Controlling a unit in battle. Types of comprehensive support for combat operations
Hidden control troops- this is a set of measures to keep secret from the enemy information used when leading troops in peacetime and war time, - is an important condition for achieving surprise in battle. It is carried out in order to ensure that the battle plan and preparations for it, the tasks communicated to the troops and the reports received from them are kept secret from the enemy. Covert command and control of troops is organized and carried out in all conditions of troop activity.
The essence of covert command and control) consists of keeping all activities related to the preparation and conduct of military operations secret.
When preparing for hostilities, it is prohibited to conduct open negotiations and transmissions over technical means communications related to issues of organizing military operations.
The value of the SUV increases when the enemy uses high-precision weapons. Concealing the locations of command posts, units and subunits from the enemy's ROC and ROC is one of the most important tasks of covert command and control of troops.
Hidden command and control of troops is achieved by carrying out the following activities:
1. Limitation of the circle of persons privy to the plan for the upcoming hostilities.
2. Hidden placement and movement of control points.
3. Establishing a communication mode according to the situation (complete or partial prohibition of transmission, operation at reduced powers).
4. Compliance with the rules and procedures for conducting negotiations on technical means of communication.
5. The use of classified communication equipment, encryption and encoding of documents, the use of negotiation tables, signal tables and encoded topographic maps.
6. High vigilance of personnel and strict adherence to communication discipline.
7. Conducting camouflage measures, incl. on radio camouflage and disinformation in accordance with the plan of higher headquarters.
8. Constant monitoring of the operation of your communication means.
Experience of local wars and military conflicts recent years with the participation of the US armed forces convincingly indicates that issues of countering the command and control systems of potential enemy countries are in the center of attention of the NATO military leadership. The views of the US military command on organizing counteraction to control systems are based on the requirements of the special directive of the US Armed Forces MOP No. 30-93 (“Combating control systems”), which requires decisive measures to counter enemy reconnaissance, misleading him, electronic warfare, fire damage to enemy control points and his communications system, as well as psychological warfare.
Considering that in modern conditions It is very difficult to hide the preparation of large-scale operations; it should be assumed that the enemy will strive to preempt the actions of the defending troops (forces) and inflict maximum damage on them, disorganize command and control and demoralize the troops before the start of the battle.
However, the use of destructive weapons against elements of the communication system is possible only if reliable intelligence data is available. It is known that the enemy assigns an important role to reconnaissance, as the main type of combat support. The requirements imposed by the NATO command for conducting reconnaissance in the TZU are presented in Table 6.1.
Evaluating radio and electronic intelligence based on the information it produces, the command of the armed forces of NATO countries puts it in first place compared to other types of intelligence, since the method of obtaining intelligence information is the most reliable, reliable, and can be carried out continuously, secretly and over very long distances. The volume of information from foreign radio and electronic intelligence services is constantly growing and, according to foreign experts, accounts for more than 60% of all information obtained.
Table 6.1
Basic requirements of the NATO command
on conducting reconnaissance in TZU
1. MANAGEMENT BASICS
Management consists of the purposeful activities of commanders to maintain high combat readiness of units, prepare them for battle and guide them in carrying out assigned tasks, as well as timely implementation of measures to ensure the organization and conduct of combat.
The highly maneuverable nature of combined arms combat, the continuous increase in the technical equipment of troops, which entailed an increase in the volume of tasks solved by the commander both during the organization and during the battle, have a significant impact on the conditions, content and methods of command and control of units.
In conditions of widespread use of nuclear and modern systems Conventional weapons, as well as electronic warfare equipment, impose very stringent requirements on the command and control of units. First of all, it must be resistant to the effects of various enemy weapons, as well as his electronic warfare means, continuous, solid, flexible, operational and hidden.
Stability of control is achieved by the commander’s skillful choice of his place in battle, timely change of operating frequencies, and secrecy of negotiations.
Continuity of control is expressed in the commander’s constant knowledge of the situation in front of his unit’s front and on the flanks, and constant influence on the course of the battle in the interests of fulfilling the combat mission. Continuity of control of units is ensured by uninterrupted communication with subordinates and the senior commander (chief), the presence of commanders with units or in close proximity to them, as well as timely reports from the bottom up and constant information from the top down and neighbors about the situation. In a platoon, continuity of control is ensured by active surveillance, stable communication with subordinates, with senior commanders and with neighbors.
The firmness of control lies in the persistent implementation of the adopted decision in order to accurately and completely fulfill the combat mission.
Success in battle largely depends on the strong will of the commander and his ability, in extreme moments of battle, to mobilize his subordinates to accomplish the assigned task and to overcome the difficulties of the combat situation.
Management flexibility is ensured by constant knowledge of the situation and timely response to its changes, clarification of a previously made decision or adoption of a new decision in accordance with the changed situation.
The efficiency and high quality of management in a unit depend decisively on the efficiency of the commander’s work. Efficiency refers to the ability of unit commanders to quickly assess the current situation, make appropriate decisions, and clearly and competently set tasks (give orders and give commands) to subordinate units. Particularly high efficiency is necessary for the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) when performing reconnaissance and marching security missions; the slightest delay by the commander in issuing commands in the event of a sudden meeting with the enemy can lead to serious consequences.
Concealed control plays an important role in modern combat. It is ensured by the high vigilance of all personnel, a strict regime and a clear procedure for radio communications, as well as compliance with camouflage measures.
The foundation on which the control building is erected is the scientific prediction of the upcoming battle. Here it is appropriate to recall statements about the foresight of Army General P. I. Batov. Front-line commanders know how many thoughts are crowded when you take a last look at the terrain of the upcoming battle. Like any creation of the hands and will of people, the battle is carried out twice - first in thoughts, and then in reality.
“He (the commander - P.B.) must, by the power of imagination, straining the acuteness of the sense of foresight, survive this first mental battle, the details of which are sometimes imprinted in memory, like frames on photographic film” (Batov P, I. In campaigns and battles. M. , 1966. P. 200.)
Thus, the commander’s foresight and foresight play an extremely important role in controlling units in battle.
Of course, you cannot provide for all options and they cannot be turned into a template. But if we creatively foresee the development of modern combined arms combat, then it is along the path detailed development his possible options and must be followed. This will ensure stability and continuity of platoon control in combat. The commander is the organizer of the battle. His will, expressed in orders, instructions, commands, sets units in motion, gives them the most advantageous battle formation, and directs their joint efforts to achieve victory over the enemy.
The platoon commander, as a rule, organizes the battle on the ground, and if this is not possible, in the starting area on a map or on a terrain model. In this case, the combat missions of the squads (tanks) and assigned assets are clarified by the platoon commander on the ground during their advance to the line of transition to the attack.
Control of a unit in combat is based on the commander's firm confidence that his subordinates are capable of successfully completing the assigned task. Such confidence comes from the level of training, initiative and creativity of each soldier, sergeant, warrant officer, officer individually and their high personal responsibility for carrying out the combat mission.
Trusting the squad (tank) commanders, the platoon commander, at the same time, having knowledge and experience, constantly monitors (monitors) the progress of the units’ preparation for battle and, if necessary, must provide assistance to them at any time.
The commander of a motorized rifle (tank) platoon controls the platoon by radio, commands given by voice and signal means, and sometimes actions based on the “do as I do” principle.
Inside the combat vehicle, the commander of a platoon or squad (tank) controls the actions of his subordinates by commands given over the intercom, voice and established signals.
Communication must be organized so that, firstly, it is uninterrupted and reliable and, secondly, it ensures quick and hidden reporting of decisions and transmission of orders, instructions, signals,
The main means of visual signaling are signal and lighting cartridges, smoke bombs, hand smoke grenades, lighting and smoke shells and mines, flags, and lanterns.
The procedure for marking the front line, reached lines and their location, mutual identification signals (at night), as well as identification of their units by aviation are established by a superior commander and communicated to unit commanders and personnel when setting tasks.
When operating on foot, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon dismounts and is located behind the platoon chain (at a distance of up to 50 m) in a place from where it is more convenient to see and control his platoon. The squad leader advances directly in the chain. In the combat vehicles there remain driver mechanics (drivers), gunners-operators (machine gunners) and a deputy platoon commander, through whom the platoon commander controls the fire and movement of the combat vehicles.
: In defense, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon is located at a command observation post (KOP), which is equipped during communication, or in an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier) in a place from which the best observation of the terrain, the enemy, the actions of his subordinates and neighbors is ensured, as well as continuous platoon management. Together with the platoon commander there are liaison officers from the squads, they also perform the duties of observers.
The command and observation post should not stand out in the battle formation; its location requires skillful use of the protective and camouflage properties of the terrain.
The main means of communication in a tank platoon is radio.
Each tank has internal and external communication channels. For intercom there is a tank intercom device (TPU), providing telephone communication between the crew members and the landing commander, as well as connecting the tank commander and gunner to the tank radio for external communication.
When working at a radio station, you must strictly follow the rules of negotiation. In a platoon, all commands in battle are transmitted via radio in clear text. When transmitting commands, units are called by call sign, and terrain points are indicated from landmarks and by conventional names.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PLATOON COMMANDER FOR UNIT MANAGEMENT
The commander is the leader of the battle. That's why correct definition his place in battle plays an important role in achieving success.
A platoon commander, combining high political awareness and ideological conviction with good professional training, must be able to successfully resolve issues of unit management in complex modern combat.
Depending on the nature of the upcoming actions, the conditions of the situation, and especially the availability of time, the commander must organize his work in such a way as to make a timely decision and assign combat tasks to his subordinates, giving them as much time as possible to prepare for battle.
In conditions where combat operations are developing at an exceptionally high pace, are characterized by extreme tension and sudden changes in the situation, only a single commander, endowed with great rights, is able to direct the efforts of his subordinates to the successful completion of the assigned task. That is why the platoon commander is entrusted with full and sole responsibility for combat readiness, preparation of the platoon, weapons, military equipment for battle and the successful completion of the combat mission on time, as well as for political work, education, military discipline, psychological preparation and political and moral state personnel.
Within the limits of the opportunity given to the commander and within the framework of the combat mission, he must act independently.
During the battle, the platoon commander is obliged to:
- know the situation on the battlefield and make timely decisions, set tasks for subordinates and ensure their consistent implementation;
- constantly monitor the progress of the battle;
- conduct reconnaissance of the enemy in front of the platoon’s offensive front and on the flanks;
- skillfully use all fire weapons, as well as the results of nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy;
- be an example of activity, courage, endurance and management for subordinates, especially in difficult moments of battle;
- organize in a timely manner Maintenance military equipment and weapons, and if they are damaged, report to the company commander and organize repairs;
- monitor the consumption of ammunition and fuel, take measures to replenish them; the emergency supply of material resources should be used only with the permission of the company commander; When 0.5 and 0.75 of the portable (transportable) supply of ammunition and refueling are used up, report to the company commander.
