Creating your own business in the Russian Federation

Creation own business in Russia is carried out in accordance with the current civil legislation, federal laws on certain organizational -legal forms companies and various regulations that govern the whole process education and functioning private firms.

For entrepreneur The most important types of legislation are:

• civil legislation regulating relations between individuals and legal entities;
• tax legislation that establishes the obligations of persons for deductions to the budget;
• a code of administrative offenses that regulates relations between individuals and the state, but does not require litigation;
• labor law regulating the relationship between the employee and the employer;
• consumer protection legislation;
• criminal law governing relations between the state and individuals.

Most people think about opening own case in one area or another.

The following advantages and disadvantages of creating own affairs(Table 1):

Table 1

Advantages and disadvantages of starting your own business

To create your own business, you must go through a series of mandatory steps, which are presented in Fig. one.

Rice. one. Stages of creating your own business

Let's consider each stage in detail.

Self-esteem. When deciding to create their own business, an entrepreneur must objectively assess their abilities and capabilities, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of independent entrepreneurial activity.

When choosing a career in business, you must also conduct a clear analysis of all your qualities. To characteristic features entrepreneurs include the following:

• competence in the field of activity in which he intends to create his own business;
• knowledge of market rules and laws;
• ability and ability to take risks;
• leadership and communication;
• initiative;
• innovation;
• good business reputation;
• emotional stability;
• confidence in yourself and in the success of your business;
• flexibility and ability to adapt to changes in the market;
• education and knowledge;
• the desire to change and expand your business;
• energy and perseverance;
• good health.

Of course, it is impossible to possess all these qualities at once, but one must strive to develop them. The entrepreneur must decide for himself how much he has them in order to run his own business.

Entrepreneurial idea. Entrepreneurial activity begins with an idea, which is further implemented into a specific entrepreneurial project. An entrepreneur must be sure that his project will be commercially viable, that there will be a sufficiently large number of people willing to pay for the goods or services produced by his company. The decisive element of success is the confidence that the entrepreneur will produce the product. the right quality, which the consumer needs at the price he is willing to pay, and this will bring a profit sufficient for the growth and improvement of the business.

Any idea is realized with a goal. It is impossible to engage in entrepreneurship without formulating a realistically achievable goal. Goals should be commensurate with business opportunities, quantitatively and qualitatively defined, have clear time frames. The more precisely the goal is defined, the more likely it is to be achieved.

The art of goal setting is first and foremost the art of management. own business. The goal makes it possible to control the progress and results of work, the possibility right motivation employees. Therefore, when starting your own business, you should first decide and agree on goals and objectives. After that, you need to move on to drawing up a business plan.

Market assessment. Before making a final decision to start a business, you should once again analyze the situation in the area in which the entrepreneur will work and choose an economic and market niche. It is necessary to clearly define the type of activity, the location of the company and the geographical boundaries of the business. An entrepreneur must study the market potential clients and competitors to determine their strengths and weak sides. This study may be included in the business plan as a separate section.

Attracting the necessary resources. An important step in creating your own business is solving questions about the financial capabilities of the entrepreneur, deciding where to get cash to start a business, that is, to purchase raw materials, equipment, hire labor resources. Sources of funds can be the savings of the entrepreneur, loans received from banks, funds from the sale of securities, as well as subsidies from government agencies.

At this stage, it is necessary to consider the possibility of acquiring an already operating enterprise. Buying an existing business has its advantages. The entrepreneur actually acquires the necessary resources (premises, equipment, vehicles, etc.), as well as what in the business world is called "the reputation of the company." Usually, a novice entrepreneur has to achieve the appropriate reputation of his company himself, which requires a fairly large amount of time. If he buys operating enterprise This saves him a lot of problems.

When making a decision to buy a business, you need to make sure that the chosen business is really suitable. It is necessary to pay attention to the location of the enterprise, the availability necessary equipment, the condition of the premises, Vehicle and financial stability. The entrepreneur must also be sure that he is buying an operating business at a reasonable price.

If the financial possibilities of the entrepreneur are limited, then it is necessary to consider the option of renting real estate and purchasing the appropriate equipment. You also need to analyze the market work force in order to further recruit workers of the required qualifications.

An entrepreneur at this stage may also consider organizing a business in the form of a franchise, when used trademark, technology, standards, advertising, and often management methods that are developed and applied by another, usually a large firm. This system is most widely used in hotel business, in car rental and car maintenance, as well as restaurant services. Franchising has certain advantages for the entrepreneur:

• the opportunity to become an independent entrepreneur;
• the right to conduct your business under a recognized trademark;
• use of already proven forms of entrepreneurship.

