New fracking technologies. Tagras-remservice develops new technological solutions for hydraulic fracturing

The result of the analysis of processes and phenomena studied using statistical methods, is a set of numerical characteristics that can be classified into absolute and relative indicators.

Absolute indicators

Absolute values ​​in terms of statistics are the number of units or amounts in the sample, which are the direct result of the summary and grouping of the analyzed data. Absolute indicators reflect, so to speak, the "physical" characteristics of the processes and phenomena under study (area, mass, volume, spatio-temporal parameters), which, as a rule, are recorded in primary accounting documents. Absolute values ​​always have a dimension. We also note that, in contrast to the mathematical interpretation, the statistical absolute value can be either positive or negative.

Classification of absolute indicators

Absolute values ​​are classified according to the method of presenting the dimensions of the phenomena under study into individual, group and general.

To individual include absolute indicators expressing the numerical dimensions of individual units of the population. For example, the number of employees in the organization, the gross output of the enterprise, profit, etc.

group indicators are called parameters that determine the dimensional characteristics or the number of units in a certain part of the population. Such indicators are calculated by summing up the corresponding absolute parameters of individual units of the study group or by directly counting the number of units in a sample from the general population.

Absolute indicators that describe the size of a feature in all units of the population are called general. Such parameters are the result of a summary of the results of statistical studies. These indicators include wages enterprises of the region, wheat in the state, etc.

Definition of relative value

From the point of view of statistics, a relative value is a generalizing parameter that describes the quantitative ratio of two absolute values. In other words, relative indicators characterize the relationship and interdependence of two compared absolute parameters.

Application in socioeconomic research

Relative indicators play an important role in the analysis of socio-economic processes, since the absolute characteristics themselves do not always allow a correct assessment of the analyzed phenomenon. Often, their true significance is revealed only during comparison with another absolute indicator.

Relative indicators include parameters that determine the structure of the phenomenon, as well as its development over time. With their help, it is easier to trace the trends in the development of the process under study and to make a forecast of its further evolution.

The main feature of relative values ​​is that they make it possible to perform processes that are incomparable in absolute terms, which, in turn, opens up opportunities for comparing the levels of development or the prevalence of various social phenomena.

The principle of calculating the relative value

In relation to absolute indicators, which are input data for statistical analysis, relative values ​​are derived from them, or secondary. Calculation of relative indicators in general view is performed by dividing one absolute parameter by another. In this case, the value in the numerator is called the compared, or current, and the indicator in the denominator with which the comparison is made is the basis (base) of comparison.

Obviously, it is possible to perform a comparison even of seemingly completely unrelated absolute values. Relative indicators necessary for statistical analysis should be chosen based on the objectives of a particular study and the nature of the primary data available. At the same time, it is necessary to be guided by the principles of visibility and ease of perception.

As current and basic indicators for calculation, you can use not only absolute, but also relative characteristics. Relative parameters obtained by comparing absolute characteristics are called first-order indicators, and relative parameters are called higher-order indicators.

Dimensions of relative values

Statistical analysis allows you to calculate relative indicators for both the same and opposite values. The result of comparing the parameters of the same name are unnamed relative values, which can be expressed in multiplicity factors, representing how many times the current indicator is greater or less than the base one (in this case, one is taken as the basis for comparison). Often in statistical studies, the comparison base is taken equal to 100. In this case, the dimension of the obtained relative indicators will be percentages (%).

When comparing oppositely named parameters as a dimension of the obtained relative magnitude the ratio of the corresponding dimensions of the indicators in the numerator and denominator is taken (for example, the indicator of the level of GDP per capita has the dimension of million rubles / person).

Classification of relative values

Among the variety of relative parameters, the following types are distinguished:

• indicator of dynamics;
• indicators of the plan and implementation of the plan;
• intensity indicator;
• structure index;
• indicator of coordination;
• comparison index.

Dynamic indicator (OPD)

This parameter describes the ratio of the current level of development of the phenomenon under study to some, taken as a base, the level of its development in the previous period. Expressed as a multiple ratio, the relative indicator of dynamics is called the growth factor, and as a percentage - the growth rate.

Plan Indicators (PPI) and Plan Implementation Indicators (PIP)

Such indicators are used by all economic entities involved in the current and strategic planning. They are calculated as follows:

The characteristics discussed above are related by the following relationship:

OPD \u003d OPP * OPP.

Relative indicator the plan determines the intensity of the task compared with the previous period, and the implementation of the plan - the degree of its implementation.

Structural Index (SIR)

This relative indicator shows the structural composition of the population and is expressed in relation to the size of the absolute attribute of the structural part of the object under study to the size of the attribute of the population as a whole. In other words, the calculation of structure indicators consists in calculating the specific weight of each part of the population:

OPS are usually expressed as fractions of a unit (coefficients) or percentages. Sum specific gravity structural parts of the studied population, in this case, should be equal to one or one hundred percent, respectively.

Such coefficients are used in the study of the structure of multicomponent complex phenomena, for example, in the study of emissions of harmful substances by vehicles of a traffic flow, separating them by the type of fuel used (gasoline, diesel, gas) or by purpose (cars, trucks, buses), etc.

Index of Coordination (CPI)

This parameter characterizes the ratio of the characteristics of some part of the statistical population to the characteristics of the base part. The relative indicator of coordination is used in statistical analysis for a more visual representation of the relationship between the individual parts of the population under study.

The part of the population with the maximum specific gravity or being a priority is chosen as the basic one.

Intensity Index (IIR)

This characteristic is used to describe the propagation of the phenomenon (process) under study in its own environment. Its essence lies in the comparison of oppositely named quantities related to each other in some way.

An example is indicators of the level of GDP per capita, demographic indicators of natural increase (decrease) of the population per 1000 (10000) people, etc.

Comparison indicator (CFR)

This parameter describes the ratio of the same absolute characteristics of different objects:

The relative comparison indicator can be used to comparative analysis, for example, the population of different states, prices for the same goods of different brands, labor productivity at different enterprises, etc.

The calculation of relative characteristics is an important step in statistical analysis, however, considering them regardless of the primary absolute indicators, one can come to unreliable conclusions. Consequently, a correct assessment of various socioeconomic processes and phenomena should be based on a system of parameters, which includes both absolute and relative indicators.