Small group as an object of presentation management. Presentation on the topic: "Psychology of a small group"

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Types of groups:

Conditional (or nominal) are groups that unite people who do not have direct relationships and contacts with each other. From the residents of one or another constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a group of people is statistically identified who have a certain level of education, or a certain disease, or who need separate housing) People are also grouped into conditional groups according to such characteristics as the nature of their activity, gender, age, nationality, etc. Conditional Real Real groups are actually existing associations of people connected with each other by certain relationships and aware of their belonging to it (family, team of workers, student group, school class, yard company).

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Real groups

Laboratory groups are created specifically social psychologists to carry out experimental tasks in connection with the goals of their research (for conducting sociological research). Laboratory Natural arise during the development of society Large Small Ethnic groups, professional groups, age and gender groups (in particular, youth, pensioners, etc.). School classes, sports teams, neighborhood groups of friends.

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Laboratory Natural The presence or absence of direct contacts between members Primary Secondary (family, group of friends, team, etc.) there are direct contacts between people. Is a small group. These are groups where there are no direct contacts between its members, and various “intermediaries” are used for communication. If a student group can be considered a primary group, then all students of the course and faculty constitute a secondary association.

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Small groups

(organized, formal) Formal groups are created by a specific organization with specific tasks to achieve some specific goals. It initially defines the status of its members, strictly distributes roles, a system of leadership and subordination (football team) Formal Informal (informal, spontaneous) Informal groups are voluntary communities of people that are formed on the basis of common interests, friendships, and mutual liking. Neither statuses nor roles in such groups are prescribed, they do not have a given system of relationships, but they have their own unwritten rules and norms regarding acceptable behavior and responsibilities (buddies in a school class).

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Reference groups

The basis for identifying reference groups is the degree of significance of the group for the formation of an individual’s attitudes, his orientation towards group norms and values ​​in his behavior, assessment of the behavior of other people and self-esteem. Membership groups are considered by an individual only as a place of his stay and do not affect his system of values, social attitudes (purchase of a voucher, securities, tourist package).

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groups, real or conditional, significant for a person, with which he relates himself as a standard, norms, values, opinions and assessments of which he shares, compares his views and actions with them.

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company in the yard or close friends Real Conditional Heroes of books, writers or scientists of past times... A person makes his own assumptions about the possible opinion of this group about himself. For a teenager, the conditional reference group often consists of the father, close friend, idol, literary hero, performing musician, etc.

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Functions of the reference group

The comparative function is manifested in the fact that the system of values, norms and rules of the group acts for the individual as a kind of standard of behavior with the help of which he can evaluate himself and others. The normative function consists in the influence of the group on the norms of behavior, social attitudes and value orientations of the individual.

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Interpersonal relationships in groups

Psychologically, a group consists of various kinds of interpersonal relationships of people to a common cause and to each other. Interpersonal relationships in a group are a complex system of connections between an individual and the group and each of its members.

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Types of interpersonal relationships:

Relationships arising on an official basis are usually called official. They are established by approved norms and rules (law, instructions, regulations, charters, etc.). On the basis of the personal relationship of a person to a person, informal relationships develop in a group. There are no generally accepted norms, rules, requirements and regulations for them. In connection with the main joint activity for the group, business-to-personal relationships arise. They are conditioned official position members of the group and the performance of their functional responsibilities. Regardless of the main activities of the group, personal relationships arise. They are determined primarily by likes and dislikes. There are vertical relationships (interpersonal connections formed between people occupying different positions in the official or unofficial structure of the group) and horizontal relationships (interpersonal connections of people occupying the same position in the official or unofficial structure of the group). There are rational relationships, in which people's knowledge of each other and their objective characteristics come to the fore, and emotional relationships, which are based on individual perception person by person.

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Sociometry

Sociometry is the measurement of relationships within a group according to criteria (questions) covering the most significant communication situations for a given group. The sociometry method is based on the fact that the definition of relationships in a group is associated with the behavior of people in a choice situation. The sociometric method consists of analyzing the choices made by all people in a group. In this case, one choice is possible (for example, for a question you need to indicate one person) or several choices according to the degree of importance (“Who do you choose first, second, third, etc.”).

