Working conditions and prospects for the development of agriculture. The main trends in the development of agriculture in the world economy

Tsyngueva V.V. Current state Agriculture Russia / V.V. Tsyngueva, E.Yu. Zavalnyuk, A.I. Ageenko, Yu.E. Bessonova // Economics and business: theory and practice. - 2016. - No. 5. - S. 196-201.

CURRENT STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN RUSSIA

A.I. Ageenko, master student

Yu.E. Bessonova, undergraduate

E.Yu. Zavalnyuk, Senior Lecturer

V.V. Tsyngueva, Senior Lecturer

Novosibirsk State Agrarian University

(Novosibirsk, Russia)

Annotation. Basic task economic development country is modernization , increasing the competitiveness of agricultural production. The article considers s state of the artRussian agricultureat the present stage, the relevance of improving the efficiency of the domestic agro-industrial complex, features Russian agriculture.

Keywords: efficiency, agricultural production, state n regulation, import substitution, state program.

Agriculture is prior and branch of the Russian economy, as it allows to provide food about volitional security of the country. V n a standing tense russian economy a walks in a crisis. An important task for the economy about of Russia is the active development of its own agricultural about industrial complex that can compete with the world-class agro-industrial complex [ 1 ]. Agriculture about accounts for more than 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of Russia's national income, and concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets.

Low level of developmentRussian agriculture communications n with essence common problems:

- in High fuel prices that make it impossible for highly profitable agricultural production about induction;

- in high interest rates on loans(15 – 25 % ) due to uncertainty in the return of loans;

- in high customs duties on agricultural machinery and and domestic market from dumping about output deliveries food products from abroad;

– system imperfection taxation;

- with social problems of rural residents e lei: it is necessary to build housing in the countryside, improvesocial conditions for peasants [ 2 ] .

From point of view Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, preChairman of the Central Council of RUSO V.S. Shevelukha, " Further development of the country, as well as the achievement of food security with The viability and independence of the state largely depend on overcoming such obstacles. H a the time has come when we need to save not only agricultural about the consumer, but also the consumer of food from wild price hikes, from low-quality products, from destructive force“ with a seagoing economy” . It must be admitted that the reform of the 1990s led to the dispossession of peasants from land, distorted land use, and destroyed technical e village equipment, created h at food commodities and bridge from foreign capital. village n e need to be saved from complete annihilation e niya. The fate of the village and sieve on the relationship of power to the peasant, but on his survival depend well-being and without about the security of the whole country."

The main paradox of the current and tuations in Russian agriculture I is that in the presence of sufficient a passes of natural and technogenic resources for h food production within the country in full needs pha tic it production isonly half of what is needed. The second half of the products and Tanya is imported from abroad. As a result of ongoing osh and side, agrarian and other reforms imposed on our country from the outside, Russia lost I la your food without about danger and approached the line of the coming famine and a national catastrophe.

In nasto current time efficiency issuesefficiency of the domestic agro-industrial complex and get everything greater relevance. On the one hand, this is due to the presence of h vein-climatic potential for the production of own agricultural th natural raw materials and production about potential for recycling. On the other hand, the difficult foreign policy conditions associated with the introduction of relations e research institutes of Russia near foreign stations ran s personal political and fifinancial and economic sanctions, a push and to strengthen their own food ve n noah security of Russia. The foregoing fully applies to one of the well the most important areas of agriculture- Well, here's the news. All the troubles of animal husbandry are attributed to the decline in livestock, and agriculture from the enterprise to you fulfill for the peasants not an economic, but rather a social role. There is an opinion that animal husbandry, like agriculture, in Russian conditions- a risky business e division. But it's not just the cost, it's also the a rational use of resources, with outdated equipment and technologies. For example, labor productivity in Russian animal husbandry is at least twice as low as in developed countries. Western countries. M about The disproportion between the real cost of raw milk and the purchase prices of dairies for it also prevents dairy farms from working. Today there is a price dictate of trade over the lane. is an employee and the processor above the village economic producer.

Raise e agricultural efficiency properties, intensities fication animal dstva, increase An increase in the volume of livestock production is possible only under conditions of sustainable production d stva high-quality and various forages. AT modern conditions promotion e slowing down the pace of development of public and breeding is largely dependent on the about rhenium scientific and technological progress a, and n intensive implementation of achievements science and t technique, excellence, postyannogo improvement of methods of organization a production, labor, management, industrial relations, i.e. e. from all si topics of reference bellyinnovation industries [ 4 ].

Establishing a rational organization a fodder productiondstva on the modern floor but ne vivi sieves from solving a large number of technological, organizational and about socio-economic problems. Wa well The importance and urgency of solving these problems are determined by the aggravation of the existing­ previously existing in the animal industry about management of disproportions between the availability and needs of animal husbandry in feed [ 5 ].

Grain production is traditionally the basis of all food production. about th complex and the largest reflection with lew agriculture. Russia is located provides excellent conditions for production d properties of hard and strong grades of wheat e Nitsy in the Volga region, in the Southern Urals, in the North Caucasus.At the expense of bread products 35–38% daily on demand human nutrition in food, 40–50% in protein and carbohydrates. C ythe consumption of grain for pr o exodus the quality of livestock products its share in the energy content a Research Institute of Food Ratspopulation ion composition is 50–60% [6].

It is necessary to move from words to deeds in the regulation of state support well ki agriculture on specific n a activity boards.

In the USA and the vast majority of countries around the world consistently use financial support for farmers and other stewards of the earth. Omain tools we are soft loans, issuance of subsidies for scientific research, m pension loss from natural disasters payment for a new equipment and new technologies, etc.In the USA it applies to 30 different hours ny types of material and technical d holdings of farmers and other about business. In Russia, only 2 billion rubles have been allocated from the federal budget for these purposes, but even those are used inefficiently. At the expense of budgetary funds, the losses of manufacturers of agricultural machinery are covered, and they are obliged to sell such machinery with n e a big discount off the price they set themselves [ 7 ]. In developed and developing countries to help farmers with side of the state isup to 90%. On average, she holds and waving in the world at the level of 50% of the total a spending on agricultural production n products. The Russian government can and should take upon itself the solution of the main financial issue: due to r e price regulation completely solve the problem about the problem of eliminating disparity in the villages b agricultural and industrial production . This is the root question and the main mechanism for expressingunderstanding economic conditionsagricultural production dstva .

Russian scientists have been proving and convincing for decades the government of the country in need willingness to take such a step. F. Roosevelt in years great crisis(1929 – 1933 ) solved this problem to the law on dative order. She turned out home for recovery prodovo the provision of the country.

To everyone who happens to be in villages and villages with e modern Russia, rush in the eyes of the extreme neglect of the village, agriculture, the entire infrastructure, poverty and hopelessness, the squalor of housing, at the solution of livestock complexes, d about horn and production pos triples. Os o very heavy picture formed in heaven onakh Central N e chernozem zones in Siberia and the Far East. Many d about horns, schools, medical, domestic and cool b tourist institutions in the countryside came to the a doc. Special signs of their ma with staff recovery and development is not observed t sya. Only units are put in order and fixed point objects, taken under control of only 5% of the total number of such objects in the industry.

Historical experience is convincing d stated that numerous solution attempts old and new problems of the village- consolidation and disaggregation of farms, the introduction of about the latest systems of agriculture and land reclamation,technological refurbishment u zhenie agricultural enterprises and activities, sending managers and specialists from industrial enterprises to the countryside d acceptances, the introduction of cost accounting and others about organizational and technological measures about house of the "main link"- had a positive effect only on t specific performance indicators of agricultural enterprises within limited territories about riy. Large-scale, nationwide indicators of the country's agricultural development remained low or very low. For duration th period in post-war only twice- after the September Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1953) and execution Prod o free program (1980– 1985), to where for agriculture were singled out and n investment in the amount of 25% of the total investment in the national economy of the country, pr about there was a noticeable increase in the rate of gross output of agricultural products b economy. Mobilization plans and the comprehensive use of significantly increased investment volumes a significant positive results.

It must be clearly understood that agriculture is different from other sectors and sectors of the national economy. about miki with two features.

First, it is absolutely non-monopoly b naya industry. In the classic agro-industry n ny complex is divided into three areas: about production of agricultural machinery, fertilizers, Maintenance; livestock and crop production and, n a end, food and nprocessing pr about thinking. Such a number of hosts t leading actors in any sector a there is no rational economy.

Secondly, to a large extent with infantry in the agro-industrial complex and sieves from the agro-climatic factor, in zn a to a considerable degree beyond the control of people about century, and from the so-called biological cycles. If you were born today e lochka, then after 18 months she will become a heifer of random age - it will be possible to bring a bull to it. She will become heifer - need to wait another nine months; on then she will become a cow and give the first t about boiled products- milk. Three years passin order to recoup the costs. In this regard, let's say your milk prices have fallen - and you have nowhere to put it. But if the cow is not milked once - she needs to be taken to a meatpacking plant, where she will be killed in thirty seconds. And this is after three years of work..

