The second rally-raid season for Gazpromneft-Lubricants turned out to be much more successful than the debut one. The victories in the World Cup and the Russian Championship showed that G-Energy Team chose the right way, which allowed her to break into the elite of the world off-road rally

Gazpromneft-Lubricants, with its premium G-Energy oil brand, is not new to rally-raid championships. In 2013, the company actively cooperated with one of the most successful and progressive teams in Russia, G-Force Motorsport. However, objectively speaking, to steadily fight for high places in the most prestigious T1 class of the rally-raid World Cup, G-Force Proto prototypes do not yet allow, and the philosophy of sports sponsorship is clear and obvious: marketing dividends bring only investments in successful projects. Therefore, the G-Energy Team entered the new motorsport season with a new technical partner - titled X-Raid professionals from Germany, three-time winners of the Dakar. However, this did not mean at all that Gazpromneft-SM was investing in the support of foreigners - only the Mini All4 Racing with the Russian crew Vladimir Vasiliev / Konstantin Zhiltsov carried the Russian oil logo.

Victory is forged not only by pilots on the most difficult special stages, but also by technicians and engineers in between races, at night, when in just a few hours sometimes you have to almost completely disassemble and assemble the car

Moreover, in the 2014 season, the Russian championship and the Rally Raid Cup were held under the G-Energy brand: Gazpromneft-SM acted as the general partner of the tournament, and three crews defended the colors of the G-Energy Team at once - in addition to Vasiliev and Zhiltsov for the victory in the national championship fought Ruslan Misikov paired with Vitaly Evtekhov and Andrey Dmitriev with Sergey Talantsev.

victory at the finish line

In Russia, the rally-raid season began with cup battles near Ulyanovsk and Vladimir - and already there the G-Energy logo, perhaps, became the most noticeable visual image of the race. However, by and large, the season - both Russian and world ("Dakar" does not count) - begins in Karelia, with the "Northern Forest" baja. And in general, already at the first stage of both the World Cup and the Russian Championship, it became clear that neither the technical partner, nor the pilots, nor the machines in Gazprom Neft - SM have failed. Although it was not possible to immediately start with a victory. The unique snow and ice stage was won by a rider not particularly accustomed to such conditions - Yazid Al-Raji from Saudi Arabia. And Vasiliev and Zhiltsov are on the second line in the world classification and on the first line in the Russian one. The passage of another track, closer to a rally than to raids - on the "Italian Baja", with its special stages laid along the riverbeds and sharp turns - was given to Russian athletes worse than overcoming snow stages near St. Petersburg. Vasiliev and Zhiltsov stopped 18 seconds from the top three, nevertheless retaining the second credit position in the cup classification. And they turned it into the first at the next stage in Abu Dhabi.

From the sand dunes of the Middle East and Africa to the mud baths of Europe and Russian snow: the Rally Raid Cup is an ever-changing racing environment that both people and machines have to adapt to

Winning the Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge is worth a lot. This is already a rally-raid classic: more than a thousand kilometers of sands and dunes of the Arabian desert of Rub al-Khali, double the coefficient of difficulty. It took the Russian crew 40 km of the last, fifth stage of the race to take the lead.

Second at the no less difficult Sealine Cross-Country Rally in Qatar (it is very difficult to fight Nasser Al-Attiyah in the desert), fourth at the Pharaons International Rally in Egypt, which is unique in terms of diversity of territories and landscapes - and again to Europe, still in the status of leaders absolute standings of the World Cup.

Three European bajas - in Spain (Baja Espana Aragon), Hungary and Poland - are a complete contrast after the raids in the deserts. Rain, mud, and - the most unpleasant - a serious accident that Vasiliev and Zhiltsov's Mini got into in Poland, where, by the way, due to bad weather the last special stage was completely cancelled. Luckily, only the hardware was damaged. This failure and the fourth place at Le Rallye OiLibya du Maroc, while the main competitor of the Russians Nasser Al-Attiya won the race in Morocco, kept the intrigue until the very last stage of the World Cup - the Portuguese Baja Portalegre 500.

CEO Gazprom Neft - Lubricants

Congratulations to the G-Energy Team on this season's victories! Throughout the year we followed the performances of the crews. I'm sure it's great quality lubricants also contributed to the team's excellent results. The company has been supporting leading rally teams in international competitions since 2013. And it's not only marketing strategy. The enormous load on the engine, the complexity of the tracks and the temperature contrasts of off-road racing provide ideal opportunities for testing quality characteristics oils. Based on test results and the opinions of professional athletes, we produce high quality innovative products.

The final race turned out to be, as they say, “valid”. In fact, the Portuguese stage was reduced to a duel between the crews of Vladimir Vasilyev / Konstantin Zhiltsov - Nasser Al-Attiyah / Matthieu Baumel, the gap between which was only 20 points. As a joker, the Qatari decided to use a change of car, replacing the same as the Russians, Mini with a Ford HRX. Failure lay in wait for Vasiliev and Zhiltsov already at the very beginning of the stage: damage to the wheel and 21st place in the prologue. However, such situations only motivate experienced fighters - having ideally passed the first special stage, the Russians burst into the top three, and their competitor already had technical problems: a wiper breakdown, critical on dusty Portuguese roads, threw Nasser Al-Attiyah to 7th position overall standings. He bounced back at the final special stage, but the advantage gained by G-Energy Team in the previous stages was enough for the overall victory in the World Cup. It is quite logical that in Russia the duet Vasiliev - Zhiltsov became the best.

