Buying wrist watch, we often pay attention to the value of Water Resistant (moisture resistance) and their security index, but, as practice shows, not everyone is clear due to international standard moisture indexes. It is widely believed that if a watch can withstand high pressure, it is protected from water entering the case when swimming and diving, although in fact the manufacturer guarantees that it will only work in the rain or from splashes when washing. What do the water resistance markings on watches really mean?

Units of measurement of moisture protection

Watch water resistance is measured in meters, atmospheres or bars. One bar (1 bar) is equal to one atmosphere (1 atm). Both units correspond to water pressure at a depth of 10 meters. That is, with an index of 1 bar (or 1 atm), the watch can withstand water pressure at a depth of 10 meters. For waterproof watches, in addition to the ability of the case and glass to withstand water pressure, the tightness of the crown is also important, which, in turn, must also withstand water pressure.

So, watches marked Water Resistant 3 ATM, 3 BAR and 30 meters are protected from moisture and splashes, but it is not recommended to immerse them entirely in water, since the manufacturer does not guarantee their performance in this case. The crown of this watch is leaky. The value of 3 atm (3ATM) indicates that the watch was subjected to a pressure of 3 atmospheres during the test, but was not heated.

However, risky daredevils are diving in tri-atmospheric at a depth of more than 18 m.

Name BAR pressure gauges is of Greek origin. So the Greek word means unbearable. The resulting measure, millibar, is often used in meteorology.

The bar belongs to the list of units established by the units of force and area. There are two identically named units, which is called a bar. One of which is the unit of measurement of pressure, integrated into the physical system of measures "CGS" - centimeter, gram, second. This measure is recognized as 1 dyne per cm square, despite the fact that 1 dyne is a measure of force determination installed in the system.

1 bar - what pressure?

In turn, 1 bar is understood as a non-standard, meteorological measure, which is also referred to as the system atmosphere. The proportion between the two bars is as follows - one bar or one systemic atmosphere equals 106 dynes per cm2.

Along with the system atmosphere, in reality, the technical or metric atmosphere, as well as the normal or physical atmosphere, is used. Technical or metric atmosphere is used in technical method measures of the ICSC. It, in turn, is marked in kgf per cm square. The metric atmosphere is assigned to the role of determining the pressure produced with a force of 1 kgf, oriented perpendicularly and measured measuredly, on a flat surface with an area of ​​1 cm2. The correspondence for a bar with a metric atmosphere is as follows - 1 bar is equal to 10197 kgf per cm square.

The normal atmosphere acts as an off-system measure equal to the pressure on the Earth's surface. It acts like pressure balanced at a height of 760 millimeters of mercury, at 0 degrees Celsius, normal mercury density and natural acceleration of free fall. Comparison between a bar and a normal atmosphere to the extent that 1 bar equates to 0.98692 atmospheres.

Often, for fast and comfortable calculations, perfect scrupulousness is not needed. For this reason, it is possible to round the numbers presented before this, causing this to be the factor of error that you can allow in the measurements.

At the bottom of the ocean, where the water pressure reaches 100 megapascals, deep-sea fish live. The organism of these living beings has been adapted to the extreme conditions of life since time immemorial. Does air act on land like water on the bottom of the expanses of the sea? How does it manifest itself, how can its impact be measured? How many atmospheres is 1 bar?

Mercury, water, wine...

The earth is surrounded by a layer of air, consisting of a mixture of gases. This air layer is called the atmosphere. Objects on Earth are subject to atmospheric influence.

E. Toricelli (1608 - 1647) was the first to come up with a method for measuring it.

3 years after the mercury barometer was made, the great B. Pascal designed a water barometer. The scientist repeated the experiment, replacing mercury with water. But this seemed to him not enough. He continued to experiment with oil, wine and ... who knows how many liquids leaked during the research!

There are many units of pressure measurement:

• Pa - pascal (and its derivatives: MPa (megapascal), kPa (kilopascal)
• atmosphere
• millimeters of mercury
• inches of mercury
• millimeters of water column
• inches of water
• kilogram of force per cm 2 (kgf / cm 2)
• meters of water column

Relationship between different units of measurement

Using the table, you can compare different values ​​\u200b\u200band find out how 1 bar will be measured in atmospheres, or find out how many kPa are 1 kgf / cm 2.