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Integration in groups of different levels of development

One of the aspects of studying a small group is group integration (from the Latin integer - whole) - a state of a group characterized by signs of psychological unity, its integrity as a social community.

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A developed small group is considered to be:

a fairly differentiated system of all types of relations has developed; these relations are moral, appropriate social norms and meet the requirements imposed by society on the individual and social association.

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Integration problems

Group integration has a downside. Associated with it is the process of deindividuation of the individual in a group, when the feeling of “We” becomes stronger than the feeling of “I”. This can lead to a weakening of individual responsibility for their behavior. Integration in groups based on humanistic values ​​is associated with the formation and development of good personal, emotionally favorable, trusting, and friendly relationships. Friendly relationships are characterized by a deep emotional attachment of people to each other.

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Small groups The presentation was made by the teacher of history and social studies of the municipal educational institution of the city of Kurgan “Secondary School No. 56” Kashina Irina Viktorovna

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Question 1 Scientists define the establishment and development of contacts between people in the process of joint activities as 1) freedom 2) communication 3) exchange 4) creativity

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Question 2 Which of the following concepts unites all the others? 1) interpersonal relationships 2) official relations 3) informal relations 4) labor Relations

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Question 3 Grandmother taught her granddaughter to cook pies with cabbage. What form of communication does this example illustrate? 1) exchange of opinions 2) exchange of information 3) transfer of experience 4) expression of experiences

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Question 4 Are the following judgments about communication true? A. Communication accompanies a person throughout his entire adult life B. Communication can evoke any human emotion. 1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both judgments are correct 4) both judgments are incorrect

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Question 5 The human need for communication has given rise to: the collective work of language educational activities

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Question 6 Mechanisms of cognition and understanding by people of each other reflection causal attribution identification empathy attraction

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Question 7 Reflection is……. a mechanism of self-knowledge in the process of communication, which is based on a person’s ability to imagine how he is perceived by a communication partner, a mechanism for interpreting the actions and feelings of another person, the desire to find out the reasons for the subject’s behavior, a form of knowledge of another person, based on the formation of a stable positive feeling towards him

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Question 8 A communication barrier is ... a psychological obstacle to the adequate transfer of information between communication partners; a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people; a process that includes the development of a unified interaction strategy, perception and understanding of another person

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Question 9 Three interrelated functions of communication identified in social psychology: imperative, perceptual, dialogical, communicative, interactive

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Question 10 “All girls are crybabies,” this statement demonstrates Attraction Identification Empathy Stereotyping

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The concept of a small group Small group– a small group of people whose members are united by common activities (goals and objectives) and are in direct personal communication. The life activity of the individual is carried out in a community of people. Small groups and teams are an example of communities of people of various levels and scales.

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A small group is a small association of people from 2-3 to 20-30 people engaged in some common cause and are in direct relationship with each other. A small group is an elementary unit of society. In it a person spends most own life. Small groups can be different in size, in the nature and structure of relationships existing between their members, in individual composition, characteristics of values, norms and rules of relationships shared by participants, in interpersonal relationships, goals and content of activities. Examples of small groups that are most significant for a person are family, school class, labor collective, bringing together close people and friends.

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Characteristics of a small group Psychological community Based on the fact that people are aware of their belonging to certain group- a group that has its own special interests, norms, values, goals. Behavioral community

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Communication and joint activities are considered as the basis for the emergence of emotional relationships in a group (likes, dislikes, indifference) and special group values ​​and norms of behavior. Group norms are certain rules that are developed or accepted by a group and to which the behavior of its members must obey.

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Small group: Social system. Dynamic system. Open system. Possesses self-sufficiency.

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Types of groups Conditional (nominal) - groups that unite people who do not have direct relationships and contacts with each other. Real - truly existing associations of people connected with each other by certain relationships and aware of their belonging to it. Laboratory ones Created specifically by social psychologists for experimental tasks. Natural They arise during the development of society. Large Small Ethnic, Classes, Professional, Sports. teams, gender and age. yard companies of friends.