Let us turn to the state policy of price regulation. The main profit is settling t in the field of processing and distribution at tsiya. X farms need not so much I am my dot a tion how much consistent price policy and available, debt about term loans to develop and m about screw up production. At present, the total amount of accounts payable l the amount of money is about 2 trillion rubles, and the proceeds from the sale of agricultural t wine products with a profitability of 3-4%- about 3 trillion rubles. OchevIt is clear that in such a situationself-acceptance I solve the problem of paying off a duty is impossible. Need special and economic measures to curb a nyu high k e child rates. It would be possible for those industries that at tea tons of federal budget support well ku, including for the purchase of equipment at knowledge and technology, issue loans at discount rate Bbank of Russia, increased by 2–3% [ 6 ] .

In addition, the share of imported products in Russia is increasing every year. and At the same time, in developed countries (USA and EU states), agricultural production is approximately 30% higher than the needs of the population in about food products - this difference and goes to Russian market. According to the banners and that pyramid needs about stey A. Maslow, given trend poses a threat to human life and health. When analyzing the competitiveness of agriculture th It should be noted that the size of the trade margin is 40%, while in the world it ranges from 8 to 12% .

The main competitive advantages e agriculture are and native resources, qualification of personnel, level of technology and quality of production d properties of agricultural products, m a material and financial resources, cash and which state support and character to ter competition. The main obstacle to the development of conc at The main advantage of domestic agriculture is the fact that a significant part of the proceeds remains with about middlemen, the agricultural producers themselves h drivers sell products to sale at low prices, and the entrance to the market for farmers is practically closed. It is known that in all sectors of the economy, profits are concentrated and in separate parts of the chain of creation a product cost. For this reason and not every enterprise seeks to take placeso in those areas where profithigher. That is why today in Russia prior and teta middle and chesky activity, not the production of products.

Competitiveness of agriculture about farming - this is the state of agriculture about in the foreign and domestic markets under certain conditions for the development of the economy about mikes, politicians, societies, etc. e. The goal of increasing the competitiveness of any industry is to increase the level and a quality of life of the population. The basis of pov o the ability of agriculture is an innovative way of development. At the same time, neo b It is necessary to note the fact that in Russia in agriculture t ve used in practice about 4% of all scientific developments, while in developed countriesthis indicator has reached a em 50%.

A factor in increasing competitiveness about agricultural property serves as about the fertility of the earth. It should be noted that in Ro with only 8% of fertile soils remain e stranded, which meet international standards.

Naibol its characteristic negative processes in the Novosibirsk region Asti I'm in soil erosion, moisturizing and bogging of lands, salinization, overgrowth of fodder lands with shrubs and small about woods. Increasing negative air th effects on the soil cover lead to a decrease in soil fertility and, with ice a consequently, to reduce the yield agriculture economic crops. Total area of ​​erosion and deflation hazardous soilsagricultural land diy o Vosibirsk region is 7.8%, including arable land- 13.6%. Erosion is t one of the most pasture species gradations, callingcausing destruction of soils and loss of their fertility, leading to and water pollution emov, siltation of small and large rivers [ 10 ].

Thus, in the current situation a new economic restrictions on gender and policy of the Russian Federation is aimed at the formation and strengthening of the agro-industrial complex for both with ensuring the country's food security and implementing the import policy about substitution. Economicwhich sanctions were the catalyst active growth of competitiveness agriculture, st and a mule for the further development of innovation activities in the agro-industrial complex and t rotation of a possible deficit on edema e natural market for agricultural products. To achieve the goals set by the Government of the Russian Federation e walkie-talkie designed series government programs and events. Main pr about a gram of support for the development of agriculture about th economy is the "State Program of Ra h development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural markets n products, s rye and food for 2013-2020”, approved by the Rights and by the Government of the Russian Federation in July 2012.

Bibliographic list

1. Sleptsova E.V., Sofronova S. Prospects for the development of the agrarian sector of Russia in the cond. about sanctions // Economics and business.- 2016. - No. 2. - S. 115 - 117.

2. Sandu I.S., Demishkevich G.M., Ryzhenkova N.E. Formation of an innovative system with agro-industrial complex topics: organizational and economic aspects: scientific. ed. - M.: FGBNU "Rosi n form g rotech", 2013 .- 216 p.

3. Sandu I.S., Polukhin A.A. Technical and technological modernization of agriculture th stviya Rossii // Economics of agriculture in Russia. - 2014 . - No. 1 . - S. 5 - 9.

4. Kosolapov V.M., Trofimov I.A., Trofimova L.S. Forage production- balance and equal time tie // APK: Economics, management.- 2013. - No. 7. - S. 28–36.

5. Gaag A.V., Pichugin A.P. , Goncharova I.V. , Tsyngueva V.V. , Samokhvalova A.A. Economy about logical efficiency rational use labor resources in fodder h Vodstve // ​​Bulletin of NSAU.- 2016. - No. 1. - S. 146–150.

6. Makhmetova E.D. The main problems of development of the grain market of the Russian Federation and the Novosibirsk region // Vestnik NSAU.- 2015. - No. 4. - with. 207-211.

7. Kulik G. The First Task- increase in grain production // APK: economics, management.- 2014. - No. 7. - S. 3–12.

eight . Vinokurov G.M., Trenchenkov P.V., Mongush Yu.D. State support for villages b agricultural enterprises in Russia and foreign countries // Management of economic e ski systems: electronic scientific journal.- 2014. - № 6. [Electronic resource]. - URL: http://www.uecs.ru/uecs66-662014 (date of access: 30.10.2015).

9. Ushachev I. G. Economic growth and competitiveness of Russian agriculture // Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals.- 2009. - № 3(57). - S. 4– 12.

10. StadnikA.T., SamokhvalovaA.A.,DenisovYES. Improving the mechanism of land management in the Novosibirsk region //Bulletin of NSAU.- 2015. - № 4. - WITH. 230 –2 36 .

CURRENT STATUS OF AGRICULTURE ENGLISH

A.I. ageenko, graduate student

Y.E. Bessonova, graduate student

E.Y. Zavalniuk, senior lecturer

V.V. Tsyngueva, senior lecturer

Novosibirsk state agrarian university

(Russia, Novosibirsk)

abstract.The primary goal of economic development is the modernization-tion, improving the competitiveness of agricultural production. The article deals with the level of developmentpment of Russian agriculture at the present stage, the relevance of increasing the efficiency of domestic agriculture, particularly Russia-sky agriculture.

keywords:efficiency, agricultural production, the state-tion regulation, import substitution, state program.

In the development of agricultural production, the same general economic laws as in other sectors of the economy. But they are due to some specific features. Home distinctive feature agricultural development land is the main means of production. Compared to other means of production, the earth does not wear out, and with proper use improves its quality parameters.

• Agricultural growth

• The development of agriculture in the ussr

Development of agriculture in Russia

Let's look at the dynamics of the development of agriculture in Russia . Let's trace the growth of agriculture and the volume of agricultural production in the framework of agrarian reforms. From 1991 to 1995 we had a reduction in agricultural production at the level of 7-8%. In 1996-2000 this negative trend continued, although the rate of decline was in the range of 1-1.5%, and only from 2000 to the present we have a positive trend in agricultural production, with the exception of 2010, when due to climatic conditions - this dynamic is broken.

Russia has 9% of the world's agricultural land. It is the main means of production in the industry. Currently, the use of land and resource potential in Russia, especially arable land, is in a crisis state: the process of withdrawing arable land from circulation is underway. Currently, 30 to 40 million hectares of arable land have been taken out of circulation and are not used.

Ways of development of agriculture

Previously, it was believed that the path of development of agriculture this is a reduction in the means of production used in this industry and their redistribution in favor of industry and the military-industrial complex, and then in the service sector. It is now becoming clear that for the development of agriculture in Russia, it is necessary to improve agriculture, taking into account the following factors:

1. First, the importance of agriculture in solving global problems: food (due to population growth), energy (due to the growing shortage of fossil fuels and the possibility of replacing them with biofuels), environmental (due to the transition from intensive to nature-saving technologies).
2. Secondly, the demand of the growing urban population for rural recreational services, including agritourism, is increasing.
3. Thirdly, the development of agriculture within the framework of family production units becomes a condition for preserving the cultural diversity of mankind. All this gives the agricultural sector a priority, especially in countries with great agricultural potential.

Prospects for the development of agriculture

Russia, due to the vast areas suitable for agriculture, has all the prospects for the development of agriculture. To date, the goal of work on the development of agricultural industry, this is an increase in competitiveness in the world markets of the agri-food sector.

AT last years the current government of the Russian Federation tried to take into account and rethink the mistakes made in the first years of the transition period. Now agriculture in our country is developing within the framework of the National Project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex".

The priority areas for the development of this project are:

• · accelerated development of animal husbandry;
• · stimulating the development of small forms of management;
• · provision of affordable housing for young families and young professionals in the countryside.