Instantly convert pressure units and express atmospheres in mmHg. Art. you can follow the link.

The list shows the most common transitions:

• bar = 100 kPa
• bar = 1 tech. atm (at)
• bar = 750 mmHg pillar
• bar = 0.1 MPa
• bar \u003d 1.0197 kgf / cm 2

A bar is one of the quantities by which pressure can be measured. It has nothing to do with a barrel, that is, a unit of oil volume. Unless only the first three sonorous letters unite them.

Let's compare the values:

• 1 pa = 0.00001 bar
• kilopascal = 0.01 bar
• pascal = 9.869210 -6 atm
• kpa = 9.869210 -3 atm
• megapascal = 9.8692 atm
• kilogram force / cm 2 \u003d 0.98 bar
• atm = 101325 Pa

Explanation: at - technical atmosphere, atm - physical. The physical atmosphere is characterized by exposure to gas at 760 mmHg. and a temperature of 0 0 C. The term "technical atmosphere" is appropriate for normal specifications, characterized by a pressure of 735.6 mm Hg. at t=15 0 C.

If you need to translate bars into atmospheres, feel free to click here - without any problems, everything is very clear.

Let's summarize

A few words need to be said about the "foreigners" in our table - the "psi" and "psf" measurements.

Pounds scuare feet (psf) are pounds per square foot; they, as well as "psi" (pounds scuare inches) - pounds per square inch, can measure pressure when described in English sources. So, for example, one kgf / cm2 is approximately equal to 14 psi.

And on this video concrete example illustrated in an accessible way how to convert one unit to another within the SI system:

Having delved into the topic, you will soon learn how to convert not only MPa to kilogram s / cm 2, but also make a reverse translation, i.e. convert kilogram s/cm 2 to MPa.

Dear friends and readers of the Web-Mechanic.RF website, we continue to reveal the topic conversion of various quantities. Today we will look at the conversion of the value pressure.

What is pressure? Pressure is a physical quantity, which is equal to the force that acts per unit area perpendicular to this surface.

Pressure conversion tables

Under pressure, the ratio of force F to area A rises: p = F/A

Force F is measured in newtons, area A in m2. Therefore, pressure is measured in N/m2, the unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa).

The technique uses large units of pressure, such as the megapascal (MPa), hectopascal (hPa), or bar. At low pressure, a millibar (mbar) is used.

Important: The previously common pressure units such as atm, atm, torr and mmH2O are no longer allowed. Art.!

Example:

The pressure is 3.67 MPa. How much will it be in a bar?

(1) In the first column ("Unit") go down to 1 MPa.

(2) In the "bar" row, reach the value "10".

(3) Since it is required to find 3.67 MPa, the value of 10 is multiplied by 3.67.

(4) Result: 3.67 MPa = 3.67 x 10 = 36.7 bar.

bar - psi conversion table

In the Anglo-American language space, the unit of pressure is pounds per square inch (psi).

The conversion factor from bar to psi is 14.504 (rounded), i.e. 1 bar = 14.504 psi.

The conversion factor when converting from psi to bar is 0.069 (rounded value), i.e. 1 psi = 0.069 bar.

Calculation example:

(1) Given: 22.6 bar

Find: value in psi

Solution: conversion factor bar - psi = 14.504

22.6 x 14.504 = 327.79 psi

(2) Given: 80 psi

Find: value in bar

Solution: conversion factor psi - bar = 0.069

80 x 0.069 = 5.52 bar

Remember:
m of water. Art. = meter of water column
mmHg Art. = millimeter of mercury; also used mm Hg
(Hg = hydrargyrum)
atm = physical atmosphere
at = technical atmosphere

For more information on pressure units and pressure calculation, see the pressure standard DIN 1314.