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Natural groups Primary There are direct contacts between people. This group is identified with a small group. Family, group of friends, team. Secondary Groups, where there are no direct contacts between group members, and “intermediaries” are used for communication.

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Small groups Formal Created by a specific organization with specific tasks to achieve any specific goals. Informal voluntary communities that develop on the basis of common interests, friendships, and mutual sympathy.

“Small social group” - Small group - as a socio-psychological phenomenon. Leading positions. Group. Exercises for diagnostics. Outsider. Participants' positions. A small group consists of: a limited, small number of people. Group in dynamics. Create conditions. What you need to be able to see in a children's team. How many people make up a small group?

"Elites" - Social mobility. Partitioning into clusters. Elites and hypoelites. Change of elites. "Normal" mobility. Elites 28. Middle class. General idea. Elites and modernization. Elites are functional and normative. Publications. Duality of elite goals. Picture of a seven-link social structure. Elite shifts. Specifics of the position of the IC detachments.

“Large group” - Types of masses. Uniting people. Contagion has integrative and expressive functions. Self-test questions. Power. Ridiculous rumors. “Mirroring” and “synchrony” techniques. Hearing concept. The framework of direct experience. Mass consciousness. Ordinary everyday attitudes. Hearing is desire. Signs of mass consciousness.

“Psychology of the group” - Political psychology. Types of small groups. Group of socio-psychological phenomena. Small group. National psychology. Small group structure. Psychological phenomena. Group. The concept of a group. Characteristics of group psychology. Professional pedagogy and psychology. Methods for studying group psychology.

“Student group” - Object-object interaction. Trends in teacher self-determination. Proposals for joining forces. Problems of group leadership. Development of subjectivity of student groups. Leadership skills that need to be developed. The problem of leadership and management in managing a student group. Subjects of management.

“Social communities” - Random crowd. Nominal groups. Secondary groups. A collection of people. Kinds social groups. Aggregations. Group communities. Individual behavior in a crowd. Types of social communities. Active (expressive) crowd. Forms of contact communities. Imaginary communities. Social circles. Formal groups.

There are 8 presentations in total

Small group is a small association of people connected by direct interaction. Its lower and upper boundaries are determined by qualitative characteristics, the main ones of which are contact and integrity.

Contact- this is the ability of each group member to regularly communicate with each other, perceive and evaluate each other, exchange information, mutual assessments and influences.

Integrity is defined as the social and psychological community of individuals included in a group, allowing them to be perceived as a single whole.

Behind lower limit small group size, most specialists accept three person, since in a group of two people (dyad) group socio-psychological phenomena occur in a special way.

Upper limit small group is determined by its qualitative characteristics and usually does not exceed 20-30 people. Optimal size small group depends on the nature of the joint activity being performed and is within 5-12 people. In smaller groups, the phenomenon of social satiation is more likely to arise; larger groups more easily break up into smaller ones, in which individuals are connected by closer contacts.

Small group structure - it is a set of connections that develop between individuals in it.

Since the main areas of activity of individuals in a small group are joint activities and communication, when studying small groups the most often identified are: structure of connections and relationships generated by joint activities(functional, organizational, economic, managerial), and the structure of connections generated by communication and psychological relationships(communicative structure, structure of emotional relationships, role and informal status structure).

It is customary to highlight formal and informal group structure.

Formal group structure is a set of connections and relationships between group members, determined by formal regulations ( job descriptions, hierarchical structure of the organization, etc.).

Informal group structure- this is the structure of connections, communications and influences that actually develops in the organization. Distinctive feature organized groups – the presence of a functional structure in the group, i.e. distribution among its members of the functions necessary to achieve the goals of joint activities.

Communication structure groups is a set of connections between its members, characterized by the processes of receiving and transmitting information circulating in the group. Main characteristics: the position occupied by group members in the communication system (access to receiving and transmitting information); frequency and stability of communication connections in the group; type of communication links between group members (centralized or decentralized “communication networks”).