A small business with the help of franchising can quickly open a business, and the constant support from the franchisor allows you to quickly overcome the problems that arise at the initial stage of creating an enterprise.

So, at this stage, specific goals and objectives are determined to create all the necessary conditions for the functioning of the company. This information also included in a separate section of the business plan.

Choice of organizational-legal form. The choice of the legal form in which the business will be carried out is one of the most difficult and important decisions that an entrepreneur must make when organizing a new business. It is necessary to make a decision on the choice of one or another organizational and legal form when creating a company in each specific case, depending on the type of activity, goals and strategic plans of the company, the nature of the relationship between its founders.

In accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, any citizen can carry out entrepreneurial activities without education legal entity by registering as individual entrepreneur, or create your own business in a certain organizational legal form.

The issue of legal form should be carefully considered by the entrepreneur, and he should do this by working closely with a lawyer and a tax audit specialist.

When choosing a legal form of business, an entrepreneur needs to carefully analyze three main aspects: responsibility, control, taxes.

Currently in Russia there are various organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurial activity.

In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (CC RF), legal entities that are commercial organizations are classified as follows:

• self employed;
• production cooperatives;
• unitary enterprise;
• business partnerships - full partnerships and limited partnerships;
• business companies- joint-stock company, limited and additional liability company.

Self employed- This individual which is self-employed. The following advantages and disadvantages of private entrepreneurship (individual labor activity- ITD) (Table 2):

table 2

Advantages and disadvantages of private enterprise

production cooperative(artel) is a voluntary association of citizens for joint production or other economic activity(production, processing, marketing of industrial, agricultural and other products, performance of work, trade, household service providing other services).

• The charter is the founding document.
• The number of members of the cooperative should not be less than five people.
• The property owned by the cooperative is divided into shares in accordance with the charter.
• The profit of the cooperative is distributed among its members in accordance with their labor participation, unless otherwise provided by the charter of the cooperative.
• The supreme governing body of a cooperative is the general meeting of its members.
• A cooperative with more than 50 members may have a supervisory board.
• The executive bodies of the cooperative are the board and/or the chairman.

unitary enterprise a commercial organization is recognized that is not endowed with the right of ownership of the property assigned to it by the owner. The property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible and cannot be distributed among deposits (shares). Only state and municipal enterprises can be created in the form of unitary enterprises.

• The property of a state or municipal unitary enterprise is, respectively, in state or municipal ownership.
• A unitary enterprise is managed by a manager who is appointed by the owner or a body authorized by the owner and is accountable to him.
• unitary enterprise is liable for its obligations with all its property.
• Unitary enterprise based on the right of economic management - is created by decision of the authorized government agency or local government.
• A unitary enterprise based on the right of operational management, a state-owned enterprise, is created by decision of the government of the Russian Federation. (In case of insolvency of state-owned enterprises, the Russian Federation is liable for its obligations, i.e. such an enterprise cannot be bankrupt. It is created on the basis of a model charter.)

Business partnerships and companies are the most common form collective enterprise. According to the Civil Code, business partnerships and companies are recognized as commercial organizations with the authorized capital divided into shares (contributions) of the founders (participants). We can highlight the following similarities and differences between the data legal forms. Common features:

• are legal entities and may be members of other companies and partnerships;
• all property created at the expense of the contributions of the founders and acquired in the course of economic activity belongs to the company on the right of the owner.

Differences:

• partnerships - associations of persons, companies - associations of capital;
• societies can be created by one person, partnerships cannot.

General partnership is created and operates on the basis of the founding agreement, which must be signed by all its participants.

• Profits and losses of a full partnership are distributed among its participants in proportion to their shares in the share capital, unless otherwise provided by the founding or other agreement of the participants.
• An agreement on the elimination of any of the participants in the partnership from participation in profits or losses is not allowed.
• If the property of the partnership is insufficient to pay off its debts, creditors have the right to demand satisfaction from the personal property of any of the participants (or all together).
• A charter is not required, as any of the participants in a general partnership is engaged in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership. The only founding document commercial organization is an memorandum of association.

Faith partnership is a kind of general partnership and consists of two groups of participants - general partners and investors.

Investors have property rights:

• the right to receive a part of the partnership's profit due to their share;
• contributors retain the opportunity to freely withdraw from the partnership with the receipt of their contribution;
• the investor may transfer his share or part of it both to another investor and to a third party, while the consent of the partnership or general partners is not required;
• upon liquidation of a limited partnership, investors have a priority right over general partners to receive their contributions or their cash equivalent from the property of the partnership after satisfaction of the claims of other creditors.

