Hazards of industrial environment factors of gravity. Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (make an analysis for a specific example)

Factors production environment can provide harmful effect on the body of a working person.

In occupational health, a dangerous and harmful production factor is distinguished.

A hazardous production factor is an environmental factor and labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

All harmful production factors are divided into a number of groups.

• 1. Physical factors: temperature, humidity, air velocity, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation, electrostatic fields, permanent magnetic fields, power frequency electric and magnetic fields, laser and thermal radiation, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general) , ultrasound, infrasound, aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action, natural lighting (absence or insufficiency) or artificial, electrically charged air particles (aeroions).
• 2. Chemical factors: chemicals and some biological substances: antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations.
• 3. Biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, living cells and spores.
• 4. Factors of the labor process, characterizing the severity of physical labor.
• 5. Factors of the labor process, characterizing the intensity of labor.

Any work can be characterized by heaviness and tension.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting mainly the load on the musculoskeletal system and the functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.), which ensure its activity.

The severity of labor is determined by the energy (power) component and is characterized by certain indicators.

Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotyped working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, emotional sphere employee and the degree of its severity.

Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (according to special scales).

Modern production conditions in connection with scientific and technological progress determine the emergence of both new professions and new harmful factors different nature (for example, physical - plasma processes). The role of psychophysiological factors increases with the introduction of computer technologies, while the physical activity of computer operators is sharply reduced, etc.

Safe working conditions - such conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

The hygienic standards of working conditions are the developed MPCs (maximum permissible concentrations) and MPCs (maximum permissible levels).

A rare production factor is a factor of the labor process or environment, the impact of which, under certain conditions, on an employee can cause an occupational disease, a decrease in working capacity. A hazardous production factor is a factor that can cause an acute illness, a sharp deterioration in health or death.

Dangerous and harmful production factors, according to GOST 12.0.003, are divided into categories:

• physical;
• Chemical;
• biological;
• Psychophysiological.

Scheme 1. Classification of harmful and dangerous factors

One and the same dangerous or harmful factor, in its essence, can simultaneously belong to different classes. The choice of methods and means of ensuring security should be based on the identification of these factors inherent in a particular production equipment or technological process.

Hazardous production factors - mechanical, electrical, falling from a height, falling objects, thermal burns, chemical burns, exposure to elevated or low temperatures, accidents, falls, collapses, collapses of objects and parts, exposure to harmful substances, etc.

Physical factors:

• Moving machines and mechanisms, moving parts of trade and technological equipment, transported goods, containers, collapsing stacks of stored materials;
• Increased / decreased temperature of the surfaces of equipment, products;
• Increased dust content in the air of the working area;
• Increased / decreased air temperature of the working area;
• Increased noise, vibration, air humidity in the workplace;
• Difficulty breathing, dryness of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract;
• Increased / decreased air mobility;
• Increased voltage in the electrical circuit, the closure of which can pass through the human body;
• Increased levels of electromagnetic radiation;
• Absence or deficiency natural light etc.

Chemical Factors- acids, caustic alkalis, disinfectants, detergents.

Psychophysiological factors- physical neuropsychic overload, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work.

Biological factors– impact environment, the possibility of a collision with factors that poison the air, which leads to a temporary or prolonged loss of performance.

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Criteria for assessing working conditions

In accordance with federal law 426-FZ working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

1st class – optimal conditions labor;

2nd grade- permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal (optimal and acceptable classes correspond to normal working conditions);

3rd grade- harmful working conditions, characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect his offspring. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygiene standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers, in turn, are divided into four degrees of harmfulness and danger (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4).

