Problems of technological leadership in the oil industry. Rosneft has strengthened its technological leadership in the Russian oil and gas industry
In the event of an accident, it is necessary first of all to free the victim from the traumatic factor and immediately begin to provide first aid to the victim. Call for medical assistance or deliver the victim to the nearest medical facility and report this to the immediate supervisor. Assistance sequence:
- eliminate the effect of damaging areas on the body (take it out of the gassed area, free it from the action of electric current, extinguish burning clothes, remove it from water, etc.);
- assess the condition of the victim, determine the nature and severity of the injury (conscious or unconscious, pulse, etc.);
- perform a set of measures to save the victim in order of urgency (restore airway patency, perform artificial respiration, external heart massage, stop bleeding, apply a bandage, immobilize the fracture/dislocation site);
- maintain the vital functions of the victim until the arrival of paramedics;
- call an ambulance, or take measures to transport the victim to the nearest medical facility. In case of poisoning with hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, before the doctor arrives, the victim should be quickly removed (taken out) from the gassed area to fresh air or to a ventilated room, it is convenient to lay down, free from tight clothing, warm, clean the mouth and throat. If the victim is unconscious, then it is necessary to give him a sniff of ammonia, drink strong tea or coffee, take measures so that the victim does not fall asleep.
- the skin is pale, insensitive, sometimes very reddened;
- the appearance of blisters filled with a cloudy liquid;
- necrosis of the skin throughout its thickness. Fabrics to the touch "stone";
- damage to all soft tissues down to the bone.
- Burns occur when exposed to high temperature(flame, hot or burning liquid, incandescent objects), sunlight, thermal radiation, ionizing radiation, electric current, chemicals. Although burns mainly affect the skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue, their effect is reflected throughout the body. There are the following degrees of burns:
- redness and swelling of the skin;
- the formation of blisters filled with a yellowish liquid;
- necrosis of all layers of the skin and the formation of a dense crust - a burn scab;
- necrosis and charring of all layers of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, bones.
- In case of acid damage, the burnt places are abundantly watered with a solution of baking soda or soapy water. After that, the burn surfaces are covered with soda powder and bandaged.
- In case of alkali damage, the burns are poured with a stream of water with the addition of 1 ... -2% solution of acetic or citric acid (lemon juice). After treatment, the affected surfaces are bandaged. The duration of treatment with water is at least 15-20 minutes, and after a delay - up to 30-40 minutes.
Abstract
Introduction
1. OBJECTIVES, GENERAL RULES AND PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID
2. INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE INJURED. SAFE POSITION.
3. FIRST AID FOR EMERGENCIES
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
ATTACK OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
HYPERVENTILATION
ANGINA
HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
epileptic seizure
HYPOGLYCEMIA
POISONING
4. FIRST AID FOR BREATHING STOPS AND BLOOD CIRCULATION
ARTIFICIAL LUNG VENTILATION
AIRWAY CLOSED WITH A FOREIGN BODY
INDIRECT HEART MASSAGE AND CARDIO-PULMONARY REANIMATION
5. FIRST AID FOR WOUNDS, INJURIES, BURNS, THERMAL AND SOLAR
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL BLEEDING
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
INTERNAL BLEEDING
WAYS TO STOP EXTERNAL BLEEDING
INJURIES, STRAINTS, DISTRUCTIONS
WOUNDS OF THE HEAD, IN THE REGION OF THE CHEST AND ABDOMINAL WOUNDS OF THE HEAD
PENETRATING WOUND OF THE CHEST
WOUNDS TO THE ABDOMEN
BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE
BONE FRACTURES
FRACTURES OF THE JAW
FRACTURE OF THE CLAVE
FRACTURE OF HAND AND FINGERS
FRACTURES OF THE SHOULDER AND FOREARM
FRACTURE OF THE ELBOW JOINT
RIB FRACTURES
FRACTURES OF THE LOWER LIMB
FRACTURE OF THE SPINE
FRACTURE OF PELVIC BONES
CRANIO-BRAIN INJURIES
SKULL FRACTURE
CONCUSSION
COMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN
PRESSURE DAMAGE
HEAT AND SOLAR STROKE
Frostbite and hypothermia
Introduction
The training manual brought to your attention is intended for OBZH teachers and contains the main provisions of first aid according to the standards Russian Federation and St John Ambulance one of the largest English organizations specializing in first aid. The allowance is designed for people who do not have special medical education. Nevertheless, the importance of knowledge and the ability to provide first aid is very high, since often for the first time minutes after the incident, the fate of the injured person is decided.