The main goal of the project is the accelerated development of animal husbandry and an increase in the production of meat and milk to gradually replace imported meat and dairy products. The implementation of the first direction of the National Project will increase the profitability of animal husbandry, carry out technical re-equipment of existing livestock complexes (farms) and put new capacities into operation. The second direction of the National Project is aimed at increasing the volume of sales of products produced by peasant (farmer) households and citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots. The implementation of the third direction will provide affordable housing for young professionals (or their families) in the countryside, will create conditions for the formation of an effective human resources potential of the agro-industrial complex.

Problems of agricultural development

By the beginning of the 21st century, the following problems of agricultural development emerged

• · About 30 million hectares of land were taken out of agricultural circulation;
• removal of nutrients from the soil significantly exceeded their application with fertilizers;
• · fall into decay of reclamation systems;
• · expansion of the area of ​​acidified soils;
• · technical degradation of the agricultural sector;

At present, the government has realized the importance of developing agriculture and is doing a lot of work aimed at solving problems in agriculture.

History of agricultural development

In the pre-revolutionary history of Russia, grain farming was the predominant branch of agriculture. . Grain crops accounted for 88.6% of all crops. Gross production for 1910-1912 reached an average of about 4 billion rubles, with all field crop production amounting to 5 billion rubles. Grain was the main export item of Russia. Thus, in 1913 the share of grain products was 47% of all exports and 57% of agricultural exports. More than half of all marketable grain was exported (1876-1888 - 42.8%, 1911-1913 - 51%). In 1909-1913, grain exports reached their maximum size - 11.9 million tons of all grains, of which 4.2 million tons of wheat and 3.7 million tons of barley. 25% of exports were provided by the Kuban. On the world market, grain exports from Russia accounted for up to 28.1% of all world exports. With a total cultivated area of ​​approximately 80 million hectares (105 million hectares in 1913), grain yields, however, were among the lowest in the world. The main commodity producers of grain (over 70%) were landowners and wealthy peasants, the share of the bulk of the peasantry (15-16 million individual peasant farms) in marketable output was about 28%, with a marketability level of about 15% (47% for landowners and 34% for wealthy peasants). The energy capacity of agriculture amounted to 23.9 million liters. with. (1 hp \u003d 0.736 kW), of which only 0.2 million hp are mechanical. with. (less than 1%). The power supply of peasant farms did not exceed 0.5 liters. with. (per 1 employee), energy supply - 20 liters. with. (per 100 hectares of crops). Almost all agricultural work was done manually or by live traction. In 1910, peasant farms had at their disposal 7.8 million plows and roe deer, 2.2 million wooden and 4.2 million iron plows, and 17.7 million wooden harrows. Mineral fertilizers (mostly imported) accounted for no more than 1.5 kg per hectare of crops (on landlord and kulak farms). Agriculture was conducted by extensive methods; the productivity of agriculture and animal husbandry was low (cf. the grain harvest in 1909-13 was about 7.4 centners per hectare, the average annual milk yield per cow was about 1,000 kg). The backwardness of agriculture, its complete dependence on natural conditions served as the cause of frequent crop failures, mass death of livestock; in lean years, famine engulfed millions of peasant farms.

The country's agriculture was undermined by the First World War and the Civil War. According to the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1917, the able-bodied male population in the countryside decreased by 47.4% compared with 1914; the number of horses - the main draft force - from 17.9 million to 12.8 million. The number of livestock and sown areas have decreased, and crop yields have decreased. A food crisis has begun in the country.

The development of agriculture in the USSR

Consider how agriculture developed in the USSR . In 1923, grain crops amounted to 63.9 million hectares. In 1927, the total sown area was 112.4 million hectares. The average yield of grain crops for 1924-1928 was 7.5 q/ha.

In December 1927, at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b), a course towards the collectivization of agriculture was proclaimed. By 1938, 93% of peasant farms and 99.1% of the sown area were collectivized. The energy capacity of agriculture increased during 1928-40 from 21.3 million liters. with. up to 47.5 million; per 1 employee - from 0.4 to 1.5 liters. s., per 100 hectares of crops - from 19 to 32 liters. with. The introduction of agricultural machinery, an increase in the number of qualified personnel ensured a significant increase in the production of basic agricultural products. In 1940, gross agricultural output increased by 41% compared with 1913; the productivity of agricultural crops and the productivity of farm animals have increased. Collective farms and state farms became the main producing units of agriculture.

Features of the development of agriculture

In agriculture, living organisms, such as animals and plants, act as means of production. The latter develop on the basis of biological laws. Consequently, the economic process of reproduction here is closely intertwined with the natural process of development of living organisms. Agricultural production is carried out over vast areas and is dispersed over various climatic zones. The final results sometimes largely depend not on the quantity and quality of the resources used, but on the specific conditions in which production is carried out. The territorial distribution of agricultural production is associated with a large volume of transportation of both manufactured products (grain, potatoes, sugar beet, milk, meat, etc.), as well as equipment and material resources(fuel, fuels and lubricants, mineral fertilizers).

One of the important features of the development of agriculture is the fact that the products created here take part in the further production process. In agriculture, seeds and planting material (grain, potatoes, etc.), feed, as well as a significant part of the livestock for the restoration and expansion of the herd of animals are used as means of production. All this requires additional material resources for the construction of premises and industrial facilities (animal farms, feed warehouses, storage facilities for seeds and planting material, etc.).

Source: International Independent Institute for Agricultural Policy

The presented report is made on the basis of a study by the International Independent Institute for Agricultural Policy in order to identify key trends in the Russian agricultural industry and evaluate them in order to determine the most likely scenarios for the development of the situation in the next few years.

Research results can be shared and referenced in the media, and used by other think tanks for more focused research.

During the study, several methods were used to assess the situation in the agricultural industry in Russia:

Questioning of heads of large regional companies;
analysis of the dynamics of the total volume of products manufactured in the industry;
analysis of the financial environment and credit conditions for companies in the industry;
analysis of global trends in agriculture based on data.

The main sources of information were data from the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the Bank of Russia, as well as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the results of a survey of top management of companies in this industry. Based on the results obtained, forecasts were made for the development of the situation in the agricultural industry in Russia, which reflect the most likely scenarios based on current conditions.

Study Structure

The structure of the presented study is formed as follows:

Up-to-date data on the situation in agriculture in Russia;
compiled research results;
forecasts formed on the basis of the results obtained;
a separate item assesses the conditions for lending to companies in this industry and their impact on the dynamics of growth in output.

The current situation in the industry

At the end of 2015, agriculture became the leading sector in terms of growth in production volumes - the indicator increased by 3.5% compared to 3.7% recorded at the end of 2015.

A significant increase in agricultural production made it possible to reduce the cost of purchasing food products abroad by almost 2 times to $23 billion. Russian farmers harvested a record harvest of major agricultural crops. The gross harvest of grains and leguminous crops in 2015 amounted to 104.3 million tons of grain in weight after processing, including 61.8 million tons of wheat (59.7 million tons in 2014). In addition, a record gross harvest was obtained for a number of crops: 12.7 million tons of corn for grain, 2.6 million tons of soybeans, 1.11 million tons of rice, and more than 500 thousand tons of curly flax. Also, 37.6 million tons of sugar beets were harvested, 9.2 million tons of sunflower oil seeds were harvested.

Increased production of potatoes and vegetables. In all categories of farms, the gross harvest of potatoes amounted to 33.6 million tons, which is 15.9% more than the average level over the past five years (in 2014 - 31.5 million tons). A record harvest of vegetables was harvested - 16.1 million tons (in 2014 - 15.5 million tons), which is 12.3% higher than the average level over the past five years.

At the end of the year, the production of livestock and poultry for slaughter in live weight in farms of all categories amounted to 13.4 million tons, which is 4.2% or 539 thousand tons more than in 2014 (source - Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation). Over the year, in agricultural organizations, the production of livestock and poultry for slaughter in live weight increased by 7.2%, in peasant (farm) enterprises - by 4.6%, and in households, production decreased by 3.4%.

Agriculture turned out to be one of the few sectors where lending volumes did not show a sharp drop, despite a serious contraction of the credit market in the face of tightening monetary policy. Central Bank data show that last year banks significantly increased loans to agricultural companies in their portfolios - from 1.7% to 2.1%.

results

As a result of a survey of top management of companies from regions that are the main "locomotive" of the Russian agricultural industry, the following data were obtained:

• More than 50% of respondents assess the situation in the industry as positive-neutral, 20% assess it as negative, and 30% as neutral.
• Of the 20% who assessed the situation as negative, the vast majority (more than 85%) attributed their assessment to deteriorating lending conditions and the discrepancy between nominal conditions for obtaining loans and real ones.
• Of the 50% of respondents who assessed the situation in the industry as positive-neutral, 60% associated their assessment with government support for the course of import substitution, which freed the Russian market from imported products. 40% associate their assessment with a possible improvement in lending conditions in the next 2–3 years, as well as an increase in profitability.
• 70% of those who assessed the situation as neutral believe that the next year will determine the main trend in the Russian agricultural market: whether it will continue to recover or whether it will stagnate, turning into a recession following a contraction in consumer spending.

The survey involved 900 respondents.