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1 technical atmosphere [at] = 0.980665000000027 bar [bar]

Initial value

Converted value

pascal exapascal petapascal terapascal gigapascal megapascal kilopascal hectopascal decapascal decipascal centipascal millipascal micropascal nanopascal picopascal femtopascal attopascal newton per sq. newton meter per sq. centimeter newton per sq. millimeter kilonewton per sq. meter bar millibar microbar dynes per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. meter kilogram-force per sq. centimeter kilogram-force per sq. millimeter gram-force per sq. centimeter ton-force (short) per sq. ft ton-force (short) per sq. inch ton-force (L) per sq. ft ton-force (L) per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch kilopound-force per sq. inch lbf/sq. ft lbf/sq. inch psi poundal per sq. ft torr centimeter of mercury (0°C) millimeter of mercury (0°C) inch of mercury (32°F) inch of mercury (60°F) centimeter of water column (4°C) mm w.c. column (4°C) inch w.c. column (4°C) foot of water (4°C) inch of water (60°F) foot of water (60°F) technical atmosphere physical atmosphere decibar walls per square meter pieze barium (barium) Planck pressure meter sea water foot sea ​​water (at 15 ° C) meter of water. column (4°C)

Specific fuel consumption

More about pressure

General information

In physics, pressure is defined as the force acting per unit area of ​​a surface. If two identical forces act on one large and one smaller surface, then the pressure on the smaller surface will be greater. Agree, it is much worse if the owner of studs steps on your foot than the mistress of sneakers. For example, if you press the blade of a sharp knife on a tomato or carrot, the vegetable will be cut in half. The surface area of ​​the blade in contact with the vegetable is small, so the pressure is high enough to cut through the vegetable. If you press with the same force on a tomato or carrot with a blunt knife, then most likely the vegetable will not be cut, since the surface area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe knife is now larger, which means the pressure is less.

In the SI system, pressure is measured in pascals, or newtons per square meter.

Relative pressure

Sometimes pressure is measured as the difference between absolute and atmospheric pressure. This pressure is called relative or gauge pressure and it is measured, for example, when checking the pressure in car tires. Measuring instruments often, though not always, it is the relative pressure that is shown.

Atmosphere pressure

Atmospheric pressure is the air pressure at a given location. It usually refers to the pressure of a column of air per unit surface area. A change in atmospheric pressure affects the weather and air temperature. People and animals suffer from severe pressure drops. Low blood pressure causes problems in people and animals of varying severity, from mental and physical discomfort to diseases with lethal outcome. For this reason, aircraft cabins are maintained at a pressure above atmospheric pressure at a given altitude because the atmospheric pressure at cruising altitude is too low.

Atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude. People and animals living high in the mountains, such as the Himalayas, adapt to such conditions. Travelers, on the other hand, should take the necessary precautions so as not to get sick because the body is not accustomed to such low pressure. Climbers, for example, can get altitude sickness associated with a lack of oxygen in the blood and oxygen starvation of the body. This disease is especially dangerous if you stay in the mountains for a long time. Exacerbation of altitude sickness leads to serious complications, such as acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, high-altitude cerebral edema, and the most acute form of mountain sickness. The danger of altitude and mountain sickness begins at an altitude of 2400 meters above sea level. To avoid altitude sickness, doctors advise avoiding depressants such as alcohol and sleeping pills, drinking plenty of fluids, and ascending altitude gradually, such as on foot rather than in transport. It's also good to eat plenty of carbohydrates and get plenty of rest, especially if the climb is fast. These measures will allow the body to get used to the lack of oxygen caused by low atmospheric pressure. If these guidelines are followed, the body will be able to produce more red blood cells to transport oxygen to the brain and internal organs. To do this, the body will increase the pulse and respiratory rate.

First aid in such cases is provided immediately. It is important to move the patient to a lower altitude where atmospheric pressure is higher, preferably lower than 2400 meters above sea level. Drugs and portable hyperbaric chambers are also used. These are lightweight, portable chambers that can be pressurized with a foot pump. A patient with mountain sickness is placed in a chamber in which pressure is maintained corresponding to a lower altitude above sea level. This camera is used only for providing the first medical care, after which the patient must be lowered.

Some athletes use low blood pressure to improve circulation. Usually, for this, training takes place under normal conditions, and these athletes sleep in a low-pressure environment. Thus, their body gets used to high altitude conditions and begins to produce more red blood cells, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood, and allows them to achieve better results in sports. For this, special tents are produced, the pressure in which is regulated. Some athletes even change the pressure throughout the bedroom, but sealing the bedroom is an expensive process.

suits

Pilots and cosmonauts have to work in a low pressure environment, so they work in spacesuits that allow them to compensate for low pressure. environment. Space suits completely protect a person from the environment. They are used in space. Altitude compensation suits are used by pilots at high altitudes - they help the pilot breathe and counteract low barometric pressure.

hydrostatic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a fluid caused by gravity. This phenomenon plays a huge role not only in engineering and physics, but also in medicine. For example, blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of blood against the walls of blood vessels. Blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries. It is represented by two values: systolic, or greatest pressure, and diastolic, or the lowest pressure during a heartbeat. Devices for measuring blood pressure are called sphygmomanometers or tonometers. The unit of blood pressure is millimeters of mercury.