2. WORK OF THE PLATOON COMMANDER IN ORGANIZING THE COMBAT
The preparation of units for battle must be carried out secretly from the enemy. At the same time, one should always strive for a wide manifestation of creativity and initiative.
The organization of battle should be understood as the work of the commander, during which he understands the combat mission, assesses the situation, makes decisions, conducts reconnaissance, gives combat orders, organizes interaction, combat support and control, and then checks the preparation of personnel, weapons and military equipment for battle and at the appointed time reports to the company commander about the readiness of the platoon to carry out the combat mission.
SEQUENCE AND CONTENT OF THE PLATON COMMANDER'S WORK IN ORGANIZING THE COMBAT
The work of the platoon commander in organizing the battle will be directly dependent on the developing combat situation, the combat mission he received and the availability of time to prepare for its implementation.
In all cases, the platoon commander, without waiting for instructions from senior commanders and receiving a mission, must organize the preparation of weapons and military equipment for combat use, and personnel for the execution of a combat mission.
The platoon commander, starting work on organizing the battle, outlines the activities and the timing of their implementation.
The work of organizing a battle by a platoon commander begins with receiving a combat mission. Usually it is carried out in the following sequence:
- clarification of the task received;
- assessment of the situation;
- decision-making;
- conducting reconnaissance;
- issuing a combat order;
- organization of interaction, combat support and control;
- checking the readiness of personnel, weapons and equipment for combat;
- report to the company commander on the readiness of the platoon to carry out a combat mission.
Understanding the received task, the platoon commander must understand:
- the task of the company and platoon;
- which objects (targets) in the direction of the platoon’s operations are hit by means of senior commanders;
- tasks of neighbors and the order of interaction with them;
- time of readiness to perform a task.
Based on an understanding of the mission, the platoon commander usually determines:
- the place and role of the platoon in the mission performed by the company;
- what objects (targets) need to be hit by platoon weapons;
- at what stage of the battle and with which of the neighboring units it is necessary to maintain the closest interaction, how to build a battle formation;
- how much time is available to organize the battle and how best to distribute it.
When understanding the task, the platoon commander must understand the plan of the company (battalion) commander, as well as the place and role of the platoon in the implementation of this plan.
In order to understand the senior commander’s plan, it is necessary to comprehend the content of the combat mission, which enemy is being destroyed and in what sequence, the order in which the senior commander uses weapons, in which direction efforts are concentrated and the formation of the battle formation.
When determining the place and role of his platoon in implementing the plans of the company (battalion) commander, the platoon commander must understand the content of the combat mission, in what echelon of the combat order and in what direction the platoon will operate.
The results of understanding the task should form the basis for the platoon commander's decision to go into battle.
Before beginning to assess the situation, the platoon commander, in order to timely and fully prepare for battle, determines the measures that need to be carried out immediately. In each specific case (based on the availability of time and the combat mission) they will be different. These usually include organizing reconnaissance, issuing advance orders, organizing reconnaissance, etc.
When assessing the situation, the platoon commander studies:
- the composition, position and possible nature of the enemy’s actions, the location of his fire weapons;
- condition, security and capabilities of the platoon and attached units;
- composition, position, nature of actions of neighbors and conditions of interaction with them;
- terrain, its protective and camouflage properties, conditions of observation and firing;
- the most probable directions of action of aircraft and helicopters at low and extremely low altitudes;
- time of year, day and weather condition.
As a result of assessing the situation, the platoon commander determines:
- what strength the enemy is expected in front of the platoon’s front of action, its strengths and weak sides, possible balance of forces and means;
- platoon order of battle, combat missions for squads (tanks), distribution of forces and assets;
- at what stage of the battle and with which of the neighbors should we maintain the closest interaction;
- the procedure for camouflage and use of the protective properties of the area.
Understanding the given task and assessing the situation are stages of the platoon commander's thought process in making a decision. The result of this process is the selection of the most appropriate solution for the battle.
Decision making is the most crucial moment in the commander’s work, since it determines all the main issues on which further work on organizing the battle is based.
In the decision The platoon commander usually determines:
- the order of execution of the received task;
- tasks for squads (tanks), assigned units and fire weapons;
- order of interaction.
When determining the order of execution of the given task, the platoon commander must take into account that this point expresses the main, guiding idea of the decision, being, as it were, his plan for the battle. Therefore, it should reflect the sequence of destruction of the enemy, the order of defeating him with fire from regular and assigned means, and the order of battle.
Combat missions for squads (tanks) are determined strictly in accordance with the order in which the combat mission assigned to the platoon is carried out. Thus, in defense, the task of a squad is to firmly hold the specified position, prevent enemy tanks and infantry from breaking through it into depth and inflicting significant losses on it. In an offensive, the combat mission of a squad (tank) is to destroy enemy manpower and firepower in trenches or other fortifications of a strong point, as well as separately located tanks, guns, machine guns and other enemy firepower located in the direction of advance.
When determining the order of interaction, the platoon commander outlines the main measures for coordinating the actions of the platoon sections (tanks) among themselves, with neighboring units, reinforcement means, as well as with fire strikes carried out by senior commanders on the various stages battle.
An important stage in the work of a platoon commander is reconnaissance, which is carried out in order to clarify the decision made on the ground. Not only squad (tank) commanders, but in some cases also driver mechanics (drivers) can be involved in it.
When conducting reconnaissance, the platoon commander on the ground indicates landmarks, the position of the enemy (the direction of his actions), and the location of his fire weapons; clarifies the tasks of squads (tanks) and indicates the dismounting locations of motorized rifle squads (locations of squad positions, firing positions of infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks and other fire weapons),
The platoon commander's adoption of the correct decision to fight does not in itself ensure the successful completion of the received combat mission. The decision becomes the basis for managing squads (tanks) and the law for subordinates, with each of them receiving a specific combat mission. Therefore, communicating combat missions to the performers is one of the most important responsibilities of a platoon commander.
When organizing a battle, combat missions are communicated to subordinates, as a rule, in the form of a combat order. The platoon commander must present it briefly, clearly and in such a way that his subordinates clearly understand their task,
In the battle order the platoon commander points;
- the composition, position and nature of the enemy’s actions, the location of his fire weapons;
- the task of the company and platoon;
- objects and targets in the direction of the platoon’s operations, which can be hit by means of senior commanders, as well as the tasks of neighbors;
- combat missions to squads (tanks), assigned units and fire weapons, and the commander of a motorized rifle platoon, in addition, to a sniper and a rifleman;
- time of readiness to perform a task;
- his place and deputy.
During the battle and when immediate action is required, the commander sets combat missions by issuing commands by radio, established signals, and voice.
The commander who gave the order must make sure that his subordinates have correctly mastered the task received, requiring them to repeat it if necessary.
Understanding the mission, assessing the situation, making decisions, reconnaissance, and issuing combat orders must be carried out promptly and with full responsibility.
After setting combat missions, the platoon commander organizes interaction, which is a concretization of the order of coordinated actions determined by him in the decision.
The organization of interaction depends on the type of battle and the conditions of the situation. The platoon commander must coordinate the efforts of regular and assigned fire assets to successfully complete the assigned mission, achieve a correct and uniform understanding by all squad (tank) commanders of the combat mission and how to carry it out, organize continuous communication and assistance to each other, especially with fire of all types on missions, boundaries and time, as well as indicate warning signals, control, interaction and the procedure for action on them.
It’s not for nothing that interaction is called the basis of success in modern combat. Only the concerted efforts of units of all branches of the military can lead to victory in single combat with a strong, well-armed enemy. As the experience of the exercises shows, in a modern battle, even on a small scale, units of various branches of the military, equipped with sophisticated military equipment, will participate. Artillery, tanks, flamethrowers and other means can become a powerful weapon in the hands of a combined arms commander only if he sufficiently knows their combat capabilities and the peculiarities of their tactics. Without this, it is impossible to effectively use them in a particular tactical situation.
The foundations of interaction are laid when making decisions and setting combat missions based on combat anticipation. Then, during reconnaissance, the combat efforts of all units participating in the battle are coordinated. When the situation does not allow this, interaction is organized on maps or on a layout of the area. However, subsequently, during the nomination, all the main issues are clarified directly on the ground.
Along with instructions for interaction, the platoon commander organizes combat support. Depending on the current situation and the nature of the upcoming event, the platoon commander draws the attention of his subordinates to the implementation of the necessary combat support measures, and above all, the organization of reconnaissance, protection against weapons of mass destruction (incendiary and precision weapons), camouflage, engineering, chemical support and security. The organization of combat support is carried out in the form of separate instructions as necessary.
Intelligence service - most important species combat support. It includes activities to obtain information about the enemy, terrain and weather necessary for organizing and successfully conducting combat operations. Reconnaissance must be conducted continuously, actively, in a timely manner, ensuring the reliability of the data.
In each platoon (squad, tank) in all types of combat, reconnaissance is organized and conducted by observation, and at night and in other conditions of limited visibility, observation is supplemented by eavesdropping. Observation of the enemy is carried out continuously personally by the platoon (squad, tank) commander and specially appointed observers.
A motorized rifle (tank) platoon can be assigned to a reconnaissance (separate reconnaissance) and combat reconnaissance patrol, as well as to set up an ambush, and a motorized rifle platoon, in addition, to conduct a search.
When conducting reconnaissance at night and in other conditions of limited visibility, the platoon uses night vision devices for observation.
Protection against weapons of mass destruction is organized in full, regardless of whether nuclear weapons are used or not used in combat. It is carried out in order to minimize damage to units by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, preserve the combat effectiveness of platoon personnel and ensure the successful completion of the assigned combat mission.
This goal is achieved by conducting radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance; timely provision and skillful use of protective equipment; using the protective properties of the area and engineering structures; timely notification of personnel about radiation, chemical and biological hazards; carrying out anti-epidemic, sanitary-hygienic and special preventive medical measures; ensuring the safety and protection of personnel when operating in contaminated zones, areas of destruction, fires and floods; timely elimination of the consequences of the enemy’s use of weapons of mass destruction.
Camouflage is the most necessary and most widespread manifestation of military cunning and ingenuity. It is organized by the platoon commander in accordance with the received combat mission, the instructions of the company commander and the current situation. Masking is intended to hide from the enemy the true position of one's units from visual, optical, radar and air reconnaissance of the enemy and to mislead him regarding the formation of the combat (march) order and the actions of the units. It is also the most important means of achieving surprise in actions and reducing losses of friendly units.
Masking must be continuous and active. In all conditions, it is carried out by the forces of a platoon (squad, tank crew), while weapons, combat and other equipment are camouflaged first of all. Restoration of damaged camouflage and elimination of unmasking signs are carried out immediately.
