Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sevastopol National Technical University ASSEMBLY DRAWING. TRAINING SKETCHES OF ASSEMBLY PARTS Guidelines for completing individual assignments in engineering graphics for students technical specialties full-time and part-time forms of education Sevastopol 2009 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 2 UDC 744 Assembly drawing. Training sketches of assembly parts. Guidelines for completing individual assignments in engineering graphics for full-time and part-time students of technical specialties. / Comp. A.F. Medved, V.G. Sereda, A.I. Dubovik. – Sevastopol: SevNTU Publishing House, 2009. – 32 p. The guidelines contain brief explanations necessary for making sketches of the parts included in the assembly, as well as an assembly drawing of the assembly and drawing up a specification. The guidelines are intended for technical specialties of full-time and part-time students. Methodological instructions were approved at a meeting of the Department of Descriptive Geometry and Graphics, protocol No. 6 dated January 16, 2009. Approved by the educational and methodological center of SevNTU as methodological instructions. Reviewer: Smagin V.V., Associate Professor, Candidate of Sciences tech. Sciences Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………… ………………………... Purpose and content of the task………................................... ................ Compilation block diagram unit……………………………... Execution of sketches of parts of the unit...….……………………….. Execution of a technical drawing of the part…………………… Execution of an assembly drawing of the unit …..…………………..... Execution of the specification…..…………………………………….. Questions for self-control………………………………… …. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………… REFERENCES………………………… 3 3 4 5 19 24 27 30 30 31 INTRODUCTION A node is a detachable or permanent connection components products. IN educational process For a unit (for example, a tap or valve), the following is performed: – sketches of the parts of the unit; – assembly drawing of the unit; – specification. An assembly drawing of a unit is a document containing an image of an assembly unit and other information necessary for its assembly (manufacturing) and control. Training sketches of a unit are made in design (training general view) or technological (training assembly drawing) versions. The training assembly drawing should give an idea of ​​the location and interconnection of the parts included in the assembly. The assembly drawing of the unit indicates the item numbers of the parts, overall, installation and connection dimensions. 1. PURPOSE AND CONTENT OF THE TASK Purpose: – acquisition and consolidation by students of practical skills in sketching parts from life, measuring parts, putting dimensions on sketches and performing technical drawings; – study of GOSTs: 2.108-68 – Specification, basic requirements for the execution of assembly drawings and 2.109-73 – Basic requirements for drawings; – acquisition of practical skills in drawing up an assembly drawing of a unit and filling out specifications. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 4 Contents of the task: – make sketches of the parts included in the assembly (with the exception of standard ones); – draw an assembly drawing of the unit; – draw up a specification in accordance with GOST 2.108-68. 2. DRAFTING A STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM OF A UNIT Full-time students receive a unit at the department in accordance with the individual option, and part-time students choose a unit independently and present it along with the completed work. The assembly must include at least four parts, excluding standard parts and materials. To complete the task, you must: – become familiar with the design of the unit, establish the purpose and principle of its operation; – disassemble the assembly into its component parts and reassemble it in the reverse order; – draw up a diagram of dividing the product into its component parts; – assign a name to the unit and its components; As an example, a diagram of a straight-through valve with a nominal bore of 15 mm has been drawn up. The general view of the valve and its section are shown in Figures 1a,b. a) b) Figure 1 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 5 We disassemble the valve into its component parts: – unscrew nut 12, remove washer 14 and flywheel 10; – unscrew the union nut 5 and remove the oil seal bushing 6; – unscrew fitting 3 from body 1 together with rod 4, valve 2, sealing gasket 9, nut 11 and washer 13, stuffing box 15 and support ring 7; – remove the sealing gasket 8 between the fitting and the body; – unscrew the rod with the valve, sealing gasket, nut and washer from the fitting; – remove the stuffing box seal 15 and support ring 7 from the fitting; – unscrew nut 11, remove washer 13 and sealing gasket 9; – disconnect rod 4 and valve 2. The components of the assembly (parts and material) are presented in Figure 2. The diagram for dividing the product into its component parts is shown in Figure 3. The valve includes four standard parts: two nuts and two washers, as well as material - hemp. Thus, for this valve it is necessary to sketch ten parts. 3. SKETCHING THE DETAILS OF AN ASSEMBLY A sketch is a temporary drawing made by hand on a visual scale in compliance with proportions. Sketches of parts and technical drawings are made in pencil on paper in A4 or A3 format. Completed sketches and technical drawings are bound into an album. Sample title page is shown in Figure 4. The following sequence of sketch execution is recommended: – selection of the main type and number of images of the part; – selecting a sheet format and drawing images of the part; – drawing extension and dimension lines; – measuring the part and setting dimensional numbers; – application of signs and roughness parameters (may not be included on training drawings); – determination of the grade of material; – filling out the main inscription; – checking the sketch. In the main inscription of the drawing, the name of the product is written in the nominative singular case. In a name consisting of several words, a noun is placed in the first place, for example, “Union nut”. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 6 Figure 2 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 7 Feed valve M6 nut GOST 5915- 70 Flywheel Washer 6 GOST 11371- 78 Fitting Union nut Stuffing sleeve Gasket Stem Valve Gasket Nut M5 GOST 5915- 70 Washer 5 GOST 11371- 78 Support ring Hemp PS GOST 5152- 66 Housing Figure 3 Examples of execution and design of e sketches of details are given in Figures 5...14. Depending on the design of the connection between the stem and valve parts, their shapes may vary slightly. Figures 15a,b show the types of connections between the stem and the valve. Figures 15a, b show examples of making threads on the shank of a rod with a thread run-out and with a groove for the cutter to come out for attaching the flywheel with a nut. The groove dimensions are selected according to GOST 10549-80 depending on the thread pitch. Figure 15c illustrates the design of the rod shank, intended for fastening the flywheel with a screw. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) Ï Î ËÜÑÊÈÉ Í ÀÖÈÎ Í ÀËÜÍ ÛÒÅÕÍ È×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÓÍ ÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ Êàôäðà í à÷åðòàòåëüí î é ãåî ì åòðèè è ãðàôèk ÀËÜÁÎ Ì ÝÑÊÈÇÎ Â ÊÇÀÄÀÍ ÈÞ “Ó× ÅÍ ÛÅ ÝÑÊÈÇÛ ÄÅÒÀËÅÓÇËA. ÑÁÎ ÐÎ ×Í ÛÐÒÐÒÅÆ" VÂûï î èë èë: ñòäåí ò òã ð. ÈÌ - 21ä Èâàí åí êî À.Ï . ¹ ça÷åòí î é êí èæêki 070374 Ï ðîîâåðèë: äî öåí ò Ï åòðåíî À.È. SUMMARY 2009 Figure 4 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 9 Figure 5 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf. com) 10 Figure 6 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 11 SNTU. 701400.004 9 7 1.6o450 2 chamfers M6 9 M12x1.5 R1 5 0 8 13 42 75 SNTU.701400.004 Letter Change. Sheet Document No. Signature Date Ivanenko 10/15/08 Developed. Checked by Petrenko T.kontr. Weight Mass. Piece Sheet Sheets Kaf. NGiG gr.IM-21d N.kontr. Approved Figure 7 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 12 Union nut Figure 8 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 13 SNTU.701400.002 Valve Figure 9 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 14 A- A A A SNTU.701400.010 Flywheel AK12 GOST1583- 93 Figure 10 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 15 SNTU.701400.009 Gasket Rubber GOST 7338-90 Figure 11 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 16 SNTU.701400.008 Gasket Rubber GOST 7338-90 Figure 12 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 17 SNTU.701400.003 36 15 11 1.6 45° 9 10 6 30° 25 3° M20 1 .5 14 1.5 14 M12 ° 45 M20 1.5 2 chamfers 1 45° 7 24 13 22 SNTU.701400.003 Liter. Sheet Document No. Signature Date Developed. 10/15/08 Ivanenko Checked by Petrenko T.control. N.cont. Approved Weight Mass. Fitting Leaf Br. OTS 4- 4- 4 GOST 5017- 74 Sheets Dept. NGiG gr.IM-21d Figure 13 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) Figure 14 ÑÍ ÒÓ.701400.001 18 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http:/ /www.novapdf.com) 19 Valve Stem Valve Stem a) b) Figure 15 a) b) c) Figure 16 4. PERFORMING A TECHNICAL DRAWING OF A PART In the task, students perform a technical drawing of a part in rectangular isometry with a cutout of one quarter. The technical drawing can be done together with the part sketch on one sheet or on a separate format. In the first case, the location of the axes of the technical drawing must correspond to the location of the axes of the part (Figure 17). If the technical drawing is made on a separate sheet, then the location of the axes in the technical drawing does not depend on the location of the axes in the sketch (Figure 20). The sequence of constructing a technical drawing of the “Case” part is presented in Figures 18...20. The construction of isometric projections of parts is carried out in the following sequence: – construct in thin lines the axonometric axes and all the lines of the external and internal contours lying in planes parallel to the OXY and OYZ planes (Figure 18); – construct lines of the external contour of the part and sections of the part using projecting planes passing along the OX and OY axes, i.e. cut out the fourth part of the part - (Figure 19); – remove invisible lines and lines of the cut part of the part and hatch the section (Figure 20). Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) Figure 17 P. 701400.001 20 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 21 Figure 18 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 22 Figure 19 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 23 SNTU.701400.001 Figure 20 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 24 5. PERFORMING AN ASSEMBLY DRAWING OF AN ASSEMBLY An assembly drawing is a drawing containing an image of an assembly unit (assembly) and other data necessary for its assembly and control during assembly (GOST 2.102-68). The assembly drawing is made on an A2 sheet using sketches of parts previously completed by the student, checked by the teacher, as well as drawings of standard parts and materials included in this assembly taken from the reference book. The assembly drawing must contain: – an image of the assembly unit with necessary types, sections, sections and main inscription; – instructions on the connection method (if necessary); – position numbers of the components of the assembly; – dimensions: overall, installation, connection, controlled and reference. A sample assembly drawing is shown in Figure 21. Let's consider the sequence of drawing the assembly drawing of a bushing valve. 