• 1st degree 3rd class (3.1)- working conditions, characterized by deviations of harmful factors from hygienic standards, capable of causing functional changes that require long-term recovery.
• 2nd degree 3rd class (3.2)- levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading to occupational diseases, the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after 15 or more years of work in these conditions;
• 3rd degree 3rd class (3.3)- working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to development, as a rule, occupational diseases mild and moderate severity during the period of employment, the growth of chronic pathology, including temporary disability;
• 4th degree 3rd class (3.4)- working conditions that can lead to severe forms of occupational diseases - a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

4th grade- dangerous (extreme) working conditions, under which during a work shift, a short period of time, a threat to life is created, a high risk of severe and acute occupational injuries. Work in extreme working conditions is not allowed except for liquidation emergencies, repair work.

Working conditions. In accordance with 426-FZ, workplaces are assessed according to three main criteria: hygienic assessment of existing conditions and the nature of work, an assessment of the safety of workplaces, as well as an assessment of the provision of workers with personal (collective) protection equipment, training, etc.

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Occupational health is a field in medicine that deals with the study of work activities and working conditions, taking into account their effects on the body. Also, this area is developing hygiene standards and measures that are designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational pathologies and make working conditions safer.

The main objectives of occupational health include:

1. Setting the permissible impact of harmful factors on the worker's body.
2. Classification of labor intensity, based on the conditions of the process.
3. Determination of tension and severity of the work process.
4. Organization of the regime of rest and work, as well as the workplace in accordance with rational standards.
5. Research of psychophysical parameters of labor.

Assessing the quality of the worker's environment, it is necessary not only to investigate the impact of various factors, their influence on each other, but also working conditions according to the intensity of the labor process. It is also necessary to develop comprehensive indicators, which will be considered the norm. Occupational hygiene methods can be both instrumental and clinical, physiological. Methods of medical statistics and sanitary inspection are also applicable.

Classification different types the severity and intensity of labor is of particular importance for the rational organization and optimization of working conditions. Such classifications, as well as the allocation of working conditions factors, make it possible to assess different kinds works. In addition, it allows you to find methods for implementing recreational activities taking into account the assessment of the severity and intensity of labor.

Quite often, the intensity of labor is classified taking into account the expenditure of human energy in the process of carrying out work activities. Such an indicator as energy costs is determined by the degree of the coefficient of muscle labor intensity, as well as the neuro-emotional state of a person during work. Another important indicator- working conditions. A person spends 10-12 MJ per day on mental work, and workers doing hard physical work spend from 17 to 25 MJ.

The severity and intensity of labor can be defined as the degree of stress of the organism of a functional plan that occurs in the course of performing work tasks. Depending on the power of work during physical or mental labor, functional stress arises during information overload. The physical burden of labor is the load on the body during activities that require muscle tension and corresponding energy consumption.

Emotional load occurs during the performance of intellectual tasks in the processing of information. Often this type of load is called the nervous tension of labor.

Work environment factors: overview

The harmful effect on the body of the worker is determined by the factors of the working environment. Occupational health distinguishes two main factors - harmful and dangerous. Dangerous is a factor of severity and intensity of work, which can cause an acute illness or a sharp deterioration in the health of an employee or death. A harmful factor can, in the course of work and in the aggregate of certain conditions, cause an occupational disease, a decrease in working capacity of a temporary or chronic nature, increase the number of infectious and somatic pathologies and lead to problems in reproductive function.

Harmful production factors

Conditions affecting the intensity of working conditions can be divided into several groups:

1. Physical. These include humidity, temperature regime, electromagnetic and non-ionizing radiation and fields, air velocity, permanent magnetic fields, electrostatic fields, thermal and laser radiation, industrial noise, ultrasound, vibrations, aerosols, lighting, air ions, etc.
2. Chemical. Biological and chemical substances, including hormones, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, proteins.
3. Biological. Live spores and cells, harmful microorganisms.
4. Factors that characterize the severity of work.
5. Factors that characterize the intensity of work.

Assessment of severity and tension

The severity of labor is most often determined by the load on the musculoskeletal system and various systems organism. The assessment of the severity and intensity of labor is characterized by an energy component and is determined by a number of indicators.