The fulfillment of camouflage tasks is achieved by maintaining military secrets; covert placement and movement of personnel, weapons, combat and other equipment through the skillful use of service and local camouflage means, smoke and aerosols, painting weapons, military and other equipment to match the background of the surrounding area; using the camouflage properties of the terrain, local objects, darkness and other conditions of limited visibility; compliance with light and sound masking measures, especially at night, as well as radio exchange rules; maintaining the previous mode of activity when changing units and preparing them to perform a new combat mission; strict compliance with the requirements of camouflage discipline.
When organizing camouflage, the platoon commander indicates: what personnel and local means to use for camouflage, the timing of its implementation; the procedure for implementing and maintaining camouflage during combat.
Engineering support is organized and carried out in order to create a platoon necessary conditions for the successful completion of a combat mission, as well as to increase the protection of personnel and military equipment from all weapons.
Engineering support is a set of engineering activities carried out (performed) by regular and attached units based on the decision of the commander. It includes the equipment of a stronghold (location) and its camouflage, the installation of mine-explosive and non-explosive obstacles; making passages through enemy obstacles and destruction, reconnaissance of enemy obstacles, water barriers and roads. The engineer-sapper squad assigned to the platoon conducts engineering reconnaissance, destroys long-term enemy fire installations, sets up barriers and makes passages in enemy minefields, acting together with the platoon.
The platoon commander, organizing engineering support, indicates the tasks and the order of their implementation, the volume of engineering work, forces, means and deadlines for their implementation.
When determining the volume of engineering work and the time to complete it, the platoon commander takes into account the degree of training and fitness of the squads (crews), their equipment with engineering equipment, the capabilities of the assigned engineering forces and equipment, as well as the activities carried out by the senior commander in the interests of the platoon.
To carry out engineering support tasks, the platoon uses attachments, mine trawls, engineering ammunition, service camouflage equipment, entrenching tools and local materials.
Chemical support is organized in order to create the necessary conditions for the platoon to complete the assigned task in an environment of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as to mask its actions with smoke and aerosols.
Chemical support for a platoon includes radiation and chemical reconnaissance, timely and skillful use of individual and collective protective equipment, radiation monitoring, special treatment of the unit and materiel, and the use of fumes and aerosols.
Chemical support activities are carried out by platoon personnel, chemical troops units, as well as forces and means of rear services.
Security in a platoon is organized in order to prevent a surprise attack by a ground enemy and to provide time and favorable conditions for deployment and entry into battle. It is carried out constantly by specially appointed observers, in defense, in addition, by fire weapons on duty, and when the platoon is located separately from the company, by direct security, which is carried out in paired patrols by bypassing the area where the platoon is located.
When organizing security, the platoon commander indicates the procedure for monitoring the terrain, the air and the signals of the company commander, appoints an observer, indicates his place and task, and determines the procedure for the actions of the platoon personnel in the event of a surprise attack by the enemy. In defense, in addition, the platoon commander determines the required number of fire weapons on duty, their location and mission, and when the platoon is located on site separately from the company, the composition of the immediate guard, its route of movement, mission and pass.
For every day, a pass and recall are established to identify their military personnel.
The pass is the name of the weapon or military equipment, for example: “Avtomat”, and the recall is the name of the locality starting with the same letter as the pass, for example: “Azov”.
The pass is communicated orally to the entire composition of the outpost (post), reconnaissance and persons sent outside the unit, and at night - within the location of their unit; recall - to the commanders of these units, as well as to persons sent to convey oral orders.
A pass is asked from all persons passing through the security line and following the unit's location at night, and a recall is asked from persons conveying the commander's order and from commanders of units conducting reconnaissance.
3. MANAGEMENT OF A PLATOON DURING COMBAT
During the battle, when operating on combat vehicles (tanks), the platoon commander controls the platoon via radio, commands and signals. When working on radio equipment, commanders must strictly adhere to the rules of negotiations. When issuing commands, squad (tank) commanders are called by call sign, and terrain points are indicated from landmarks and by conventional names. The order of sending commands (signals) via radio should be as follows. The call sign of the called radio station is called once; the word “I” and the call sign of your radio station - once; content of the command (signal) - once; the word “I” and the call sign of your radio station are one. once; the word “reception” - once, For example: “Birch-13, I am Ash-21, advance in the direction of landmark 4, the bend of the Rotten stream, I am Ash-21, reception.” “Birch-13, I am Ash-21, 222, I am Ash-21, welcome.” To a received command (signal), the squad leader (slipper) immediately confirms with an exact repetition of the command (signal) or only with the word “understood” indicating his call sign. For example: “Ash-21, I am Bereza-13, I understand, advance in the direction of landmark 4, the bend of the Rotten stream, I am Bereza-13, reception.” “Ash-21, I am Bereza-13, I understand, 222, I am Bereza-13, welcome.” “I am Bereza-13, I understand, welcome.”
In case of poor audibility and strong interference, the platoon commander can transmit commands (signals) twice. For example: “Birch-13, I am Ash-21, reduce the distance, reduce the distance, I am Ash-21, receive.”
The platoon commander issues commands (signals) relating to all combat vehicles using a circular call sign. In this case, it repeats the contents of the command (signal) twice. For example: “Thunderstorm, I am Zarya-20, in the direction of landmark 5, the Round Grove, to the battle line, directing - Zarya-21 - to battle; in the direction of landmark 5, "Round" grove, to the battle line, directing - Zarya-21 - - to battle, I - Zarya-20, "reception". In this case, the squad (tank) commanders do not give confirmation for the command, but immediately begin to carry it out. With stable communication, it is allowed to work with abbreviated call signs or without call signs. For example: “10th, I am 20th, increase the distance, I am 20th, receive” (work with abbreviated call signs). “Increase distance, reception.” “Got it, reception” (work without call signs).
Inside a combat vehicle (tank), the platoon (squad, tank) commander controls the actions of his subordinates by commands given via intercom or voice, and by established signals.
When fighting on foot, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon controls his subordinates by issuing commands by voice, signals and through messengers. He uses the radio station he has with him to control the actions of combat vehicles. He issues commands and sets combat missions to open fire from infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) through his deputy and gunner-operators remaining in the combat vehicles.
When controlling single military personnel operating on foot, the team usually indicates the rank and surname, what action to perform, and the executive part of the team. For example: “Private Petrov - for battle.” “Private Ivanov should run to a separate tree - forward.” “Corporal Sidorov should crawl to a separate bush - forward.”
A platoon operating on foot without combat vehicles deploys from marching formation to pre-battle formation upon command (signal). For example:
“Platoon, in the direction of such and such an object (to such and such a line), to the line of squads - march.” The first compartment extends in the indicated direction. The remaining squads, regardless of the order in the platoon column, move forward at the commands of their commanders: the second - to the right, the third - to the left, maintaining alignment with the first squad, with an interval of up to 100 m between the squads, they continue to move.
Depending on the situation and the decision of the platoon commander, the positions of the squads in the platoon's pre-battle order may change. In this case, the platoon commander determines the location of the squads with a command, for example: “Platoon, in the direction of a group of birches, to the line of a forest ledge, a building; guide - second compartment; first compartment - to the right; third squad - - left - march." The squads, at the commands of their commanders, move to their directions and, maintaining alignment with the directing squad, continue to move. With the start of deployment into pre-battle formation, squad commanders establish surveillance of the platoon commander's signals.
A platoon operating on foot, from a pre-battle formation or from a column, bypassing the pre-battle formation, is deployed in a chain on command, for example: “Platoon, in the direction of a dry tree, to the line of a hillock, ruins, a guide - the second squad - to battle, forward.” or “Platoon, follow me - to battle, forward.” When deployed into a battle formation from a pre-battle formation, each squad, at the command of its commander, is deployed into a chain and, maintaining alignment with the directing squad, continues to move in the indicated direction (at an accelerated pace or run).
To repel the enemy with fire from a position, the platoon commander gives the command “Platoon - stand”, according to which the personnel lie down, applying to the terrain, and are prepared to fire. To resume movement, the platoon commander gives the command “Platoon - forward”, and adds (if necessary) “run”.
A platoon from a line of squads or from a chain to a column is reorganized by command, for example: “Platoon in the direction of the barn, into the column one by one (by two, by
three), guiding - first squad - march" or "Platoon behind me, in a column one at a time (two, three at a time) - march." Squads on the move, in numerical order, take places in the platoon column and continue moving in the indicated direction.
The most important responsibility of a platoon leader in combat is fire control. It includes reconnaissance of ground and air targets, assessing their importance and determining the priority of destruction; selection of the type of weapon and ammunition, type of fire and method of firing; target designation, issuing commands to open fire or setting fire missions; monitoring the results of the fire and its adjustment; fire maneuver; control over ammunition consumption.
Observation and reconnaissance, organized by the platoon commander even when organizing the battle, continue continuously during its conduct.
When assessing the importance and determining the priority of hitting a target, the platoon commander must proceed from the damage this target, in terms of its fire capabilities, is capable of inflicting on the platoon in battle. Important targets are also those whose defeat in the given situational conditions can facilitate and speed up the execution of the combat mission.
Important targets are usually enemy fire weapons (tanks, armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery, anti-tank guided missiles, machine guns, anti-tank grenade launchers), observation posts, radar stations, etc. In the case where these targets are located from platoon units within their range of actual fire, they are called dangerous. Particularly dangerous targets in all cases are the enemy's nuclear attack weapons - launchers and weapons that use nuclear weapons.
Those important targets that are located from the platoon at distances exceeding their actual fire range are considered harmless in this moment battle.
This division of targets into important and less important, dangerous and non-dangerous allows the platoon commander to quickly and correctly make a decision on the order of their destruction; Dangerous targets must be destroyed first, important targets second, and then all others.
The commander must have comprehensive information about the enemy’s defenses and fire weapons that need to be suppressed and destroyed. Having this data, the commander has the opportunity to distribute fire missions between the means of destruction at his disposal and build the battle to the full depth, i.e., achieve a build-up of fire from the depths, so that at all lines of the offensive (especially at the line of transition to the attack) onslaught and fire The impact of the units not only did not weaken, but also continuously increased.
The success of combat largely depends on the platoon commander’s ability to clearly and confidently give commands even in difficult battle conditions. Commands to open fire and set combat missions must, in addition to their direct purpose, be a disciplinary and organizing tool.
The sequence of giving the command to open fire by the platoon (squad) commander can be as follows:
1. Who should open fire? For example: “Second squad”, “Machine gun crew”, “Grenade launcher”.
2. Target designation. For example: “Landmark 3, left 40, machine gun in the trench.”
3. Installing the sight. For example: “Permanent”, “Seven”, “Five”.
4. Installation of the rear sight or the amount of offset of the aiming point in the target figures. For example: “Two marks to the left”, “Two figures to the left”.