Students usually say to the teacher:
"Why do we need to know this? There are doctors and an ambulance. It hurts me to mess around on the street with various drunkards and homeless people."
This is mainly due to the holy confidence in one's own invulnerability and the superstitious hope that if one does not think about misfortune, then it will not happen. The easiest answer is:
1. Knowledge and skills do not interfere with life, but they can come in handy at any time. "God saves man, who save himself".
2. An ambulance arrives within 10-20 minutes. The brain in the absence of oxygen dies in 3-5 minutes.
3. If you don't want to help strangers, that's up to you. But there are a lot of normal people around, including your friends and relatives. It's great if you don't need your knowledge. And if needed?
In our city, a car hit a boy who was crossing the street with his father. The father received several bruises, and the boy lost consciousness, he started bleeding from the nose. Due to the fact that he was lying on his back, the blood flowing down the larynx caused a reflex stop of breathing and, despite the crowd around, the boy died. If he had just been turned on his side, he would have remained alive. But no one knew or knew how to do this.
It is possible that these skills will be needed only once in a lifetime. But maybe you'll save your own life loved one?
1. OBJECTIVES, GENERAL RULES AND PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID
first aid goals.
1. save a person's life
2. prevent further deterioration.
3. enable further treatment. First aid is provided before the arrival of a qualified medical care right at the scene of the incident. It consists of very simple actions and manipulations. But the immediacy of first aid often has a decisive influence on the situation. All the power of a modernly equipped multidisciplinary hospital can be useless if time has been lost.
General rules first aid.
1. Assess the situation and determine:
What happened?
What is the reason for what happened?
How many victims?
Is there a threat to you and the victims?
Is it possible to get someone to help?
Should I call an ambulance?
2. If the danger persists, it must be eliminated, or the victim must be evacuated with the utmost care.
Turn off the electric current in case of an electrical injury, stop traffic on the road in case of an accident, etc. The main thing is not to increase the number of victims by becoming one of them. Example: a woman with a boy was shot down on Leninsky Prospekt in the evening. The driver rushed to the victims to provide assistance, not taking care of his own safety. The next car crippled him and finished off the victims. This is very important rule.
3. If possible, determine the nature of the injury or the cause of the sudden illness. In this case, an accurate diagnosis is not required, especially if you do not have a medical education. It is important to identify life-threatening conditions - for example, bleeding, shock, lack of breathing and heartbeat, etc. If there are several victims, determine the order of care, starting with the one who is life-threatening.
4. Perform a first aid. If necessary, involve others in this. (You will have to organize them by sending, for example, someone to get help, others to secure the scene, someone smarter to help with CPR, and so on.)
5. Deliver the victim to medical institution or call an ambulance. A list of conditions under which this is necessary is given later in the manual. Before calling an ambulance, determine for yourself what you want to say. It is most convenient to speak according to the principle "what where When". The address of the scene must be correct. It is important to clearly explain how to drive up. It's annoying when precious time is wasted looking for a detour, a house with a ridiculous numbering, or the right apartment.
6. Write down the time of the incident, the cause and nature of the accident (illness), and what you did while providing assistance. This will be useful for those who continue the treatment.
7. Before the arrival of an ambulance, monitor the condition of the victim (or victims), monitoring breathing and pulse. It is useful to talk with the victim, to explain to him your actions. This makes sense even if you are not sure that you are being heard and understood.