Table 3

Advantages and disadvantages of a partnership

Partnership Benefits	Disadvantages of partnership
The possibility of accumulating significant funds in a relatively short time	There must be a trusting relationship between full partners, otherwise this organization may collapse
Each general partner has the right to engage in entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership on an equal basis with others	Cannot be a "one person company"
General partnerships are more attractive to creditors, since their members bear unlimited liability for the obligations of the partnership.	In the event of bankruptcy, each general partner is liable not only with his contribution, but also with personal property

Entrepreneurial activity in the form of a partnership has not become widespread in Russia, since it does not establish limits on their liability for the partnership's debts.

Society with limited liability Yu- a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of the sizes determined by the constituent documents.

• Members of a limited liability company are liable for its obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company within the value of their contributions.
• The number of members of the society should not exceed 50 people.
• The size authorized capital cannot be less than 100 times the minimum wage.
• The founding documents of a limited liability company are the memorandum of association signed by its founders and the charter approved by them. If a company is founded by one person, its founding document is the charter.
• The supreme body of a limited liability company is the general meeting of its participants.
• The Company may be voluntarily liquidated or reorganized by unanimous decision of its participants.

Additional Liability Company is a type of limited liability company. It differs from an LLC in that in the event of bankruptcy, the participants in the company can be held liable in the same way for all participants in a multiple of the value of their contributions, determined by the constituent documents of the company (for example, three times). Occupies an intermediate position between societies and partnerships.

Table 4

Advantages and disadvantages of society

A joint-stock company is a company whose authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Joint-stock companies can be open and closed.

Table 5 shows the similarities and differences between a limited liability company and a closed joint-stock company. CJSC and LLC, despite their similarities, differ in many ways. Thus, an LLC has a simpler management structure and decision-making procedure. The LLC does not issue shares, so there is no need to register share issues with the Securities Market Commission.

Table 5

Similarities and Differences of a Limited Liability Company (LLC)
and a closed joint stock company (CJSC)

Organizational and legal form	Differences	Similarities
	Can be transformed into a commercial organization of another form The authorized capital is divided into shares The formation of a reserve fund is not required Education audit commission mandatory only if the number of participants becomes more than 15 To alienate a share, a participant must obtain the consent of other participants The actual value of the share is determined on the basis of financial statements for the last reporting period	Minimum number of participants - one shareholder Maximum number of participants - 50 shareholders The minimum amount of the authorized capital is 100 minimum wages Shareholders are not liable for the obligations of the company and bear the risk of losses associated with its activities only to the extent of the value of their shares or shares General meeting participants (shareholders) is the supreme management body Management current activities carried out by the sole and/or collegial executive body Participants and shareholders enjoy the pre-emptive right to acquire shares (stakes) in the authorized capital
	Can be converted to another commercial and non-profit organization The authorized capital is divided into shares Mandatory formation of a reserve fund The possibility of making additional deposits is not provided Mandatory election of the audit committee The redemption of shares is carried out at a price not lower than the market

• A joint stock company whose members may alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders is recognized as an open joint stock company. Such a joint-stock company has the right to conduct an open subscription for issued shares and their free sale on the conditions established by law.
• The minimum authorized capital of an open JSC is 1,000 times the minimum wage.
• open society is obliged to publish annually for general information the annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss statement.
• A joint stock company whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons is recognized as a closed joint stock company. It is not entitled to conduct an open subscription for the shares it issues or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons.
• The number of founders of a CJSC should not exceed 50 people (otherwise it is subject to transformation into a JSC or liquidation).
• The minimum authorized capital of a CJSC is equal to 100 times the minimum wage.
• The founding document of a joint-stock company is the charter approved by the founders.
• The existence of a “company of one person” is allowed.
• The supreme governing body of a joint-stock company is the meeting of shareholders.
• In a company with more than 50 shareholders, a Board of Directors (Supervisory Board) is created.
• Executive agency companies can be collegial (Board) or sole (director, general director).
• The share of preferred shares in the total volume of the authorized capital of a joint-stock company must not exceed 25%.
• A joint-stock company has the right to issue bonds for an amount not exceeding the amount of the authorized capital or the amount of security provided to the company for this purpose by third parties.

An open joint stock company is the most promising form of large business. It gives its participants the opportunity to freely dispose of their shares, combines the interests of owners and makes it easy to raise additional capital by issuing shares, provides its participants with the opportunity to dispose of their shares, combining the interests of owners of large blocks of shares and small shareholders.

Limited liability companies and production cooperatives can be successfully used in the field of small and medium-sized businesses.

