Presentation on the population of South America. Presentation on the topic "Population of South America"

Red Army SchoolI- III steps

Geography lesson in grade 7

Teacher: Drokachuk Svetlana Nikolaevna

Lesson topic : The population of South America (Slide number 1)

The purpose of the lesson : to study the population of South America, its racial composition and distribution, the origin and formation of the modern population of the mainland; to acquaint with the features of the political map of the mainland; identify the main states; develop the ability to work with sources of geographic information, the skills to analyze and summarize the information received. (Slide #2)

Equipment : political map of South America, geographic atlases, computer and multimedia board.

Lesson type : learning new material.

Basic concepts: population, races, states, colonization.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Updating the basic knowledge and skills of students.

Exercise (on individual cards): combine geographical concepts into groups and give them names.Egypt, Canberra, Negroids, Commonwealth of Australia, Mongoloids, Cairo, Caucasians, Ethiopia, Sydney.

Slide show with the correct answer. (Slide #3)

Races States Cities

Negroid Australian Union Sydney

Mongoloid Egypt Cairo

Caucasoid Ethiopia Canberra

III. Motivation of educational and cognitive activity.

No fossil sites found in South America primitive people, there are no remains of great apes here. How did man penetrate the borders of South America?

IV. Learning new material.

Teacher's story.

Archaeological excavations in South America suggest that the first people on the territory of the motherland appeared 15-17 thousand years ago. They were the ancestors of modern Indians from North America, which even earlier, about 25 thousand years ago, began to be settled by immigrants from Asia, who crossed the land bridge across the Bering Strait, connecting Eurasia and North America. The ancient tribes based on the mainland were at a low level of development. They led a nomadic lifestyle and were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering. Having no connections with the peoples of other continents, over a long historical period, the peoples of South America created a unique culture. Agriculture was born on the mainland 7 thousand years ago. In the 1st century A.D. the first ancient Indian states arose. In the XV - XVI centuries. before the arrival of Europeans, a large Indian state was formed - the Inca Empire, which included the territory of modern Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Peru and Ecuador. (Slides No. 4,5) The majority of the population of this state were Quechua Indians. In the capital of the state of Cuzco, multi-storey buildings were erected from carefully fitted stone beams. These buildings were remarkably durable. The largest building was the Temple of the Sun, decorated with gold plates. In one of the temples there was a “golden garden”, which got its name from the image of skillfully made animals, plants and insects made of gold and silver. Among the Incas, stone sculpture and ceramics were widespread. In Inca culture, literature, music, choreography and other arts developed, and the beginnings of writing appeared. The Incas were knowledgeable in mathematics, medicine and geography. Agriculture reached a high level in the Inca Empire. Canals were connected to the fields for irrigation. The lands were fertilized with guano. Terraces were built in the mountains to grow maize, potatoes and other crops. The Incas, the only inhabitants of South America, bred domestic animals - llamas.
The development of the Inca culture was interrupted by the invasion of the Spaniards in 1532. Two circumstances contributed to the victory of the Spaniards. Firstly, the empire was weakened by a three-year internecine war, and secondly, it was very easy for the Spaniards to move along good, stone-paved roads with bridges across deep gorges. The Spanish detachment of conquistadors (translated from Spanish as conquerors) was commanded by the treacherous and greedy Pissarro. The Inca Empire was plundered by the Spanish conquistadors. Many unique monuments of the Inca culture have disappeared forever. But for many more years until 1572, the Incas continued to resist the Spaniards.
By the arrival of Europeans in the lowlands of South America, there lived tribes that were at the level of the primitive communal system. They were engaged in hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture.
The invasion of European colonialists led to the mass extermination of Indian peoples. They died from overwork on the plantations, unknown diseases brought from Europe.
There are very few indigenous Indians in the modern countries of South America. They make up a significant part of the population only in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
The reduction in the number of Indians forced the colonialists to export millions of Negro slaves from Africa to work on the plantations. Gradually, a mixture of three races took place on the mainland - Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid.

Descendants from marriages of Europeans and Indians began to be calledmestizos. (Slide number 6) Mestizos make up the majority of the modern population of South America.
The descendants of mixed marriages between Europeans and Negroes are calledmulattoes . Mulattos make up a significant part of the Brazilian population. (Slide number 7)
Marriages from Negroes and Indians formed another group -sambo .