8. Don't do what you don't know.
(Example: a frightened friend tried to do a tracheotomy to a choking drinking companion, about which he heard something. Instead of dissecting the trachea in a well-defined place, he cut the carotid artery.)
Don't try to be God at all.
(Example: two miners in the city of Kiviõli saw a motorcyclist drive into a tree. They ran to help and realized that he was unconscious and his head was turned 180 degrees. They decided to put it in its place. Something collapsed, the victim went limp. Here zealous rescuers made sure that the guy just put on the jacket back to front so that the wind did not blow under the buttons, and his head was not twisted at all before the assistance.)
The scope of information set forth in this study guide sufficient to provide effective assistance. If, if necessary, you do everything as recommended, then nothing more will be required.
First aid priorities.
A person can live up to 30 days without food, up to 2 weeks without water. Without oxygen for several minutes.
The most finely organized cells die first. So the cells of the cerebral cortex die before all the others.
Depending on a number of conditions - external temperature, the state of the body, etc., from the moment the oxygen supply to the cells of the cerebral cortex is stopped until they die, it takes from 3 to 10 minutes.
Therefore, the main task of first aid is to prevent the interruption of oxygen supply.
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems provide oxygen to the cells of the body.
The respiratory system begins with the nose, where the inhaled air is purified and warmed. Further through the nasopharynx, air enters the larynx, passes through the glottis, then ...
There is always something going on in the Old Town of Vilnius. Here, magic hats fall on the heads of sad passers-by, mermaids quarrel with werewolves, dreams have fun parties, ghosts start real estate scams, cats sometimes turn into fire kites, thunder cakes are served in cafes, and the number of streets is constantly changing - when we began to tell these stories, there were 108 of them, and now there are more than two dozen more.
It means that we will have to write the sixth volume.
Max Fry
Tales of Old Vilnius V
Arklu street
(Arklių g.)
Alumni meeting
When Eustace stepped onto the platform, the clock on the scoreboard showed 22:22. But Eustace did not pay attention to the beautiful coincidence, only noted with slight annoyance that he must have arrived before everyone else. It hasn't even started to get dark yet.
I wonder, he thought mockingly, where did I come from? Judging by the brand new sign on the bright red carriage he had just left, it appeared that he was from Minsk. Okay, let's assume. Let it be.
Eustace was about to go to the exit, but after taking a few steps, he stopped, realizing that he, like the rest of the passengers, would have to check his documents. It was completely inopportune: Eustace had not been getting along with official documents since his student days. It would seem, what could be easier than a passport? However, Eustace managed to confuse not only the color of the cover, but even the size of the document. Not to mention the phantasmagorical dates of birth and names that appeared at his whim in the corresponding column. Gaguumap Byrguran, Oitoyolki Manyanya Trupadirual, Vindermurmunius Susipusianski, Klyukhtoyopi Overturings Dydymts - these and other innovative discoveries of Eustace invariably amused his friends, but the nerves of the border guards still had to be preserved.
No, to hell with him, Eustace decided.
Looked around. Of course, there are a lot of people, but everyone rushed to the exit at a run to be the first in line for passport control. That's good.
A second later, there was no Eustace on the platform, and a gust of warm summer wind picked up a multi-colored candy wrapper and carried it towards the station square, where cunning Vilna taxi drivers languished in anticipation of customers.
Bianca entered the city on foot, from the direction of Utena. She was dressed in a scarlet evening gown that consisted mostly of cutouts and slits, but she had a large backpack slung on her back, and a wreath of large purple thistles, which, strictly speaking, had not yet come into bloom, adorned her blond head.
She walked so easily and swiftly, as if she were shod in comfortable sneakers, and not in sandals with high heels. But the fact remains: Bianchi's feet were shiny bright red sandals, more suitable for a triumphant performance in a strip club than for long walks. However, looking closer, an attentive observer would have noticed that she was walking without touching the ground.