Rally raids

Automobile competitions taking place on off-road and public roads. The task of each crew, consisting of two people - a pilot and a navigator (in the crews of trucks - from three, a mechanic is added here), is to pass the high-speed sections (SS) as quickly as possible, with the maximum possible speed, along a route determined by the road book (legend) and with a few mandatory checkpoints. According to the amount of time on the special stages, the winner of the race is determined. Depending on the duration of the competition in terms of time and length of the route, off-road rallies are divided into three types: baja, rally-raid and marathon.

Baja is usually held for 1-3 days at a distance closed in a circle, no more than 1.2 thousand km long. The length of the rally-raid route is up to 6.5 thousand km, and the duration of the race is up to 10 days.

Rally raids are most often held in a linear format. The longest type of off-road racing - a marathon - is held in a linear format and can last up to 30 days with a total route length of 6.5 thousand km.

Every year, the International Automobile Federation (FIA) holds the FIA ​​World Cup for Cross-Country Rallies. Two off-road racing series are held in Russia: the championship and the Cup of Russia.

Russian logic

The national rally-raid championship turned out to be somewhat crumpled due to the cancellation of the Crimean stage and the main race of the season - the Silk Way Rally. However, there were enough events without it. Unlike the world stages, for performances in Russia, the G-Energy Team did not use the Mini All4 Racing, but the BMW X3CC, which, however, has almost identical specifications. The change of the car did not affect the balance of power. As at the Northern Forest, at the April Zoloto Kagan in Astrakhan, Vasiliev and Zhiltsov were the best, and the crew of Ruslan Misikov / Vitaly Evtekhov finished third. The 1000-kilometer distance between Elista and Astrakhan of the Great Step rally-raid promised an interesting duel between Vladimir Vasiliev and Boris Gadasin, but G-Energy turned out to be stronger than G-Force. The third victory in a row, and the fate of the championship title is decided. For Vladimir Vasiliev and Konstantin Zhiltsov, the end of the tournament turned out to be a formality. On the other hand, Ruslan Misikov and Vitaly Evtekhov coped best of all with the most difficult Latvian Baja rally track, which allowed them to finish the season with silver medals - and this is considering that the G-Energy Team crew participated in only three out of five races: they they came second, and at the "Gold of Kagan" in Astrakhan they became third. Andrey Dmitriev and Sergey Talantsev, who finished fifth in the Russian Championship, can also be considered quite successful - they demonstrated very good potential.