(Slide number 8)

Working with cards : in the process of the teacher's story and slide show, students complete the diagram: (Slide No. 9)

Population

indigenous new peoples

Indians Europeans mestizos

Africans mulattos

sambo

Until the middle of the 19th century, Spaniards and Portuguese prevailed among Europeans on the mainland. From the second half of the 19th century, more and more emigrants began to arrive in South America from other countries of Europe and Asia - Italy, Germany, France, Holland, India, China, Japan. Representatives of some nationalities did not mix with local population and live in isolated groups.

More than 400 million people currently live in South America. Over the past half century, the population has tripled. The reason for this growth is a decrease in mortality and a high birth rate. South America is called the continent of "young ages". The distribution of the population across the mainland is extremely uneven. Approximately 90% of the population lives in the coastal part. The vast hinterland of the mainland is sparsely populated, and some territories equatorial forests almost deserted.

The countries of South America differ in size of territory, population and natural resources.

Large states: Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela. (Slides No. 10,11,12,13,14,15)

Reception : "Geographical workshop": Drawing on a contour map of the borders of countries. Signing the names of countries and their capitals.

Russia maintains political and economic relations with most countries in South America. These relationships are built on a mutually beneficial basis. Cultural exchanges between our country and the countries of South America are expanding. This contributes to better mutual understanding and strengthening of peace on the planet.

V. Consolidation of the studied material.

Reception "Work in pairs": fill in the gaps in the text on the cards, cross-check using the correct option on the slide. (Slide number 16)

Card :

Many thousands of years ago, numerous tribes lived in South America.Indians . They were huntingand agriculture .

Since the 16th century, settled on the mainlandEuropeans . They were mostly people fromSpain And Portugal . Indians were partially exterminated or becameslaves . To work on the plantations, Europeans began to import slaves fromAfrica . Mixed languages, races,customs And traditions.

The mainland is currently inhabitedweakly . The population is distributeduneven . Most residents live oncoast oceans.

Reference words: weakly, Africa, Indians, agriculture, Europeans, Spain, unevenly, Portugal, slaves, customs, traditions, coast.

VI. Summary of the lesson.

Students take turns showing on the wall map the states of South America, the most populated regions.

VII. Homework.

Study textbook material

Prepare for the final lesson. (Slide number 18)

H A c e l e n And e

Prepared by: Zadylyak L.M.,

Kaliningrad

Inca road

Cusco. Peru.

The national composition of the population of the mainland is very diverse. The history of the settlement of the continent.

1- people appeared here almost 15-17 thousand years ago. These were the ancient Indians who came here, according to most scientists, from North America. There are other hypotheses for the settlement of the mainland: people could get here from Africa or Oceania. Gradually, the Indians populated the entire mainland, formed numerous tribes. Most of the tribes for many centuries led a nomadic life, engaged in hunting and gathering. In mountainous areas Andes about 7 thousand years ago arose

the beginnings of agriculture, which, developing, reached high level. The Indian peoples were engaged in agriculture not only in the mountains, but also on the plains, built dams, drained the soil. The Indians first began to grow potatoes, peanuts, pumpkins, tomatoes, beans, which are now cultivated in many countries of the world.

IN South America before the discovery of the mainland by Europeans, there were several centers of ancient Indian civilizations. IN Andes there are many monuments of the pre-Columbian era. This is an archaeological site Chavin, city Cusco(the capital of the Incas).

Machu Picchu

From the 16th century colonization began South America Europeans. Spaniards and Portuguese began to settle on the mainland, and later immigrants from other countries Europe. The arrival of Europeans found most of the Indian peoples at the level of the tribal system. Only in Andes there were ancient Indian states. The most powerful in that era was the state of the Incas with a developed economy and culture.

The monuments of the disappeared civilizations of the Indians are still being studied by researchers from many countries. In the forests lie the ruins of cities with grandiose temples and palaces. Giant figures found in the desert, powerful fortresses, roads and bridges, water pipes, irrigation canals amaze the imagination of people living today.

Paracas; 1-500 AD AD

The Paracas were unsurpassed master weavers. Their works, according to researchers, are considered "one of the wonders of world weaving art."

Legacy of the Nazca Civilization:

multicolored pottery and giant enigmatic drawings

Nazca geoglyphs. Huge images of plants and animals drawn on the earth's surface in the Nazca desert (500 BC-500 AD)

Until now, scientists have not found the answer to the question why they were created.