However, there were no observers around - neither attentive, nor absent-minded, none at all. On the night from Sunday to Monday, even the city center almost dies out, there is nothing to say about the outskirts. It was a good idea to set the date for the meeting. You may not be very careful to follow the rules of conduct in locality and still not scare anyone.
Forneus never came or came anywhere, he just suddenly found himself in the lobby of some restaurant; so, right off the bat, and you can’t figure out whether you were going to go in, or vice versa, to go out. His doubts were resolved by the waiter, who sympathetically said: "Sorry, we're already closing."
Forneus shrugged his shoulders indifferently - they say, okay, as you say. And he went out into the street, where it was such a sweet, warm summer night, soaked through with the intoxicating aroma of blooming lindens and river algae, that he involuntarily wondered: why did I not return here for so long? Oh well, we can't.
He squinted at his reflection in the display glass, almost burst out laughing out of surprise: what a sight I have! A short, bald man with protruding ears, glasses with glasses so thick that the eyes behind them look like pale blobs of blue misty jelly. A real hero-lover, you will not say anything. I can still dress up for parties. How few.
Before parking, Sibylle looked at the blue sign with the parking rules for a while, finally realizing that the Roman numerals I-VI depicted next to the symbolic coins meant that parking was free on Sundays. And today is Sunday. And be him Sunday for about half an hour. Not that it really mattered, but Sybil tried never to break the rules over the smallest things, much less by accident or oversight. Misbehavior. If we break the rules, then consciously and on a large scale. This, at least, is chic.
I left the key in the ignition - if someone wants to use it, good luck. If the thief is lucky, this luxurious, golden, Indiana Jones dream car will keep its seductive shape until dawn. And what he will turn into then, - Sybil grinned maliciously, - even I better not know.
The bright yellow suitcase was very surprised when it was removed from the conveyor. What's all this going on? What a brazen kidnapping! I'm not yours! I'm nothing at all!
But the misunderstanding was immediately resolved, a sonorous girlish voice said: "Oh! This is not mine. Wow, I thought no one else has yellow ones."
However, the owner of the sonorous voice did not return the suitcase back to the conveyor, she simply put it on the floor.
Being a suitcase on the floor was boring as hell. I do not play this way! Aglaya was completely offended. She turned into a full middle-aged lady with two weighty purses and heavily, waddled to the exit. Of course, it is not good to perform such tricks in front of strangers. But, firstly, they are not in the mood now, staring at the transporters while waiting for their luggage. And secondly, they are to blame. Don't let me ride! she thought indignantly.
Aglaya left her wallets right at the entrance to the arrival hall, pretending to step aside for a minute to look at the bus schedule. A successful element of the chosen image, who would argue. But dragging them around the city - no, thank you! What more.
For some time, Jiddu looked at his hands with interest - large, like a blacksmith's, in black velvet gloves. A massive ring flaunted on the little finger of the left, the role of a gem was played by a pink faceted cork from a glass decanter. This would look great on the theater stage - if, of course, you look from somewhere in the box, and not from the front rows.
However, when you are a passenger on the last night trolley bus heading to the depot, and at the same time dressed in a satin pajama jacket, bicycle shorts and a beekeeper's hat with a net-veil, you probably shouldn't find fault with your jewelry too much. As best he could, he decorated himself. Say thank you for not hanging a necklace of rabbit skulls around your neck.
Luckily, the trolleybus was completely empty. Or, conversely, annoying? In the depths of his soul, Jiddu was aware that, of course, the latter. Wow, he remained exactly the same fool as he was in his student days! And for some reason, that's just damn nice. Didn't expect it at all.
Injury- this is any damage to the body under the influence of external factors.
Injuries are different, depending on what caused the damage:
High temperatures - burns;
Low temperatures - frostbite;
A blow with a heavy or dense object, a fall - fractures and bruises;
Sudden movements - sprains and dislocations.
sharp objects and technical devices- injuries.