1. Set the required number of images (views, sections, sections). To visualize the design of a straight-through valve, it is enough to draw a frontal section along the axis of the stem, left view and additional view to the flywheel. In the view on the left, half of the view is combined with half of the profile section. 2. On a sheet of A2 format, using dimensional rectangles, the drawing is broken down. 3. Draw thin lines on both views: 3.1. The main part is the body. Then draw out the fitting together with the sealing gasket. 3.2. Draw out the component moving parts of the product - the rod together with the plate, gasket, washer and screw. Products with moving parts are drawn in a closed position, for example, vices, valves, dampers, and plug valves in an open position. 3.3. Draw out the stuffing box seal - support ring, stuffing box packing, stuffing box bushing and union nut. The gland packing fills the space between the rod and the fitting from the support ring to the top of the fitting. The packing is sealed using a stuffing box and a union nut. The conical surfaces provided on the support ring and the lower part of the stuffing box bushing, when screwing the union nut, press the stuffing box against the rod. 3.4. Draw out the flywheel and the parts attaching the flywheel to the rod - a nut and washer. The flywheel is drawn in the main view and top view. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) Figure 21 25 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 26 4. Outline contour lines with a thickness of 0.6...0.8 mm and shading in sections and sections with lines with a thickness of 0.3...0.4 mm. Adjacent parts made of the same material are hatched in different directions or with a change in the distance between the dashed lines. 5. Mark overall and connection dimensions. 6. Draw leader lines and mark the part position numbers on the shelves of the leader lines. Position numbers are placed in such a way that they are located on one (or several) verticals, on one (or several) horizontals, or on horizontals and verticals. 7. Fill out the main inscription, indicate (if necessary) technical requirements or technical characteristics products. 8. The product specification is completed on a separate sheet. The assembly drawing is carried out with conventions and simplifications: – in views and sections it is allowed not to indicate such elements of parts as chamfers, fillets, grooves, recesses and other small elements; – the heads of bolts and nuts having a hexagonal shape are made in a simplified manner; – the slots of the heads of screws and screws are shown as one solid thick line; – projections of lines of intersection of curved surfaces can be drawn in a simplified manner if their precise construction is not required. For example, instead of pattern curves, you can draw circular arcs; - a smooth transition from one surface to another is shown conditionally or not shown at all; - solid or standard parts - bolts, screws, studs, nuts, washers, balls, wedges, etc. are shown in a longitudinal section without being dissected; – stiffening ribs of parts (spokes of flywheels, gears) and thin walls in a longitudinal section are shown unshaded; – the edges of a square hole or rod are marked with solid thin lines drawn along diagonals. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 27 Pos. Zone Format Name Designation Qty. Note 8 15 5 6. EXECUTION OF SPECIFICATIONS A specification is a text document that defines the composition of an assembly unit (assembly) necessary for manufacturing, completing design documents and planning the launch of the specified products. The specification is drawn up for each assembly unit, complex and kit on separate A4 sheets according to form 1 (title sheet) and 1a (subsequent sheets). The dimensions of the specification and title block according to form 1 are shown in Figure 22 and for form 1a - in Figure 23. 6 6 8 70 63 10 22 185 5 8x5=40 Meas. Develop Sheet Check Document no. 15 10 Signature Date 03.22.03 N.control. Approved Designation Name Product letter 5 55 Sheet 15 Sheets 20 55 23 15 7 10 Pos. Zone Format Name Designation Qty. Note 8 15 5 Figure 22 6 6 8 70 63 10 22 185 23 15 10 Sheet Meas. Sheet No. document. Signature Date Designation Figure 23 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 8 7 555 7 10 28 The specification contains seven columns: “Format”, “Zone”, “Pos.”, “Designation”, “Name”, “Quantity.” and “Note” and is filled out in the following sections: – documentation (indicate the assembly drawing); – assembly units (if they are included in the unit); – details (write down all the details of the assembly for which sketches were drawn up, in the nominative case, singular); – standard parts; – materials (enter data on the materials used). The specification columns are filled in as follows: – in the “Format” column, indicate the format of the documents, the designation of which is written in the “Designation” column. The column is not filled in for documents recorded in the “Standard Products” and “Materials” sections; – in the “Zone” column indicate the designation of the zone in which the assembly drawing is located if the drawing field is divided into zones; – in the column “Pos.” indicate the serial numbers of the component parts of the product in accordance with the sequence in which they are recorded in the specification; – in the “Designation” column indicate: in the “Documentation” section - the designation of the documents being recorded, for example, SNTU.702700.000SB, and in the sections “Assembly units”, “Parts”, “Kits” - the designations of the main