Relationship between natural areas and soil types. What soils and natural areas are there?

Natural area

Soil types

Soil properties

Soil formation conditions

1 Arctic desert

often absent or arctic

very few

Not fertile

Little warmth and vegetation

2. Tundra

tundra-gley

few

Low-power, have a layer of gley

Permafrost,

waterlogging, lack of oxygen, their thickness does not exceed a few centimeters.

Forests

They occupy more than half of our territory. Several types of forest soils form under forests.

3. Taiga of the East European Plain

podzolic under northern taiga forests

little 1-2%

When there is excessive moisture, the soil is washed out and podzol is formed.

Washing, acidic, low-fertility

High humidity, acidic, plant remains - pine needles

4.Taiga of Eastern Siberia

taiga-permafrost

few

Infertile, cold

Permafrost, soil formation is slow. There is no leaching in these soils.

5. Mixed

sod-podzolic

more than in podzolic

More fertile

6. Broadleaf

forest gray

4-5%

More fertile

Spring flushing, more plant residues

7.Steppes

chernozems, chestnut

10-12%

The most fertile soils, granular structure

Lots of plant residues every year, lots of heat

8. Semi-deserts

brown semi-desert, gray-brown, and sometimes salt marshes are formed. Increased salt content.

There is not much humus in these soils, but these soils are dry, dense and structureless.

Soil salinization. This reduces fertility.

Dry climate, sparse vegetation, lack of moisture. With artificial irrigation of the land, high yields can be obtained.

Soil types

Soil formation conditions

Soil properties

Natural area

1. Arctic

Little warmth and vegetation

Not fertile

Arctic desert

2. Tundra-gley

Permafrost, little heat, waterlogging

Low-power, have a gley layer

3. Podzolic

To uvl. > 1

Chilly. Plant residues - pine needles, pepper leaching

Washing, sour, low-fertility.

4. Sod-podzolic

More plant residues by flushing the soil in spring

More fertile, acidic

Mixed forests

5. Gray forest, brown forest

Temperate continental climate, remnants of forest and herbaceous vegetation

Fertile

Broadleaf forests

6. Chernozems

Lots of heat and plant residues

The most fertile, granular

7. Chestnut

To uvl. = 0.8, 0.7

Lots of heat

Fertile

Dry steppes

8. Brown and gray-brown

To uvl.< 0,5

Dry climate, little vegetation

Soil salinization

Climatic conditions in different regions of the world vary significantly. As a result of these differences, various types of soils were formed, each of which has its own agrotechnical characteristics.

Soil structure, fertility and origin determine the main characteristics that allow organizing soil classification.

In soil classification, it is customary to distinguish several nested structural units: type, subtype, genus, species, variety and category.

Soil types and their characteristics.

• Soils of the tundra zone.
• Soils of the taiga-forest zone.
• Soils of the forest-steppe zone.
• Soils of the steppe zone.
• Soils of the dry steppe zone.
• Soils of the semi-desert zone.
• Soils of dry subtropics.
• Soils of humid subtropics.
• Intrazonal soils.
• Soils of river floodplains.

What characteristics and features do the main types of soil have?

1) Soils of the tundra zone.

The main type of soil in this climatic zone is tundra-gley. They are formed in conditions of low temperatures, with little precipitation. Moisture evaporation is insignificant due to low temperatures. Because of this, there is excess water on the soil surface.

The depth of soil heating is low, as a result, soil formation processes take place only in the upper layers of the soil, and permafrost is located at greater depths.

Vegetation is poorly developed on tundra-gley soils. These are mainly dwarf shrubs and trees, lichens, and mosses. Several types of cereals are present. There are no forests in the tundra zone, which is hidden in the very word “tundra” - translated as “forestlessness”.

Excessive moisture content in tundra-gley soils, combined with low temperatures, has a depressing effect on the vital activity of microorganisms. The humus layer is thin, and peat accumulates over time.

2) Soils of the taiga-forest zone.

There are podzolic, sod-podzolic and gley-podzolic soils here.

The climate is with average humidity and moderately cold. A large number of forests and swamps. The soils are mostly acidic with high humidity. The humus content is low.

3) Soils of the forest-steppe zone.

They are divided into gray forest, brown forest, podzolized and leached chernozems.

The climate is moderately humid and moderately warm. The amount of precipitation is insignificant. Forest areas alternate with steppe expanses. The humus content is quite high, the soils have good fertility.

4) Soils of the steppe zone.