As a result of the analysis of data from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Bank of Russia and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Independent Institute for Agricultural Policy identified key trends:
lending to the industry is stagnant;
food prices in the world have reached the bottom and will begin to recover in the second half of the year;
the momentum from government-implemented industry support programs is fading.

Forecasts

In our opinion, positive dynamics in agriculture will also be observed at the end of the current year, however, there is a tendency towards a slowdown in growth rates. The main reason for the slowdown in production growth at the moment is the fall in food prices on the world market.

According to our forecasts, the dynamics of prices in the global food market will begin to improve already this year, which will probably mean generally higher prices for the industry next year.

But already in 2017, the following negative factors will put pressure on the agricultural industry:

The rapid decline in incomes of the population;
reduction in lending to agricultural enterprises;
the fall business activity;
exhaustion of momentum from the implementation of the agricultural support program in 2009-2012.

The implementation of a number of state programs for the development of agriculture has brought certain results. However, the reduction in the volume of world trade, a sharp deterioration in economic conditions nullified the results of state support measures.

Thus, despite the recovery of Russian GDP growth rates this year to 0-0.5% in 2016 and to 1.0-1.5% in 2017, the growth rate of production in the agricultural sector will continue to decline.

Already by next year, the growth rate of gross value added will not exceed the growth rate of output, and the share of gross value added of agriculture in the total volume of gross value added will begin to decline, all this, taking into account the slowdown in production growth, is a “red signal”. This situation indicates that agriculture will begin to stagnate, threatening to develop into a recession.

In the event that a new large-scale agricultural support program is not implemented in the coming year, which will provide access to cheap liquidity and reduce tax pressure on industry enterprises, the situation of 2012 may repeat itself by 2018.

Lending

Since 2013, the real volume of lending to enterprises in the agricultural sector has significantly decreased, which has sharply affected the dynamics of the volume of production.

The key problem for the industry is still the unavailability of long-term loans; enterprises are forced to borrow at extremely high interest rates for a fairly short period of time, which only allows them to survive the season and does not allow them to plan their activities for a long period.

This is the main problem of the fact that, despite the reduction in the supply of products from abroad, to take advantage of the effect of import substitution in Russian companies Did not work out.

The program of the Ministry of Agriculture, which is expected to reduce the effective rate on investment loans to 5%, can significantly stimulate activity in the industry.

According to the estimates of the International Independent Institute for Agricultural Policy, the effect of lowering the real effective rate throughout the industry will spur the growth of agricultural production up to 5-6% over the next few years.

Changing the structure of agriculture

The fact is that since the beginning of 2013, the share of agricultural enterprises and farms in the structure of industries that are key consumers of government incentive programs has been sharply increasing. Gaining access to cheap liquidity will allow companies and farmers to invest in capital goods and achieve significant productivity gains.

Under current conditions, when the lowest effective rates on investment loans in meat and dairy farming(6-10% per annum), and in crop production - 9-13%, this is almost impossible, given that the average profitability in the industry is several times lower.

However, in our opinion, a change in the scheme of lending to the agricultural sector, as a result of which creditor banks will become recipients of subsidies, will contribute to
inefficient allocation of funds due to the emergence of a “conflict of interest”. In accordance with the Law on the Development of Agriculture, state subsidies are intended for agricultural producers and must be targeted and effective.

on the course "Fundamentals of Economics"

on the topic: "Agriculture - problems and development prospects"

• INTRODUCTION
• 1. STATE OF DOMESTIC AGRICULTURE
• 2. WAYS TO OVERCOME THE AIC CRISIS
• 3. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD AGRICULTURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the work is explained by the urgent need to revive Russian agriculture after the destructive reforms of the transition period and the globalization of the problems of world agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the backbone sectors of the economy of any country. Regardless of soil and climatic conditions, even the most developed industrial countries invest very large amounts of money in the development of domestic agriculture. The land available in the country is a huge productive force given by Nature free of charge.

The crisis in agriculture and the decline in its production immediately deal a heavy blow to the entire economy, as it leads to the loss of a huge amount of free natural resources, and these losses have to be paid for by food imports.

The purpose of this work is to identify problems and try to outline the prospects for the development of Russian and world agriculture.

1. STATE OF DOMESTIC AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is an important part of the Russian economy. 13% of fixed production assets, 14% of labor resources are concentrated here, about 6% of GDP is produced.

Despite the problems associated with the planned management of the national economy, Russia on the eve of the reform was among the world's largest producers of agricultural products. Its agro-industrial complex (AIC) was relatively developed and played an important role in the country's economy.

Most of the territory of Russia lies in the zone of risky agriculture. Over large areas, yields vary greatly depending on weather conditions. Nevertheless, until the radical reform started in 1988, agriculture in the RSFSR developed at a high and stable pace. This is evidenced by objective indicators that do not depend on ideological assessments. The population of Russia in relation to the world community did not even reach 3%, but the agricultural sector of Russia produced 5.7% of the world's meat and grain, 10.3% of milk, 7.6% of eggs. At the same time, Russia was ahead of many countries not only in terms of production volume, but also in terms of the most objective indicator - production per capita. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in not the best 1990, domestic agriculture, which had not yet entered the reform period, produced 1.7 times more grain per capita than in the EU countries, potatoes - 1 .6 times, milk - 1.2 times, eggs - 2.3 times. Only for meat production per capita was lower by 17% and for vegetables - by 2 times. In terms of growth rates of food production, the country surpassed many developed countries. For example, over three decades (1960-1990), for every 1% of population growth, there was 3% of food growth.

However, due to the weakness of the most important and essential component - the sphere of processing, storage, transportation and sale, annually producing a huge amount of products on state farms and collective farms, the country in the "field-counter" chain lost up to 30% of grain, 60% of potatoes, 10% of meat , 15% milk. Consequently, the main causes of food difficulties were mainly outside of agricultural production itself.

However, numerous studies and assessments have shown that it was in the 1970s-1980s. The agro-industrial complex of Russia has become more and more noticeably behind the advanced countries of the world.

The reforms led to a severe crisis in all agriculture - both crop production and animal husbandry.

The reforms meant a revolutionary change in the organization of agricultural production and its relations with related industries, consumers and the state. The reforms changed the social structure of Russia in terms of agriculture and the entire life order of the Russian village.

The beginning of the transition to a market economy necessitated a complete revision of the principles, methods and forms of state intervention in the agricultural sector in order to create conditions for development in this sector of the economy. entrepreneurial activity, improving the provision of food to the population and the growth of its living standards.

In 1990, the exclusive monopoly of state ownership of land, introduced in 1917, ceased to exist. However, in terms of their consequences for the agro-industrial complex of Russia, the reforms of the 1990s turned out to be much more radical and destructive than those of 1917. The main reason for this was the desire of the democratic government to solve not so much economic as political problems, not so much the construction of some new economic structures and mechanisms. how much scrapping and liquidation of the existing ones. The primary goals of the agrarian reform were the reorganization of collective farms and state farms, the development of entrepreneurship, and the creation of conditions for attracting foreign investment to the agricultural sector.

It is characteristic that the transition from exclusively state-cooperative ownership of land, which existed before 1991, to new diverse forms was carried out through strict legislative guidelines. Priority in the development of the agricultural complex was unquestioningly given to small-scale production, and large farms (collective farms and state farms), which produced most of the marketable products, practically turned out to be “outside the law”.

Land transformations were carried out in the conditions of constantly changing and contradictory legislation. The content of the reforms changed several times, a lot of very real and highly effective measures were envisaged not only in the sphere of agricultural production, but also in neighboring ones, which served or depended on the agricultural sector. However, they remained only good intentions.

A characteristic feature of the agrarian reforms in the transitional economy was that the content of program documents was transformed in practice in the opposite way.

As a result, signs of destabilization of the agrarian sector became clear, mainly related to:

· liberalization of prices, which led to the aggravation of the disparity of intersectoral economic relations and the withdrawal of huge funds from agriculture;

· privatization of processing and service enterprises and organizations instead of creating conditions for the development of cooperation and agro-industrial integration;

· focus on small private production, which did not lead to the formation of more efficient organizational structures;

· unification of the credit policy, which does not take into account the specifics of agriculture, the cyclical nature of production, and the slowdown in capital turnover;

· an accelerated transition to market relations without the minimum necessary infrastructure, which led to the displacement of the main part of rural producers from the market, the transfer of the distribution function of products to intermediaries, and the strengthening of the monopoly position in the market of processing and trading organizations.

During privatization, it was implied that subsequently mechanisms would be established for the transfer of initially distributed property into the hands of efficient users. Such mechanisms were not created, therefore, a significant part of the land and fixed assets, without any use, was in the hands of farms that had practically ceased their normal functioning. Of the positive changes, it can be noted that on the basis of the reorganized collective farms and state farms, joint-stock companies, partnerships with limited liability, agricultural production cooperatives, associations of peasant (farmer) households, collective agricultural enterprises. The farming sector was formed in its infancy.