5. Aiming point. For example: “Under the target”, “In the belt”, “In the head”.
6. Queue length. For example: “Short”, “Long”, “Continuous”.
7. The moment of opening fire is indicated by the word “fire”.
To fire from an infantry fighting vehicle and a tank, the command is given in the following sequence:
1. What kind of projectile (grenade) to fire with. For example: “Armour-piercing”, “Fragmentation”; To open fire from a machine gun, the command at the beginning of the command is indicated: “Machine gun.” These commands are used to load the coaxial machine gun.
2. Target designation.
3. Range to target in meters. For example: “1600”, “800”, “1200”.
5. The moment of opening fire is indicated by the word “fire”.
In the command to open fire from an automatic grenade launcher, the platoon commander indicates:
1. Who should fire? For example: “Platoon”, “First squad”.
2. Purpose. For example: “At a mortar battery”, “At ATGM”.
3. Sight, protractor. For example: “Sight 10-15, protractor 30-00”, “Seven on the grid”.
4. Method of shooting. For example: “On the move”, “From a standstill”, from a short stop - “Short”.
5. Aiming point for each squad. For example: “The first one should aim the mortar near the bush, the second one should aim to the right 0-50, the third one should aim it to the left
0-50"; “Point to the corner of the trench.”
6. Method of shooting, rate of fire. For example: “With dispersion along the front of the target, the tempo is maximum.”
7. Number of shots (ammunition consumption). For example: “Consumption - 15”, “Consumption - 10”.
8. Queue length. For example: “Short”, “Long”.
9. The moment of opening fire is indicated by the word “fire”.
Sometimes the platoon commander controls the fire of regular and attached units by setting fire missions; at the same time he indicates:
1. Which unit (who) is assigned the fire mission.
2. Name and location of the target (target designation).
3. Type of fire to hit the target (“destroy”,
“to suppress”, “to prohibit”).
The choice of the type of weapon that can most effectively carry out a fire mission (with the least consumption of ammunition and in the shortest possible time) depends primarily on the importance of the target, its nature, remoteness and vulnerability.
Tank gun fire is used to combat tanks, self-propelled artillery units and other armored targets, to destroy defensive structures, suppress and destroy enemy artillery and manpower.
Platoon small arms are used to destroy enemy personnel with concentrated fire at a range of up to 800 m. PK and P.KT machine guns are used to destroy enemy personnel and fire weapons at a range of up to!000 m. Heavy machine guns (KPVT) mounted on armored personnel carriers can hit enemy personnel and fire weapons at a range of up to 2000 m.
The commander of a tank platoon in battle has to decide on the most appropriate choice of ammunition to hit a target, taking into account the availability of shells in the ammunition load. It should be remembered that cumulative shells are used for firing at tanks at medium and short ranges (for example, from ambushes); sub-caliber shells - against tanks and all fast-moving armored targets, starting from the maximum firing ranges; high-explosive fragmentation grenades - against armored personnel carriers and manpower with the fuse installed for fragmentation action and for high-explosive or delayed action when firing to destroy dugouts, long-term fire structures (DZOS, DOS), brick buildings, etc.
Skillful target designation in battle is one of the most important conditions for timely fire control by the platoon (squad, tank) commander. In motorized rifle and tank platoons (squads, tanks), it is carried out from landmarks (local objects) and from the direction of movement (attack) using tracer bullets and shells, shell explosions and signal means, as well as pointing instruments at the target.
Target designation between infantry fighting vehicles and tanks, as well as between platoons (squads, tanks) is carried out mainly from landmarks (local objects) with tracer bullets and shells.
Inside an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier) and a tank, target designation between members of the landing force (crew) is usually carried out from landmarks (local objects), by pointing the weapon at the target or from the direction of movement.
When designating targets, the following sequence is usually followed:
- the position of the target is indicated (from a landmark or from the direction of movement);
- the name of the goal is given, characteristic features targets or terrain;
- the task is set - to clarify the actions of the target, observe, etc. For example: “Landmark 2, to the right 50, closer to 100, ATGM at the green hillock” or “Corner of the grove, to the right 10, further 150 - black forge, to the left 20 - machine gun” .
Fire at air targets is carried out in two ways: defensive and accompanying fire.
In the command to fire, the platoon commander indicates:
1. Who should fire (unit).
2. Over what local object (landmark) to fire.
3. How to fire.
4. The moment of opening fire.
For example: “To the squad - over the bridge, to the barrage - fire”, “To the squad - by helicopter above the grove, three, five figures to the left, long - fire.”
Shooting at a fast-flying air target requires known skills and knowledge of shooting rules. You need to know what lead to take when shooting at one or another type of aircraft (helicopter). When a plane flies at low altitude, it is in the firing zone for a matter of seconds. That's why it's very
It is important that every soldier instantly takes aim and opens fire on the aircraft (helicopter), no matter how sudden its appearance.
The constant readiness of all means to open fire on air targets is the basis of the air defense of a platoon, no matter what conditions it is in. Therefore, it is necessary that well-trained observers be constantly on duty in the platoon and sections (tanks), promptly notifying of the approach of enemy aircraft (helicopters).
The platoon commander is obliged to organize things in such a way as to provide powerful firepower against both air and ground enemies, solving these two tasks as one. When the situation requires it, boldly direct the bulk of the fire at airplanes (helicopters) so that, having repelled their attack, again fall with all your might on the ground enemy.
Fire control does not end with issuing the command to open fire. Errors in the preparation of initial data lead to the need to adjust fire, i.e., make amendments to the initial settings to ensure effective shooting to hit the target. Therefore, shooters, commanders and crews of fire weapons (crews of infantry fighting vehicles, tanks) must monitor the results of firing to adjust the fire and determine the degree of target destruction. .
The target's defeat is assessed by visible results: the target has stopped moving or the EPS is destroyed, the weapon is destroyed, the target is ignited.
Fire maneuver is the most important integral part fire control. With the help of fire maneuver, fire superiority is achieved against the selected target at the given moment of the battle. It consists of concentrating the fire of a platoon (squad) on one important target, timely transferring fire from one target to another, and firing by the platoon simultaneously at several targets.
Concentrated fire is used on an important target (group of targets) to destroy it with high-density fire in a short period of time. He prepares for sections of terrain along the routes of probable enemy movement.
Transfer of fire is used in cases where a target is hit and another target needs to be hit or a more important target needs to be hit.
Distribution (dispersal) of fire is a form of fire maneuver when a platoon (squad) simultaneously fires at several separate targets.
One of the responsibilities of a platoon (squad, tank) commander to ensure organized and effective fire in battle is to control the consumption of ammunition. Commanders must constantly monitor the availability of ammunition in units and take measures to replenish them.
Control and warning signals used during preparation and during combat, the order of their presentation different ways. Training in following signals and commands given day and night
Control signals used during preparation and during combat, the order of their presentation in various ways
The platoon (squad) commander controls units (personnel, crews) by radio, commands given by voice, signal means, and personal example. Inside the combat vehicle, the commander controls the actions of his subordinates by commands given over the intercom, voice or established signals.
In defense, a command and observation post is created in a motorized rifle (grenade launcher, anti-tank) platoon, which is deployed in the unit’s combat formation so as to ensure its protection from small arms fire and mortars, the best observation of the enemy, the actions of its subordinates, neighbors and the terrain, as well as continuous platoon control.
During an offensive when a motorized rifle platoon operates on foot, the platoon (squad) commander is located in a place that ensures effective control of subunits (subordinates) and fire.
To control subunits and fire, the senior commander establishes unified control signals.
The procedure for transmitting signals, commands and setting tasks by radio. Training in following signals and commands
When working at radio stations, the rules of negotiation are strictly observed. In battle, all commands are transmitted via radio using a speech masker or in clear text. When transmitting commands in clear text, squad (tank) commanders are called by call signs, terrain points are indicated by landmarks and conventional names, and executive commands are indicated by established signals. When the enemy creates radio interference, the radio stations, at the command of the company (platoon) commander, are tuned to spare frequencies.
Transmission of signals, commands and task setting via radio are carried out in the following order:
Call sign of the called radio station - twice (with good quality connections - once);
Signal (command) - twice (task, and if the communication quality is good, the command - once);
The word “I” and the call sign of your radio station - once;
The word “reception” is used once.
Signals and commands are transmitted without first calling the correspondent and obtaining consent to receive.
Signals and general commands are transmitted, as a rule, for all correspondents of a radio network using a circular call sign.
In other cases, linear or individual call signs are used. If the communication quality is good, it is allowed to work with abbreviated call signs or without call signs.
When broadcasting, the command is repeated twice. Before this, the correspondent of the main radio station must make sure that the network radio stations do not work with each other.
A received signal (command) is immediately followed by a reverse check (receipt) by exactly repeating each signal (command) or by confirming receipt of the command by transmitting the word “understood.” A receipt for a received signal (command) is also the transmission of the signal (command) to subordinates working in the radio network of the senior superior.
A return check (receipt) for the received signal (command), transmitted circularly, is given at the request of the main radio station.
An example of circular signal transmission "Cascade-389": “Alpha-45, Alpha-45, I am Falcon-15, Cascade-389, Cascade-389, I am Falcon-15, welcome.”
An example of transmitting a command to one correspondent and issuing a receipt from him for its receipt: “Yastreb-10, I’m Sokol-15, increase speed, I’m Sokol-15, receive.” - “Falcon-15, I’m Yastreb-10, got it, increase the speed of movement, I’m Yastreb-10, over,” or “Falcon-15, I’m Yastreb-10, got it, I’m Yastreb-10, over,” or “Got it, I'm Hawk-10, over."
An example of work between two correspondents with abbreviated call signs: “10th, I’m 15th, reduce intervals, I’m 15th, take over.” - “15th, I’m 10th, got it, I’m 10th, okay” or “Got it, I’m 10th, okay.”
An example of work between two correspondents without call signs:“Allow me to carry out the task, reception.” - “I give permission, welcome.”
An example of setting a task for one correspondent and issuing a receipt from him for its acceptance:“Hawk-10, I’m Falcon-15, over.” - “I’m Yastreb-10, welcome.” - “10th, I’m 15th, attack from the line..., destroy the enemy in..., capture..., continue the offensive in the direction of..., artillery suppresses..., “Voron-20” advances in the direction of..., readiness..., I’m 15th, welcome.” - “Got it, I’m the 10th, over” (local points, boundaries, directions, areas are indicated by landmarks, a colored map or by coded names of local objects, neighbors - by their call signs, time - by a table of signals).
The procedure for transmitting signals, commands and setting tasks by signaling means. Training in following signals and commands given day and night
To transmit pre-established signals, signaling means are used: signal flares, flags, electric lights, searchlights of combat vehicles, tracer bullets (shells) and various sound means (electric and pneumatic signals, whistles and others). Signals can be given using weapons, headgear and hands.