Traditional soils for this zone are chernozems.

The climate is characterized by warm summers and not very cold winters. Precipitation rates are average. Most of the territory is plain.

The humus horizon has an impressive depth, but to achieve high yields, a good supply of soil with moisture is required.

5) Soils of the dry steppe zone.

The main soils of the dry steppes are chestnut.

The climate is arid, with low rainfall. The relief structure is flat.

6) Soils of the semi-desert zone.

They are represented by brown arid soils.

The climate is very arid, with little rainfall. The relief mainly consists of plains, with some mountains.

7) Soils of dry subtropics.

Traditional soils are gray soils.

The climate is arid and hot. The relief is represented by plains and foothills.

8) Soils of humid subtropics.

For this zone, the most common soils are red soils. The climate is warm, with high humidity and high level precipitation, temperatures are stable throughout the year.

Relief: low mountains and foothills.

The amount of humus is not very large. There is often a deficiency of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil.

9) Intrazonal soils.

Typically the climate is arid and very warm, and the topography is flat.

Fertility levels are very low.

10) Soils of river floodplains.

A feature of floodplain soils is that they are often flooded when nearby rivers flood. There are alluvial (floodplain) turf, swamp and meadow soils.

Main types of soils in Russia.

In Russia, the most common soils are:

• Soils of the tundra zone.
• Soils of the taiga-forest zone.
• Soils of the forest-steppe zone.
• Soils of the steppe zone.
• Soils of the dry steppe zone.
• Soils of the semi-desert zone.

Natural areas- these are natural complexes that occupy large areas and are characterized by the dominance of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the distribution of heat and moisture, their ratio. Each natural zone has its own type of soil, vegetation and animal life.

The appearance of a natural area is determined by the type of vegetation cover. But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal conditions, moisture, light, soil, etc.

As a rule, natural zones are extended in the form of wide stripes from west to east. There are no clear boundaries between them; they gradually transform into one another. The latitudinal location of natural zones is disrupted by the unequal distribution of land and ocean, relief, and distance from the ocean.

Permanently wet forests

In the equatorial climate zone, permanently moist evergreen forests cover approximately 8% of the continent's area. They are common in the Congo River basin to the north - up to 4° N. w. and south of the equator - up to 5° south. w. In addition, these forests occupy the coast of the Atlantic Ocean up to approximately 8° N. w. And in river deltas and on coasts flooded during high tide, especially on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea, mangroves dominate.

Primary rain forests remain only in the central basin of the Congo River. In other places, especially north of the Gulf of Guinea, they were replaced by low-growing secondary thickets.

The high tiers of constantly humid evergreen (equatorial) forests of Africa are formed by giant, up to 80 m tall, ficus, oil and wine palms, and ceiba. In the lower tiers, bananas, various ferns, and the Liberian coffee tree grow abundantly. Among the lianas, a special place is occupied by the rubber-bearing tree liana landolphia, and the long rattan palm is also found.

Variably humid forests

Variably humid forests can be found on all continents of the Earth, except Antarctica. If in the equatorial forests it is summer all the time, then three seasons are clearly defined here: dry cool (November-February) - winter monsoon; dry hot (March-May) - transitional season; humid hot (June-October) - summer monsoon. The hottest month is May, when the sun is almost at its zenith, rivers dry up, trees shed their leaves, and the grass turns yellow.

The summer monsoon arrives at the end of May with hurricane winds, thunderstorms, and torrential rains. Nature comes to life. Due to the alternation of dry and wet seasons, monsoon forests are called variable-wet.

The monsoon forests of India are located in the tropical climate zone. Valuable tree species grow here, characterized by the strength and durability of the wood: teak, sal, sandalwood, satin and ironwood. Teak wood is not afraid of fire and water, it is widely used for the construction of ships. Sal also has a durable and strong wood. Sandalwood and satin trees are used in the manufacture of varnishes and paints.

Animal world The Indian jungle is rich and diverse: elephants, bulls, rhinoceroses, monkeys. Lots of birds and reptiles.

Monsoon forests in tropical and subtropical regions are also characteristic of Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and the northern and northeastern regions of Australia.