By the beginning of the 21st century, the following problems were identified:

· About 30 million hectares of land were taken out of agricultural circulation;

removal of nutrients from the soil significantly exceeded their application with fertilizers;

· fall into decay of reclamation systems;

· expansion of the area of ​​acidified soils;

· technical degradation of the agricultural sector;

The provision of enterprises with agricultural machinery decreased by 40-60%. Equipment wear has reached 75%. The rate of its annual retirement is 3-4 times faster than the rate of renewal. If this trend continues, in a few years there will be nothing to perform mechanized work.

The debts of agricultural enterprises exceed the annual proceeds from the sale of all agricultural products. 55% of agricultural enterprises remained unprofitable. Over the years of reforms, state capital investments have decreased by 20 times.

The formation of a market agrarian structure based on the reorganization of collective farms and state farms was primarily a political task and could not help in solving economic difficulties. The growth in the number of farms and the creation of new forms of management on the basis of collective farms and state farms could not neutralize the destructive effect of price disparity, market forces, and the self-elimination of the state from performing many objectively necessary management functions.

The very idea of ​​farming as a political and ideological counterbalance to the former socialist structure, and not as an ordinary attribute, seems to be vicious. market economy and means of replenishing the food fund of the country and the income of the rural population. The idea of ​​farming as the only acceptable and most effective form agricultural production for Russia was not only erroneous, but also harmful.

Even at the beginning of this political economy experiment, experts warned about the lack of prospects for small-scale farming in the era of large-scale production, about the unprofitability of dispersing land and capital at a time when concentration and specialization of production are becoming the main factors for increasing the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The fragmentation of a large commodity producer into many small ones destroys production and its technology. Each neoplasm is economically weaker than the whole, and a small commodity production does not make it possible to grow economically in a short period of time. The practice of Russia has confirmed that without the creation of appropriate conditions and infrastructure, the idea of ​​"fermerization" of agriculture is doomed to failure.

The lack of a scientifically based program of reforms initiated and the corresponding mechanisms for carrying out the reform posed a threat to agrarian reforms in Russia. Currently, the agro-industrial complex of Russia is experiencing a crisis due to the general socio-economic crisis in the country, subjective errors in the agro-food policy and the inevitable consequences of its implementation.

The aggravation of the agrarian crisis was most affected by the macroeconomic policy factors of the last almost two decades.

The most important of these were:

liquidation of the USSR and violation of long-term interregional and intersectoral economic relations;

· increasing disparity in prices for means of production and products sold;

· liberalization of prices, and, first of all, for energy carriers;

· a significant reduction in the investment activity of the state and the loss of control over money circulation;

· fast, unprepared and ill-conceived privatization, which does not take into account the territorial and sectoral specifics of the national economy, especially in agriculture;

· the destruction of the existing system of management of the national economy without the creation of its new forms, adequate to the requirements of the development of market relations, including those that contribute to the implementation of agrarian reform.

The objective difficulties of reforming, the current macroeconomic situation and subjective mistakes in the implementation of reforms have led to a significant decline in the production and consumption of food products. The volume of agricultural production has almost halved over the past years. Imports of foodstuffs, especially meat and vegetable oil, increased sharply. In recent years, per capita food consumption has almost halved, and the total calorie content of food has decreased by a third.

The expected results of the reforms were not achieved mainly due to the fact that they were aimed mainly at the legal reorganization of enterprises, and not at the institutional transformation of the market and the organization of its infrastructure, and a market regulation system was not created.

Modern institutional transformations should be aimed at improving the forms of management, creating optimal market production structures that are most competitive in market conditions and ensure the maximum realization of the participants' opportunities in their economic activity.

In the transitional period, when the imperfect market mechanism not only does not yet ensure self-regulation of reproduction processes, but is not even able to stabilize the situation and prevent further collapse of the agrarian economy, it is necessary to observe the principle of combining indicativeness (recommendation) and directiveness. However, the most effective means of influencing rural entrepreneurship are methods of economic support, when instead of appeals or instructions to the private sector for the most promising groups of entrepreneurs, the state creates conditions for obtaining greater profits (mainly at the expense of budgetary funds).

The most important principles state regulation, which acquire special significance in the conditions of a crisis transitional economy, are:

· material support of agricultural producers;

agrarian protectionism;

A combination of economic and social goals.

In Russia, measures of state support for rural entrepreneurship should not be limited to budget subsidies and compensations. The most important role is played by the provision of start-up assistance to rural entrepreneurs, including guarantees for newly created farms, as well as support for the formation of production infrastructure, assistance in the formation and development of reformed agricultural enterprises.

If we consider the structure of the agricultural economy in terms of the proportions of various ownership models, then among the real subjects of economic relations of the capitalist type are private farms that have demonstrated not only the ability to survive, but also to thrive in harsh market conditions. Such farms-producers today provide about 45% of the total agricultural output. These include: agroholdings and equity enterprises, farms, farmsteads of villagers, as well as small businesses in rural areas in a wide variety of forms: private flour mills, bakeries, oil refineries, repair shops, etc. The presence of agroholdings in the agricultural economy indicates an invasion industrial principles of production into a system traditionally aimed at the implementation of patriarchal ways of working on the earth. We are talking about the preservation, promotion and development of a special connection between the worker and his land, about the presence of a significant personal moment in economic processes, which has always yielded convincing results of economical, careful and profitable farming.

Meanwhile, a significant place in the agricultural economy is occupied by agroholdings, which are powerful vertically integrated structures that include both production and processing, and sales of products. Naturally, all this requires a lot of money. They come to the countryside as investors interested in closing the cycle by linking the processing and sale of agricultural products with their production. And this activity of agricultural holdings is decisive in their evaluation. The development of any type of rural household needs careful patronage from the state. It is necessary to restore not only the agricultural system of the household type, but also the psychology of the landowner, lost during the years of Soviet power, which, of course, requires considerable time and effort.

Yet, despite all the difficulties of the transition period, large agricultural producers continue to exist. It is an undeniable fact that at the end of the twentieth century. about 90% of them were unprofitable, however, even during this period, examples of well-being and even prosperity are known, although quite rare. Nevertheless, one can state a significant improvement in the position of large producers in institutional terms. According to many indicators of economic activity, representatives of this type of farms have already ceased to be monopolists. In addition, large farms are no longer the basis social life and life in the countryside. And, finally, from landowners they turned into land users.

2 . WAYS TO OVERCOME THE AIC CRISIS

The development of agriculture is one of the few sectoral expert areas in the activities of the Center for Special Development (CSR). Its inclusion in the list of developments of the Center is due to a number of reasons that distinguish agriculture from the entire list of industries. First of all, this is a sector that provides the population of the country with the most important essential goods - food. Secondly, Russia, due to its vast areas suitable for agriculture, objectively has every opportunity to develop a competitive agri-food sector on world markets. Thirdly, the problem of poverty is closely related to agriculture - in the countryside, the proportion of the poor population significantly exceeds the figures for cities.

Based on this understanding, a working group was organized in the CSR to develop and consolidate in the legislation new principles of state policy in the countryside. The first law was devoted to formulating the tasks, principles and instruments of the state agri-food policy, the second contained specific programs to support the agri-food sector. This division is generally consistent with world practice.

In recent years, the current government of the Russian Federation has tried to take into account and rethink the mistakes made in the first years of the transition period. Now agriculture in our country is developing within the framework of the National Project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex".

The priority areas for the development of this project are:

· accelerated development of animal husbandry;

· stimulating the development of small forms of management;

· provision of affordable housing for young families and young professionals in the countryside.

The main goal of the project is the accelerated development of animal husbandry and an increase in the production of meat and milk to gradually replace imported meat and dairy products. Within the framework of the whole of Russia, the task was set to increase milk production by 4.5% by 2008, meat - by 7%.

The implementation of the first direction of the National Project will increase the profitability of animal husbandry, carry out technical re-equipment of existing livestock complexes (farms) and put new capacities into operation.

This will be possible through:

· increasing the availability of long-term loans attracted for up to 8 years;

· growth of deliveries through the system of federal leasing of pedigree cattle, machinery and equipment for animal husbandry;

· improvement of measures of customs and tariff regulation;

The second direction of the National Project is aimed at increasing the volume of sales of products produced by peasant (farmer) households and citizens who maintain personal subsidiary plots.

This is supposed to be achieved by:

· cheaper credit resources attracted by small forms of management of the agro-industrial complex;

development of infrastructure for servicing small forms of business in the agro-industrial complex - a network of agricultural consumer cooperatives(procurement, supply and marketing, processing, credit).

The implementation of the third direction will provide affordable housing for young professionals (or their families) in the countryside, will create conditions for the formation of an effective human resources potential of the agro-industrial complex.

Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) will help to fit into the world agricultural market most organically.

To date, negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO have been completed with all participating countries, except for Vietnam, Georgia and Cambodia. Support for Russian agriculture was one of the most important topics these negotiations. Agreements have already been reached on access to the Russian agricultural market. For all goods produced in Russia (all types of meat, milk, oils, sugar) customs tariffs will remain unchanged after joining the WTO. For those goods that are not produced in our country, the Russian side made concessions on tariffs. In the signed documents, the basic indicator of state support for agriculture is taken for 1993-1995 and amounts to approximately 9 billion US dollars, and there will be no increase in import quotas in the next 2 years. In general, speaking about the consequences of joining the WTO for the economy and for agriculture in Russia in particular, according to economists' calculations, this step is not expected to have a negative impact on the agricultural sector.