design documents for the products recorded in these sections , for example, SNTU. 702700.001; – in the “Name” column in the “Documentation” section, write down the name of the documents, for example, “Assembly drawing”. In the sections “Assembly units”, “Parts”, “Kits” indicate the name of the products in accordance with the main inscription on the main design documents of these products. In the “Standard Products” section the names and designations of products are indicated in accordance with the standards for these products. In the “Materials” section – designation of materials in accordance with standards and technical specifications for these materials. – in the column “Quantity.” indicate the number of components included in one specified product. In the “Materials” section, record the amount of materials per product, indicating the unit of measurement. – in the “Note” column write down additional information to the components of the product. After each section, several free lines and positions are left. An example of a completed specification is shown in Figure 24. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) Pos. Zone Format 29 Col. Note Name Designation Documentation A2 SNTU.701400.000SB Assembly drawing Parts A3 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 A4 1 2 3 4 5 6 SNTU.701400.001 SNTU.701400.002 SNTU.701400.003 SNTU.701400.00 4 SNTU.701400.005 SNTU.701400.006 7 SNTU.701400.007 8 SNTU.701400.008 9 SNTU.701400.009 10 SNTU.701400.010 Body 1 Valve Fitting Rod Union nut 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oil seal sleeve Oil seal ring Gasket Gasket Flywheel 1 Standard products 11 1 Nut M5.5.0 18 GOST5916- 70 Nut M6.5.018 GOST 5915- 70 12 13 1 1 Washer S.5.01.08kp.018 GOST 11371- 78 Washer S.6.01.08kp.018 14 1 GOST 11371- 78 Materials Hemp PS GOST 5152- 66 0.02 kg 15 Meas. Develop Sheet Check T.cont. N.cont. Approved Document no. Signature Date 10.22.08 Ivanenko Petrenko SNTU.701400.000 Letter Valve Sheet 1 Dept. NGiG gr.IM-21d Figure 24 Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) Sheets 1 30 7. QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CHECK 1. What should the assembly drawing contain? 2. What is the sequence of completing an assembly drawing of a product from life? 3. What simplifications are allowed in assembly drawings? 4. What dimensions are shown on assembly drawings? 5. How are the components of a product marked on an assembly drawing? 6. What is a specification? 7. What products are specifications drawn up for? 8. List the specification columns. CONCLUSION As a result of completing the task, students should know: – GOST 2.305-68 – Images: views, sections, sections; – GOST 2.307-68 – Drawing dimensions; – GOST 2.311-68 – Image of thread; – GOST 2.312-72 – Conventional images and designations of seams welded joints; – GOST 2.313-82 - Symbols and symbols of permanent connections; – GOST 2.317-69 – Axonometric projections; – GOST 2.108-68 – Specification; – GOST 2.109-73 – Basic requirements for drawings; be able to: – make sketches and technical drawings of assembly parts from life; – carry out assembly drawings and fill out specifications. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 31 REFERENCES 1. Geometric drawing with drawing design rules: Guidelines for independent work in the discipline “Descriptive geometry, engineering and computer” graphics for full-time and part-time students / Comp. A.F. Medved, V.G. Sereda, N.Ya. Smirinskaya. – Sevastopol: SevNTU Publishing House, 2005. – 38 p. 2. Kovtun V.N. Reference materials for making drawings of instrumentation and mechanical engineering: Handbook / V.N. Kovtun. – Sevastopol: SevNTU Publishing House, 2002. – 132 p. 2. Levitsky V.S. Mechanical engineering drawing and automation of drawings / V.S. Levitsky. – M.: Higher. school, 2001. – 429 p. 3. Guidelines on the rules for applying dimensions for independent work students when performing individual tasks / Comp. A.F. Medved, L.N. Ivashchenko. – Sevastopol, 1989. – 25 p. 4. Mikhailenko V.Є. Engineering and computer graphics: handy. for students vyshchih zakl. illuminate / V.Є. Mikhailenko, V.V. Vanin, S.M. Kovalov; per ed. V.Є. Mikhailenka. – K.: Karavela, 2003. – 344 p. 5. Descriptive geometry and drawing. Engineering graphics. Guidelines for the course and control tasks for students of engineering specialties of distance learning / Comp. A.M. Preris [et al.]. – Kharkov: UZPI, 1986. – 151 p. 6. Popova G.N. Mechanical engineering drawing: Reference. / G.N. Popova. – L.: Mechanical Engineering, Leningrad. department, 1986. – 447 p. 7. Drawing up a drawing of a product from nature. Guidelines for independent work in the discipline “Mechanical Engineering Drawing” / Comp. M.N. Logunenko, L.V. Galkina, L.I. Maksimovsky. – Sevastopol: KMU SPI, 1988. – 48 p. 8. Reference guide to drawing / V.A. Bogdanov [and others]. – M.: Mashinostroenie, 1989. – 864 p. 9. Training sketches and drawings of parts. Guidelines for completing individual assignments in engineering graphics for full-time and part-time students of technical specialties. / Comp. A.F. Medved, V.G. Sereda. – Sevastopol: SevNTU Publishing House, 2009. – 40 p. 10. Reading and detailing the drawing general view. Guidelines for students' independent work. / Comp. L.V. Galkina. – Sevastopol: SevGTU, 1998. – 28 p. 11. Sketches and drawings of parts. Guidelines for completing assignments in the course “Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics” / Comp. V.G. Sereda. – Sevastopol: KMU SPI, 1990. – 22 p. Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com) 32 Order No. _____from “____” _________________Circulation _______copies. SevNTU Publishing House Create PDF files without this message by purchasing novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com)