Deserts of Peru

The legacy of the Mochica civilization:

achievement of high perfection in sculpture. They have reached high degree realism in the depiction of his contemporaries in the so-called facial vessels. The ancient masters achieved special mastery in conveying the psychological state of a person.

Chimu inhabited the kingdom of Chimor, the capital of the country was the beautiful city of Chan-Chan (which translates as Sun-Sun). The city had a colossal complex built of adobe bricks, the largest in the world.

It was the largest Indian city in South America. The area of ​​Chan Chan was almost 20 square kilometers. In 1200, its population reached 100,000 inhabitants. Civilization gave examples of the high development of agriculture - the possession of land reclamation techniques and the use of fertilizers, as well as various crafts, in particular those related to metal processing.

Amazing constructions in Chan Chan, the capital of Chimu

Conquest of the mainland Spain And Portugal brought incalculable misfortune to its native population. The state of the Incas was plundered. The Indians of the Atlantic regions were enslaved, partially exterminated or pushed back into the interior of the mainland to lands inconvenient for life.

The reduction in the number of Indians forced the colonialists to seek labor force. To work on the plantations began to import Negroes - slaves from Africa. Now in South America live representatives of all three races of mankind.

 Name these races.

Among the population of the mainland there was a process of mixing of races, languages, customs, traditions, mores. The composition of the population has acquired extraordinary complexity.

Descendants from marriages of Europeans with Indians are called mestizos . They form the main population of many Andean countries.

Descendants from marriages of Europeans and blacks are called mulattoes , and Indians and blacks - sambo . Blacks and mulattoes live mainly in the east of the mainland.

Most of the population South America speaks Spanish in Brazil- in Portuguese. Indians speak hundreds various languages. The most common languages ​​of the peoples of Quechua, Aymara, etc.

The mainland is relatively sparsely populated. About 390 million people live here.

 Compare the population of South America with that of Africa and Australia.

The population is distributed very unevenly across the mainland. Most live on the coast of the oceans, where immigrants arrived. The population density is also high on the central plateaus Andes .

 Explain why.

The vast interior regions of the mainland are sparsely populated.

Countries .

In the territory South America not as many countries as in Africa. The borders of modern states were formed at the beginning of the 19th century. as a result of the struggle of peoples for independence against the Spanish and Portuguese colonialists.

Almost all countries South America, except for two, have access to the oceans. The largest countries in terms of area lie within the flat east of the mainland. - Brazil, Argentina , Venezuela. Countries located in the west, occupied Andes, called Andean. group Andean countries are Colombia , Ecuador ,

Peru , Bolivia , Chile. The smallest country on the continent Suriname .

Geographic tasks

On the political map of South America, determine:

• The largest states of the mainland by area; Countries that are located on the Pacific coast; Countries that are located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean countries; continental countries; Island states; Countries, former colonies of Portugal; Countries former colonies of Spain
• The largest states of the mainland by area;
• Countries that are located on the Pacific coast;
• Countries that are located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean;
• Caribbean countries;
• Continental countries;
• Island states;
• Countries, former colonies of Portugal;
• Countries former colonies of Spain

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What is the origin of the population of modern South America?

2*. Why is there a high population density in the west of the mainland in the Andes, because in the mountains, as a rule, the population is rare?

3. On what basis can the countries of South America be grouped?

4. Explain the origin of the names of 3-4 mainland countries.

Sources:

• EFU. V.A.Korinskaya, I.V.Dushina, V.A.Schenev. M. Drofa. 2015 Textbook. Continents and oceans. O.V. Krylova. M. Enlightenment. 1999 Internet illustrations
• EFU. V.A.Korinskaya, I.V.Dushina, V.A.Schenev. M.Drofa.2015
• Textbook. Continents and oceans. O.V. Krylova. M. Enlightenment. 1999
• Internet illustrations

1 slide

South America The presentation was prepared by a student of the 7th grade "A" Gurevich Sofya Geography teacher - Zarenkova Ekaterina Dmitrievna