At the moment, there is a lack of regulation of the agricultural sector of the market. Wholesale prices for agricultural products are declining, while retail prices are increasing, including due to an increase in imports of these goods from abroad.

In our opinion, when joining the WTO, the federal authorities should reduce import quotas for these goods, eliminate the irregularity of deliveries over time, and stop illegal food supply channels to Russia.

Only with state support for Russian agriculture, it will be able to produce competitive products in the WTO.

When formulating an agricultural development strategy, it would be useful to take into account the experience of leading developed countries.

For example, in the United States, the state provides subsidies from the federal budget in the event that market prices for agricultural products fall below the guaranteed price level. A special government organization at guaranteed prices accepts agricultural products as collateral from producers, and if market prices exceed the collateral, the producer buys back his product and sells it on the market. If the prices are below the deposit rates, then the goods remain the property of the government organization. Thus, the United States, being the largest exporter of agricultural products, by supporting its own producers, is taking effective measures to maintain such a gap in world prices, as a result of which its own producer does not remain a loser, and the level of world prices remains under control.

The pricing mechanism in the EU, developed for each type of agricultural product and for each region, is effective. Several categories of prices are established - indicative prices determined by the Communities as desirable, minimum import prices or threshold, minimum sales prices guaranteed to the manufacturer by interventions, official organizations. The existence of a threshold price protects the market from imports, the intervention price guarantees a minimum income for producers. Thus, protectionism at the EU's borders protects producers from the sharp shocks of the world market. The well-thought-out agro-policy of the EU made it possible to go from an importer of agricultural products to a position close to self-sufficiency and the second world exporter within 10-15 years.

3. TRENDS IN WORLD AGRICULTUREFARMS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

According to economists, by 2010 in developed countries a relatively low growth in food consumption is expected: 2-2.5%. In developing countries, however, a sharp increase in consumption is expected. First of all, this concerns the countries of the Asian region and some countries of Latin America. It is also expected to increase consumption of products in countries former USSR, Central and of Eastern Europe.

Many forecasts of the development of agriculture in the 21st century have been published in the scientific press. All futurologists and practitioners agree that revolutionary changes are coming. As agricultural technology advances, food needs will change, there will be more of it, and it will cost less. In the late 1960s, Americans spent about a third of their income on food. Now they only spend 10% on it. People can afford much more. Thus, Americans satisfy about half of their food needs outside the home - in cafes, restaurants, in the system of fast food establishments. Income growth will lead to the fact that consumers want not only tasty, but also healthy food. The new type of food will simultaneously contain vaccines against diseases, and have a number of other positive qualities. The growth of the world's population should contribute to the development of agriculture, since it will be necessary to satisfy not only the basic needs, but also the tastes of people of different nationalities and ages. Rural producers need to constantly improve their products, offer new types of healthier food. Only in this case they will have a cloudless future.

Agriculture will be forced to adapt to the market conditions of an increasingly globalized world economy, as tight financial policies do not support the necessary market measures. AT farms the trend towards economic growth will continue. First of all, it will be necessary to reduce production costs through the efficient use of agricultural machinery. The production and sale of specific regional products, as well as environmentally friendly products, is becoming one of the significant sources of income. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, there are exceptionally favorable conditions for the effective competitive production of wheat, rapeseed or pork, a dynamic development of production is ensured, achievements in the development of biology and technology are used, integration production activities and public evaluation of peasant labor. Over the past 25 years, labor costs for food production have decreased by three quarters, with a trend of 50% reduction is projected by 2010. demand in developing countries. Losses can be partially covered by the results of technical development and lower prices for material and technical means. Disputes in matters of environmental protection are increasingly becoming objective. Cooperation and diversified production will help reduce the pressure to cut costs. The efficiency of large farms will remain at a high level. The concentration of capital in the agricultural sector will continue. The role of agricultural production will become much more versatile. Technical development will lead to the fact that the role of information and communication technology in the organization of production and access to markets will grow. The economic opportunities for the use of biology and genetic technology will increase. The latter is spreading in animal husbandry more slowly than in crop production. It is not a problem to increase production or preserve the harvested crop. It is important to improve the quality of products, the favorable formation of the structure of proteins, the improvement of the quality of sugars and vegetable oils. Solving these problems requires significant fundamental scientific research, which will make it possible to create new varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds that ensure the qualitative and quantitative growth of production. The food needs of a growing population will have to be met in a smaller area, with less water and in a deteriorating environment.

In many countries food production is subsidized. Financial support per 1 hectare of agricultural land in the EU is 500 dollars, in the USA - about 100 dollars, in Russia - only 2 dollars, although in the 80s state subsidies per 1 hectare we had more than in the USA (about 150-200 dollars). Given the current economic situation in Russia, it is simply unrealistic to count on subsidies of more than $20/ha in the near future. Today they can be no more than 10% of the cost of agricultural products, and this is, in practice, a requirement for self-sufficiency. These are the real conditions. Therefore, in order to ensure the self-sufficiency of agriculture and at the same time maintain the conditions for reproduction, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of grain production by at least 2 times. This should be done both by reducing material and financial costs, and by increasing productivity.

According to FAO, the reality is that food production in the coming years can be secured through massive investment in the system of control over the distribution of water. The reason is that 70% of fresh water goes to agriculture. We have already spoken about the limited water resources. In addition, there is a struggle for them from other sectors of the economy. Therefore, agriculture is in a difficult position - it is necessary to produce more food and better quality with less water use and without harming the environment. Sustainable economic growth in most developing countries can only be achieved through strong agriculture. For the growth of agricultural production, it is necessary to make significant private and state investments in infrastructure, technology, and the system of water use for peasants. According to FAO specialists, the driving force behind the growth of agricultural production is the improvement of the water management system.

One of the global problems of modern agriculture is the redistribution of agricultural products - food. The main problem of mankind is the distribution of food. Despite an unprecedented increase in the level of prosperity in the world, famine is emerging in one region after another. Several countries in Asia, and especially in Africa, are facing a particularly catastrophic food situation due to civil strife and large numbers of refugees and displaced persons. If the highly developed countries, experiencing a surplus of food, want to maintain their standard of living, they must help the developing countries. Because the half-starved population will not be stopped by either the Mediterranean Sea or the Atlantic Ocean. The hungry will rush to where there is food and prosperity.

The most important prerequisite for a proper response of the world community to hunger is the development of an appropriate understanding of the economics of the food problem. In Africa, for example, there is plenty of scope for expanding food production, but this requires appropriate economic policies (including agricultural research, institutional reforms, and changes in relative prices). Modern agriculture also has high hopes for biotechnology, the "gene revolution".

CONCLUSION

Agriculture is the most important element of the world economy, providing the world's population with food products. Russian agriculture after being in the stage of stagnation in the 70-80s. The twentieth century, when the outlines of the coming crisis were already revealed, was subjected to the devastating impact of the reforms of the 1990s.

Transformations were carried out in the conditions of constantly changing and contradictory legislation and spontaneous price liberalization. The focus was not on the creation of something new, but on the destruction of the old. This led to the emergence of numerous problems by the beginning of the 21st century: the withdrawal of huge areas from agricultural circulation, land degradation, agricultural machinery, and the processing sector (which did not work very well under socialism).

In recent years, the government has developed a number of measures to overcome the crisis, within the framework of the national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". The leading directions of this project are the accelerated development of animal husbandry, stimulating the development of small forms of farming, providing affordable housing for young families and young professionals in the countryside.

As capitalist tendencies were introduced into the Russian economy, private forms of agricultural production began to play an increasingly important role (up to 45%). Government support is also needed in this direction.

With regard to Russia, it is obvious that success is possible only if the measures of state regulation and agrarian policy take into account the value orientations of the rural population that have developed over many decades, the behavioral patterns of its various groups, socio-psychological and national characteristics.

In recent years, a number of problems have emerged in the globalizing system of the world economy. This is the problem of uneven redistribution of the products of the agricultural sector, indicating problems with water resources, which are of paramount importance in agriculture. On the whole, in developed countries (USA, EU), agriculture is developing quite successfully, making these countries the leading exporters of agricultural products, and new technologies are being introduced in the field of biochemistry and genetics.

There are hopes that Russia, as a result of a more thoughtful conduct of economic policy and probable accession to the WTO, will be able to take its rightful place in the system of world agriculture.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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10. http://www.donland.ru/ // official website of the administration of the Rostov region.

Introduction

Agriculture today employs half of the world's population, but its role varies greatly around the world.

In some developing countries, such as Nepal, about 90 percent of the population works on the land. By comparison, in industrialized countries such as the UK and the US, only 2-3 percent of the working population is employed on farms. However, thanks to highly efficient technologies using the latest advances in spiders, the US is a leading food exporter.