Stage 1– placement of images of the assembly unit according to overall dimensions (Fig. 1) on A2 format.

Stage 2– image of the body in size with the necessary cuts (Fig. 2).

Stage 3– image of the spindle (rod) and valve (Fig. 3).

Stage 4– image of the cover and gasket between the body and the cover (Fig. 4).

Stage 5– image of the union nut, bushing and oil seal ring (Fig. 5).

Stage 6– image of a flywheel with a washer and nut and the limit position (stroke) of the rod (Fig. 6).

Stage 7- shading of all parts falling into the cutting plane (Fig. 7).

Stage 8– drawing dimensions, leader lines for drawing position numbers, filling out the main inscription (Fig..8).

Stage 9– drawing up specifications (Fig. 9).

Stage 10– placing item numbers in accordance with the specification (Fig. 10).

For independent work, the student is asked to make a drawing of a complex part using a machine on a computer.
/1/ chapter 55, /2/ chapter 22.

Section 3. Drawings and diagrams in the specialty

When drawing a building drawing, they are guided by general rules execution of construction drawings provided for by SPDS standards and GOST ESKD.

The building in plan is divided by axial lines into a number of elements. The longitudinal and transverse axes that determine the location of the main load-bearing structures (walls and columns) are called coordination axes.

Coordination axes are applied to images with thin dot-dotted lines with long strokes. The axes are designated with Arabic numerals and capital letters of the Russian alphabet (with the exception of the letters: E, 3, Y, O, X, C, CH, Shch, b, Y, b) in circles with a diameter of 6...12 mm. Gaps in digital and alphabetic (except for those indicated) designations of coordination axes are not allowed.

To mark the axes on the side of the building with a large number of them, Arabic numerals are used.

To mark the axes on the side of the building with fewer of them, letters of the Russian alphabet are used.

The axes of elements located between the coordination axes of the main load-bearing structures may be marked with a fraction (B/1; B/2; 1/1, etc.).

The sequence of digital and letter designations of the coordination axes is taken according to the plan from left to right and from bottom to top.

The designation of coordination axes is usually applied along the left and bottom sides building plan. If the coordination axes of opposite sides of the plan do not coincide, the designations of the indicated axes in the places of discrepancy are additionally applied on the top and right sides.

The distance between the coordination axes in the plan is called the pitch. A span is the distance between the coordination axes of a building in the direction that corresponds to the span of the main supporting structure of the floor or covering.

The height of the floor is taken to be the distance from the floor level of a given floor to the floor level of the floor above, and the height of the upper floor is also determined, while the thickness of the attic floor is conventionally assumed to be equal to the thickness of the interfloor floor.

In one-story industrial buildings, the height of the floor is equal to the distance from the floor level to the bottom edge of the coating structure.

The dimensions of steps, spans, and floor heights must be taken equal to the enlarged module. The dimensions of the building's structural elements must be multiples of the main module. For size coordination, the size of the main module M is taken to be 100 mm (1 decimeter). Enlarged modules 6000, 3000, 1500, 1200, 600, 300, 200 mm are designated 60M, 30M, etc., respectively.

When setting dimensions in drawings, the dimension line at its intersection with extension lines, contour lines or center lines is limited by serifs in the form of thick main lines 2...4 mm long, drawn with an inclination to the right at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension line, while the dimension lines should protrude beyond the outer extension lines by 1...3 mm (Fig. 3. 1).

When applying a diameter or radius dimension inside a circle, as well as an angular dimension, the dimension line is limited by arrows. Arrows are also used when drawing dimensions of radii and internal fillets.

Markings of levels of structural elements, equipment, etc. from the reference level (the conventional “zero” mark) are indicated by a conventional sign (Fig. 3. 2) and are indicated in meters with three decimal places separated from the whole number by a comma.

The “zero” mark, which is usually accepted for the surface of any structural element of a building or structure located near the planning surface of the earth, is indicated without a sign; marks above zero - with a "+" sign, below zero - with a "−" sign.

On views (elements), sections, sections, marks are placed on extension lines or contour lines (Fig. 3. 3).

On the plans, marks are made in rectangles (Fig. 3.4).

On the plans, the direction of the slope of the planes is indicated by an arrow, above which, if necessary, the value of the slope is indicated as a percentage (Fig. 5) or as a ratio of height and length (for example, 1:7). The slope designation is applied directly above the contour line or on the shelf of the leader line. The main inscription is located in the lower right corner.

The main inscriptions and frames are made with solid main and solid thin lines in accordance with GOST 2.303-68.

In the columns of the main inscriptions (the column numbers on the forms are shown in circles) indicate:

· in column 1 - designation of the document; (capital font, size 5);

· in column 2 - name of the work, product (capital font, size 5);

· in column 3 - name of the task (capital font, size 5);

· in column 4 - the name of the images placed on this sheet(capital font, size 5);

· in column 5 - designation of the material of the part (the column is filled out only in drawings of parts; lowercase font, size 5);

· in column 6 - letter “U” (educational drawings);

· in column 7 - the serial number of the sheet (pages of a text document when formatted on both sides). On documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in;

· in column 8 - the total number of sheets of the document (set of drawings, explanatory note, etc.). On the first sheet of a text document when formatted double-sided, indicate the total number of pages;

· in column 9 - group No. (lowcase font, size 5);

· in column 10 - from bottom to top - “Student” (lowcase font, size 3.5).

· in columns 11, 12,13 - respectively, surname, signature, date;

· in column 14 - the estimated mass of the product shown in the drawing, in kilograms without indicating units of measurement;

· in column 15 - image scale according to GOST 2.302-68.

Fig.3. 1	Rice. 3.2	Fig.3.3
Fig.3. 4	Fig.3. 5

Graphic work No. 9

Plan, section and facade of the building.

Exercise: Create a set of images of the building (plan, architectural section and facade) according to individual assignments.

Apply everything on the plan and section required dimensions, both indoors and outside the building. Draw coordination axes and label them.

Fill in the explication of the premises.

Complete the task on A2 drawing paper format (594x420) in compliance with all GOST requirements, in pencil.

Target: Test theoretical knowledge and practical skills in reading, execution and design of architectural and construction drawings.