Process severity indicators

These include:

The intensity of labor characterizes the labor process. Also, the concept projects a load on the central nervous system, the emotional area and the sense organs.

Indicators of labor intensity

The data under consideration includes:

1. Sensory, emotional and intellectual loads.
2. Load monotony.
3. Operating mode.
4. Intensity and duration of intellectual load.

Age of Cyberspace

Scientific and technological progress not only provokes the creation of new professions, but also new pathogenic factors. Behind last years the importance of psychophysiological indicators of the severity and intensity of labor has increased significantly, which is due to the development of computer technology.

Safe working conditions are those under which the influence of production factors is minimized and does not exceed hygienic standards. The latter include MPC, or maximum allowable concentrations, and MPC, or maximum allowable levels.

Classification of labor by load

The load, depending on the severity of the work performed, is regulated in sanitary and hygienic requirements that correspond to GOST. In them, all physical types of work are divided into three categories depending on the indicators of the severity and intensity of labor and on the energy costs of the body for their implementation.

• Energy consumption up to 139 watts. Work performed in a sitting position that does not include significant physical factors of labor intensity. This is a series of professions related to precision instrumentation, on clothing industry, in the field of management. Also included are watchmakers, locksmiths, engravers, knitters, etc.
• Energy consumption up to 174 watts. Work performed while standing or requiring a lot of walking. This category includes workers in the printing industry, communications enterprises, markers, bookbinders, photographers, auxiliary workers in agriculture, etc.

Third category. Includes jobs that require more than 290 W of energy consumption. These are professions that do not involve a reduction in labor intensity and include great physical exertion, carrying weights of more than 10 kilograms, work in a blacksmith and foundry, activities of postmen, workers Agriculture, namely: tractor drivers, cattlemen, livestock breeders, etc.

Additional features of working conditions

The conditions in which a person works and their severity can be determined by a number of indicators, namely:

1. Posture and position of the body when performing work. Subdivided this indicator for the following types:

• The horizontal position of the body. This includes high-altitude fitters, welders, mining workers, etc.
• Half-bent or bent position. In this case, it is necessary to clarify the temporary stay in this position as a percentage of the total working time.
• The same movements. The number of movements of the same type that an employee performs per shift is calculated. Not only the local load is taken into account, but also the regional one.

2. Standing time. To classify working conditions as severe, this condition must be constant and include not only a static position in an upright position, but also walking.

3. Tilts of the torso. Typical for agricultural workers in harvesting, weeding, as well as on a dairy farm and construction sites when laying floors and wall cladding. In this case, the number of slopes during the shift is specified.

4. The pace at which the required actions are carried out. This includes work on semi-automatic machines, conveyors and weaving industry.

5. Mode of operation. Usually, shift work or shift work, night shifts and frequent changes in the rhythm of life are recognized as difficult working conditions.

6. Exposure to vibration. The influence can be not only general, but also local. Tractor drivers, combine harvesters, chippers, bulldozer operators, as well as employees of railway and urban transport are exposed to vibrations.

7. Meteorological working conditions. Abnormally low or high temperature operating conditions, high humidity or sudden changes, air speed and drafts.

8. Exposure to radiation of any kind. It can be a magnetic field, laser or ionizing radiation, insolation, influence static electricity and electric fields.

9. Interaction with toxins, namely poisons and other substances harmful to humans.

10. Professional malicious features.

11. Polluted air in the workplace, high level noise and atmospheric pressure.

12. Quite often in one profession there are several factors at once, according to which working conditions can be classified as difficult.

Varieties of intellectual labor

In addition to working conditions, it is also necessary to consider the intensity and severity of work. Many fields of activity combine the mental and physical aspects. However, in modern professional fields, sensory, mental and emotional loads are prevalent. This is due to the fact that mental labor is given a special great importance.

Professions that are associated with the processing of a large amount of information are considered intellectual. The implementation of this kind of activity requires the tension of memory, sensory apparatus, attention, emotions and thinking.