Determination of the composition of the founders. When selecting founders, one should take into account: solvency, business qualities, decency, complete mutual trust. Practice shows that often the founders, having barely started their business, disperse. Therefore, founders should be selected very carefully.

The founders bear property and criminal liability for the proper conduct of the establishment process, the development and submission of constituent documents, the formation of capital, the organization, registration of a company of management bodies.

It is necessary to distinguish between the founders of the company and shareholders. Legal entities and individuals can act as founders. Founders are responsible for conducting due process of establishment. The founder may be required to subscribe to a certain number of shares in the company. Shareholders are all legal entities and individuals who own shares of the company.

Company registration. Legislation of the Russian Federation on state registration consists of Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On State Registration of Legal Entities" and the regulatory legal acts issued in accordance with them. Currently, most entrepreneurs use the services of specialized companies involved in the registration of companies. However, the entrepreneur must clearly understand the registration procedure, which is presented in Fig. 2.

Rice. 2. Main stages of company registration

After determining the composition of the founders, constituent documents are developed: the charter of the company, which defines the principles of activity and internal organization company, an agreement on the creation and operation of the company (agreement), which reflects issues related to the activities of the founders in the process of creating and operating the company. Along with this, protocol No. 1 of the meeting of the company's participants is drawn up on the appointment of a director, chairman of the audit commission.

After that, a temporary bank account is opened, where at least 50% of the authorized capital must be received within 30 days after the registration of the company.

Then the company is registered at the place of its establishment in the local authority. For example, in Moscow, registration of entrepreneurs is carried out by the Moscow
by the Moscow Registration Chamber and its branches, in the Moscow Region - by the Moscow Regional Registration Chamber and its territorial agencies.

According to Article 34 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activities”, entrepreneurship without registration is prohibited, and the income received from it in judicial order on the claim of the tax inspectorate are collected in the budget.

For state registration are submitted the following documents: statement of the founders on registration, decision on the creation of a legal entity in the form of a protocol, agreement or other document in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, constituent documents of a legal entity (originals or notarized copies), certificate of payment of state duty.

After receiving a certificate of registration, all information about the new company is transferred to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for inclusion in the trade register of enterprises.

The Russian Federation maintains a state register containing information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities and relevant documents. AT state register contains the following information and documents about the legal entity:

• full and abbreviated company name;
• organizational and legal form;
• legal entity address;
• method of formation of a legal entity (creation or reorganization);
• information about the founders of the legal entity;
• copies of constituent documents;
• date of registration of changes made to the constituent documents of the legal entity;
• method of terminating the activities of a legal entity;
• the amount of the authorized capital indicated in the constituent documents of the commercial organization;
• surname, name, patronymic and position of a person entitled to act on behalf of a legal entity without a power of attorney;
• information about licenses obtained by a legal entity.

On the final stage the creation of a new company, the participants make their full contributions (no later than one year after registration), open a permanent bank account and the company is registered with the regional tax office. Then ordered round stamp and a corner stamp, and the firm begins to function as an independent legal entity.

In the event that a company is established as a joint-stock company, the founders must subscribe for shares. With an open subscription, a notice of the upcoming subscription is published, which indicates:

• the subject and goals of the activities of the future joint-stock company;
• the composition of the founders;
• the date of the founding conference;
• the size statutory fund;
• the number and types of shares, their nominal value;
• the start and end date of subscription for shares.

Share subscribers must contribute at least 30% of the nominal value of the shares before the convening of the founding conference. In the case of a closed subscription, the fee is 50%. The shareholder must fully pay the cost of the shares no later than one year after the registration of the joint-stock company.

After the completion of the subscription for shares, a founding conference is held, at which the following issues are resolved:

• creation of a joint-stock company;
• approval of the charter;
• determination of the statutory fund (after completion of the subscription for shares);
• elections of the governing bodies of the society.

Only after this is the registration of a new joint-stock company.

Having determined the optimal organizational and legal form of the company, it is necessary to choose a company name. You can use your own name or the names of business partners. It is important that the name of the company does not repeat the names of already existing companies.

It must be remembered that there are some names that cannot be used without special permission. For example: “Bank, Russian, Moscow”, etc. For using the names “Russia”, “ the Russian Federation» for commercial purposes, you must pay in tax office collection. For organizations engaged in entrepreneurial activities (banks, exchanges, insurance, construction companies), which will be 0.5% of the cost products sold. Procurement, supply and marketing and trade organizations pay 0.05% of turnover. For other organizations, including non-profit ones, a tariff of 100 minimum wages is set.

The company name must be used in official correspondence, invoices, checks, etc., as well as used to advertise the company.