Pointer after a short pull froze in the rack. The team "drank", and a snipe rises from the tall grass with a squeak. A shot, a couple of minutes, and a polite cop puts the first trophy at the feet of the hunter. A little time passes, and everything repeats again. Ten rounds, ten snipes caught. Such hunting and shooting is remembered for many years, because to show absolute result in shooting, even an experienced shooter rarely succeeds in flying. It is clear that the exultation of the athlete-stand worker, when not a single plate managed to fly away whole. For a beginner shooter, this is 10 out of 10, for a more skilled shooter - 25 out of 25, a kind of grandmaster milestone - 100 out of 100 and an absolute record - 200 out of 200. However, according to the changed rules in two Olympic disciplines, the ceiling of an absolute record can only reach 150 out of 150 (Trap and Skeet exercises).
One hundred out of a hundred - two words, two numbers, after which the sport of high achievements begins, a milestone that thousands of shooters dream of reaching, but few manage to conquer.
Thanks to the diaries of Vladimir Zimenko, an outstanding stand-up artist of the Soviet times, it became possible to learn at least a little about how to overcome the cherished border, because athletes rarely share their secrets of achieving an absolute result.
The first to respond was Adam Smelchinsky, a well-known shooter in Poland, a silver medalist at the 1956 Olympic Games, and a 12-time national champion. Speaking at the request of V. Zimenko about the peculiarities of his shooting, Adam remarked: “There are three main things for me: weapons, cartridges and my condition. And, in my opinion, the situation at work and at home plays a significant role. I am a doctor and I know what normal working and living conditions are. The head must be fresh. So that nothing interferes with you, so that they don’t pull you, don’t put, as you Russians say, spokes in wheels.
This was the beginning of a long-term collection of original interviews, which are still of interest to many poster artists today.
Yuri Tsuranov - champion of the USSR, Europe, world: “You don’t need to immediately set yourself the goal of achieving 100 out of 100 at competitions. First, you need to do this in training. But again, consistently. For starters - 50 out of 50, with special attention to pay the first 25 shots. Why the first 25? I know that many experienced stand-ups and myself usually miss the first series. Speaking about myself, I often hit 50 out of 50. This result worried me a little. The series went smoothly. But when I hit 75 out of 75, I started to worry. I convinced myself that the fourth series was no different from the previous ones, that it was necessary to shoot it with the same composure as in the shootout, that is, “give it all out”, which at worst is not so scary if I miss once: I’m still going well , you can, you need to shoot calmly. The excitement intensified. And… missed. When I made 100 out of 100 for the first time, I could not calm down for a long time - but then ... I got used to it or what? Excitement in the last series (in the case of a high result) is especially difficult to appease. Also, physical fitness is important. For the first time I hit 200 targets out of 200 in 1963 at the championship of the strongest shooters of the USSR. Didn't think about it. But when I shot 150 cymbals without a miss, I wanted to hit everything - like Durnev at the world championship in Cairo. In between episodes, he tuned in, kept repeating to himself: “Durnev did it, why can’t I?” It became incredibly difficult to shoot, but, fortunately, he achieved his goal. And this result also ceased to scare me. Here's how it went on in that year 1963: the championship of the USSR - 200 out of 200 - first place; RSFSR championship zone - 100 out of 100 - first place; Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR - 200 out of 200 - first place; championship Sverdlovsk region– 100 out of 100 – first place; Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR - 200 out of 200 - first place.
Larisa Gurvich, European and world champion on a round stand: “To achieve a high result, in my opinion, you need to fire a certain number of rounds. I know, I know, it's not just about them, it's about them too. I had the highest result in 1967 in Moscow at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the RSFSR. Before these competitions, I trained a lot on the stand. I don’t really like idle training, but before responsible starts I take a gun in my hands to get used to it. But still I prefer to make 100, and sometimes 150-170 shots a day. There are days and weeks when I shoot only series for a test of strength: can I show a high result? When there comes a feeling that I can and “I’m not afraid” of a high result, then I start light shooting: I’m more engaged in working out and polishing individual elements. During the competition, I don’t think about anything serious. In between series I read with pleasure, but something light: adventures, about love…”.
Ivan Terentiev - champion and record holder Armed Forces USSR: “In 1963, 100 out of 100 showed five times in training, twice in competitions and once - 150 out of 150 (50 with a shootout). I consider idle training to be the basis of success. They allow you to constantly be in good shape, to work out the elements of aiming and anticipation to automatism. I do not recognize overtraining - there is no such thing for me. When I go out to shoot, I don't think about the end result. I noticed that if you start counting how much one and one will be, expect a miss. I only think about the next shot. My shooting training loads are large - up to 175 rounds. To achieve high results alone, I think, is impossible. That's why I'm always looking for a competitor."
Pavel Senichev, the silver medalist of the Tokyo Olympics, hit 100 targets out of 100 more than twelve times in 1969 alone: ​​“In the classroom, I begin to prepare myself for shooting without misses psychologically. I consider each training session a responsible competition and I try to ensure that the entire series of 25 targets is hit easily, without fear of a miss. If there is a miss, then this is a technical marriage: he didn’t handle the target, he threw the butt to his shoulder in the wrong way, etc. Psychological marriage is, in my opinion, when there is confusion in the head. It is very important to learn not to react to a high result. We need to look at things more simply. 100 out of 100? That's four times 25. No more, no less. But for this, in training it is necessary to achieve such a situation that not a single target at any shooting station is in doubt. Everything must be verified. If the cause of the error is not clear, you immediately begin to “work through” it, that is, repeat the exercise, try the options. The main thing is to achieve ease, ease, so that there is no room for doubt. Even if you hit a target. That's when I beat her as I want, as if effortlessly - then order! I devote a lot of time to idle training. In general, you need to develop a system that determines when and where to train: when at home, when at the stand. I am not talking about weapons, rest and food regimen. You can't shoot from a stick, without good food and a normal rest will not fit the record. But at the competitions I generally excluded these numbers - 100 out of 100 or 200 out of 200 - from consciousness. Before going to the start, I pay all my attention only to the series, and when I shoot, only to the upcoming target. I always adhere to the principle: "hard in learning - easy in battle." Therefore, I try to put myself in difficult, unusual conditions.
Ariy Kaplun - the first world champion from Soviet Union in trap shooting: “For the first time, I broke 100 targets out of 100 at the Spartakiad of Trade Unions in Moscow, at the Lokomotiv stand. Then, at competitions in Minsk, Riga, Kyiv, I managed to achieve the same result again. And in Tbilisi, in the match between the national teams of Ukraine and Georgia, for the first time I hit 200 out of 200 cymbals. To learn how to hit 100 out of 100 targets, you must first learn how to easily hit 25 out of 25 at each training session and, most importantly, boldly. I get the maximum result when I feel free and it seems that it is difficult to make a mistake. I climbed like this: 25 out of 25, 50 out of 50, 75 out of 75. In my opinion, you can’t set such a task - I’ll knock out 150 out of 150 when 125 out of 125 are obtained with grief in half.
Target training, although this is a tedious business, is not neglected by the strongest shooters in the country. Nikolay Durnev attached special importance to them. Four-time European champion, world champion, the first shooter on earth to hit 200 targets out of 200. There seems to be no limit to his perseverance in training. Miss, immediately Durnev begins to "work out" five to ten times a failed target. He will finish the series, collect cartridges and “work out” again. Until he achieves that the target is no longer in doubt. It beats for sure, and even in different ways: sometimes faster, sometimes slower, with body turns.
Nikolai Pokrovsky, Honored Trainer of the USSR: “In order to hit 100 cymbals out of 100, it is necessary, as in any difficult task, to go from simple to complex. From seemingly unimportant elements in the technique of shooting in the rack - to preparing yourself psychologically. Secondly, all our trap shooting is made up of subtle feelings, of the smallest interconnections of the body. And at the same time, a colossal work is being done in the most limited time. For a successful shot, you need to concentrate your attention, vision, hearing, gather into a ball, and along with this, in no case should you allow muscle stiffness. This means that the shooter must have good physical fitness, be healthy, vigorous.”
Liano Rossini, Olympic champion in Melbourne: “We have competition. She is huge. There are about 100,000 skeet and live pigeon shooters in Italy. Everyone wants to shoot, shoot well. And entrepreneurs are investing huge amounts of money in improving weapons, ammunition, and equipment. However, everything new requires big money. And therefore, any shooting - both at skeet and at pigeons - is carried out only for the result. After all, each miss takes more than one thousand lire from the athlete's pocket. It's hard. Therefore, the shooter before each shot experiences a great psychological stress. This means that he always thoroughly prepares for each shot, carefully analyzes his mistakes, diligently trains. As a result, he tempers and is more calm in competitions. Especially when they're free."
The statements of the luminaries of trap shooting are unlikely to be questioned by anyone. Yes, technical and tactical training should be at the highest level. Psychological stability, physical and shooting endurance are also the most important components of success. Of course, we most likely did not hear one hundred percent revelations in these interviews, given what active athletes were saying at that time, but some statements make you think. For example, Rossini's words that entrepreneurs invest a lot of money; Italy has 100,000 riflemen. And what is now in Russia?
But the greatest interest, in my opinion, is the idea of ​​A. Smelchinsky about the important role of the situation at work and at home, normal working and living conditions.
This is what we lack in the first place: a digestible measured life, without spending huge efforts on solving simple issues, when everyday troubles, hassle at work, disrespect and indifference from superiors and authorities were and remain the daily norm. Against the background of what has been said, I recall an insignificant episode from the preparation of the USSR national team for international competitions. The Dynamo Olympic shooting range, applicants for the trip shoot in the circle, there is a regular training session, a series of shooting, each shot is strictly recorded by the coach. What is the use of this? According to the revelation of Anatoly Fedorov, a participant in those training camps, international class master of sports, we had a continuous shootout during training, which, translated into understandable language, is an unnecessary expenditure of nervous energy.
Somehow, at a training camp in Nikolaev, I had a conversation with the most famous shooter, for many years the first number of the USSR national team on a round stand, Alik Aliyev. Answering his question about how the training process should be built, I drew attention to three parts: the preparatory period (where the necessary technical base is laid), turning into the main, competitive, and then the transitional, recovery period, allowing the next sports year to repeat the cycle for more high level. “Where is the rest? Alik stopped me. - You need to recover during the competitive period, not postponing until winter. No one thinks about it, they just increase the training loads, fixing the recessions, not being interested in what caused the unsuccessful shooting at the next training session. I often referred to these words when I started working as a coach.
Remembering the names of veterans: Nikolai Durnev, Oleg Losev, Yuri Tsuranov, Pavel Senichev, Evgeny Petrov, one involuntarily bows not only to their skill, but also to the victories that these great athletes won not thanks to, but rather despite the existing circumstances.