Occupational health identifies five main intellectual activities:

1. Operator labor. It implies the management of equipment, technological processes and machines. This area involves great responsibility and tension of a neuro-emotional nature.
2. Management work. This group includes teachers and teachers, as well as heads of organizations and enterprises. This area of ​​activity provides for an increasing amount of information, a small amount of time for its processing and personal responsibility for decisions made. The workload is irregular and solutions are often non-standard. Sometimes conflicts may arise, the solution of which also requires a certain emotional tension.
3. Creation. Such professions, as a rule, include writers, artists, composers, artists, designers, architects and others. This activity involves the creation of non-standard algorithms based on years of training and qualifications. In these areas, it is necessary to have initiative, good memory, and the ability to concentrate. All this causes increased nervous tension.
4. Medical workers. The following features are considered typical for all workers in this field: lack of information, close contact with sick people, a high degree of responsibility to patients.
5. Educational area. Students and students need to constantly strain their attention, memory, perception, be resistant to stressful situations when passing exams, tests or tests.

The stress of a neuro-emotional nature is characterized depending on the workload and density of the work schedule, the number of actions performed, the complexity and volume of information to assimilate, the time spent on the operation.

Types of working conditions according to the intensity of the work process

There are several classes that show the degree of assessment of labor intensity:

• First grade. Light degree of tension. The criteria for this class are: work in one shift without night work workplace, no need to make a decision in an emergency mode, an individual work plan, the actual length of the working day is up to 7 hours, the exclusion of risk to life, the exclusion of responsibility for other persons. This category includes those professions that do not undergo drastic changes and do not require concentration on more than one subject. The work itself is of a small volume, for example, a secretary, a timekeeper, a typist, etc.
• The second class is characterized as acceptable and has an assessment of labor intensity of an average degree. This category assumes moderate nervous tension and the performance of tasks of an average degree of complexity. Responsibility is only for specific types actions that are typical for this field of activity. The second class includes economists, accountants, legal advisers, engineers, librarians and doctors.
• The third class denotes hard work. These areas of activity involve strong mental stress, a large volume production activities, the load on attention for a long time, the ability to quickly process a large amount of information. TO this species works include heads of large organizations and enterprises, leading specialists of departments, for example, chief accountants, designers and technologists. In addition, this includes activities that provide for a continuous flow of information and an instant response to it. These can be dispatchers at airports, railway stations, duty and metro operators, television workers, telephonists and telegraph operators, as well as emergency doctors, intensive care units, etc. The latter category also implies work in time pressure, increased responsibility for decisions made with a lack of information. The length of the working day is not standardized and is usually more than 12 hours. High degree risk and responsibility for the lives of other people are also indicators of labor intensity.
• The fourth class includes extreme working conditions. They mean the presence of factors that can pose a threat to life during work or lead to the development of serious complications for the health of the worker. Such especially dangerous activities include mine rescuers, firefighters, liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, etc. This is the hardest and most intense work that does not pass without a trace for the human condition. Working in such conditions is permissible only in case of emergency. A prerequisite is the use of personal protective equipment.

The definitions of the main parameters used in the field of occupational health are given in Guideline R 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

Occupational hygiene is a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of their work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person.

Harmful production factor - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to a violation of the health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

• - physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols, predominantly of fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination), increased ultraviolet radiation;
• - chemical factors, including some biological substances (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);
• - biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process that can cause injury, acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

Hygienic standards of working conditions - levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research in the course of work or in the remote periods of life of the present or subsequent generations.

Safe working conditions - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

Depending on the ratio of levels of hazardous and harmful factors and the maximum acceptable levels Working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger are divided into four classes:

• 1 class - optimal working conditions;
• Class 2 - permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal;
• Class 3 - harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect the offspring.
• Class 4 - dangerous (extreme) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

Main hygienic characteristics harmful substances are: maximum allowable concentration (MPC), maximum allowable emission (MPE), toxodose, average lethal toxodose and average lethal dose. The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are the maximum concentrations that are within the established working hours (no more than 40 hours per week). The unit of MPC is milligram per cubic meter. meter (mg/cu.m.).