Instructions for implementation: The assignment contains diagrams of the plan, section, facade of the building and a list of premises. Start the task by constructing a building plan. To do this, guided by the plan diagram, draw the coordination axes with a dot-dash line.

Show external walls with a thickness of 510 mm with reference to the coordination axes of 310 and 200 mm and internal walls with a thickness of 380 mm, with reference to the axes of 190 and 190 mm. On the diagram these walls are drawn with thick lines. The remaining walls are thin partitions 120 mm thick; they are shown in the diagram as thin lines.

Show window openings in the outer walls, doorways in the inner walls. Conventional graphic images of building elements table.

Walls and partitions that fall within the secant plane are not hatched, and their contours are outlined with a solid thick line. Building elements located behind the cutting plane are shown with a thin line. Window sashes and door panels are drawn with thin solid lines.

Mark on the plan the position of the cutting plane for the vertical section and make it. Mark the heights and dimensions inside the contours of the rooms.

Draw the facade of the building.

To complete the task, study: the requirements of the SPDS standards (Systems project documentation in construction) GOST 21.101-79, images must meet the requirements of GOST 2.305-68, and also know theoretical basis section "Architectural and construction drawings".

Figure 1.22 shows an assembly drawing of a valve, the body of which and some parts are made by casting. The valve specification (first sheet and subsequent sheet) is presented in Figures 1.23 and 1.24.

Figure 1.25 shows an assembly drawing of a valve with a welded body; The flywheel of this valve is a reinforced product. The valve specification is shown in Figure 1.26.

Drawings of taps with a conical plug are shown in Figures 1.27 and 1.29, and specifications for them are shown in Figures 1.27 and 1.30, respectively. In the first case, the sealing force on the plug is created by the oil seal bushing using bolts, and in the second case, by a spring.

Figure 1.32 shows a drawing of a valve with a ball plug. The specification for it is shown in Figure 1.31.

Figure 1.12 – Drawing of the assembly unit “Spindle”

Figure 1.13 – Working drawing of the “Spindle” part

Figure 1.14 – Working drawing of the “Valve” part

Figure 1.15 – Drawing of a welded assembly unit

Figure 1.16 – Drawing of a reinforced product

Figure 1.17 – Cover. Working drawing

Figure 1.18 – Union nut. Working drawing

Figure 1.19 – Handle. Working drawing

Figure 1.17 Valve body. Working drawing

Figure 1.21 Valve body. Working drawing

Figure 1.22 – Valve. Assembly drawing.

Figure 1.23 – Valve. Specification

Figure 1.24 - Valve. Specification. Sheet 2

Figure 1.25 – Assembly drawing of a valve with a welded body

Figure 1.26 – Valve. Specification

Figure 1.27 – Plug valve. Specification

Figure 1.28 – Plug valve. Assembly drawing

Figure 1.29 – Crane. Assembly drawing.

Figure 1.30 – Plug valve. Specification

Figure 1.31 – Ball valve. Specification

Figure 1.32 – Ball valve. Assembly drawing

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. Formulate the definition of an assembly drawing.

2.What dimensions are shown on the assembly drawing?

3.How do you choose the number of images and the main image on an assembly drawing?

4. Why do you agree on the dimensions of the mating surfaces before completing the assembly drawing?

5. What detail do you start with for the main image?

6. List the permitted simplifications and conventions on the assembly drawing. What is their purpose?

7. In what position are the valve spool and the valve plug shown?

8. What does it mean to “read” an assembly drawing?

9. What is the purpose of the specification?

10. What is meant by part position?

11. Define an assembly unit.

Many parts have standard sizes. Therefore, when indicating their numerical values ​​in the drawing of a part, the resulting actual dimensions are rounded to the nearest standard, using the normal range of linear dimensions and diameters (GOST 6636-69*), standard sizes of radii of roundings and chamfers (GOST 10948-64*), tapers and slopes ( GOST 8593-81), normal angles (GOST 8908-81), “turnkey” (GOST 642473*), threads, keyways, grooves for the exit of the thread-cutting tool, etc.

On the detailed POC, some elements of the parts are shown in a simplified, conditional way or not shown at all, which does not allow their design to be revealed. This is usually expressed in the absence of casting and stamping slopes, chamfers, undercut threads when cutting them point-blank, a simplified display of blind holes with threads, grooves and grooves for the exit of a thread-cutting or grinding tool, etc. On the working drawing, such elements should be shown without simplifications completely, unless specifically stated in the standards. Moreover, most of these structural elements in their shapes and sizes are determined by the relevant GOSTs, which should be used when detailing.

14.4. An example of detailing a drawing of a general view of the “Valve” assembly unit

To complete the example, a detailed drawing is given - the valve's CVD (see Fig. 14.1), its specification (Fig. 13.10) and the description of the detailed product given below.

A valve is a type of fitting designed to regulate the flow of liquid (usually water) in a pipeline and to shut off pipelines.

The liquid is supplied to the valve through the left threaded hole of housing 1, and the outlet is carried out through the right one. The valve shut-off device consists of a valve 4 and a rod 3, connected with the possibility of their free rotation relative to each other. In the drawing, the valve is shown closed: valve 4 closes the passage hole in housing 1 with a diameter of 40 mm, connecting the inlet and outlet. The valve is opened by moving the valve with the stem upward while rotating the latter in the threaded part of the cover 2 using a flywheel 6 mounted on the stem with a screw 8. By lifting the stem with the valve higher or lower, the cross-section of the passage hole and the fluid flow through the valve are changed.