HUNTING

S. Losev

E. Kopeiko

Topic 2 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE VALUES IN STATISTICS

2.1 Statistical indicators

As a result, summaries and groupings of statistical data receive generalizing indicators, which reflect the results of knowing the quantitative side of the phenomena being studied. An important task of statistics is the construction of statistical indicators.

statistic is a quantitative characteristic of socio-economic phenomena and processes. A statistical indicator directly expresses the inner content of the phenomenon or process being studied, its essence. Statistics knows a large number of various indicators related to all parties. public life. These include: indicators of products of various industries; indicators characterizing the population from different angles; indicators related to the characteristics of the credit institutions of the country and to the sale of goods to the population; indicators of medical care for the population; indicators of sown areas and livestock; indicators of stocks of raw materials and fuel; income and expenditure indicators of the population, etc.

A set of interrelated indicators that has a single-level or multi-level structure and is aimed at solving a specific statistical problem forms system of statistical indicators.

Statistical indicators have a number of properties that characterize various aspects of the concept of "indicator" as a whole. These properties are classified as follows.

By coverage of population units indicators are divided into individual and summary (general). Individual indicators reflect individual phenomena or a separate unit of the population (bank, enterprise, farm, individual, etc.). Summary (general) indicators characterize a group of units that are part of the statistical population or the entire population as a whole (a set of enterprises, a set of banks, a set of farms, etc.).

These indicators, in turn, are divided into volumetric and calculated. Volume indicators are obtained by adding the values ​​of the attribute of individual units of the population (for example, the volume of sold products of an industrial company, etc.). Estimated indicators are obtained as functions of several quantities. They are calculated according to various formulas and serve to solve individual statistical problems of analysis - measuring relationships, variations, characteristics of structural shifts, etc.

By time factor indicators are divided into momentary and interval. The fact is that socio-economic phenomena and processes are expressed in statistical indicators or as of a certain point in time, as a rule, at a certain date, beginning or end of a month, year (population, receivables, stock balances in stores) ) - this is moment indicators; or for a certain period - a day, a month, a quarter, a year (the number of marriages, the number of deposits of the population, production) - these are intervals.

From the point of view of spatial certainty, the indicators are divided into federal characterizing the studied object or phenomenon in the country as a whole, regional and local(local), relating to any part of the territory or a separate object.

From the point of view of the properties of specific objects and the form of expressions, the indicators are divided into absolute, relative and medium.

2.2 Absolute indicators, units of their measurement

Statistical indicators expressing the dimensions (volumes, levels) of socio-economic phenomena in units of measure, weight, volume, length, area, cost, etc. called absolute statistics. They always have a certain dimension, certain units of measurement. The question of the units of measurement in which absolute statistical values ​​are expressed is extremely important for statistical research. The choice of units for measuring absolute values ​​is determined by the essence, properties of the phenomenon under study, as well as the objectives of the study. In statistics, a large number of the most diverse units of measurement are used. In the general classification they can be reduced to three types: natural, monetary (value) and labor.

natural it is customary to call such units of measurement that are expressed in measures of weight, volume, length, area, etc.