Most people think about starting their own business in an area in which they have some experience. Sometimes entrepreneurs create completely new product or a service. But in what area new firm was not created, the most important thing is to be sure that it is commercially viable, that there are enough people willing to pay a set price for the goods or services produced.

Creating your own business (prerequisites, problems, principles of creation).

In accordance with civil legislation, a capable citizen can create his own business in a certain organizational and legal form. Prerequisites: 1) the presence of them for the formation of the initial. Capital; 2) the availability of financial resources necessary for the formation of the size of the authorized capital; 3) the availability non-residential premises, required to accommodate the office of the organization or the possibility of renting undesirable premises; 4) preliminary. studying the prospective market; 5) forming a team of qualified founders of their own business. The entrepreneur must calculate the expected consequences of the risk, keep the business secret, own all the information about the activities of his own. enterprises, consumers of products, customers, suppliers, competitors. Principles: 1) find a need and satisfy it, while he himself makes a profit; 2) goods should be produced at lower costs (cost), otherwise the market may not recognize these goods, and the entrepreneur will not be able to sell them and make a profit; 3) it is necessary to take into account the behavior of competitors, consumer demand, the level of market saturation, an overpriced price will not allow you to sell goods in a timely manner, and an underestimated one will not allow you to get the necessary amount of profit. Problems: lack of sufficient financial resources. Wed-in, the necessary non-residential premises, the legality of the case.

The concept of an entrepreneurial idea and its role in the process of creating your own business. Sources and methods for selecting entrepreneurial ideas.

PI is a potential opportunity for one's own self-realization to solve one's own goals by satisfying the needs of others. Entrepreneurial activity begins with an idea, which in def. conditions is realized in a specific entrepreneurial project, the essence of which should be based on the principle: to find and provide for the need and satisfy it.

The idea is implemented for the purpose of organizing a certain type of business.

It is impossible to engage in entrepreneurship without knowing a realistically achievable goal that would be understandable to subordinate consumers of the results of your activities. The goal must be clearly formulated by the entrepreneur himself in order to bring it to all employees who embody your goal in concrete results of work.

It is necessary to remember the following: 1) Goals lead only clear goals, i.e. The goal statement should be clearly stated. 2) The closer the goal, the more it mobilizes (short-term goals contribute to internal mobilization to a greater extent than long-term goals, but at the same time, the solution of a long-term goal should not be lost sight of. 3) The goal (or goals) should be concentrated on the most important thing - goods must satisfy a need that is not satisfied by other goods. (This goal is the most important) 4) Goals must be commensurate with the capabilities of the company. 5) The goal must be specified in the activities.

The art of setting a goal is the art of managing a company, it is the ability to control the progress and results of achieving a goal.

own business - organization own business by creating and operating a commercial organization in a certain legal form in accordance with civil law. Own business can be carried out by a capable individual without forming a legal entity. The organization of one's own business is a form of expression of economic freedom and motivation of capable citizens.

The motives for organizing one's own business lie in the desire, using the accumulated professional experience, knowledge, own funds, to open one's own business in order to become economically independent, to provide the necessary conditions for family members through the production of goods (performing work and providing services) for consumers and making a profit. An important motive is the self-realization by the individual of his abilities and knowledge.

The prerequisites for organizing your own business are a set of conditions and opportunities to independently carry out entrepreneurial activities:

1) availability of funds for the formation of initial capital, authorized (share) capital;

2) availability of non-residential premises, equipment necessary for doing business; preliminary market research;

3) availability of qualified partners;

4) knowledge of civil law governing the process of creating your own business.

Each entrepreneur, starting his activity, must clearly understand the need for the future in financial, material, labor and intellectual resources, the sources of their receipt, and also be able to clearly calculate the efficiency of the use of resources in the process of organizing and developing their own business. This is explained by the fact that in modern economy It is enterprises that produce the bulk of goods and services that satisfy human needs. It is based on these facts that we can talk about the relevance of the topic. term paper, especially under conditions market economy.

Creating your own business in Russia is carried out in accordance with the current civil legislation, federal laws on individual organizational and legal forms of participants in entrepreneurial activity and regulations governing the entire process of creating and functioning of entrepreneurial organizations. Creating your own business in one or another organizational and legal form suggests the presence of the following prerequisites:

availability of property for the formation of initial capital;

availability of a certain amount of financial resources necessary for the formation of the minimum size of the authorized (share) capital;

the presence of non-residential premises necessary to accommodate the office of the future organization and the implementation of the intended activities, or the availability of opportunities to conclude a lease agreement for non-residential premises;

a preliminary study of the intended market, to which the entrepreneur will offer the results of entrepreneurial activity for implementation;

Formation of a team of qualified founders (partners) of their own business, who are well aware of the technology for the implementation of certain types of activities, accounting and financial accounting, etc.