Savannas and woodlands

Savannas and woodlands are a typical natural zone for the subequatorial climate zone. Typically, savannas extend where moisture is no longer sufficient even for the growth of variable wet forests. They develop inland, as well as far from the equator, where most year, it is no longer the equatorial, but the tropical air mass that dominates, and the rainy season lasts less than 6 months. Precipitation here averages from 500 to 1000 mm per year. Summer temperature is 20-25°C and above, winter - 16-24°C. Savannas and woodlands occupy the interior regions of the subequatorial belt of South America, where they received the name campos or Llanos, most of the subequatorial belt of Africa, the Hindustan Peninsula, as well as Indochina, eastern, northern and southwestern Australia. Savannas are open spaces with isolated trees. In winter, when drought sets in, the savanna dries out, turning into a lifeless, dried-out steppe. Animals migrate to areas where there is still a sufficient amount of water, however, at this time it is still too little. Heat and drought are very difficult conditions even for animals adapted to this climate. Savannas are inhabited mainly by mammals. In Africa these are elephants, lions, zebras, antelopes, rhinoceroses, giraffes, and there are many birds here: African ostrich, marabou, secretary bird. IN South America- these are anteaters, baker pigs, rhea ostriches, armadillos. The flora in Africa is represented by huge baobabs and palm trees; in South America, the Quebracho tree grows here.

Tropical deserts and semi-deserts

Desert is a natural area characterized by the virtual absence of flora and fauna. There are sandy, rocky, clayey, and saline deserts. The largest sandy desert on Earth - the Sahara (from the ancient Arabic al-sahra - “desert, desert steppe”) - covers an area of ​​more than 8 million square meters. km. Deserts are located in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, subtropical and tropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Less than 200 mm falls in the desert per year, and in some areas less than 50 mm. Desert soils are poorly developed; the content of water-soluble salts in them exceeds the content of organic substances. Vegetation cover usually occupies less than 50% of the soil surface, and may be completely absent for several kilometers.

Due to the infertility of the soil and lack of moisture, the animal and plant worlds of deserts are quite poor. In such conditions, only the most resilient representatives of flora and fauna survive. The most common plants are leafless thorny bushes, and the animals are reptiles (snakes, lizards) and small rodents. Vegetation cover of subtropical deserts North America and Australia is more diverse, and there are almost no areas devoid of vegetation. Low-growing acacia and eucalyptus trees are common here.

Life in deserts is concentrated mainly near oases - places with dense vegetation and bodies of water, as well as in river valleys. Deciduous trees are common in oases: turanga poplars, jidas, willows, elms, and in river valleys - palms and oleanders.

Hardleaf forests

Hard-leaved forests are developed in the subtropical climate zone with a Mediterranean type of climate. This is a moderately warm climate with hot (20-25°C) and relatively dry summers, cool and rainy winters. The average precipitation is 400-600 mm per year with rare and short-lived snow cover.

Hard-leaved forests mainly grow in southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and southeast Australia. Some fragments of these forests are found in America (USA, Chile).

They, like equatorial forests, have a tiered structure with vines and epiphytes. In hard-leaved forests there are oaks (holm, cork), strawberry trees, wild olives, heather, and myrtles. Australia's hardwood forests are rich in eucalyptus trees. Here there are giant trees, more than 100 m high. Their roots go 30 m into the ground and, like powerful pumps, pump out moisture from it. There are low-growing eucalyptus and bush eucalyptus.

Plants of hard-leaved forests are very well adapted to lack of moisture. Most have small gray-green leaves obliquely positioned in relation to the sun's rays, and the crown does not shade the soil. In some plants, the leaves are modified, reduced to spines. These are, for example, scrubs - thickets of thorny acacia and eucalyptus bushes. Scrabs are located in Australia, in areas almost devoid of rivers and lakes.

The fauna of the hard-leaved forest zone is also unique. For example, in the eucalyptus forests of Australia you can find the marsupial koala bear. It lives in trees and leads a nocturnal, sedentary lifestyle.

Steppes and forest-steppes

Steppes are found on all continents of the Earth, except Antarctica (in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres). They are distinguished by an abundance of solar heat, a small amount precipitation (up to 400 mm per year), as well as warm or hot summers. The main vegetation of the steppes is grass. Steppes are called differently. In South America, the tropical steppes are called pampa, which in the Indian language means “a large area without forest.” Animals characteristic of the pampa are the llama, the armadillo, and the viscacha, a rodent similar to a rabbit.

In North America, steppes are called prairies. They are located in both temperate and subtropical climate zones. The bison have long been the “kings” of the American prairies. TO end of the 19th century centuries they were almost completely exterminated. Currently, through the efforts of the state and the public, the number of bison is being restored. Another resident of the prairies is the coyote - the steppe wolf. Along the banks of rivers in the bushes you can find a large spotted cat - a jaguar. Peccaries are a small boar-like animal also typical of the prairies.