2 slide

At the ethnic level, the population of South America can be divided into three types: Indians, whites and blacks. In countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Venezuela, mestizos (descendants of the marriages of the Spaniards and the native population) predominate in demographic terms. Only in two countries (Peru and Bolivia) do Indians form a majority. Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela have significant populations of African descent. In such states as Argentina, Uruguay, Chile and Brazil, the majority of the population is of European origin, of which in the first two the majority of the population are descendants of immigrants from Spain and Italy. Descendants of the Portuguese, Germans, Italians and Spaniards live in the south and southeast of Brazil. Indian Negro Caucasian

3 slide

4 slide

Chile received a wave of emigration from Spain, Germany, England, France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Greece and Croatia throughout the 18th and early 20th centuries. According to various sources, from 1,600,000 (10% of the population) to 4,500,000 (27%) people from the Basque country live in this country. 1848 was the year of mass immigration of Germans (also Austrians and Swiss) and, in part, French, mainly to the southern regions of the country, hitherto completely uninhabited, but rich in nature and minerals. This immigration of Germans continued after the first and second world wars in such a way that today about 500,000 Chileans are of German origin.

5 slide

In addition, about 5% of the Chilean population are descendants of Christian immigrants from the Middle East (Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese, Armenians). Also, about 3% of the population of Chile are genetic Croats. The descendants of the Greeks make up about 100,000 people, most of them live in Santiago and Antofagasta. About 5% of the population is of French origin. From 600,000 to 800,000 - Italian. Germans immigrated to Brazil mainly during the 19th and 20th centuries in connection with the political and social events in their homeland. Today, about 10% of Brazilians (18 million) are of German origin. In addition, Brazil is a Latin American country with the largest number of ethnic Ukrainians (1 million). Ethnic minorities in South America are also represented by Arabs and Japanese in Brazil, Chinese in Peru, and Indians in Guyana. Cathedral of Santiago The highlands of Peru used to be inhabited by the Incas

6 slide

Tepui, or tepui - mesas located in the Guiana Highlands in South America, for the most part in the territory of Venezuela. Among the most famous tepui are Autana, Auyantepui and Mount Roraima. Many tepui are located in the Venezuelan Canaima National Park, which has the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The word "tepui" in the language of the Pemon Indians, who inhabit the Gran Sabana region, means "house of the gods." Tepui are for the most part isolated from each other, towering above the jungle with hard-to-reach cliffs, which makes them carriers of a unique set of endemic plants and animals.

7 slide

The Atacama Desert (Spanish: Desierto de Atacama) is a desert on the west coast of South America, in Chile (between 22° and 27° S). Before the Second Pacific War (1879-1883) belonged to Bolivia. The Peruvian current cools the lower atmosphere and creates a temperature inversion that prevents precipitation (less than 50 mm per year). The driest place on earth. Deposits of saltpeter, borax, iodine, table salt, copper.

8 slide

Titika ka (Spanish: Titicaca, Quechua Titiqaqa, Aymara Titiqaqa) is the largest lake in South America in terms of fresh water reserves, the second largest lake in South America (after Lake Maracaibo, which is also sometimes considered a sea bay), the highest in the world navigable lake. Located in the Andes. The name consists of the words of the Quechua Indian language: kaka - rock and titi - puma - a sacred animal of the Quechua tribes.

9 slide

São Paulo (port. São Paulo) is a city in the southeast of Brazil, the capital of the state of the same name. The largest city in the Southern Hemisphere. Located in the valley of the river Tiete, 70 km from the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The motto on the coat of arms: lat. NON DVCOR DVCO - "They don't control me, but I control." The area of ​​the city is 1523 km, and the population is 11.3 million people (according to IBGE data for 2011), which makes it the most populated city in the Western Hemisphere (with suburbs - about 20 million).

10 slide

Bue Nos A Aires (Spanish Buenos Aires, lit. "good air" or "good winds") is the city, the capital of Argentina, the administrative, cultural and economic center of the country and one of the largest cities in South America. Buenos Aires is located in the central-eastern part of the country, on the western coast of the largest bay-estuary, the Rio de la Plata, which is a continuation of the mouth of the second longest river in South America - the Parana. The city has been wearing its modern shortened name - "Buenos Aires" since the 17th century. Prior to this, the city was officially referred to by the following full name: isp. Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Nuestra Señora de Santa María de los Buenos Aires, lit. "City of the Most Holy Trinity and Port of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Good Winds".