Units must follow signals only from their immediate commander and circular warning signals. They are submitted before receiving a response (feedback) or starting execution of a command (signal).
Table of signals for formation control (from the Administration of the Russian Armed Forces)
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Attention(attention, do as I do; review) |
Raise your right hand up and hold it until you recall (until the “Attention” signal is repeated) |
Raise the yellow flag with your right hand and hold it until it is recalled (until the “Attention” signal is repeated) |
Flashlight with white light - series of dots
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Commanders Gathering(bosses) |
Raise your right hand up and circle it above your head, then sharply lower your hand |
The same, with red and yellow flags in the right hand
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Wave a lantern with white light above your head to the right and left, describing semicircles
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To the cars |
Raise both hands up and hold until execution |
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Wave a lantern with white light in front of you to the right and left at shoulder level
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In places |
Raise both arms up and sharply lower down through the sides |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Swing a lantern with white light vertically up and down
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Backwaters |
Rotate in front of you with your right hand |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand
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Rotate a flashlight with a white light in front of you
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Stop the engine |
Wave both hands in front of you |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with a red light downwards in front of you, describing a semicircle
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March(forward, continue moving in the same or new direction, the path is clear) |
Raise your right arm up, turn in the direction of movement and lower your arm in the direction of movement at shoulder level |
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Wave a lantern with a green light vertically up and down |
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Increase distance |
Raise your left arm up and extend your right arm horizontally to the side and swing it down and up to shoulder level |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with a green light in a vertical plane, describing a figure eight
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Reduce distance |
Raise your right arm up and extend your left arm horizontally to the side and swing it down and up to shoulder level |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with a red light in a vertical plane, describing a figure eight
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Stop(stop) |
Raise your left hand up and quickly lower it down in front of you, repeating until execution |
The same, with a red flag in the left hand
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Swing a lantern with a red light vertically up and down |
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In the line of cars |
Extend both arms horizontally to the side and hold until recalled |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with a green light in front of you to the right and left at shoulder level
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In a line of columns |
To the line of platoon columns: raise both arms up and swing them crosswise above your head |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with green light above your head to the right and left, describing a semicircle
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In the line of company columns: raise both arms up, cross them over your head and hold them still |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with a green light over your head to the right, describing a semicircle. Return the flashlight to its original position with the light half-extinguished or hidden from the receiving light
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In column |
Raise your right arm up and lower it, keeping your forearm vertical (repeat until recalled) |
The same, with a yellow flag in the right hand
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First hold the lantern with a green light motionless, and then repeat the “March” signal until recalled |
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Everything is all around |
Extend your left arm horizontally to the side, and raise your right arm up and circle above your head |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left  |
Rotate a flashlight with a green light in front of you
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All to the right(left) |
Extend your left arm horizontally to the side, and raise your right arm up, turn in the direction of the turn and swing your right arm up and down to shoulder level (repeat until recalled) |
The same, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left
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Wave a lantern with a green light vertically from top to bottom and in the direction of the turn
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Accident(forced stop) |
Extend your right arm horizontally to the side, raise your left arm up and swing it above your head to the right and left. |
The same thing, having a yellow flag in your right hand and a red flag in your left. After the signal is given, the red flag is installed on the machine at an angle of 45°
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Wave a flashlight with a red light in front of you to the right and left at shoulder level
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Notes: 1.The table of signals indicates:
When controlling units (subordinates) with signals, it is necessary to remember that signaling means unmask the location of the commander
Think before you speak;
Organize your message in a logical order;
Speak loudly and clearly;
Give the order in parts and pause to convey it.
Transmission of commands by light signals. To indicate enemy positions, both small-sized shooting devices and conventional signal flares can be used. But it must be remembered that this also reveals to the enemy the position of the commander, who for him is main goal. The designated soldier must give the signal. These signals can be used to command a ceasefire.
Sending commands with a whistle. This is the most important means for issuing and executing commands. The whistle is used to signal that a command is being followed, the start of its execution, or the termination of a previous action and execution. new team, as well as to attract the attention of subordinates. The whistle and voice are the most important methods of control and the only ones that are effective in battle.
The order of giving commands with a whistle:
The commander blows the whistle - attracts the attention of his subordinates; personnel await the next command and continue firing;
The commander gives a command combined with a gesture;
The military personnel transmit the received command along the chain;
The commander blows the whistle to indicate the start of the command;
For example, the following commands may be given before the whistle:
To move forward: “Platoon (squad). In the direction of a separate tree, in “twos”, dashes, FORWARD”;
To retreat back: “Prepare to retreat” This command, like the command “Prepare to attack”, is accompanied by the word “prepare”. This is because each soldier must prepare a smoke grenade and then throw it on the whistle to create a smoke screen;
And others.
Giving commands in battle must be accompanied by gestures. Unlike the statutory formation control signals, there are no uniform signals for controlling gestures in battle, so you can use the signals listed below. These signals are good because they can be used to control a unit at a great distance, provided that it is camouflaged from enemy observation.
The order of transmitting signals, commands and setting tasks with gestures. Training in following signals and commands given day and night
Gesture signals (option)
|
Signal (command) |
Gesture order |
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1. To deploy a group into a chain |
spread both arms out to the sides several times |
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2. To disperse slowly and silently |
slowly bend your elbows and slowly spread them down to the sides, unclenching the fingers of both hands |
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3. In order for the unit to quickly scatter |
sharply spread your arms down to the sides |
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raise your arm bent at the elbow to your chin and quickly lower it palm down |
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5. Attention |
raise your hand up to head height |
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raise your arm up, make circular movements above your head and vigorously lower it down |
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7. To move forward, backward, sideways |
raise your hand to head height and lower it to shoulder height, pointing in the desired direction |
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8. I see the enemy |
extend your arm horizontally to the side and hold it there until it stops |
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9. I see, I hear (feedback) |
raise both arms up to head height and lower them |
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10. Silently crawl towards the enemy |
indicate the direction with your left hand, and make several zigzag movements with your right palm |
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11. Stun the enemy and tie him up |
indicate a blow with the left fist on the jaw or on the head, with the right hand make a circular movement around the left 2-3 times |
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12. Conventional signs: destroy the enemy with a knife, look out the window, surround the house, let the enemy through, climb a tree, etc. |
show with sharp expressive movements of the hand (or both hands). Carry out such training following method: The commander shows the action with a gesture and asks the students if they understood the gesture correctly. After mastering the signs, you can perform the necessary actions. |
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13. When operating at night, silent formations, changes of formation, movements are made according to previously learned signal gestures, by touching the hand to the shoulder, chest, back, headdress, as well as by light pushes of the hand on the body |
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Alternatively, each department can develop and use its own gesture signals, which can be borrowed, for example, from the following table.
Constructions
Designations
Alerts
Methodological features of studying sign language. Learning gestures, i.e. the gestures themselves and what they mean begins with the commander showing a certain set of gestures and explaining the purpose of each of them. Then he offers a phrase to show with gestures and shows it in conjunction with gestures. While showing a phrase with gestures at the initial stage of training, he duplicates its meaning out loud in his voice.
For example, the commander wants to move a little forward and asks the nearby shooter to cover him. In hearing the phrase sounds like this: I - Moving There - You - Cover Me. Gestures: I (points to himself) - Moving There (direction indicated) - You (points to him) - Me (points to himself) - Cover (show a covering gesture).
Each of these gestures must be clearly shown to the learner, i.e. when indicating the direction of your movement, you need to make several amplitude swings of the forearm, and so that the hand moves in the direction of the intended movement. The soldier to whom this phrase is intended must read all of this. In this case, it is necessary to gesticulate in such a way that those watching see the boundary between the “words”. In other words, you need to “speak” quickly but clearly, dividing the phrase into its component parts. If the serviceman understood what was “said” to him, then he confirms this with the “understood” sign.
When communicating, it is necessary to take into account the distance from the commander to the subordinate. If they are located next to each other, then when giving a signal you should not, for example, raise your hand high to give a command. This can be done at the level of the face or even the chest.
Being, for example, in a building or in a forest at conventionally medium and long distances, before giving a signal, the commander must first draw attention to himself, and only after that begin to command.
Options for training phrases:
I - Moving There - You - Cover Me;
You - Look - There;
You - You - Move - There;
I - You - You - Moving - There - You - You - Cover;
There is a Sniper;
Attention - There - Three - One - Two - Three - Forward;
There are - Two - Enemies.
Warning signals used during preparation and during combat, the order of their presentation in various ways. Training in following signals given day and night
Notification of personnel about an air enemy, an immediate threat and the beginning of the enemy's use of weapons of mass destruction, as well as about radioactive, chemical and biological contamination is carried out by uniform and permanent signals.
Actions of personnel:
Immediately occupies a shelter, trench, trench, or any available cover.
Actions of personnel:
On open area, without stopping the task at hand, immediately puts on respirators (gas masks) and skin protection;
In closed cars, shelters and rooms not equipped with filter ventilation - only respirators (gas masks).
Areas of radioactive contamination are covered by vehicles using maximum speeds and increased distances. Drivers wear a respirator (gas mask) during a short stop.
Actions of personnel:
In open areas, without stopping the task at hand, immediately put on a gas mask and skin protection;
In closed cars, shelters and rooms not equipped with filter ventilation - only gas masks. The driver puts on a gas mask during a short stop.
Alert signals must be known to all personnel of the unit. The commander determines in advance the order of action of his subordinates based on warning signals and, when they are half-shadowed, issues the appropriate commands.
According to the warning signal about radioactive, chemical and bacterial contamination, sent to march time, the movement does not stop. Each driver respects his place in the column and the established speed and distance. Cabin glass, hatches, and blinds are closed. When personnel are in a covered vehicle or armored personnel carrier, drivers put on gas masks when given a warning signal (drivers of wheeled vehicles put on gas masks during a short stop, and drivers of tracked vehicles - when moving at low speeds). When in open vehicles, personnel also wear protective raincoats.
During the offensive upon receiving a warning signal about radioactive, chemical and bacterial contamination, personnel immediately put on gas masks and other protective equipment and continue to carry out the combat mission. Skin protection products are used depending on the type of infection, meteorological conditions and method of movement.
On defense upon receiving a signal about the immediate threat of the enemy using nuclear weapons (if the enemy launches a nuclear strike), all personnel take shelter, and if the enemy uses chemical weapons, they immediately put on personal protective equipment (collective protection systems are activated in tanks and infantry fighting vehicles).
Observers and crews on duty, when given a warning signal, put on gas masks and skin protection and, remaining in their places, continue to carry out the combat mission.
A warning signal about the end of radioactive, chemical bacterial contamination is not installed. Individual means protections are removed at the command of the unit commander after the instruments determine that there is no danger of injury to personnel. If protective equipment is removed prematurely, especially in cases where the enemy uses highly toxic chemical agents, damage is possible as a result of desorption (release into the atmosphere) of toxic substances from uniforms and equipment.