Labor units of measurement such as man-hours, man-days, etc., are used to determine the labor costs for the production of products, for the performance of any work, for taking into account the labor intensity of individual operations of the technological process.

In conditions market economy important and widely used cost units of measurement that give a monetary value to socio-economic phenomena and processes. These are: gross domestic product, trade turnover, incomes and expenditures of the population, etc.

Absolute statistical indicators are divided into volume indicators and level indicators.

Volume indicators allow us to characterize the magnitude of the entire population or its parts. Thus, the number of economically active population in Russia in 1998 amounted to 72,572 thousand people, including men - 38,355 thousand people, women - 34,217 thousand people.

Level indicators characterize the value of the load of a unit of one population by elements of another population (for example, in Russia in 1999 the number of inhabitants in 1 territory was 8.6 people). They can also determine the degree of saturation of a particular population with elements of some feature of a given or other population (in Russia in 1998 the average subsistence minimum per capita per month was 493.3 rubles).

There are also difference absolute figures. They represent the absolute size in the difference between two absolute indicators in time or space. An example of an absolute measure of the difference in time (called the absolute growth rate) is the difference between production confectionery in Russia in 1998 (1310 thousand tons) and in 1992. (1829 thousand tons), equal to 519 thousand tons. The absolute size of the production of confectionery products in Russia has decreased by this amount over six years.

2.3 Relative performance

Along with absolute statistical indicators, relative indicators are of great importance in statistics. In the process of identifying a number of important issues for socio-economic life, it becomes necessary to study the structure of the phenomenon, the relationship between its individual parts, and development over time.

Relative indicator is the ratio of one absolute indicator to another absolute indicator.

Relative indicators are called statistical indicators, defined as the ratio of the compared absolute value to the base of comparison. The value with which the comparison is made (the denominator of a fraction) is usually called the base, base of comparison, or base value. The numerator is the value being compared. It is also called the current or reporting value. For example, dividing the urban population by the total population of the country, we get the indicator "share of the urban population". Comparable values ​​can be of the same name and different names. If similar values ​​are compared, then relative indicators are expressed in abstract numbers. As a rule, the base of comparison is taken equal to 1, 100, 1000 or 10,000. If the base of comparison is taken as units, then the relative indicator shows what proportion of the base value is the current value (the relative indicator will be expressed in the form of a coefficient). If the comparison base is 100, then the relative indicator is expressed as a percentage (%), if the comparison base is 1000 - in ppm (‰), 10,000 - in decimilles (‰ 0).

When comparing different values, the names of relative indicators are formed from the names of the compared values ​​(density of the population of the country: people /; yield: q / ha, etc.).

Example. In 1950 the number of communications enterprises in the Russian Federation was 32.4 thousand, and in 2000. - 52.8 thousand. Here, the coefficient of increase in the number of enterprises in the country over 50 years will be equal to:

If the comparison base is taken as 100 units, then the relative value will be expressed as a percentage. In our case, the growth in the number of communications enterprises in 2000 compared to 1950 is 162%.

Example. In city N with an average annual population of 300 thousand people, 7.5 thousand people were born during the year. The birth rate will be equal to:

Those. For every 1,000 people in this city, 25 people were born in a year.

A very important point should be emphasized, which must be constantly taken into account when calculating the use of relative values ​​- the indicators that are compared must be necessarily comparable. Incomparability of indicators occurs when there are differences in the processing of the necessary statistical information, methods of its collection, time periods, etc.

For example, data on the production of agricultural products in a region are incomparable if in one period it includes the products of only farms, and in another - also of collective farms, agricultural joint-stock companies, personal subsidiary plots.

Types of relative indicators.

Comparison of statistical data is carried out in various forms and in different directions. In accordance with various tasks and directions for comparing statistical data, various types of relative values ​​are used, the classification of which is shown in Figure 1.

By the nature, purpose and essence of the expressed quantitative ratios, the following types of relative values ​​are distinguished:

implementation of the plan;

planned task;

dynamics;

structures;

coordination;

intensity;

comparisons.

Figure 1 - Classification of relative values

Relative indicators of the planned target (RPP) are used for the purpose of long-term planning of the activities of subjects of the financial and economic sphere. They are usually expressed as a percentage.

Example. In the 1st quarter, the retail trade turnover of the trade association amounted to 250 million rubles, in the 2nd quarter the retail turnover of 350 million rubles is planned. Determine the relative value of the planned task.

Solution: OPP = . Thus, in the second quarter it is planned to increase the retail turnover of the trade association by 40%.

Relative Plan Implementation Rates (RPIs) express the degree of fulfillment of planned targets for a certain period of time. It is calculated as the ratio of the actually achieved level to the planned target in percent. They are used when evaluating the implementation of the plan.

Example. The enterprise, according to the plan, was supposed to release products during the quarter in the amount of 200 thousand rubles. In fact, it produced products worth 220 thousand rubles. Determine the degree to which the company's production plan for the quarter has been fulfilled.

Solution: OPVP = Therefore, the plan was fulfilled by 110%, i.e. overfulfillment of the plan was 10%.