11 slide

Rio de Janeiro or simply Rio (port. Rio de Janeiro, literally - the January river) is a city in Brazil, the capital of the state of the same name. The second largest city in Brazil (after Sao Paulo), the third largest metropolitan area in South America with a population of 6.3 million people in the city itself (2004), the sixth largest city in America and the 26th in the world. Rio's coastline with Copacabana Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain and Christ the Redeemer statue is a World Heritage Site. The city was the capital of Brazil for two centuries, from 1763 to 1960. During the Portuguese colonial regime, Rio was the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve from 1815 to 1821. Then - the national capital of the country, from 1822 to 1960.

Influence of racial mixing on culture Influence of Spaniards and Portuguese: language, music, love of entertainment Influence of Spaniards and Portuguese: language, music, love of entertainment Africans: cuisine features - adding coconut milk to cereals. Tales about Brother Rabbit and Brother Fox, about Uncle Jaguar. Africans: cuisine features - adding coconut milk to cereals. Tales about Brother Rabbit and Brother Fox, about Uncle Jaguar. Indians: corn dishes, sambrero clothes and woven shoes. Indians: corn dishes, sambrero clothes and woven shoes.

Brazil Most big state South America The largest country in South America State. Language - Portuguese State. language - Portuguese In the house - wicker furniture, earthenware and, of course, a hammock that replaces the bed. The house has wicker furniture, earthenware and, of course, a hammock that replaces the bed. Favorite dish - "mokuem" (Indian) - fish seasoned with yucca and maize. Favorite dish - "mokuem" (Indian) - fish seasoned with yucca and maize.

Argentina Beenos Aires is a city of immigrants. -Love to the location in a cafe for a cup of coffee, dice, billiards. - Passion for asado - meat fried over low heat - Love for mate - Latin American tea. "Drink mate - and you will turn into an Argentine!"

Venezuela language is Spanish. State. language is Spanish. Up to 3000 Indian words in the language Up to 3000 Indian words in the language Popular folk dance "mare-mare" in honor of the Jaguar Popular folk dance "mare-mare" in honor of the Jaguar Many corn dishes: A lot of corn dishes: -arepa - corn cakes - - sannoche - beef and vegetable stew - chicha - a strong drink made from corn - cartillo - a soft drink made from rice and corn with sugar

Occupations of the population Brazil and Argentina are rapidly developing countries with strong industry Brazil and Argentina are rapidly developing countries with strong industry Countries are rich in minerals - oil, iron ore, copper, diamonds ... Countries are rich in minerals - oil, iron ore, copper, diamonds ... Favorable climate allows for greater profits Agriculture: breeding large cattle, growing fruits and vegetables, coffee, bananas, sugar cane… The favorable climate allows for great profits from agriculture: cattle breeding, growing fruits and vegetables, coffee, bananas, sugar cane…

slide 2

population of South America. Geography lesson Grade 7

• Educational tasks:
• To form students' ideas about the history of the settlement of South America, about the past and present of the peoples of the mainland, about ancient civilizations and states.
• To acquaint students with the modern population of South America, its racial and ethnic composition, and settlement on the mainland.
• Correction-developing:
• Expanding ideas about the world and enriching the dictionary;
• Educational:
• Improving the geographical culture of students.

slide 3

Indigenous people

Before the advent of Europeans, South America was inhabited by numerous Indian peoples who stood at different stages of development.

slide 4

At a higher stage of development was the Inca tribe, who had their own state. The Incas built cities in the mountains, laid canals for irrigating fields, paved roads with stone, smelted metals from ore, sculpted dishes, figures of people and animals from clay.

slide 5

Colonization

• - A colony is a territory under the control of a foreign state.
• - The colonization of South America by Europeans began in the 16th century. Spaniards, Portuguese, and later immigrants from other European countries settled on the mainland.

slide 6

interracial mixing

• The decline in the number of Indians forced the colonialists to look for labor. They began to import black slaves from Africa. There is a process of mixing of races, languages, customs, traditions, mores. The composition of the population has acquired extraordinary complexity. The majority of the population speaks Spanish and Portuguese.

Slide 7

Metis - descendants of Europeans and Indians

European
Indian

Slide 8

Mulattos - descendants from marriages of Europeans and Africans

European
African

Slide 9

Sambo - descendants of Africans and Indians

African
Indian

Slide 10

Exercise

New peoples of South America.
Use the arrows to represent the complexity and diversity of the racial composition of the population of South America on the diagram.
Indians, Mestizos, Sambos, Mulattos, Europeans, Negroes.