Battle regulations - part 3
(platoon, squad, tank)
Put into effect by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces dated February 24, 2005 N 19
Chapter first
BASICS OF COMBAT COMBAT AND MANAGEMENT
1. Combined arms combat, methods of conducting it
and means of armed struggle
1. Fight- the main form of tactical actions, is strikes, fire and maneuver of formations, units and subunits organized and coordinated in terms of purpose, place and time in order to destroy (defeat) the enemy, repel his attacks and carry out other tactical tasks in a limited area for a short time.
Hit- simultaneous and short-term destruction of enemy troop groups and targets by powerfully influencing them with available weapons or by advancing troops (strike by troops).
Impacts can be:
depending on the weapon used- nuclear and fire;
by delivery means- missile and aviation;
by the number of participating assets and targets- massive, concentrated, group and single.
It differs by:
tactical tasks to be solved- for destruction, suppression, exhaustion, destruction, smoke (blinding) and others;
types of weapons- from small arms, grenade launchers, flamethrowers, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), tanks, artillery, anti-tank missile systems, anti-aircraft weapons and others;
methods of conducting - direct, semi-direct fire, from closed firing positions and others; tensions- single shots, short or long bursts, continuous, dagger, rapid, methodical, salvo and others;
direction of fire- frontal, flank, cross;
shooting methods- from a place, from a stop (from a short stop), on the move, from the side, with dispersion along the front, with dispersion in depth, over an area, etc.;
types of fire- for a separate target, concentrated, barrage, multi-layered and multi-tiered.
Coverage- a maneuver carried out in order to reach the enemy’s flank(s).
Bypass- a deeper maneuver performed to get behind enemy lines. Envelopment and outflanking are carried out in tactical and fire cooperation with units advancing from the front.
Retreat and change of positions - a maneuver carried out by units (fire weapons) in order to escape from the attacks of a superior enemy, prevent encirclement, and occupy a more advantageous position for subsequent actions.
2. The battle can be combined arms, anti-aircraft, air and sea.
Combined arms combat is carried out by the combined efforts of formations, units and subunits of the Ground Forces, Air Force, Airborne Forces, and in the coastal direction, by the forces of the Navy. During a combined arms battle, formations (units, subunits) can solve combat missions together with troops, military formations and bodies of other troops of the Russian Federation.
The characteristic features of modern combined arms combat are: high tension, transience and dynamism of combat operations, their ground-air nature, simultaneous powerful fire and electronic impact on the entire depth of the sides' formation, the use of various methods of performing combat missions, and a complex tactical situation.
Combined arms combat requires from the units participating in it continuous reconnaissance, skillful use of weapons and military equipment, means of protection and camouflage, high mobility and organization, full exertion of all moral and physical forces, an unyielding will to win, iron discipline and cohesion.
3. Combined arms combat can be conducted using only conventional weapons or using nuclear weapons, other means of mass destruction, as well as weapons based on the use of new physical principles.
Regular weapons constitute all fire and strike weapons using artillery, aviation, small arms and engineer ammunition, conventional missiles, volumetric explosion (thermobaric) ammunition, incendiary ammunition and mixtures. Most high efficiency possess high-precision conventional weapon systems.
The basis of combat using only conventional weapons is the consistent defeat of enemy units. In this case, their reliable fire and electronic destruction will be important With simultaneous impact on its reserves and important objects in depth, timely concentration of forces and means to complete assigned tasks.
Nuclear weapon is the most powerful means of defeating the enemy. It includes all types (types) of nuclear weapons with their delivery vehicles (carriers of nuclear weapons).
Towards weapons based on the use of new physical principles, includes laser, accelerator, microwave, radio wave and others.
8.
When performing assigned tasks, a motorized rifle platoon (squad), depending on the situation, operates in marching, pre-battle and combat formations, a tank platoon - in marching and combat formations, and a machine gun platoon (platoon of tank firing points) - only in combat formation.
Marching order- building a unit to move in a column. It is used on the march, during pursuit, during maneuver and must provide high speed movements; rapid deployment to pre-battle and combat formations; the least vulnerability from attacks by all types of enemy weapons; effective management of units (personnel).
Pre-battle order- building a motorized rifle (grenade launcher, anti-tank) platoon for movement in columns of squads divided along the front (in a line of squads). It must ensure: rapid deployment into battle formation; high rates of advancement with overcoming obstacles, infection zones, areas of destruction, fires and floods; the least vulnerability from attacks by all types of enemy weapons; effective management of units (personnel).
Order of battle- building a unit for combat. It must correspond to the task received, the plan for the upcoming battle and ensure: successful conduct of the battle both with the use of conventional weapons and with the use of nuclear weapons and other means of destruction; full use of the combat capabilities of units, weapons and military equipment; reliable defeat of the opposing enemy unit to the entire depth of its battle formation; rapid use of the results of fire, electronic and nuclear destruction of the enemy and favorable terrain conditions; performing a maneuver; the ability to repel enemy strikes from the air; the least vulnerability from attacks by all types of enemy weapons; maintaining continuous interaction and effective management units (personnel).
10. The use of units is organized and carried out based on general principles tactics, which include:
maintaining their high combat readiness;
activity and decisiveness of action;
timely detection of the enemy and destruction of him by fire;
coordinated use of all units, forces and means participating in combined arms combat, maintaining continuous interaction between them;
secrecy and surprise of actions, the use of military cunning (deception of the enemy);
bold maneuver by units, weapons and fire;
consolidation of achieved success;
comprehensive support for combat (fulfillment of the assigned task);
maintaining combat capability;
constant consideration and skillful use of the moral and psychological factor;
firm, stable and continuous management of units (personnel), forces and means.
11. Maintaining high combat readiness consists of organizing and carrying out a set of measures aimed at maintaining the ability of the unit in any situation in an organized manner, within the established time frame, to begin performing the assigned task and successfully complete it.
The most important elements of the combat readiness of units are:
high combat training of all personnel;
constant readiness of the unit to carry out the assigned tasks;
maintaining weapons and military equipment ready for use (combat use); provision of everything necessary for the successful completion of the assigned task;
high vigilance of personnel.
12.
Activity and determination consist in a constant desire for the complete defeat of the enemy, in the readiness and ability of units in any situation to strike at him, to impose their will on him, to seize and hold the initiative.
The commander's decision to defeat the enemy must be firm and carried through to the end without hesitation. Inaction, failure to use all forces, means and opportunities to achieve success, indecision and passivity lead to defeat.
13.
Timely detection of the enemy and destruction of him by fire achieved by conducting continuous reconnaissance and skillful use of one's weapons.
Destruction of the enemy by fire is achieved:
timely reconnaissance of targets;
effective use of fire weapons in accordance with their combat capabilities;
accuracy, suddenness of opening and firing with maximum density and intensity;
skillful fire control in battle.
Armament fire from infantry fighting vehicles and tanks destroys tanks, other armored vehicles, fire weapons and manpower of the enemy, destroys its fortifications, and hits low-flying aircraft, helicopters and other air targets. The fire from armored personnel carriers destroys manpower, fire weapons and other targets.
Machine guns and machine guns are used to destroy enemy personnel and firepower. In addition, they can be used to destroy low-flying air targets.
A sniper rifle is used to destroy important single targets (officers, observers, snipers, fire crews, low-flying helicopters) of the enemy.
Anti-tank missile systems, anti-tank grenade launchers and rocket-propelled anti-tank grenades are used to destroy tanks and other armored vehicles, and other grenade launchers and hand grenades are used to destroy enemy personnel and fire weapons located outside shelters, in open trenches, trenches and behind shelters (in ravines, ravines and on the reverse slopes of heights).
The firing position (place for shooting) must be convenient, provide a wide view and fire, cover the weapon (shooter) from enemy observation, exclude the presence of dead spaces in the firing sector and ensure maneuvering. After firing several shots (bursts) from one firing position (shooting location), in order to prevent the enemy from conducting aimed fire and deceiving him, it is changed.
It is prohibited to select and occupy a firing position (place for shooting) on the crests of heights (hillocks, hills), in front of local objects, against which the silhouette of the shooter will be clearly visible.
14.
The coordinated use of all units, forces and means participating in combined arms combat, maintaining continuous interaction between them consists of coordinating the actions of all participants in combined arms combat with fire, electronic and nuclear destruction according to tasks, directions, boundaries, time and methods of combat in the interests of successful execution combat missions by combined arms units.
In combat, the commander of a platoon (squad, tank) is obliged to maintain contact with subordinate, supporting and interacting units (fire weapons), complete received tasks in a timely manner, timely exchange data on the situation with interacting units, and actively support them with available means. In defense, it is necessary first of all to support the unit defending the most important positions, in the offensive - the one most advanced.
15.
Stealth and surprise of actions, use of military cunning (deception of the enemy)
They allow you to take the enemy by surprise, cause panic, paralyze his offensive impulse and will to resist, disorganize troop control and create favorable conditions for victory even over an enemy of superior strength.
Military cunning (deception of the enemy) is carried out by misleading the enemy regarding the true state and actions of units. Methods of deceiving the enemy depend on the current situation, the combat mission received, the degree of readiness of units for decisive and unconventional actions in conditions of strict camouflage, as well as on weather conditions, time of year and day. Deceptive actions must be simple in concept and execution, organized secretly, carried out convincingly and in a timely manner.
The use of military cunning (deception of the enemy) should not allow treachery (covering the actions of troops with the right to defense, which is determined by international legal acts).
16.
Bold maneuver by units, weapons and fire allows you to seize and maintain the initiative, thwart the enemy’s plans and successfully complete tasks in any situation.
The maneuver must be simple in concept and performed quickly, covertly and unexpectedly for the enemy. To implement it, we use results
fire defeats
enemy (fire), open
flanks, gaps,
terrain folds
, hidden approaches
, aerosol curtains
, and in defense, in addition, there are trenches and moves
messages.
17.
Consolidation achieved successallows you to maintain tactical initiative
and create conditions for further action.
18.
Comprehensive support for combat (fulfillment of the assigned task) consists of preparing and implementing measures aimed at maintaining units in high combat readiness, maintaining their combat effectiveness and creating favorable conditions for performing assigned tasks.
Comprehensive support is divided into combat, moral and psychological, technical and logistics. It is carried out continuously during preparation and during the battle (fulfillment of the assigned task).
19.
Maintaining combat readiness is to ensure the readiness of units to successfully carry out combat missions in any situation.
Combat capability is ensured by:
the staffing of units with personnel, weapons and military equipment;
availability of necessary reserves of material resources;
combat training and coherence of units;
organizational qualities of the command staff;
cohesion, high moral and psychological state, organization and discipline of personnel;
organization of sustainable and continuous management; the ability to quickly make up for losses and protection of troops .