You can face injuries at home and at work, in public and private transport, in the city and on a picnic.
How to recognize trauma?
Victim's complaints about pain at the site of injury.
- "Incorrect" position of the injured limb.
Limited mobility at the site of injury.
The difference between the healthy half of the body and the damaged half.
Bleeding.
If you suspect an injury, it is better to overdo it and help than to leave the victim and pass by indifferently.
1.1. First aid for a fracture
Signs of broken bones:
- Pain- increases at the fracture site under load. For example, when tapping on the heel, pain will sharply increase with a fracture of the lower leg, when you try to raise your arm, the pain becomes unbearable with a fracture in any part of the arm.
-
Edema- occurs in the area of damage, as a rule, not immediately. 
- Bruise(hematoma) - appears in the fracture area (often not immediately).
- Impaired function of the injured limb - the impossibility of loading the damaged part of the body and a significant limitation of mobility. For example, the victim cannot stand up on his own and lean on the injured limb or cannot breathe deeply if the ribs are broken.
-
Shape change limbs. If the bones have shifted during a fracture, then the damaged area will also have an unusual shape. 
- Unnatural position limbs. The victim himself cannot change the position of the limb or torso due to a fracture and be in the position in which the fracture occurred, this position is very often unnatural, which in itself is one of the causes of the fracture.
-
Pathological mobility(with incomplete fractures it is not always determined) - the limb is mobile in the place where there is no joint. 
- Crepitus(a kind of crunch) - felt under the arm at the fracture site, sometimes heard by the ear.
- bone fragments- with an open fracture, they can be seen in the wound.
The main task - immobilize the injured limb or area.
Any movement of a broken bone can lead to pain shock, loss of consciousness and damage to surrounding tissues - blood vessels, nerves, muscles.
The victim must not be moved, asked to sit or stand, or vice versa, lie down.
FIX IN THE POSITION IN WHICH YOU FOUND! If the victim complains of severe pain after a fall or blow, which becomes stronger with any movement and even when touched, there is no need to guess what kind of injury he has - you just need to immobilize the limb and call an ambulance.
DO NOT PRESSURE ON THE PLACE OF INJURY WITH HANDS, TURN OR BEND ARM OR LEGS! This can lead to even more injury!
For transportation, the victim must be splinted to prevent the movement of broken bones - but it is best to leave this matter to the doctors. First, they will administer pain medication first. Secondly, they will be able to apply the splint more painlessly and competently. If the doctors cannot arrive quickly, and the victim complains of severe pain or is agitated and tries to move on his own, a splint will still have to be done.
The tire can be made from any auxiliary material (stick, rods, boards, skis, cardboard, straw bundles, etc.).
Standard Helpers
Stair Board
Mesh Stick
Plywood Umbrella
Pneumatic Ski
Plastic Shovel
When applying a tire, the following rules must be observed:
The tire is always superimposed on at least two joints (above and below the fracture site), i.e. it must be long enough for this;
The tire is not superimposed on the naked part of the body (it is necessary to put cotton wool, gauze, clothes, etc. under it);
The overlay tire should not hang out; it must be attached firmly and securely; If the victim has an open fracture (bleeding injury with a bone fragment in the wound) - it is necessary to make a pressure bandage above the wound and / or tourniquet, without waiting for the doctors. Because blood loss can be more serious trouble than a fracture.
Moreover, protruding bones should not be set into the depth of the wound!
To alleviate the condition of the victim, you can apply above the injury site or around the wound, around the fracture site, cold to reduce swelling. You can give the patient a drink of water or warm tea, cover him with a blanket, blanket, jacket, etc. Assistance scheme:
With a broken arm
In case of a fracture of the shoulder, collarbone, scapula In case of fractures of the shoulder girdle, a small roller should be placed under the armpit, and the arm should be hung with a bandage or scarf and tied to the body. The victim is transported in a sitting position. 
With a broken finger In case of fractures of the finger, it must be tightly bandaged to the adjacent healthy finger.