In developing countries, most of the people are engaged in subsistence farming. They produce enough food only for the needs of their family, and they have almost nothing left to sell. In developed countries, most farms are commercial. There are tribes in developing countries, such as the Pygmies of Central Africa and the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert, who to this day hunt and gather, leading a lifestyle almost no different from that which dominated our planet before the advent of agriculture.

The abstract consists of seven paragraphs. It deals with such issues as general concepts of agriculture, its economic role; differences between the agriculture of developed countries and the agriculture of developing countries; considered agriculture in the USA, Great Britain, as well as in Ukraine. The issue of development prospects and current trends in world agriculture was also considered.

1. Basic concepts of agricultural production and its economic role

Agriculture is a sector of the country's economy that produces agricultural products, meets the needs for most foodstuffs and raw materials for textile, footwear, perfumery, Food Industry. Agriculture includes crop production, animal husbandry, hunting, forestry and fishing.

Agriculture is aimed at providing the population with food and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The industry is one of the most important in almost all countries of the world. About 1.1 billion economically active people are employed in world agriculture. The sciences, such as agronomy, animal husbandry, land reclamation, plant growing, forestry and other sciences, are directly or indirectly related to the problems of agriculture.

There are about 50 different types of agriculture, which are combined into 2 groups: commodity and consumer.

Commodity agriculture includes both intensive farming and animal husbandry, horticulture and horticulture, as well as extensive fallow and fallow type agriculture and pasture animal husbandry.

Consumer agriculture includes more backward plow and hoe farming, grazing, nomadic pastoralism, as well as gathering, hunting and fishing.

High-commodity, deeply specialized agriculture prevails in developed countries. It has reached the highest possible level of mechanization and chemicalization. The average yield in these countries is 35-40 centners per hectare. The agro-industrial complex in them has taken the form of agribusiness, which gives the industry an industrial character.

In developing countries, traditional consumer farming prevails with an average grain yield of 15-20 centners per hectare and below. The consumer sector is represented by small and tiny farms growing consumer crops; along with this, there is also a highly commercial economy, represented by large and well-organized plantations (banana plantations in Central America, coffee in Brazil).

2. Agriculture in developed and developing countries

The agriculture of developed countries is characterized by a sharp predominance of commercial agriculture. It develops on the basis of mechanization, chemicalization of production, application of biotechnologies, latest methods selection.

Technical re-equipment and intensification of production led to an increase in the share of large farms with a narrow specialization. At the same time, agriculture is industrial in nature, since it is included in a single agro-industrial complex with processing, storage, transportation and marketing of products, as well as the production of fertilizers and equipment (the so-called agribusiness).

Agriculture in developing countries is more heterogeneous and includes:

> traditional sector - consumer agriculture, mainly crop production with small peasant farms providing themselves with food;

> modern sector - commercial agriculture with well-organized plantations and farms, using the best land and hired labor, using modern technology, fertilizers, the main products of which are oriented to the foreign market.

The high share of the traditional sector in the agriculture of developing countries determines their significant lag in the development of this industry.

3. Crop and livestock

Crop production is developed in almost all natural zones of the world, except for the tundra, arctic deserts and high mountains. The modern level of development of technology, the breeding of new varieties make it possible to expand the boundaries of the placement of individual crops.

World grain production has reached 1.9 billion tons per hectare and continues to grow. The largest grain producers are China, the USA, India and Russia, which account for about 54% of the world's gross grain harvest. Other major grain producers are France, Canada, Ukraine, Indonesia, Brazil.

Wheat was known in the states of Western Asia as early as 6-5 thousand BC. It is currently grown in 70 countries. The predominant part of the gross harvest falls on China, the USA, India, Russia, and France. Specialized areas of wheat farming have been formed in the USA, Canada, Australia, as well as in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.

Among the main exporters of wheat are: the USA, Canada, France, Australia; rice - Thailand and the USA; maize - Argentina and the USA.

Vegetable crops are common in all countries of the world, but they have limited areas, usually tied to cities. Vegetable farming is currently the leading branch of the so-called suburban agriculture. It is highly intensive, it uses the latest technologies in the field of agriculture. Among tuber crops, the leading role belongs to the potato. Latin America is considered the birthplace of potatoes, but at present the largest collection of potatoes is in Europe, India, China and the USA. The main potato-producing countries: Poland, Russia, China, Ukraine, Germany, USA, India, Belarus, the Netherlands.

Sugar-bearing crops are represented by sugar cane (it is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and monsoon climate zones) and sugar beet (it is grown in the temperate zone). The main producers of sugar cane are Brazil, India, Cuba, China; sugar beet - Ukraine, France, Russia, Poland, USA. Main product international trade raw cane sugar is in the lead, cargo flows of which are directed from Brazil, Cuba, Australia to foreign Europe, the USA, the CIS countries, China, Japan and the newly industrialized countries of Asia.

The main exporter of tea is India, coffee is Brazil, cocoa is Côte d'Ivoire.

Cotton growing is concentrated in nine major regions:

East, Southeast and South Asia (China, India, Pakistan, Thailand);

Central Asia and Transcaucasia (Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan);

Southwest Asia (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan);

North and Northeast Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania);

West and Central Africa (Nigeria, Zaire);

South Africa (Mozambique, Madagascar);

North America (USA, Mexico);

South America(Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela);

Australia.

The main exporters of cotton are: USA, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, China, India, Egypt.

Natural rubber (hevea) is common in South and Southeast Asia. These countries account for more than 90% of world production. Main producing and exporting countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Philippines.

largest manufacturer tobacco - China, in much smaller volumes it is produced by India, Brazil, Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Cuba, Japan.

Livestock.

The main part of livestock production falls on countries located in the temperate climate zone.

The location of livestock industries directly depends on the forage base, i.e., on the procurement of succulent fodder, dry fodder (including fodder grain) and silage.

Animal husbandry is the leading branch of agriculture in most countries of Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Animal husbandry includes the rearing of large cattle, pigs, sheep, mules, poultry, beekeeping, sericulture.

Animal husbandry is subdivided into branches according to the types of livestock. There are three leading industries: cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding.

Cattle breeding - cattle breeding (cattle), gives the largest volume of production.

The largest number of cattle among the countries of the world have: India, Brazil, USA, China, Russia, Argentina.

Fishing is almost universal; fish and seafood production reached 100 million tons per year. More than 1/2 of all world catches are accounted for by 6 countries - Japan, China, Russia, USA, Chile and Peru. Recently, artificial fish farming, or aquaculture, has been increasingly developed. Fish farming is most typical for China and Japan.

4. Agricultural production in the USA

The US population is about 300 million people. Approximately 22 million people are employed in the production, processing, transport and sale of agricultural and food products. Including, 4.6 million of them work directly on the ground.

In recent years, "Community Supported Agriculture" has gained popularity in the United States. The essence of this system is as follows: residents of settlements agree to purchase certain products from local farmers. To do this, they annually make a certain contribution to the budget of the farm (farms), thus sharing the risks associated with the production process of agricultural products. In return, they get the opportunity to buy vegetables, milk, etc. at significantly reduced prices. Currently, about 1.5 thousand farms are participating in such programs in the United States.

The US is now the world's largest food exporter. In 2006, according to the Department of Commerce, agricultural exports amounted to $69 billion (about a quarter of the income of all US agricultural enterprises in the past year). 36% of exports are grain, oilseeds, cotton and tobacco. On average, every hour the United States exports $6 million worth of agricultural products. Exports provide jobs for more than 1 million people. Among the various export items, agricultural products rank fifth (before the end of the 1960s, they were the first).

In the United States and many other countries of the world, national agriculture is subsidized in two main ways. On the one hand, farmers can receive checks or direct money transfers from the state treasury. On the other hand, the state makes it difficult for similar products manufactured by foreign competitors to enter its market, as a result, end consumers are forced to overpay domestic producers. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, farmers in New Zealand (they receive only 2% of their income from the state) and Australia (4%) receive the lowest state subsidies. For the US, this figure is 16%, for Canada - 22%. The countries of the European Union provide 32% of the income of their peasants. In this case, Switzerland set a record - 68%.

5. Agricultural production in the UK

Among the EU member states in terms of agricultural production, the UK ranks fifth with the volume of production in 2008. €23.7bn (£18.8bn, 5.3% of total EU production, data Eurostat), yielding to France, Germany, Italy and Spain. The total output of livestock products in the same period amounted to 13.0 billion euros (10.3 billion pounds), crop production - 8.7 billion euros (6.9 billion pounds).

The area of ​​agricultural land as of March 2009 is 18.7 million hectares, which is about 77% of the country's territory.