	Pos details 6 and 7 not shown
	Letter 27
	Compress

Yes. line 4

B(2:1) äåò. ïîç. 3
	All sizes are for reference.
		40.02.013.000 ÂÎ

ÌÀÄÈ(ÃÒÓ) ãð. ...

To eliminate leaks between the body and the cover, use a gasket 7, and between the rod and the cover - an stuffing box seal consisting of a packing 9 and a threaded bushing 5.

Materials of parts pos. 1, 2, 5 - bronze BrOTsS3-12-5 GASÒ 613-79, parts pos. 3, 4 - brass Ë62 GASÒ 15527-70*, parts pos. 6 - aluminum alloy ÀË2 GÎÑÒ 2685-75, parts pos. 7 - Cardboard A GOST 9347-74.

The results of the first stage of reading the CHOV are as follows:

1. The CHOV, made on a scale of 1:1, shows a valve - a product related to pipeline valves (see the main inscription of the drawing).

2. According to the specification, the valve consists of seven parts (body, cover, stem, valve, bushing, flywheel and gasket), one standard product (screw) and material (hemp fiber) for packing the stuffing box.

3. Familiarity with the CHOV and the description of the valve made it possible to understand its purpose (in principle, the purpose of any valve is to retain or pass liquid), the general structure and principle of operation.

4. On the CHOV, in projection connection with each other, three are given

images of the valve: frontal (longitudinal) section (main image), top view and connection of the halves of the left view and profile (transverse) section. The sections reveal the internal structure of the entire product and its individual parts. The frontal section, top and left views reflect the external shape of the valve and most of its components. Note that the non-hollow rod 3 is not dissected in the sections, and the threaded hole in it is shown in a local section of the rod.

The shape of the flywheel, in particular, the number of spokes and their cross-section, is explained by the view À of the flywheel and the extended cross-section of the spoke placed next to it. The shape, location and number of valve ribs 4 are revealed by its appearance Á. The shape and dimensions of the non-standard thread in parts 2 and 3 are revealed by the extension element Â.

In total, the valve RAF is represented by seven images.

5. For CHOV 120, 72, 180...200 - overall dimensions; G1 1/2, 60 (spanner size for connecting the valve) - installation and connecting dimensions; 40 (diameter of the passage hole in the valve), 135...155 (distance from the axis of the pipelines to the most

remote point of the valve), 70 (size of the handwheel that controls the valve), G1 1/2, M52x2 and thread dimensions on the remote element B are dimensions that cannot be determined from the drawing. There are no installation and operational dimensions for the CHOV.

In the drawing there are inscriptions on the shelves of the leader lines: “3 ribs” - indicating the number of valve ribs 4; “Wrench size 27” - wrench size for tightening the bushing 5; “ Crimp during assembly” - indication of the connection of valve 4 and rod 3 during assembly; “Lap in” is an indication of processing when assembling the adjacent surfaces of valve 4 and body 1.

6. Housing 1 is used to place and install other valve parts in it or on it and connect it to the hydraulic system. The cover 2 ensures the translational movement of the rod 3 during its rotation and the placement of an stuffing box seal in it, which prevents liquid leaks between the cover and the rod. The rod moves valve 4 translationally. The valve closes and opens the through hole of the housing connecting the underwater and outlet pipelines. Bushing 5 is a pressing and fastening device for the stuffing box seal. Flywheel 6 rotates the rod. Gasket 7 is used to eliminate liquid leaks between the body and the cover. Screw 8 secures the flywheel to the rod. The stuffing box packing 9 is the seal of the stuffing box seal.

The fixed detachable connections of the valve are the threaded connection of the body 1 with the cover 2 and the connection of the rod 3 with the flywheel 6 with a screw 8.

The stem head 3 is secured in the valve bore 4 by compressing the edges of the bore (one-piece connection). In this case, the stem head is placed in the valve bore with a gap that allows the valve to be centered relative to the body opening being closed and to rotate freely relative to the stem.

The rod 3 is screwed into the cover 2 by means of a thread and, when rotated, can move in the axial direction relative to it (movable detachable connection). When the stem is fully screwed in, the associated valve rests against the body and closes the valve.

Bushing 5 is screwed into the threaded hole of cover 2 and has the ability to be screwed into it as the oil seal packing wears out.

into the hole in cover 2; Place gasket 7 on the threaded outer part of the cover and screw the cover into body 1 with a wrench; fill the stuffing box of the cover between the latter and the rod with the stuffing box (pos. 9); sleeve 5 is put on the rod and screwed into the cover, pressing the stuffing box; A flywheel 6 is mounted on the upper part of the rod and secured to the rod with a screw 8.

Let us recall that the amount of stuffing box in the stuffing box should be such that during assembly, sleeve 5 is wrapped in cover 2 by 2 - 3 turns, tightly compressing the stuffing box.

When disassembling, unscrew screw 8 and separate flywheel 6 from rod 3; unscrew sleeve 5 from cover 2 and remove the sleeve from the rod; use a wrench to unscrew the cover from housing 1; unscrew the rod from the cap. Valve 4 is not separated from the stem during disassembly.

Having received general idea about the structure of the valve and the shapes of its components, at the 2nd stage of reading the FAQ, the shapes of all elements of the valve parts are determined in detail and thoroughly. Let's consider the process of identifying the shapes of parts using the example of a rod.