For a broken leg:
Tie the injured leg to the healthy leg above and below the fracture.
Or, if it is not possible to transport the victim in the prone position, apply a splint covering at least two joints of the leg.
The main splint is placed on the back of the leg to prevent joint flexion.
In case of a hip fracture, the splint is applied to the waist and bandaged to the waist.
When a rib is broken 
Because the main task in case of a fracture is to immobilize broken bones, and the ribs usually move with breathing, then it is necessary to apply a pressure bandage to the chest. Thus, a person will breathe with the help of the abdominal muscles and it will not be so painful for him to breathe. In the absence of sufficient bandages, the chest is tightly wrapped with a sheet, towel, scarf, or other large piece of cloth. No need to talk to the victim - it hurts him to talk. Do not let the person lie down as sharp fragments of ribs can damage internal organs. Transport with a fracture of the ribs in a sitting position. 
With a fracture of the pelvic bones Pelvic fractures are often accompanied by damage to internal organs, bleeding and shock. It is necessary to give the victim a position in which there is a minimum of pain. Usually, this is lying on your back with a roller under your feet. In this case, the hips are somewhat divorced to the sides. The roller can be made from a pillow, clothes or any material that has turned up. Transport b
olnogo is made on a solid board. 
First aid manual
Introduction
The training manual brought to your attention is intended for OBZH teachers and contains the main provisions of first aid according to the standards Russian Federation and St John Ambulance is one of the largest first aid organizations in the UK. The allowance is designed for people who do not have special medical education. Nevertheless, the importance of knowledge and the ability to provide first aid is very high, since often for the first time minutes after the incident, the fate of the injured person is decided.
Students usually say to the teacher:
"Why do we need to know this? There are doctors and an ambulance. It hurts me to mess around on the street with various drunkards and homeless people."
This is mainly due to the holy confidence in one's own invulnerability and the superstitious hope that if one does not think about misfortune, then it will not happen. The easiest answer is:
1. Knowledge and skills do not interfere with life, but they can come in handy at any time. "God saves man, who save himself".
2. An ambulance arrives within 10-20 minutes. The brain in the absence of oxygen dies in 3-5 minutes.
3. If you don't want to help strangers, that's up to you. But there are a lot of normal people around, including your friends and relatives . It's great if you don't need your knowledge. And if needed?
In our city, a car hit a boy who was crossing the street with his father. The father received several bruises, and the boy lost consciousness, he started bleeding from the nose. Due to the fact that he was lying on his back, the blood flowing down the larynx caused a reflex stop of breathing and, despite the crowd around, the boy died. If he had just been turned on his side, he would have remained alive. But no one knew or knew how to do this.
It is possible that these skills will be needed only once in a lifetime. But maybe you will save the life of your closest person?
1. OBJECTIVES, GENERAL RULES AND PRIORITIES OF FIRST AID
first aid goals.
1. save a person's life
2. prevent further deterioration.
3. enable further treatment. First aid is provided before the arrival of qualified medical assistance right at the scene of the incident. It consists of very simple actions and manipulations. But the immediacy of first aid often has a decisive influence on the situation. All the power of a modernly equipped multidisciplinary hospital can be useless if time has been lost.
General rules for first aid.
1. Assess the situation and determine:
What happened?
What is the reason for what happened?
How many victims?
Is there a threat to you and the victims?
Is it possible to get someone to help?
Should I call an ambulance?
2. If the danger persists, it must be eliminated, or the victim must be evacuated with the utmost care.
Turn off the electric current in case of an electrical injury, stop traffic on the road in case of an accident, etc. The main thing is not to increase the number of victims by becoming one of them. Example: a woman with a boy was shot down on Leninsky Prospekt in the evening. The driver rushed to the victims to provide assistance, not taking care of his own safety. The next car crippled him and finished off the victims. This is a very important rule.