When the plan is set in the form relative to the indicator (compared to the baseline), the implementation of the plan is determined from the ratio of the relative value of the dynamics with the relative value of the target.

Example. Labor productivity in the industry of the region according to the plan for 1999. should have increased by 2.9%. In fact, labor productivity increased by 3.6%. Determine the degree of implementation of the plan for labor productivity by the region.

Solution: OPVP = Therefore, achieved in 1999. the level of labor productivity is higher than planned by 0.7%.

If the planned task provides for a decrease in the level of the indicator, then the result of comparing the actual level with the planned one, which is less than 100% in value, will indicate that the plan has been overfulfilled.

Relative indicators of dynamics (RDI) are called statistical quantities that characterize the degree of change in the phenomenon under study over time. They represent the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past.

The value calculated in this way shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) level or what proportion of the latter it is. This indicator can be expressed in shares or percentages.

Example. Number of telephone exchanges in Russia in 1996 amounted to 34.3 thousand, and in 1997 - 34.5 thousand. Determine the relative magnitude of the dynamics.

Solution: OPD = times or 100.6%. Consequently, the number of telephone exchanges in 1997. has increased since 1996. by 0.6%.

If there are data for several periods of time, each given level can be compared either with the level of the previous period, or with some other one taken as the comparison base (basic level). The first are called relative indicators of dynamics with a variable base of comparison, or chain, the second - relative indicators of dynamics with a constant base of comparison, or basic. Relative indicators of dynamics are otherwise called growth rates and growth factors.

There is the following relationship between the relative indicators of the planned task, the implementation of the plan and the dynamics: OPPZ*OPVP=OPD . Based on this relationship, for any two known indicators, it is always possible to determine the third unknown value. To prove this, let's designate the actually achieved level of the current period through , the base period - as, the level provided for by the plan -. Then - the relative indicator of the implementation of the plan, - the relative indicator of the planned task, - the relative indicator of the dynamics and, obviously, that

Relative Structural Indicators (RSI) represent the relation of part and whole. Relative indicators of the structure characterize the composition of the studied population and show what specific gravity(what share) in the total is each of its parts. They are obtained by dividing the value of each part of the population by their total, taken as the basis for comparison.

Usually, the relative indicators of this type are expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage.

Relative indicators of the structure make it possible to establish structural shifts, changes that occur over a certain period of time, as well as their direction and trend. They are used when studying the composition of workers, when studying production costs, when studying the composition of trade, etc.

Example. The retail turnover of the organization for the year amounted to 1230.7 thousand rubles, including the turnover of food products - 646.1 thousand rubles, the turnover of non-food products - 584.6 thousand rubles.

Solution: The share of the turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year was:

The share of the turnover of food products in the entire turnover of the organization for the year amounted to:

.

The sum of the specific weights will be 100%. The structure of the organization's retail turnover shows the predominance of food products in the implementation of this retail commodity enterprise.

Relative indicators of coordination (RMO) is the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population.

Expressed as coefficients.

As a result of this division, they get how many times this part of the population is more (less) than the base one, or how many percent of it it is, or how many units of this structural part fall into 1 unit, 100, 1000, etc. units of the other part, taken as the base of comparison.

Example. According to the Russian statistical collection in 1996. in Russian Federation the number of men was 69.3 million people. And women 78.3 million people. Determine how many women accounted for 100 men.

In 1990 There were 114 women for every 100 men. This means that the number of women per 100 men in 1996 compared to 1990 decreased by 1 person.

The relative values ​​of coordination include capital productivity, capital intensity, labor productivity, product consumption per capita, etc.

Relative intensity indicators

(OPI) show the degree of distribution of this phenomenon in the studied environment, and are formed as a result of comparing oppositely named, but in a certain way interconnected absolute values.

Relative intensity indicators, unlike other types of relative values, are always expressed in named numbers.

One of the main issues of constructing this value is the choice of the base of comparison. The choice of base is based on a preliminary economic analysis of the studied phenomena.

The population is often chosen as the basis for calculating the intensity indicators. The relative values ​​of the intensity include all demographic coefficients, at the enterprise - all indicators of movement work force and etc.

Example. Population of the Russian Federation in 1996 amounted to 14602 thousand people, the territory of the Russian Federation - 17075.4 thousand.

Relative Comparison Indicators (OPSr) show the ratio of similar values ​​related to different territories or to different objects for the same period of time and are used to compare economic indicators of different trade organizations(annual turnover per capita, the level of distribution costs, etc.).

Example. Let's compare the number of residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg, using the number of residents of Moscow as a comparison base. As of January 1, 1996 the population of Moscow was 8664 thousand people, and the population of St. Petersburg - 4801 thousand people.

Consequently, there are 1.8 times more residents in Moscow than in St. Petersburg.

statistic- quantitative characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes in terms of qualitative certainty.

A distinction is made between an indicator-category and a specific statistical indicator:

A specific statistical indicator is a digital characteristic of the phenomenon or process being studied. For example: the population of Russia on this moment is 145 million people.

According to the form, statistical indicators are distinguished:

• Absolute
• relative

According to the coverage of units, individual and summary indicators are distinguished.

Individual indicators- characterize a separate object or a separate unit of the population (company profit, the size of the contribution of an individual).

