosophy" alliance is occupied by the "philosophy-science" tandem. Philosophy is experiencing its finest hour, raising ontological and epistemological, philosophical and methodological problems. But the stake on reason and scientific and technological progress led to the fact that the humanistic anthropocentrism of the Renaissance gives way to a philosophical anthropocentrism of a scientistic nature. In a new capacity, anthropocentrism substantiated the need for industrial methods of mastering nature. The exploitation of nature turned into the exploitation of man, his alienation from everything, from everyone and from himself.

In conditions where the emphasis is placed on science and the development of technology, a person turns into a means of dubious ends. “As a result,” as F. Nietzsche subtly remarked, “God died.” “But even man did not become God,” added F. M. Dostoevsky. Moreover, man lost himself, turned into a public function.

In the XX century. the slavery of capital is replaced by the slavery of the absurd. "Second nature" as a system of intermediaries got out of control and exacerbated global problems. Science has become a hostage to politics. It becomes more and more applied, fulfilling the order of the current moment. The ball is ruled by civilized barbarism, destroying culture and turning the people into a population, into an object of manipulation.

Under these conditions, the traditional opposition of materialism and idealism in philosophy is replaced by philosophical pluralism. Such directions as scientist, activity, anthropological, philosophical and theological and socio-critical are being formed.

Philosophical schools of the scientistic direction develop the philosophical problems of science, shaping the worldview of the scientific and technical intelligentsia and those sections of society that consider scientific and technological progress as the only means of solving the global problems of our time.

Philosophical schools of the activity direction develop socio-political problems of the development of society, forming the worldview of the broad masses of the population, linking their fate with the successful solution of the indicated problems.

Philosophical schools of the anthropological direction cover the philosophical problems of the individual and his relationship to the world, forming the worldview mainly of the humanitarian intelligentsia, as well as those strata that are most acutely experiencing or experiencing the results of human alienation.

Philosophical schools of the religious (theological) direction are associated with a range of issues aimed at substantiating the expediency of religion.

They shape the worldview of believers, as well as all those who hope to find salvation from social and spiritual adversity in religion.

Philosophical schools of the socio-critical direction are focused on the analysis of what is and the design of what should be. They form the worldview of those broad circles of the public who are most acutely experiencing the global problems of our time and are ready to make their own contribution to their solution.

Philosophical pluralism of the 20th century. indicates that humanity is going through a protracted crisis, that non-standard problems that require non-standard solutions, and that the solution to these problems is far beyond the capabilities of classical philosophy.

Irrationalism is a philosophical doctrine that denies rationalism (i.e. opposition to classical philosophy).

The unshakable faith of scientists in the power of human reason and the obligatory nature of social progress was first given by the Great French Revolution (1789 - 1794), which gave rise to terror, a civil war with tens of thousands of human victims. This made many philosophers think about the real possibilities of reason and science and create their own, critical in relation to rationalism, philosophical systems.

The critical transition of the new philosophy played a positive role in the development of philosophical knowledge:

· a critical assessment of rational cognition was given;

its boundaries, the limits of its capabilities were determined;

· the ratio of mental qualities of a person, as well as psychological qualities (will, emotions, feelings, etc.) was studied;

· the spiritual world was considered not in its highest forms, but in terms of experience, practice, in psychological forms.

The new philosophy puts forward a number of bold and new ideas competing with the old classical philosophical system:

1. The idea of ​​studying the life of an individual and the importance of its analysis, the primacy of studying the life of an individual over the study of large human communities (classes, peoples, nations, ethnic groups).

2. Movement from the idea of ​​a free and reasonable person, capable of reshaping nature, society and himself personally, to a person who is rigidly determined by economics, politics, religion, etc. It turned out that a person has not only a mind and consciousness, but also a subconscious.

3. The consciousness and mind of an individual and (more importantly) public consciousness are not understood as an independent structure, but are declared to be subject to manipulation by various forces - the state, party, authorities.

4. The idea of ​​two non-intersecting lines of human knowledge - scientific and philosophical, which have as their product scientific truth, philosophical truth, is being actively promoted.

Irrationalism manifested itself in such currents of Western philosophy as:

philosophy of science;

· existentialism;

· psychoanalysis of Z. Freud;

· some variants of Hermeneutics and Phenomenology;

philosophical mysticism.

The first steps away from rationalism to irrationalism were made by Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche.

The first representative of the philosophy of life was the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). For some time, Schopenhauer worked with Hegel in the philosophy department at the University of Berlin. (Schopenhauer was assistant professor and Hegel was professor.) Interestingly, Schopenhauer made an attempt to teach his philosophy as an alternative course to Hegel's philosophy, and even scheduled his lectures at the same time as Hegel. But Schopenhauer failed and remained without listeners.

Subsequently, from the second half of the 19th century, the glory of Schopenhauer eclipsed the glory of Hegel. The failure of the lectures in Berlin was doubly offensive to Schopenhauer, since he sharply negatively assessed Hegelian philosophy, sometimes calling it the delusions of a paranoid, then the impudent nonsense of a charlatan. Especially unflattering was Schopenhauer's opinion about dialectics, which he considered a cunning technique that masks the absurdity and shortcomings of the Hegelian system.

Schopenhauer's main work is The World as Will and Representation (1819). The title of this work reflects the main ideas of Schopenhauer's teachings. The whole world, from his point of view, is the will to live. The will to live is inherent in all living beings, including man, whose will to live is the most significant, because man is endowed with reason, knowledge. Each individual person has his own will to live - not the same for all people. All other people exist in his view as dependent on the boundless egoism of a person, as phenomena that are significant only from the point of view of his will to live, his interests.

One of his original works was the "Treatise on Love", Schopenhauer believed that love is too serious a phenomenon to be left only to poets. In Schopenhauer's "Treatise" there are many interesting, vivid images arising from his system, for example, love is a strong attraction that occurs between two people of the opposite sex. Attraction, a mysterious force that attracts lovers, is a manifestation of the will of an unborn being, their unborn child - that is, nature “calculates” at the level of organisms of two people that, from a biological point of view, the combination of these organisms will give optimal offspring, and as a result, the energy of mutual attraction of these organisms.

Schopenhauer is usually called one of the founders of irrationalism, meaning by this term all those directions that belittled the role of a rational, conscious person in human behavior. According to the views of supporters of some philosophical schools, irrationalism is a negative phenomenon.