3. If possible, determine the nature of the injury or the cause of the sudden illness. In this case, an accurate diagnosis is not required, especially if you do not have a medical education. It is important to identify life-threatening conditions - for example, bleeding, shock, lack of breathing and heartbeat, etc. If there are several victims, determine the order of care, starting with the one who is life-threatening.
4. Perform a first aid. If necessary, involve others in this. (You will have to organize them by sending, for example, someone to get help, others to secure the scene, someone smarter to help with CPR, and so on.)
5. Take the victim to a medical facility or call an ambulance. A list of conditions under which this is necessary is given later in the manual. Before calling an ambulance, determine for yourself what you want to say. It is most convenient to speak according to the principle "what where When". The address of the scene must be correct. It is important to clearly explain how to drive up. It's annoying when precious time is wasted looking for a detour, a house with a ridiculous numbering, or the right apartment.
6. Write down the time of the incident, the cause and nature of the accident (illness), and what you did while providing assistance. This will be useful for those who continue the treatment.
7. Before the arrival of an ambulance, monitor the condition of the victim (or victims), monitoring breathing and pulse. It is useful to talk with the victim, to explain to him your actions. This makes sense even if you are not sure that you are being heard and understood.
8. Don't do what you don't know.
(Example: a frightened friend tried to do a tracheotomy to a choking drinking companion, about which he had heard something. Instead of dissecting the trachea in a well-defined place, he cut the carotid artery.)
Don't try to be God at all.
(Example: two miners in the city of Kiviõli saw a motorcyclist drive into a tree. They ran to help and realized that he was unconscious and his head was turned 180 degrees. They decided to put it in its place. Something collapsed, the victim went limp. Here zealous rescuers made sure that the guy just put on the jacket back to front so that the wind would not blow under the buttons, and his head was not twisted at all before assistance.)
The amount of information presented in this training manual is sufficient for effective assistance. If, if necessary, you do everything as recommended, then nothing more will be required.
First aid priorities.A person can live up to 30 days without food, up to 2 weeks without water. Without oxygen for several minutes.
The most finely organized cells die first. So the cells of the cerebral cortex die before all the others.
Depending on a number of conditions - external temperature, the state of the body, etc., from the moment the oxygen supply to the cells of the cerebral cortex is stopped until they die, it takes from 3 to 10 minutes.
Therefore, the main task of first aid is to prevent the interruption of oxygen supply.
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems provide oxygen to the cells of the body.
The respiratory system begins with the nose, where the inhaled air is purified and warmed. Then, through the nasopharynx, the air enters the larynx, passes through the glottis, then into the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and, finally, into the alveoli, where oxygen is exchanged into the blood, carbon dioxide from blood. When you exhale, carbon dioxide is removed from the body. Inhalation is performed actively, with the help of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. Exhalation is passive and requires no effort on the part of a person.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a hollow muscular organ that acts as a pump, pumping blood through all the vessels of the human body. Normal heart rate is 60-80 times per minute. In size, the heart, as a rule, corresponds to a clenched fist of a person, the mass of the heart is 200-400 grams. The minute volume of blood circulation (MOV) at rest is about 5 liters of blood.
Blood circulates in a closed cycle consisting of two circles.
The pulmonary circulation pumps blood through the lungs, where it gets rid of carbon dioxide and is saturated with oxygen. Then the blood passes through a large circle, supplying the tissues of the whole body with oxygen and taking away carbon dioxide, after which it again passes through a small circle, and so on. The explanation is simplified as much as possible. The bloodstream consists of large vessels that help the heart pump blood from the arteries (the walls of the arteries are very dense and strong, they do not collapse when injured.), Smaller ones - arterioles that pass into capillaries, very thin vessels. At the level of capillaries, the process of gas exchange takes place. Then the blood passes into the venules, from where it enters the veins.
The functioning of these systems (respiratory and cardiovascular) is vital. Therefore, first of all, you need to take care of their smooth operation.
Oxygen enters the body through the respiratory tract. It is very important that they are free.