The steppes of Eurasia are located in the temperate zone. They are very different from the American prairies and African savannas. It has a drier, sharply continental climate. In winter it is very cold (average temperature - 20°C), and in summer it is very hot (average temperature + 25°C), with strong winds. In summer, the vegetation of the steppes is sparse, but in spring the steppe is transformed: it blooms with many varieties of lilies, poppies, and tulips.

The flowering time does not last long, about 10 days. Then drought sets in, the steppe dries out, the colors fade, and by autumn everything turns yellow-gray.

The steppes contain the most fertile soils on Earth, so they are almost completely plowed. The treeless spaces of the temperate steppes are characterized by strong winds. Wind erosion of soils occurs very intensively here - dust storms are frequent. To preserve soil fertility, forest belts are planted, organic fertilizers and light agricultural machinery are used.

Forest-steppes are landscapes in which, in the interfluves, meadow-steppe or steppe areas alternate with tracts of forests that select more moist soils.

Forest-steppe is naturally distributed within continents between zones of forests and steppes in the continental conditions of the temperate and subtropical geographical zones. In the temperate zone, the forest-steppe stretches in a continuous strip from the Danube Lowland (Europe) to Altai (Asia), and then occurs in scattered areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, as well as in the north of the Great and Central Plains in North America. In different longitudinal zones, forest-steppe differs in precipitation (from 400 to 1000 mm per year), in the severity of winters (from -5°C to -40°C on average in January) and in vegetation. Along with rhizomatous grasses and forbs, coniferous-deciduous forests are widespread in North America. In Europe, the forest-tundra zone alternates with tracts of broad-leaved forests (oak) and small-leaved forests (birch and aspen), in Western Siberia- with birch trees, and in Eastern Siberia - with birch-pine and larch-pine trees.

The soils under forest-steppes are gray forest soils (under forest areas) and chernozems (under steppe areas).

The nature of the forest-steppe zone has been greatly changed by human economic activity. In Europe and North America, the plowed area reaches 80%. Since the soils here are fertile, wheat, corn, sunflowers, sugar beets and other crops are grown in this area.

Mixed and broad-leaved forests

In the forest zone of the temperate zone, the seasons of the year are clearly defined. Average temperatures in January are negative throughout, in some places down to - 40°C, in July + 10... + 20°C; the amount of precipitation is 300-1000 mm per year. The vegetation of plants stops in winter, and there is snow cover for several months.

Spruce, fir, pine, and larch grow both in the taiga of North America and in the taiga of Eurasia. The animal world also has a lot in common. The bear is the owner of the taiga. True, in the Siberian taiga it is called a brown bear, and in the Canadian taiga it is called a grizzly bear. You can meet red lynx, elk, wolf, as well as marten, ermine, wolverine, and sable. The largest rivers of Siberia flow through the taiga zone - the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, which in terms of flow are second only to the rivers of the equatorial forest zone.

To the south, the climate becomes milder: mixed and broad-leaved forests grow here, consisting of species such as birch, oak, maple, linden, among which there are also conifers. Characteristic of the forests of North America are: white oak, sugar maple, yellow birch. Red deer, elk, wild boar, hare; Among the predators, the wolf and the fox are representatives of the animal world of this zone known to us.

Taiga

The natural taiga zone is located in the north of Eurasia and North America. On the North American continent it stretches from west to east for more than 5 thousand km, and in Eurasia, starting on the Scandinavian Peninsula, it spread to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The Eurasian taiga is the largest continuous forest zone on Earth. It occupies more than 60% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The taiga contains huge reserves of wood and supplies large amounts of oxygen to the atmosphere. In the north, the taiga smoothly turns into forest-tundra, gradually taiga forests are replaced by open forests, and then by separate groups of trees. The furthest taiga forests enter the forest-tundra are along river valleys, which are most protected from strong northern winds. In the south, the taiga also smoothly transitions into coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests.