Role structure of a small group– is a set of connections and relationships between individuals, characterized by the distribution of group roles between them, i.e. typical modes of behavior prescribed, expected and implemented by participants in the group process. IN general view When analyzing the interaction process in a group, roles related to problem solving and roles related to providing support to other group members are identified. Analysis of the role structure of a small group allows us to determine which role functions and to what extent are implemented by the participants in group interaction.

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Small group structure Completed by: Shelomentseva M.A.

A small group is a small-sized association of people connected by direct interaction. Its lower and upper boundaries are determined by qualitative characteristics, the main ones of which are contact and integrity.

Contact is the ability of each group member to regularly communicate with each other, perceive and evaluate each other, exchange information, mutual assessments and influences.

Integrity Integrity is defined as the social and psychological unity of individuals within a group, allowing them to be perceived as a single whole.

Lower and upper limit Most specialists take three people as the lower limit of the size of a small group, since in a group of two people (dyad) group socio-psychological phenomena occur in a special way. The upper limit of a small group is determined by its qualitative characteristics and usually does not exceed 20-30 people. The optimal size of a small group depends on the nature of the joint activity being performed and is in the range of 5-12 people. In smaller groups, the phenomenon of social satiation is more likely to arise; larger groups more easily break up into smaller ones, in which individuals are connected by closer contacts.

The structure of a small group The structure of a small group is a set of connections that develop between individuals in it. Since the main areas of activity of individuals in a small group are joint activities and communication, when studying small groups, the structure of connections and relationships generated by joint activities (functional, organizational, economic, managerial) and the structure of connections generated by communication and psychological relationships (communicative) are most often distinguished structure, structure of emotional relationships, role and informal status structure).

Formal and Informal The formal structure of a group is a set of connections and relationships between group members, determined by formal regulations (job descriptions, hierarchical structure of the organization, etc.). The informal structure of a group is the structure of connections, communications and influences that actually develops in the organization. A distinctive feature of organized groups is the presence of a functional structure in the group, i.e. distribution among its members of the functions necessary to achieve the goals of joint activities.

Communicative The communicative structure of a group is a set of connections between its members, characterized by the processes of receiving and transmitting information circulating in the group. Main characteristics: the position occupied by group members in the communication system (access to receiving and transmitting information); frequency and stability of communication connections in the group; type of communication links between group members (centralized or decentralized “communication networks”).

Role The role structure of a small group is a set of connections and relationships between individuals, characterized by the distribution of group roles between them, i.e. typical modes of behavior prescribed, expected and implemented by participants in the group process. In general, when analyzing the interaction process in a group, roles associated with solving problems and roles associated with providing support to other group members are identified. Analysis of the role structure of a small group allows us to determine which role functions and to what extent are implemented by the participants in group interaction.

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"Family as a small group." 1. Features of the family as a small group. 2. Psychology of family relationships. 3. Gender behavior. 4. Family education.

A family is a social community whose members are connected by marriage or kinship, a common way of life and mutual responsibility.

Features of a family as a small group A family is a union of people united by love, common interests, mutual assistance and mutual understanding of each other’s problems and joys

TYPES OF FAMILIES

FAMILY FUNCTIONS.

Psychology of family relationships “There is nothing simpler than a family, nothing more complex than a family.” Spectrum of family relationships husband - wife; parents - children; children - children; children - grandmother (grandfather); married family - parental family, etc.

Gender behavior Gender roles are normative prescriptions and expectations for “correct male or female behavior.” Fulfilling the corresponding gender role determines gender behavior individual. Gender differences

Family upbringing Family upbringing is a conscious influence on the formation of children's personality, undertaken by older family members.

Assignment for the “Parents” group Make a portrait of an ideal child, that is, endow him with the traits that you think are the most important in children. Assignment for the “Youth” group Make a portrait of an ideal parent, that is, give him the traits that you think are the most important in a parent. Present your work on a poster.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

The test work is aimed at testing knowledge on the topic “Family as a small group” in the 10th grade of the profile level. Contains two tasks (text in Unified State Exam format)...