The future entrepreneur must be competent in the field in which he intends to create his own business. According to American statistics, about 90% of new enterprises are opened by people in the field of activity in which they already have experience, or have received special training and internships, or have managed to attract highly qualified specialists to create their own business, to whom they trust their fate.

To choose a career in business, you need to conduct a clear analysis of your qualities, abilities and capabilities so that, without giving up the dream of creating your own business, clarify your weaknesses (especially in the field of people management) and constantly learn the art of being the owner of the business, being able to reasonably take risks, foresee failures and try to avoid them. Therefore, an entrepreneur must be able to calculate well the expected consequences of the risk, keep business secrets, own all the information about the activities of his own enterprise, consumers of products, customers, suppliers, competitors in particular. Considering that the business environment has not yet been formed in Russia, a huge bureaucratic layer of officials is functioning, an aggressive external environment. The future entrepreneur needs to be able to anticipate the decisions of federal and local authorities, which often infringe on the rights of entrepreneurs, learn how to protect not only their property and all assets from the encroachments of aggressive forces, but also their lives.

Future Russian entrepreneur must certainly remember the most important rule: in organizing his business (business), he must rely on his own strength, because only small business enjoys some support from the authorities.

Having decided to create their own business, the future entrepreneur must answer a number of leading questions:

· for whom his company will work, who are his future consumers (buyers), is there a place for him under the “sun of the market“. Therefore, the process of an entrepreneurial decision should begin with the formulation of an idea - for whom to produce products, goods, perform work, to whom to provide services (depending on the type and type of market);

What to produce, what specific goods, what specific services to perform, and then determine whether it has all the conditions and factors for its activities. At the same time, it should be remembered that entrepreneurs have the right to engage only in legal and (or) licensed activities;

How to produce products (goods), perform work, provide services, on what technical and technological basis, with what quality characteristics, with what costs, with what level of competitive ability. Therefore, it is very important to know what is the relationship in the market between the supply and demand of the goods that the entrepreneur is going to offer (in any field of activity - production, trade - intermediary, financial - credit) in the market, and not in the market in general, but in a certain territorial market . If the demand is large and stable, then it makes sense to create your own business and produce these goods.

A future entrepreneur, when planning to create his own business, should be guided by the most important market principles, among which are the following.

First, you need to find a need and satisfy it, because entrepreneurial activity aimed at meeting the needs of others. The entrepreneur does not work for himself, but to meet specific needs, and he accordingly receives profit (income).

Secondly, goods should be produced at lower costs (cost), otherwise the market may not recognize these goods, and the entrepreneur will not be able to sell (sell) them and receive the planned profit.

Thirdly, when setting the price for manufactured goods, an entrepreneur must take into account the behavior of competitors, consumer demand, and the level of market saturation. An overpriced wholesale (retail) price will not allow you to sell goods in a timely manner, and an underestimated one will not allow you to get the necessary amount of profit. The problem of pricing plays a significant role in the mechanism of creating and functioning of one's own business, the general algorithm of which can be expressed in the following brief scheme: an entrepreneurial idea - the goals of an entrepreneur - the development of an entrepreneurial project - its implementation in the form of creating one's own business - the functioning of the organization.

The first paragraphs of this chapter discuss the individual elements of the mechanism for creating your own business. Having familiarized themselves with them, the future entrepreneur can consciously take up the implementation of an entrepreneurial idea, which represents the economic (financial, material) interest of initiative capable citizens for the implementation of hypothetically real projects that make it possible to achieve the intended goals by organizing a certain type of business.

Entrepreneurial idea is a potential possibility and necessity of an individual's own self-realization in order to solve one's own goals by satisfying the needs of others.

Entrepreneurial activity as a process just begins with an idea, which, under certain conditions, is realized in a specific entrepreneurial project, the essence of which should be based on the principle: to find a need and satisfy it.

Very successful American entrepreneur M. Small formulates five rules for achieving a goal (idea).

1. Make a decision: I can make money. Nowadays, in our country, a person can become rich.

2. In order to earn money, you must think about it constantly - while eating, walking, and even at night when you sleep.

3. There are many areas in which you can be successful. Seek and you will find them.

4. You will be wrong. But don't be discouraged. Learn from your own and others' mistakes. Start again from where you stumbled. Go forward!

5. When you settle on an idea, constantly think it over, develop it and don't leave it until you reach the goal.

So, the idea is realized in order to organize a certain type of business. As the famous Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov, the life of that person who has set a goal and always strives for it is beautiful and amazing: “The reflex of goals is the main form of the vital energy of each of us. The life of only that is beautiful and strong, who all his life strives for a constantly achievable, but never unattainable goal ... All life, all its improvements, all its culture is made by people striving for the goal they have set in life.