According to the specification, the rod is assigned position 3, by the number of which the image of the rod is found on the main image of the valve. To do this, find the number 3 above the shelf near this image. The leader line extending from this shelf ends with a point on the desired image of the stock.

Using the relationship of images, other images of the stock on the CHOV are found. In total, there are 4 images of the stem: the main image of the valve basically reveals the shapes of all elements of the stem; the top view and the image on the profile projection plane reveal the shapes of the rod elements onto which the flywheel is placed; Extension element B specifies the shapes and dimensions of the stem element with non-standard threads.

The material of the rod is brass, grade L62, from which a rod blank is obtained by injection molding, which is then subjected to mechanical processing.

Analysis and comparison of all images of the rod on the CHOV, taking into account its purpose and connections with other parts installed at the 1st step of reading the CHOV, showed that the rod is an axisymmetric part, all elements of which, with the exception of one,

formed by outer surfaces and located along common axis in this sequence:

- the stem head, formed by spherical compartments, cylindrical and conical surfaces of rotation and used to connect the stem to the valve;

- an element with a non-standard external cylindrical thread connecting the rod to the cover and ensuring reciprocating movement of the rod;

- cylindrical element connecting the rod head and the element

threaded;

- a cylindrical element extending from the threaded element, protruding from the cover and allowing the rod to be acted upon externally by means of a flywheel;

- an element for putting on the flywheel rod, formed by four flats made at the end of the previous cylindrical element;

- blind hole with standard metric thread for fixing the flywheel on the rod with a screw, which is the only internal element of the rod.

The mating surfaces of the rod are both threaded surfaces, the surfaces of the flats and the head of the rod. The free surfaces of the rod are the surfaces of its cylindrical elements.

A blind hole with a thread in the rod is shown on the CHOV in a simplified manner without a conical chamfer at the beginning of the threaded hole and without taking into account the thread reserve in the hole and its undercut, which must be taken into account when making a working drawing of the rod.

In a similar way, the shapes of other valve parts were studied and understood.

Having completed the reading of the CHOV (preparatory stage), they begin to execute and draw up working drawings of parts in the order set out, as already noted, in section 12.

An analysis of the design, shapes and sizes of parts carried out when reading the valve’s FOC showed that it is advisable to carry out working drawings of the body and cover in A3 formats, and the remaining parts in A4 formats.

The design of the body, manufactured by casting with subsequent processing of part of its surfaces on machines, is shown in the working drawing (Fig. 14.2, scale 1:1) by a frontal longitudinal section, the connection of the halves of the top view and the horizontal longitudinal section and the connection of the halves of the left view and the transverse

section (Fig. 14.2). IN educational conditions Often a horizontal longitudinal section is not performed, limiting itself to a top view. The main image of the housing is positioned so that the axis of its inlet (supply) and outlet (outlet) holes is horizontal, and the axis of the hole for the cover is vertical, and the inlet hole should be on the left, the outlet on the right, and the hole under the cover is directed upwards. In this hole, the working drawing shows a chamfer that is not visible on the CHOV.

The shape of the lid, also made by casting, is reflected (Fig. 14.3, scale 2: 1) the main image is the connection of the halves of the front view, on which three edges of the outer prismatic surface are visible, and the front longitudinal section, displaying a through hole with smooth and threaded surfaces, and See also the left view to clarify the shape of the prismatic surface and set the turnkey size. In addition to these two images, for convenience, on the extension elements the shape of the groove for the exit of the thread-cutting tool and the shape and dimensions of the non-standard thread are specified. Note that on the CHOV the groove is shown in a simplified manner, and there are no chamfers in the threaded holes at all. The axis of symmetry in the main image of the cover can be horizontal

13 18 Á

zontal, as in Fig. 14.3, or vertical. In the first case, horizontal A3 format is used for the working drawing, and in the second - vertical format, on

	which instead of the left view is given a top view.
			The shape of the rod is revealed (Fig. 14.4,
			scale 1:1) it main view from the field
			incision to display the deaf
			threaded holes and top view for
			sizing on a turnkey basis, additionally
			for convenience, part of the view is traced
			va, on which two flats are visible for
			landing of the flywheel, and remote elements
				fragment	non-standard
			threads. Blind hole with thread on
			the working drawing is shown without simplification
			ny. Main stock picture can
			be positioned horizontally (Fig.
				since the stock is basically
			formed by coaxial		surfaces
			rotation. Vertical
				location	main type
			rod (Fig. 14.4), which is caused by
			more rational		using
			drawing fields and wide use
			We eat machines with vertical processing
			surfaces of revolution.
			On the valve drawing (Fig. 14.5,
			scale 1:1) two of them are shown
			images: main view with local

cross-section to show the valve bore and left view to reveal the shapes and placement of the ribs. In the main view, the valve occupies a horizontal position with the ribs pointing to the left so that the maximum number of ribs is visible (two for this valve). The valve in the working drawing is shown in the state in which it arrives for assembly - before it is pressed onto the stem head.

*Size for reference.

and the dimensions of the groove for the exit of the thread-cutting tool, shown in a simplified manner on the CHOV. The gasket on the working drawing can be shown with a horizontal position of the axis as a part formed by surfaces of revolution, or with a vertical position of the axis, which it occupies when cutting a hole in it in the mold.