The general dynamics of the development of agriculture in Great Britain in 2008 in terms of the cost of production of certain types of agricultural products in market prices had the following indicators: wheat production increased by 68.8% (up to 2.2 billion pounds); barley - by 61.8% to 882 million pounds; rapeseed for the production of vegetable oil - by 46.4% to 618 million pounds; sugar beets by 23.4% to £200 million; fresh vegetables increased by 3.2% to £1.1 billion; plants and flowers - by 2.0% to 797 million pounds; potatoes - by 14% to £755 million; fresh fruit - by 14.1% to 517 million pounds; pork - by 16.6% to 858 million pounds; cattle - by 26.7%; % up to 2.1 billion pounds; mutton, up 29% to £822 million; poultry meat in terms of physical volume remained at last year's level, however, in current prices increased by 22.8% to 1.48 billion pounds; the physical volume of milk production decreased by 2%, however, in current prices, the growth was 22.2% to 3.5 billion pounds; eggs increased by 27.8% to £524m.

In 2008, under the cultivation of agricultural - x. crops were occupied 4.7 million hectares, which is 6.8% higher than the same indicator of the previous year.

In UK agriculture as of March 2009. 531 thousand people were employed, which is 1% higher than in 2008. The number of managers at the same time decreased by 1.9%, while the workforce grew by 3.2%. During the same period, fixed assets (excluding livestock) of farms and commercial organizations in the sector decreased by 0.55%.

in animal husbandry in 2008. Output growth (at current prices) was 23.9% (to £10.5 billion), mainly due to higher product prices and an increase in the proportion of older stock to be slaughtered.

Milk production increased by 22.2% (to 3.5 billion pounds) also due to higher prices for finished products; egg production increased by 27.8% (to 524 million pounds), again due to rising prices.

The animal husbandry of the country was affected by the discovery in several farms in June 2008. near Barnbury (Oxfordshire) a highly pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus. In June of the same year, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) awarded the United Kingdom the status of "controlled risks" (an intermediate rating that opens up separate foreign markets for the country for the export of live cows and beef) for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) - a complete lifting of the restriction is planned in 2014 . (after 11 years from the date of the outbreak). From the beginning of 2009 The UK is recognized as FMD-free by the OIE.

In 2008 the Single Payment Scheme Farmer Subsidy Plan was implemented at 93.8% (£1.5bn out of £1.6bn envisaged). In 2008 the development program continued rural regions England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland for 2007-2013, the total amount of targeted funding of which amounted to 2.7 billion euros.

6. Agricultural production in Ukraine

As a result of the transformation of agricultural production in Ukraine, the farming form of management has become most widespread. In the total number of agricultural enterprises - 72.6% are farms. The largest number of them was created on the territory of the Steppe region - 84.1% of the total number of agricultural enterprises, especially in Odessa (88%), Nikolaev (86%), Dnepropetrovsk (85%) regions. A significant number of farms operate on the territory of Crimea - 75.9% of the total number of agricultural enterprises, a smaller part of them are located in Polessky (53.9%) and Podolsk (58.2%) regions, especially in Zhytomyr (43%), Chernihiv (38%), Ternopil (50%) regions. In 2006, farms produced 16.6 thousand UAH. gross agricultural output per one average annual worker, or 35% more than in agricultural enterprises. In general, farming is a more profitable form of management, because in 2006 these farms received 5% more profit per 100 hectares of agricultural land compared to agricultural enterprises.

There are only 400 state-owned enterprises left, which is 0.7% of the total number of agricultural enterprises.

Based on the results of 2009, crop production showed an increase in production volumes of the main agricultural crops compared to the pre-crisis period. Thus, the gross harvest of grain crops amounted to 46.0 million tons (against 33.3 million tons on average for 2000-2007), sunflower - 6.4 million tons (against 3.8 million tons), potatoes - 19.7 million tons (against 18.9 million tons), vegetables - 8.3 million tons (against 6.7 million tons), fruits and berries - 1.6 million tons (against 1.4 million tons).

At the same time, according to preliminary data, in July-November 2009/2010 of the marketing year, Ukraine ranked third in the world in the export of grains and legumes (11.3 million tons against 10.9 million tons in July-November 2008/2009 of the marketing year) . In the structure of exports, along with traditional markets (Egypt, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Bangladesh, etc.), there is a diversification of exports to developed countries (Japan, South Korea, Spain, Israel, and others).

A significant harvest of grain and leguminous crops in 2008 and 2009 had a beneficial effect on the development of production in the livestock sector. (53.3 and 46 million tons, respectively). As a result, according to the results of 2009, the volume of livestock production increased by 4.2%, which is the highest figure since 2006.

7. Prospects for the development of agricultural production

By 2010, relatively low growth in food consumption is expected in developed countries: 2-2.5%. In developing countries, however, a sharp increase in consumption is expected. First of all, this concerns the countries of the Asian region and some countries of Latin America. It is also expected to increase consumption of products in the countries of the former USSR, countries of Central and Eastern Europe. It is assumed that over the coming decade, the volume of world sales of beef will increase by 25-30%, pork - by 40%, broiler meat - by 35%. Many forecasts of the development of agriculture in the 21st century have been published in the scientific press. All futurologists and practitioners agree that revolutionary changes are coming. As agricultural technology advances, food needs will change, there will be more of it, and it will cost less. In the late 1960s, Americans spent about a third of their income on food. Now they only spend 10% on it. People can afford much more. Thus, Americans satisfy about half of their food needs outside the home - in cafes, restaurants, in the system of fast food establishments. Rising incomes will lead to the fact that consumers will want not only tasty, but also healthy food. The new type of food will simultaneously contain vaccines against diseases, and have a number of other positive qualities. The growth of the world's population should contribute to the development of agriculture, since it will be necessary to satisfy not only the basic needs, but also the tastes of people of different nationalities and ages. Rural producers need to constantly improve their products, offer new types of healthier food. Only in this case they will have a cloudless future.

Agriculture will be forced to adapt to the market conditions of an increasingly globalized world economy, as tight financial policies do not support the necessary market measures. The trend towards economic growth will continue in farms. First of all, it will be necessary to reduce production costs through the efficient use of agricultural machinery. The production and sale of specific regional products, as well as environmentally friendly products, will be one of the significant sources of income. In the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, there are exceptionally favorable conditions for the efficient competitive production of wheat, rapeseed or pork, a dynamic development of production is ensured, achievements in the development of biology and technology are used, the integration of production activities and the social assessment of peasant labor. Over the past 25 years, labor costs for food production have decreased by three quarters, with a trend of 50% reduction is projected by 2010. demand in developing countries. Losses can be partially covered by the results of technical development and lower prices for material and technical means. Disputes in matters of environmental protection are increasingly becoming objective. Cooperation and diversified production will help reduce the pressure to cut costs. The efficiency of large farms will remain at a high level. The concentration of capital in the agricultural sector will continue. The role of agricultural production will become much more versatile. Technological development will lead to the fact that the role of information and communication technology in the organization of production and access to markets will grow. The economic opportunities for the use of biology and genetic technology will increase. The latter will spread more slowly in animal husbandry than in crop production. It is not a problem to increase production or preserve the harvested crop. It is important to improve the quality of products, the favorable formation of the structure of proteins, the improvement of the quality of sugars and vegetable oils. Solving these problems requires significant fundamental scientific research, which will make it possible to create new varieties of agricultural crops and animal breeds that ensure the qualitative and quantitative growth of production. The food needs of a growing population will have to be met in a smaller area, with less water and in a deteriorating environment. In many countries food production is subsidized. Financial support per 1 hectare of agricultural land in the EU countries is 500 dollars, in the USA - about 100 dollars, for comparison, in Russia - only 2 dollars.

Conclusion

Agriculture remains one of the leading industries material production in the world economy. Currently, due to the intense impact of scientific and technical progress, agriculture is undergoing a period of deep structural adjustment. There has been a transition of agricultural production to the machine stage of development: agriculture is turning into an integral part of a large agro-industrial complex.

Across the land, the quality of productive land varies significantly. Soil fertility depends on many natural factors. A survey conducted by FAO found that on the prevailing part of the land, natural factors limit the possibility of farming

Based on the assessment of the agro-natural potential, it can be concluded that in general, in the countries of the third world, with a low level of investment, 1 ha can feed - 0.61 people, with an intermediate level - 2.1 people, with a high level - 5.05.

Since agriculture is a strategically important sector for the economy of each country and national food security directly depends on it, the level of prices in agriculture is under constant state control: with the emerging trend of rising market prices, the state takes measures to reduce them or, conversely, at the time of the crisis overproduction of products and, consequently, lower prices, the state artificially maintains their previous level.

List of used literature

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2. World economy: Textbook for universities (under the editorship of Bulatov A.S.) Ed. 2nd, revised, add. Alekseev V.V. Babyshev L.S. Bartenev S.A., 2007., 860 p.

3. World economy: Textbook for universities (ed. Bulatov A.S.)

Bulatov A. S., Volkov R. F., Rogatnykh E. B., 2004

4. World economy - Shcherbanin Yu. A. - Textbook, "UNITI-DANA", 2006, 169 p.

5. Regional economy: Textbook. - K .: "VD "Professional", 2007. - 528 p.

6. "Prospects for the development of world agriculture until 2050: opportunities, threats, priorities" http://agroobzor.ru/article/a-371.html

7. "Mechanization of agriculture in the XX century and contemporary perspectives» http://www.avtomash.ru/gur/2007/20070203.htm