Summary indicators- characterize part of the population or the entire statistical population as a whole. They can be obtained as volumetric and calculated. Volumetric indicators are obtained by adding the values ​​of the attribute of individual units of the population. The resulting value is called the feature volume. Estimated indicators are calculated according to various formulas and are used in the analysis of socio-economic phenomena.

Statistical indicators by time factor are divided into:

• Momentary indicators - reflect the state or level of the phenomenon at a certain point in time. For example, the number of deposits in Sberbank at the end of any period.
• Interval indicators - characterize the final result for the period (day, week, month, quarter, year) as a whole. For example, the volume of production per year.

Statistical indicators are interconnected. Therefore, in order to form a holistic view of the phenomenon or process under study, it is necessary to consider a system of indicators.

Absolute value

Measures and expresses the phenomena of social life with the help of quantitative categories - statistical quantities. The results are obtained primarily in the form of absolute values, which serve as the basis for the calculation and analysis of statistical indicators in the next stages of the statistical study.

Absolute value- the volume or size of the studied event or phenomenon, process, expressed in appropriate units of measurement in specific conditions of place and time.

Types of absolute values:

• Individual absolute value - characterizes the unit
• Total absolute value - characterizes a group of units or the entire population

result statistical observation are indicators that characterize the absolute dimensions or properties of the phenomenon under study for each unit of observation. They are called individual absolute indicators. If the indicators characterize the entire population as a whole, they are called generalizing absolute indicators. Statistical indicators in the form of absolute values ​​always have units of measurement: natural or cost.

Forms of accounting for absolute values:

• Natural - physical units (pieces, people)
• Conditionally natural - is used when calculating the results for products of the same consumer quality but a wide range. The conversion to a conditional measurement is carried out using the conversion factor:
  To recalculation = actual consumer quality/ reference (preset quality)
• Value Accounting - Monetary Units

Natural units of measurement are simple, compound and conditional.

Simple natural units measurements are tons, kilometers, pieces, liters, miles, inches, etc. In simple natural units, the volume of the statistical population is also measured, that is, the number of its constituent units, or the volume of its individual part.

Composite natural units measurements have calculated indicators obtained as a product of two or more indicators that have simple units of measurement. For example, accounting for labor costs in enterprises is expressed in man-days worked (the number of employees of the enterprise is multiplied by the number of days worked for the period) or man-hours (the number of employees of the enterprise is multiplied by the average duration of one working day and the number of working days in the period); the turnover of transport is expressed in ton-kilometers (the mass of the transported cargo is multiplied by the distance of transportation), etc.

Conditionally natural units measurements are widely used in analysis production activities, when you want to find the final value of the same type of indicators that are not directly comparable, but characterize the same properties of the object.

Natural units are recalculated into conditionally natural ones by expressing the varieties of the phenomenon in units of some standard.

For example:

• various types of organic fuel are converted into reference fuel with a calorific value of 29.3 MJ/kg
• soap different varieties- in conditional soap with 40% fatty acids
• canned food of various sizes - in conditional cans volume 353.4 cm3,
• to calculate the total volume of transport work, ton-kilometers of transported goods and passenger-kilometers produced by passenger transport are added, conditionally equating the transportation of one passenger to the transportation of one ton of cargo, etc.

Translation into conventional units is carried out using special coefficients. For example, if there are 200 tons of soap with a fatty acid content of 40% and 100 tons with a fatty acid content of 60%, then in terms of 40%, we get a total volume of 350 tons of conditional soap (the conversion factor is defined as the ratio 60: 40 = 1 .5 and, consequently, 100 t 1.5 = 150 t conventional soap).

Example 1

Find conditional natural value:

Let's say we produce notebooks:

• 12 sheets - 1000 pcs;
• 24 sheets - 200 pcs;
• 48 sheets - 50 pcs;
• 96 sheets - 100 pcs.

Solution:
We set the standard - 12 sheets.
We calculate the conversion factor:

• 12/12=1
• 24/12=2
• 48/12=4
• 96/12=8

Answer: Conditionally full size \u003d 1000 * 1 + 200 * 2 + 50 * 4 + 100 * 8 \u003d 2400 notebooks of 12 sheets

In conditions highest value and application have cost units: rubles, dollars, euros, conventional monetary units, etc. To assess socio-economic phenomena and processes, indicators are used in current or actual prices or in comparable prices.

By itself, the absolute value does not give a complete picture of the phenomenon under study, does not show its structure, the relationship between individual parts, development over time. It does not reveal correlations with other absolute values. Therefore, statistics, not limited to absolute values, widely uses general scientific methods of comparison and generalization.

Absolute values ​​have great scientific and practical value. They characterize the availability of certain resources and are the basis of various relative indicators.

Relative values

Along with the absolute values ​​in and various relative values ​​are also used. Relative values ​​are various coefficients or percentages.

Relative statistics- these are indicators that give a numerical measure of the ratio of two compared values.

The main condition for the correct calculation of relative values ​​is the comparability of the compared values ​​and the existence of real connections between the phenomena under study.

Relative value = compared value / basis

• The value in the numerator of the ratio is called the current or compared.
• The value in the denominator of the ratio is called the base or base of comparison.

According to the method of obtaining relative values, these are always always derivative (secondary) values.