The climate of the taiga zone within the temperate climate zone varies from marine in the west of Eurasia to sharply continental in the east. In the west there are relatively warm summers (+10 °C) and mild winters (-10 °C), more precipitation falls than can evaporate. Under conditions of excessive moisture, the decay products of organic and mineral substances are carried into the lower soil layers, forming a clarified podzolic horizon, from which the predominant soils of the taiga zone are called podzolic. Permafrost contributes to the stagnation of moisture, so significant areas within this natural zone, especially in the north of European Russia and Western Siberia, are occupied by lakes, swamps and swampy woodlands. Dark coniferous forests growing on podzolic and frozen-taiga soils are dominated by spruce and pine and, as a rule, there is no undergrowth. Twilight reigns under the closing crowns; in the lower tier grow mosses, lichens, herbs, dense ferns and berry bushes - lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries. In the north-west of the European part of Russia they predominate pine forests, and on the western slope of the Urals, which is characterized by large clouds, sufficient precipitation and heavy snow cover, spruce-fir and spruce-fir-cedar forests.

On the eastern slope of the Urals, humidity is less than on the western slope, and therefore the composition of forest vegetation here is different: light coniferous forests predominate - mainly pine, in places with an admixture of larch and cedar (Siberian pine).

The Asian part of the taiga is characterized by light coniferous forests. In the Siberian taiga, summer temperatures in a continental climate rise to +20 °C, and in winter in northeastern Siberia they can drop to -50 °C. On the territory of the West Siberian Lowland, predominantly larch and spruce forests grow in the northern part, pine forests in the central part, and spruce, cedar and fir in the southern part. Light coniferous forests are less demanding on soil and climatic conditions and can grow even on infertile soils. The crowns of these forests are not closed, and through them the sun's rays freely penetrate into the lower tier. The shrub layer of the light-coniferous taiga consists of alder, dwarf birches and willows, and berry bushes.

Tundra and forest-tundra

A treeless natural area with vegetation of mosses, lichens and creeping shrubs. The tundra is widespread in the subarctic climate zone only in North America and Eurasia, which are characterized by harsh climatic conditions (little solar heat, low temperatures, short cold summers, low rainfall).

The moss lichen was called “reindeer moss” because it is the main food of reindeer. Arctic foxes and lemmings - small rodents - also live in the tundra. Among the sparse vegetation there are berry bushes: blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, as well as dwarf trees: birch, willow.

Permafrost in the soil is a phenomenon characteristic of the tundra, as well as the Siberian taiga. As soon as you start digging a hole, at a depth of about 1 m you will encounter a frozen layer of earth several tens of meters thick. This phenomenon must be taken into account during construction, industrial and agricultural development of the territory.

Everything grows very slowly in the tundra. This is precisely why the need for careful attention to its nature is connected. For example, pastures overrun by deer are restored only after 15-20 years.

Forest-tundra is a natural zone of the subarctic zone, transitional from tundra to taiga, characterized by the widespread development of open forests and clearings.

The average air temperature here in July reaches 11.0-14.0°. The sum of temperatures for a period with a stable temperature above 10° is equal to 600–800° west of the Yenisei and 400–600° east of it. This is the first zone, if you move from north to south, where meteorological summer is noticeably pronounced - the time when the average daily air temperature rises above 15°. In the area of ​​Murmansk, Salekhard and Dudinka it lasts about 20 days. On the contrary, in winter the forest-tundra is colder than the tundra. The average air temperature in January ranges from -10 to -38°. The greater severity of winter is explained by the fact that the forest-tundra is located at some distance from the sea coast and lies in close proximity to the supercooled interior regions of Eurasia. For the same reason, wind speeds in the forest-tundra are somewhat lower than in the tundra, and the snow cover, due to the presence of forests, is more evenly distributed.

Arctic and Antarctic deserts

Arctic and Antarctic deserts located in the polar regions of the Earth. The absolute minimum temperature recorded in Antarctica is 89.2 °C.

On average, winter temperatures are -30 °C, summer temperatures are 0 °C. Just like in the deserts of the tropical and temperate zones, the polar desert receives little precipitation, mainly in the form of snow. The polar night lasts almost half a year here, and the polar day lasts almost half a year. Antarctica is considered the highest continent on Earth, given the thickness of its ice shell at 4 km.

The indigenous inhabitants of the polar deserts of Antarctica are emperor penguins. They cannot fly, but they swim perfectly. They can dive to great depths and swim vast distances to escape their enemies - seals.

The northern polar region of the Earth - the Arctic - got its name from the ancient Greek arcticos - northern. The southern, as if opposite, polar region is Antarctica (anti - against). The Arctic occupies the island of Greenland, the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as well as the islands and waters of the Arctic Ocean. This area is covered with snow and ice all year round. The polar bear is rightfully considered the owner of these places.

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