The Pythagorean mug is an entertaining vessel that uses hydrostatic pressure, specifically the siphon principle. According to legend, Pythagoras invented this cup to control the amount of wine he drank. According to other sources, this cup was supposed to control the amount of water drunk during a drought. Inside the mug is a curved U-shaped tube hidden under the dome. One end of the tube is longer, and ends with a hole in the stem of the mug. The other, shorter end is connected by a hole to the inner bottom of the mug so that the water in the cup fills the tube. The principle of operation of the mug is similar to the operation of a modern toilet tank. If the liquid level rises above the level of the tube, the liquid overflows into the other half of the tube and flows out due to the hydrostatic pressure. If the level, on the contrary, is lower, then the mug can be safely used.

pressure in geology

Pressure - important concept in geology. Without pressure, it is impossible to form gemstones, both natural and artificial. High pressure and high temperature are also necessary for the formation of oil from the remains of plants and animals. Unlike gems, which are mostly found in rocks, oil forms at the bottom of rivers, lakes, or seas. Over time, more and more sand accumulates over these remnants. The weight of water and sand presses on the remains of animal and plant organisms. Over time, this organic material sinks deeper and deeper into the earth, reaching several kilometers below the earth's surface. The temperature increases by 25°C for every kilometer below the earth's surface, so at a depth of several kilometers the temperature reaches 50-80°C. Depending on the temperature and temperature difference in the formation medium, natural gas may be formed instead of oil.

natural gems

Gem formation is not always the same, but pressure is one of the main constituent parts this process. For example, diamonds are formed in the Earth's mantle, under conditions of high pressure and high temperature. During volcanic eruptions, diamonds move to the upper layers of the Earth's surface due to magma. Some diamonds come to Earth from meteorites, and scientists believe they were formed on Earth-like planets.

Synthetic gems

The production of synthetic gemstones began in the 1950s and has been gaining popularity in recent years. Some buyers prefer natural gemstones, but artificial gemstones are becoming more and more popular due to the low price and lack of problems associated with natural gemstone mining. Thus, many buyers choose synthetic gemstones because their extraction and sale is not associated with the violation of human rights, child labor and the financing of wars and armed conflicts.

One of the technologies for growing diamonds in the laboratory is the method of growing crystals under high pressure and high temperature. In special devices, carbon is heated to 1000 ° C and subjected to a pressure of about 5 gigapascals. Typically, a small diamond is used as the seed crystal, and graphite is used for the carbon base. A new diamond grows from it. This is the most common method of growing diamonds, especially as gemstones, due to its low cost. The properties of diamonds grown in this way are the same or better than those of natural stones. The quality of synthetic diamonds depends on the method of their cultivation. Compared to natural diamonds, which are most often transparent, most artificial diamonds are colored.

Due to their hardness, diamonds are widely used in manufacturing. In addition, their high thermal conductivity, optical properties and resistance to alkalis and acids are valued. Cutting tools are often coated with diamond dust, which is also used in abrasives and materials. Most of diamonds in production are of artificial origin due to the low price and because the demand for such diamonds exceeds the ability to mine them in nature.

Some companies offer services to create memorial diamonds from the ashes of the deceased. To do this, after cremation, the ashes are cleaned until carbon is obtained, and then a diamond is grown on its basis. Manufacturers advertise these diamonds as a memory of the departed, and their services are popular, especially in countries with a large percentage financially secure citizens, for example, in the USA and Japan.

Crystal growth method at high pressure and high temperature

The high pressure, high temperature crystal growth method is mainly used to synthesize diamonds, but more recently, this method has been used to improve natural diamonds or change their color. Different presses are used to artificially grow diamonds. The most expensive to maintain and the most difficult of these is the cubic press. It is mainly used to enhance or change the color of natural diamonds. Diamonds grow in the press at a rate of approximately 0.5 carats per day.

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