Without a set immediate (tactical) and distant (strategic) goal, there is nothing to think (although, of course, you can think) to sail on the sea called entrepreneurship, where reefs and storms (risks) await you, and the “ninth wave” can also cover (bankruptcy).

It is impossible to engage in entrepreneurship without knowing a realistically achievable goal that would be understandable to both subordinates and consumers of the results of your activities (goods, services). The goal should be clearly formulated by the entrepreneur himself, the head of the company, in order to bring it to all employees who embody your goal in concrete labor results. If you are both an entrepreneur and a manager, then you should be even more responsible for formulating your goal(s).

“As a child, I came up with a personal creed that I used to repeat at night. Although I did not grow up in a religious family, it was like a prayer, an appeal to the mysterious spirit of life, able to inspire and energize. I asked them to give me strength so that I could help worthy people. I never prayed for power, fame, wealth, although I had it in abundance. I hope I've never been greedy. If my main aspiration was enrichment, then I could become one of the richest in the world. However, I am not one of them. All my life I have given away part of my fortune more than I could count. Fortunately, I always had the ability to make money, and I had enough left for others. The credo of my childhood guided my actions all my life.

Further, the author indicates that his goal was not to make money, not to enrich himself. “For me, business is not just a means of enrichment: the accumulation of wealth was not an end in itself for me. Business gave me pleasure, because it constantly stimulates, requires the daily concentration of all mental abilities to solve an infinite number of different problems from the smallest details to fundamental decisions. Business gives me pleasure because it created America, and I would even say that this is the American way of life.

When formulating the purpose of an entrepreneurial firm, it is necessary, in our opinion, to take into account Foreign experience, and our domestic, especially pre-revolutionary.

When starting your own business, it is advisable to remember the following.

1. Only clear goals lead to the goal. (For example, it is impossible to formulate a goal: “The quality of our goods must be improved.” Which goods, how much to improve, due to what, etc. Quality can be improved, but production costs will increase sharply, so when selling goods, you will not receive the necessary amount of profit for company development).

Therefore, the formulation of the goal should contain: a) quantitative indicators that the company must achieve, but the behavior of competitors, customers, market segment, market niches must be taken into account; b) the period during which the goal must be achieved (or milestones); c) the results that the firm and employees will receive; d) involvement of well-known responsible executors; e) determination of the costs of achieving this goal and the conditions for achieving the goal.

2. The closer the goal, the more it mobilizes, in other words, short-term goals contribute to internal mobilization to a greater extent than long-term goals, but at the same time, the solution of a long-term goal should not be lost sight of.

Which is better: a tit in the hands or a crane in the sky?

Here the question is in the management of an entrepreneurial firm (as, indeed, in all areas, and in personal life): a dialectical combination of tactics and strategy.

But we need to remember a very important conclusion that many of us have come to in practice: “Whoever undertakes everything, most often will achieve nothing!”

Apparently, the regularity of the role of doubt should operate. Voltaire wrote: "Doubt is the beginning of wisdom." But it is impossible to doubt for a long time: you are surrounded by competitors from all sides, you may be late. The locomotive of entrepreneurship does not like long and unreasonable stops on the path of self-development. This is clearly evidenced by the entire history of global entrepreneurship.

3. The goal (or goals) of the company should be focused on the most important thing - your products must satisfy the need (needs) that are not satisfied by other products. If this need has already been satisfied, then it is necessary to stimulate demand for your products by other means (measures), i.e. create a new demand, a new market.

This goal is the most important, the most important, determining in an equilibrium market (it is, of course, easier to act in a scarce market), but the goal is formalized - the satisfaction of unsatisfied needs. You need to be constantly ready to practically answer the questions: “Is there a need for your products (works, services)? Which product, which economic form is in demand? What is this demand today? What will tomorrow be like in the future?

In the society of the free market economy to which we aspire, the highest goal of any entrepreneurial organization- formation of market needs, satisfaction of demand of buyers (consumers). But the needs must be ranked according to the degree of satisfaction, significance, profitability, profitability, etc.

4. Goals must be commensurate with the capabilities of the company, with its technical, intellectual, personnel, financial level and raw material capabilities.

5. The goal (goals) must be specified in the activities, while there must be an understanding of the goals and activities by other employees, i.e. they must be convinced of the expediency of achieving this goal.

The more employees of the company have the opportunity to participate in the selection and setting of the goal, the higher the result will be in its implementation.