20. Constant consideration and skillful use of the moral and psychological factor are the most important conditions for achieving success. To do this you need:
know and shape moral and psychological stability of personnel, combine high demands with attention to his needs and concern for providing everything necessary for life and battle;
systematically study the moral and psychological qualities of the enemy , actively counteract his psychological sabotage and propaganda.
21. Solid, sustainable and continuous management of units (personnel), forces and means allows you to make full use of their combat capabilities. This is achieved:
constant knowledge of the situation, timely decision-making and persistent implementation of them;
personal responsibility of the commander for his decisions;
organizing and ensuring the secrecy of control and survivability of control points, the presence of stable communications.
4. Department management
Management Basics
38. Management of units (personnel) consists of the commander’s purposeful activities to maintain them in constant combat readiness, prepare units (personnel, weapons and military equipment) for combat (fulfillment of the assigned task) and directing them in carrying out tasks.Control there must be sustainable, continuous, operational and hidden, ensure constant combat readiness of units, efficient use their combat capabilities and the successful completion of assigned tasks on time and in any situation.
Control stability is achieved: by correct understanding of the task set by the senior manager; persistent implementation of decisions made; skillful organization of work on communications; maintaining stable communication with the senior superior, with subordinates and interacting departments.
Continuity of Management is achieved by: constant knowledge and comprehensive assessment of the current situation; timely decision-making and clear assignment of tasks to subordinates; skillful use of communications; restoration of damaged control in the shortest possible time.
Management efficiency is achieved by: quick response to changing conditions; timely influence on the actions of units in the interests of achieving assigned tasks.
Stealth control is achieved: by secretly placing and moving a command and observation post (commander in battle formation); strict adherence to the rules and procedures for the use of communications, established operating modes and radio masking measures; educating personnel in a spirit of high vigilance.
Management of units (fire weapons, personnel) is organized and carried out based on the decision of the commander.
Commander Basics
in preparation for the battle (fulfillment of the assigned task) and during it
47. Preparation for combat (fulfillment of the assigned task) includes:
its organization;
preparing a platoon (squad personnel (crew), weapons and military equipment) for combat (fulfillment of the assigned task);
practical work commander in units (work to monitor the execution of assigned tasks and provide assistance) and other activities.
49. Organization of combat (fulfillment of the assigned task) platoon (squad, tank) begins with receiving a combat mission and includes:
decision-making;
conducting reconnaissance (if necessary);
setting combat missions;
organization of interaction, comprehensive support and management.
50. The decision to fight (fulfillment of the assigned task) is made by the platoon (squad, tank) commander alone, based on an understanding of the task and an assessment of the situation.
In clarifying the task, the commander must understand:
the purpose of the upcoming actions;
tasks of the battalion (company) and platoon (platoon and squad (tank);
the plan of the senior commander (especially methods of defeating the enemy);
their assigned landmarks;
what objects (targets) in the direction of action of the platoon (squad, tank) are hit by means of senior commanders;
tasks of neighbors, conditions of interaction with them;
control signals, interaction and alerts and the order of actions on them, as well as the time of readiness to perform the task.
Based on an understanding of the mission, the platoon commander calculates the time to prepare for the battle (fulfillment of the assigned task).
The assessment of the situation is carried out taking into account the forecast of its development during preparation and during the execution of the assigned task. It consists of studying and analyzing the factors and conditions influencing its implementation, and includes:
assessment of the enemy;
assessment of subordinate units (fire weapons) and neighbors;
assessment of the terrain, weather conditions, time of year, day and other factors influencing the completion of the task received.
In the decision, the platoon (squad, tank) commander determines:
the intention of the battle (fulfillment of the assigned task);
tasks for elements of the battle formation (units, fire weapons, personnel);
main issues of interaction, comprehensive support and management.
The basis of the solution is the idea . Developing a plan The commander must determine, based on the stages of completing the assigned task:
sequence and methods of action indicating the order of destruction (defeat) of the enemy by fire of units (personnel), regular and assigned fire weapons;
distribution of forces and means (building a combat (marching) order);
ensuring secrecy during preparation and execution of the assigned task.
On the main issues of interaction tasks are determined for which it is necessary to coordinate the efforts of the elements of the combat formation (units, fire weapons, personnel) among themselves, with their neighbors, as well as with the forces and means of the senior commander performing tasks in the interests of the platoon (squad, tank).
basic issues of comprehensive provision the main measures for combat support and the order of implementation of measures for moral, psychological, technical and logistics support, the sequence and timing of their implementation, the forces and means involved.
B The main management issues are determined (clarified):
places and times of deployment of the command observation post (the commander’s place in the battle formation);
the procedure for using communication means during preparation and during the execution of the assigned task;
the procedure for communicating control signals, interaction, notification, identification and transfer of control to subordinates.
51. Reconnaissance
consists of visually studying the enemy and the terrain in order to clarify the decision made. It is carried out by the platoon commander with the involvement of subordinate commanders, and in some cases, driver mechanics (drivers) and gunners of combat vehicles.
52. The assignment of combat missions to subordinate and supporting units (fire weapons, personnel) is carried out by issuing combat orders and instructions on the types of comprehensive support personally by the commander verbally and via technical means of communication.
53. The commander of a motorized rifle (grenade launcher, anti-tank) platoon organizes interaction, comprehensive support and management with the involvement of commanders of regular and attached units, and the commander of a tank platoon - with all personnel.
54. Interaction is organized according to the stages of completing the received task, directions of action, milestones and time. In the course of its organization, warning signals, interaction, control and the procedure for acting on them, as well as identification signals and methods of target designation and fire adjustment, are communicated to subordinates. If there is time with the units (personnel), the order and methods of joint actions are practically practiced.
As a result of organizing interaction, the commander must achieve a common understanding among the commanders of regular and assigned units (fire weapons) of the task received and how to carry it out, knowledge of warning signals by all personnel, interaction, control and procedures for them.
55. Organization of comprehensive support includes the organization of combat support and the organization of the implementation of measures for moral, psychological, technical, and logistical support. In the instructions, the platoon (squad, tank) commander determines: the main activities of the type of comprehensive support, the time, place and order of their implementation, the forces and means involved, as well as the tasks of the units (personnel).
56. Organizing management the platoon (squad, tank) commander updates (clarifies) radio data and the procedure for using communications equipment, determines the procedure for monitoring the signals of the senior commander.
57. Preparing a platoon (personnel, weapons and military equipment) to carry out the assigned task……..
If necessary, events can be organized and carried out to coordinate units and combat groups, as well as training with personnel in relation to the nature of the upcoming actions.
58.
During practical work The platoon commander must listen and clarify the decisions of his subordinates (if necessary), the tasks solved in their interests by the forces and means of the senior commander, and also make sure that the battle (fulfillment of the task received) is fully prepared and the units (personnel, weapons and military equipment) are ready to perform the tasks assigned to them.
During the work, the platoon commander must check the knowledge of all personnel:
the opposing enemy;
their tasks, methods and sequence of their implementation;
order of interaction;
control signals, interaction, warning, identification and procedures for action on them;
quality of preparation of weapons, weapons and military equipment for use (combat use);
equipment of personnel, their provision with ammunition and other material resources, their knowledge of consumption rates, the size of emergency reserves and the procedure for replenishing ammunition during the execution of the assigned task.
If subordinates, weapons and military equipment are not ready to carry out the assigned task, the commander is obliged to immediately report this to the senior commander.
59. Control of a platoon (squad, tank) when performing assigned tasks consists of:
in observing the results of actions and fire,
clarification of the decision made on the current situation (techniques and methods for completing the task),
setting (clarifying) tasks for units (subordinates) and fire weapons.
IN The report to the senior manager indicates:
where and what task the unit performs;
the situation of neighbors;
composition and nature of enemy actions.
about a sudden attack by the enemy or his appearance where he was not expected;
about detected barriers and infection zones;
capture of prisoners, documents, weapons and equipment of the enemy;
the enemy's use of new means of warfare and methods of action;
a sharp change in the enemy’s actions (sudden withdrawal, transition to defense, carrying out a counterattack) and the position of neighbors, as well as loss of interaction with them;
every decision made on its own initiative in connection with a change in the situation.
OFFENSIVE
1. General Provisions
179. The offensive is carried out with the aim of defeating the opposing enemy, capturing the designated objective and creating conditions for subsequent actions. It consists of defeating the enemy by all available means, a decisive attack, the rapid advancement of troops into the depths of his battle formation, the destruction and capture of manpower, the seizure of weapons, equipment and various objects. Defeat means inflicting such damage on the enemy that he loses the ability to resist.The personnel of a platoon (squad, tank), using the results of fire defeat of the enemy, must conduct an offensive with full effort, continuously day and night, in any weather and in close cooperation with other units to defeat the opposing enemy.
180.
Depending on the situation and the assigned tasks, an offensive can be carried out against a defending, advancing, or retreating enemy.
Depending on the readiness of the enemy’s defense and the degree of fire damage, the attack of the platoon (squad, tank) on the defending enemy is carried out with extension from the depths or from a position of direct contact with it.
181.
The offensive of a platoon (squad, tank) includes the sequential execution of a number of tactical tasks, the main of which are: occupying the starting position for the attack; advancing to the line of transition to attack, deploying elements of the battle formation and approaching the enemy; overcoming engineering obstacles and natural obstacles; attack and possession of the specified object; development of the offensive in the depths of the defense and pursuit of the enemy.
182.
Offensive from deep usually begins from the initial area by successively deploying units to attack on the move.
To ensure the organized advancement of units and the simultaneous attack of the enemy, the following are assigned: an advance route, a starting point, deployment lines, a transition line to attack, and when attacking on foot for motorized rifle units - a dismount line.
To coordinate the actions of motorized rifle, tank, grenade launcher units, as well as artillery units firing from closed firing positions, a line of safe removal from explosions of their shells and mines (grenades). Safe removal for motorized rifle units attacking on foot - 400
m, attacking on infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), - 300
m; for tank units - 200
m.
In the event of the use of nuclear weapons, it is indicated safe removal line, when approaching which troops take the necessary protective measures.
For motorized rifle units, vehicles may be assigned places for landing troops on tanks. At the same time, collection points are assigned to vehicles. They are called to their units at the command of the company commander.
183. Attacking the defending enemy from a position of direct contact with him begins in a pre-created battle formation from the initial positions of the companies, which are engaged after the necessary regrouping or with a change of defending units. The line for going on the attack, as a rule, is designated along the first trench.
At the company's initial position, motorized rifle platoons (squads) with reinforcements are located in trenches and adjacent communication passages, and infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) occupy firing positions next to or behind their squads. If it is impossible for infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) to covertly occupy firing positions with their platoon, they can be located at the initial position of the attached (cooperating) tank unit or remain at the firing positions occupied until regrouping (change). They are controlled by the deputy platoon commander.