They can be expressed:

• in odds, if the base of comparison is taken as one (AbsValue / Basis) * 1
• in percents, if the comparison base is taken as 100 (AbsValue / Basis) * 100
• ppm, if the comparison base is taken as 1000 (AbsValue / Basis) * 1000
  For example, the birth rate in the form of a relative value, calculated in ppm, shows the number of births per year per 1000 people.
• in decimille, if the comparison base is taken as 10000 (AbsValue / Basis) * 10000

There are the following types of relative statistical values:

Relative amount of coordination

Relative amount of coordination(coordination indicator) - represents the ratio of the parts of the population to each other. In this case, the part that has the largest share or is a priority from an economic, social or any other point of view is selected as the basis for comparison.

OVK = indicator characterizing the part of the population / indicator characterizing the part of the population chosen as the basis of comparison

The relative value of coordination shows how many times one part of the population is greater or less than the other, taken as the base of comparison, or how many percent of it is, or how many units of one part of the whole fall into 1, 10, 100, 1000, ..., units of the other (basic) part. For example, in 1999 there were 68.6 million men and 77.7 million women in Russia, so there were (77.7/68.6)*1000=1133 women per 1000 men. Similarly, you can calculate how many technicians per 10 (100) engineers; the number of boys per 100 girls among newborns, etc.

Example: The company employs 100 managers, 20 couriers and 10 managers.
Solution: RHV = (100 / 20)*100% = 500%. There are 5 times more managers than couriers.
same with OBC (Example 5): (77%/15%) * 100% = 500%

Relative size of the structure

Relative size of the structure(structure indicator) - characterizes the share of a part of the population in its total volume. The relative size of the structure is often referred to as "specific gravity" or "proportion".

OVS = indicator characterizing a part of the population / indicator for the entire population as a whole

Example: The company employs 100 managers, 20 couriers and 10 managers. Total 130 people.

• Share of couriers =(20/130) * 100% = 15%
• Share of managers = (100 / 130) * 100% = 77%
• EBC of managers = 8%

The sum of all RBCs must be equal to 100% or one.

Relative comparison value

Relative comparison value(comparison indicator) - characterizes the ratio between different populations according to the same indicators.

Example 8: The volume of loans issued to individuals as of February 1, 2008 by Sberbank of Russia amounted to 520189 million rubles, by Vneshtorgbank - 10915 million rubles.
Solution:
RBC = 520189 / 10915 = 47.7
Thus, the volume of loans issued to individuals by Sberbank of Russia as of February 1, 2006 was 47.7 times higher than that of Vneshtorgbank.

Absolute and relative indicators financial result

Absolute indicators (profit indicators) are obtained as a result of subtracting the amount of the corresponding expenses from the amount of income. Depending on what income and expenses are taken into account, on how income and expenses are estimated, different profit indicators are obtained (see, for example, Profit and Loss Statement).

Profit indicators, like most other absolute indicators, have one significant drawback: they cannot be used, in the general case, to compare the performance of different organizations or one organization in dynamics in terms of inflation. For a comparative assessment, relative indicators are calculated - indicators of profitability.

Characteristics of profit indicators

The source of information on the value and components of various profit indicators as part of the accounting financial reporting is the Statement of Financial Performance. It discloses information on 7 indicators of profit (before 2011 - 6 indicators).

Revenue from sales is formed in accounting on account 90 “Sales” as a result of comparing credit (income) and debit (expenses) turnover for a period (month, quarter, year). The composition of expenses for ordinary activities, reflected in the debit of account 90, includes certain taxes, as well as insurance premiums social insurance.

Historically, in violation of the accounting methodology, the credit of account 90 includes not the amount of income from ordinary activities - sales proceeds in accordance with PBU 9/99, but the amount of arising debt of buyers and suppliers, which includes, in addition to the actual proceeds, VAT subject to transfer to the budget. To exclude the impact of VAT on the value of the financial result, the amount of VAT is simultaneously debited to account 90. Thus, the debit and credit turnovers on account 90 are overstated by the amount of VAT, which makes it difficult to form income statement items, but does not distort the value of the financial result from sales.

According to the profit and loss statement, the amount of profit (loss) from sales can be determined by subtracting from the sales proceeds the full cost, which includes, in addition to the actual cost of sales, selling and management expenses:

Ppr \u003d B - (C + K + Y).

Foreign analogue this indicator- Operating profit.

The difference between sales revenue and cost of goods sold is gross profit(PV):

It should be noted that such a calculation makes sense only in the case when general business (management) expenses, according to the accepted in the organization accounting policy, are not included in the cost, but are written off as expenses of the period to the debit of account 90 "Sales".

The balance of other income and expenses formed on account 91 “Other income and expenses” cannot be called a financial result - profit or loss, since when calculating this indicator, unrelated income and expenses are compared. Inclusion in the calculation of the financial result of other income (PD) and other expenses (PR) allows you to get profit before tax:

Mon \u003d Ppr + PD - PR.

In international practice, financial statements disclose information on the amount of earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT - Earnings Before Interest & Taxes) and earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation (EBITDA - Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation & Amortization).

The need to calculate EBIT is justified below.

The practical value of EBITDA is due to two main considerations. First, depreciation is an expense that does not result in an outflow. Money(as opposed to, for example, the sum material costs or labor costs). Therefore, by calculating the amount of profit before depreciation, you can immediately get an estimate of the (approximate) net cash flow characterizing the payment capabilities of the organization. Second, the amount of depreciation (as opposed to material or labor costs) in modern conditions, in the absence of uniform rules for its calculation, is a value strongly influenced by the subjective factor. Excluding depreciation from the calculation allows for greater comparability of performance across organizations.