The art of goal setting is the art of managing a company, it is the ability to control the progress and results of achieving the goal, it is the ability to properly motivate employees, etc. Therefore, the first goal of the entrepreneur is the definition of a set of goals, the choice of goals.

Therefore, in order to become an entrepreneur, to start creating your own business, you need to know what the consumer (consumers) wants, formulate a goal and strive to achieve it at a lower cost (expenses). Constantly study what people want and look for opportunities to give them what they want!

The author of the book “How to make money” M. Small, regarding the implementation of an entrepreneurial goal and luck, said this: “People who believe that only luck will help them succeed in life usually say:“ I must have capital, without money I can do nothing I can not". Of course, in order to turn your idea into reality, you need money (and not small, in our opinion). But if you know exactly what people need, then you have a greater chance of prosperity than those who can invest any amount.”

Wayne Dyer, author of The Zones of Your Mistakes, believes that “a thought (an idea, a goal) will turn into a belief if you constantly work on it, and not if you just tried this thought and, having not succeeded in implementing it, then use your failure to give it up."

So, you have an entrepreneurial idea, clearly formulated your goals, now you can start creating your own business.

Organization of one's own business, if there are appropriate material, financial and other opportunities, can be carried out through the following forms: acquisition (purchase) of an enterprise (business), renting an enterprise as a whole as a property set used for entrepreneurial activities, using the franchising method and establishing one's own business in certain organizational and legal form.

AT short form Let's talk about individual ways to create your own business.

Creating your own business

General terms creating your own business

Creating your own business in our country is carried out in accordance with the current civil legislation, federal law on individual organizational and legal forms, participants in entrepreneurial activities and regulations governing the entire process of creation and functioning of entrepreneurial organizations.

Creating your own business in varying degrees of organizational and legal form requires the following prerequisites.

1.
Availability of property for the formation of initial capital.

2.
Availability of a certain amount of financial resources necessary to form the minimum amount of the authorized capital.

3.
Availability of non-residential premises necessary for accommodating the office of future organizations and carrying out the intended activities or the availability of opportunities for renting non-residential premises.

4.
Preliminary study of the intended market in which the entrepreneur will offer the results of his activities for sale

5.
Formation of a team of qualified founders of their own business, who are well aware of the technology for the implementation of certain types of activities, accounting and financial accounting.

Before starting a business, the entrepreneur must answer:

1. Do I have everything I need to run my own business

2. How good am I at getting along with people?

3. How firm am I in making decisions?

4. Do I have enough physical strength and emotional potential to successfully run a business?

5. How well do I plan and organize my affairs?

6. Is my desire strong enough to stick to my goal?

7. How running a business will affect my family

8. Do I have enough knowledge to engage in this type of business

The future entrepreneur must be competent in the field in which he intends to create his own business.

According to American statistics, 90 percent of new enterprises are opened by people in the field in which they already have experience or have received special training or internships.

An entrepreneur must be able to calculate the expected consequences of risk, keep secret, own all the information about the activities of his own enterprise, consumers of products, customers, suppliers and competitors.

Considering that a huge bureaucratic layer of officials functions in our country, an aggressive external environment operates, the future entrepreneur needs to be able to anticipate the decision of federal and local authorities, which often infringe on the rights of entrepreneurs, learn how to protect not only their property and assets from the encroachment of aggressive forces, but also their own a life.
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Some principles for starting your own business

Having started his entrepreneurial activity, the future entrepreneur should know the main areas of his work:

1. For whom will his firm work?

2. Who are its customers? Do they form an entrepreneurial segment?

3. What kind of goods need to be produced? What consumer properties will these products contain, and what quality will they be?

4. On the basis of what technologies is it necessary to produce this or that product? Is there room for cost savings?

A future entrepreneur, when planning his own business, should be guided by the most important market principles:

1. It is necessary to find a need and satisfy it, since entrepreneurial activity is aimed at satisfying other people's needs. Qualitatively satisfying other people's needs, the entrepreneur receives income or profit.

2. Goods should be produced at lower costs, otherwise the market may not recognize these goods, and the entrepreneur will not be able to sell them and make a profit.

3. An entrepreneur, setting prices for manufactured goods, must take into account the behavior of competitors, consumer demand and the level of market saturation.

An overpriced price will not allow you to sell goods in a timely manner, and an underestimated one will not allow you to get the necessary profit. The problem of pricing plays an essential role in the mechanism of creation and functioning of one's own business. The general algorithm, which can be imagined by the following brief scheme:

Entrepreneurial idea -> Goals of entrepreneurship -> Development of an entrepreneurial project -> Implementation of it in the form of creating your own business -> Functioning of the organization
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