A tank platoon can be located as part of a first-echelon unit in firing positions at the company’s starting position at a distance 2-4 km or in a battalion’s waiting position at a distance of 5-7 km from the front edge of the enemy’s defense.
The grenade launcher platoon occupies a position behind the first echelon companies at a distance of up to 300
m, and an anti-tank platoon - up to 100
m. The anti-tank squad of a company usually takes a position in a trench in the direction of concentration of the main efforts of the company.
Fire weapons allocated for direct fire are located at firing positions at a distance that ensures the effective execution of fire missions.
184.
When attacking from a position of direct contact with the enemy with a change of defending troops a motorized rifle platoon as part of a company advances to the area of meeting with the guides and, dismounting, along hidden paths, and subsequently along communication passages and trenches it reaches its initial position and occupies it, taking over from the surrendering unit a strong point (position), a diagram of a strong point ( fire card), minefield form and all available data about the enemy. Infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) are located in shelters in the direction of action of their units and move towards them, as a rule, during fire preparation. The vehicles remain at the designated collection point, ready to be moved.
Regrouping can be carried out along the front or with the withdrawal of units in depth.
When regrouping along the front, the personnel of the motorized rifle platoon secretly advances along trenches and communication passages to the company’s starting position and takes the starting position for the attack, if necessary, equipping the occupied section of the trench with additional cells; prepares devices for jumping out of trenches, reloads magazines (belts), prepares hand grenades for action.
Infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) of the platoon remain in their firing positions and move towards the platoon during fire preparation for the attack. Infantry fighting vehicles during the period of fire preparation for an offensive can be called upon to conduct direct fire from occupied positions or, with the start of fire preparation, move to new ones to destroy designated targets.
A grenade launcher (anti-tank) platoon, as a rule, occupies positions where it opens and equips trenches.
If a company is replaced by a newly arriving unit, then a motorized rifle platoon within the company secretly, using trenches and communication passages, enters the assembly area, and then moves to the company’s original position in the second or third trench.
The tank platoon usually remains in its strong point and is used for direct fire. He advances to the line of transition to attack during fire preparation for an offensive from an occupied strong point.
When the enemy goes on the offensive, the shift (regrouping) stops and all units repel his attack. The commander of the unit being replaced controls the battle. The units that arrived to relieve themselves are also subordinate to him.
185. Attack consists in the rapid and non-stop movement of tank and motorized rifle units in battle formation, combined with intense fire from tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers), and, as they approach the enemy, from other types of weapons in order to destroy him.
Before the attack, according to the plan of the senior commander, fire preparation for the offensive is carried out, and during the offensive, fire support for the attacking troops is carried out.
An attack on foot is used when breaking through the enemy’s prepared defense, fortified area, or capturing locality, as well as on rugged terrain that is difficult to reach for tanks and infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers).
When attacking on foot, the personnel of motorized rifle units act directly behind the tanks at a distance that ensures their safety from exploding shells (mines) of their artillery and support the advance of the tanks with small arms fire. In this case, infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) move from line to line (from cover to cover), using folds in the terrain; They operate behind their squads at a distance that provides reliable fire support for attacking tanks and personnel of motorized rifle units with fire from their weapons, or directly in the battle formations of their units.
An attack on infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) is used on terrain accessible to them when attacking an enemy who has hastily gone over to the defensive, in the absence of organized resistance, and also when the enemy’s defenses have been reliably suppressed and most of its anti-tank weapons were destroyed. In this case, tanks attack after the explosions of their artillery shells, and motorized rifle units in infantry fighting vehicles (armored personnel carriers) - in the battle line behind the tanks at a distance of 100-200 m, firing from all their fire weapons.
A motorized rifle unit in vehicles attacks the enemy, usually on foot. In some cases (in muddy times, in the presence of deep snow cover, and in other conditions), the personnel of a motorized rifle unit can carry out an assault with the enemy, and in some areas, by landing on tanks.
DEFENSE
1. General Provisions
60. Defense has purpose repel the advance (attack) of superior enemy forces, inflict maximum losses on him, hold a strong point (position, object) and thereby create favorable conditions for subsequent actions.Defense must be sustainable and active, capable of withstanding enemy attacks using all types of weapons, repelling the advance of his superior forces, their attack from the front and flanks. It must be prepared for long-term combat in conditions where the enemy uses high-precision weapons, weapons of mass destruction and electronic warfare.
Stability and activity of defense are achieved by: endurance, stamina and tenacity of the defending units, their high morale; skillfully organized defense and fire system; continuous reconnaissance of the enemy; careful camouflage of occupied positions and boundaries; skillful use of favorable terrain conditions, its engineering equipment and the use of methods of warfare unexpected for the enemy; timely maneuver by units (fire weapons) and fire; immediate destruction of the enemy who has penetrated the defense; constant implementation of measures for radiation, chemical and biological protection, protection from precision weapons and information and psychological influence of the enemy; persistent and long-term retention of strongholds (positions, lines); comprehensive provision and training of personnel for long-term combat operations, including in conditions of complete encirclement.
A platoon (squad, tank) must stubbornly defend the occupied strong point (position, line) and not leave it without an order from a senior commander.
Defense can prepare out of contact with the enemy or in direct contact with it, for a long time or V short time.
61.
Defense of a platoon (squad, tank) includes the sequential execution of a number of tactical tasks, the main of which are: occupying and building a defense; destruction of enemy units as they deploy and go on the attack; repelling an attack by his units and holding occupied strongholds (positions); destruction (defeat) of enemy units that broke into the front line and wedged into the defense.
Success in battle has always depended on the quality of control. Skillful management of units helps defeat the enemy with minimal losses and achieve victory in a short time. In modern conditions, managing a unit is a complex process. The noticeable limitation of time for organizing a battle, the increased volume and change in the content of the commander’s work, as well as the emergence of qualitatively new types of troops, special troops and weapons of destruction required the unit commander to increase the validity of his decisions, the ability to foresee the course of events, creative application of knowledge, combat requirements statutes.
Timely and well-organized uninterrupted control of units contributes to seizing and maintaining the initiative, secrecy in preparing for combat and surprise strikes against the enemy, rapid use of the results of nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy, and timely implementation of measures to protect units from weapons of mass destruction. In addition, it allows for more efficient use of the combat capabilities of forces and assets participating in combat.
4.1. The essence and requirements for commanding a unit in combat
Management of units consists of the purposeful activities of unit commanders to maintain high combat readiness of units, prepare them for battle and guide them in carrying out assigned tasks, as well as timely implementation of measures to ensure the organization and conduct of combat.
1) Maintaining constant combat readiness and high moral and psychological state of the unit’s personnel;
2) Continuous acquisition and study of situational data, timely decision-making for battle and clarification of it during the battle;
3) Assigning combat missions to subordinates, organizing and maintaining continuous interaction;
4) Organization and implementation of combat support activities;
5) Constant management of the preparation of units for battle;
6) Organization of management and communications;
7) Constant monitoring of the implementation of assigned tasks by subordinates and providing them with assistance;
8) Restoring the combat effectiveness of units exposed to weapons of mass destruction by the enemy.
The highly maneuverable nature of modern combined arms combat, rapid and abrupt changes in the combat situation require that unit control be: sustainable, continuous, operational and covert.
Sustainability management lies in knowing the actual situation; rapid restoration of damaged control and communications; in the timely collection of situation data, decision-making, reporting to the senior commander and communicating it to subordinates; maintaining reliable communications with subordinates, interacting units and senior commanders; reliable protection of the control point from all types of weapons used by the enemy, as well as from interference from its radio-electronic equipment.
In defense, the unit commander is located at a command observation post (COP), which is equipped during communication, or in an infantry fighting vehicle (armored personnel carrier) in a place from which the best observation of the terrain, the enemy, the actions of his subordinates and neighbors is ensured, as well as continuous control of the unit . Together with the commander there are liaison officers from subordinate and attached units; They also perform the duties of observers.
The high pace of modern combat, sudden and frequent changes in the situation, and the company commander's command and observation post (COP) being on the move for a long time require the commander to continuously control the units. Continuity of control is manifested in the constant influence of the commander on the course of the battle in the interests of the successful completion of the assigned tasks by the units.
In order to achieve continuity of control, it is necessary to skillfully select the location of the command and observation post, locate it covertly and move it in a timely manner, especially when fighting at night and in difficult-to-reach terrain. If control is disrupted during the battle, the commander immediately takes measures to restore it.
Efficiency management of the unit will be decisively determined by such requirements as efficiency. Its essence lies in the timely and rapid implementation of all activities both in preparing units to carry out assigned tasks and during combat. In the conditions of modern combat, the struggle to gain time and timely response to changes in the situation becomes a decisive moment of control.
Stealth control is important in our time due to the increase in the enemy’s capabilities to conduct reconnaissance and engage fire targets by various means. So, for example, having established the location of the command post of your units, the enemy is able to quickly disable it and thereby disrupt control.
You can eliminate such consequences by:
maintaining the secrecy of all ongoing activities to prepare units for battle;
restrictions on the circle of people privy to the plan for the upcoming battle (each commander should know only what he needs and within the established time frame);
covert placement and movement of control points;
compliance with the rules and procedures for conducting negotiations, transmitting commands (signals) and setting tasks via radio communications;
coding cards and using tables of call signs, signals and talk tables.
To ensure control, departments use radio wire, mobile and signal communications. The platoon (company) commander controls the unit by issuing commands and signals, and sometimes using the “do as I do” principle.
Control of combat operations on the ground is carried out from a command and observation post, which is designed for continuous control of units and fire during the battle, observation of the terrain, the enemy, as well as the actions of subordinates and neighbors. The order of placement and movement of the unit commander's command post in a combat situation is determined by the nature of the units' actions (situated on the spot, marching, conducting an offensive, counter battle, defense).
When located on site, the unit commander's command post is located at the head of the unit's column located along the advance route.
When operating on foot, the commander of a motorized rifle platoon dismounts and is located behind the platoon chain (at a distance of up to 50 m) in a place from where it is more convenient to see and control his platoon. The squad leader advances directly in the chain. The company and battalion commander are located in the command post, which is equipped with an infantry fighting vehicle.
In defense, the platoon commander's command post is usually equipped in the depths of a strong point in a trench or during communication in a place from which the best observation of the terrain, the enemy, the actions of his subordinates and neighbors is ensured, as well as continuous control of the platoon. Together with the platoon commander, there are liaison officers from the squads in the control post, and they also perform the duties of observers.
On the march, the unit commander follows at the head of the column.
? Questions for self-control
What is the essence of management?
What are the requirements for managing departments and how are they achieved?
The place of the unit commander in various environmental conditions.