Depending on the degree of toxicity, all toxic substances are divided into 4 classes (GOST 12.1.007-76. SSBT. Harmful substances.

Classification and General requirements security:

• - extremely dangerous (MPC less than 0.1 mg/m3),
• - highly hazardous (MPC 0.1 mg/m3 to 1.0 mg/m3),
• - moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3),
• - low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m3).

Maximum allowable release - the maximum amount of a hazardous substance, the release of which industrial enterprise over a certain period will not yet lead to an excess of MPC.

Control over the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 - 88. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area.

Hygiene requirements to the microclimate at workplaces are established by the standard GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.

Meteorological conditions (or microclimate) are characterized by the following parameters:

• 1. temperature, t, oC;
• 2. relative humidity j, %;
• 3. air velocity at the workplace V (m/s).

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric pressure P, which affects the partial pressure of the main components of air (oxygen and nitrogen), and, consequently, the breathing process.

The need to take into account the main parameters of the microclimate can be explained on the basis of consideration of the heat balance between the organism and the environment.

The value of heat release Q by the human body depends on the degree of physiological stress in certain meteorological conditions and ranges from 85 J/s (at rest) to 500 J/s (hard work).

The release of heat by the body to the environment occurs as a result of heat conduction through clothing Qt, convection near the body Qk, radiation to the surrounding surfaces Qred, evaporation of moisture Qisp. Part of the heat is spent on heating the exhaled air.

The amount of heat given off by the human body different ways depends on the value of one or another microclimate parameters.

Heat transfer due to evaporation depends on relative humidity and air velocity.

At rest at an ambient temperature of 1800C, the share of Qk - (convection) is about 30%, Qexc ~ 45%, Qexp ~ 20% and Qin - (exhaust air heating) ~ 5%.

Normal thermal well-being (comfortable conditions) corresponding to this type of work is ensured subject to the heat balance Q = Qtherm.od. + Qconv.. + Qred + Qexp + Qair. At t=30-350C, the heat transfer of convection and radiation basically stops.

Humidity is of great importance for the thermoregulation of the body. High humidity (j > 85%) makes thermoregulation difficult due to a decrease in sweat evaporation, and too low humidity (j< 20 %) вызывает пересыхание слизистых оболочек дыхательных путей.

Optimum humidity - 40 - 60%.

Air movement affects the state of the body. The minimum air velocity felt by a person is ~0.2 m/s.

IN winter time air speed should not exceed 0.2 - 0.5 m/s, and in summer 0.2 - 1.0 m/s.

In hot shops, it is allowed to increase the blowing speed up to 3.5 m/s.

GOST 12.1.005-88 establishes the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions for the working area of ​​the premises, the choice of which takes into account:

• 1. season - cold period with an average daily temperature of less than +100C and a warm period - with an average daily temperature of more than +100C t0>+100C.
• 2. category of work:

A. light physical work;

b. physical work of moderate severity;

V. hard physical work.

• 3. permanent or non-permanent workplace.
• 4. Temperature, relative humidity and air velocity are measured at a height of 1.0 m from the floor or work platform when working while sitting, and at 1.5 m when standing.

Hygienists classify human working conditions according to the degree of severity and intensity of the labor process and according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment.

the severity of physical labor- these are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, mass of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped working movements, static load, working postures, body tilts, movement in space.

Labor process factors characterizing labor intensity, is the emotional and intellectual load, the load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, the mode of operation.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes : easy(optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate(permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift; the value of the total effort applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work.

Classification of working conditions according to severity and intensity:

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal– 1st class, admissible– 2nd grade, tense- 3rd grade - work of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are:

o degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity;

: the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens;

, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk for own life and the safety of others;

o monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations;

o working mode, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical work classified by gravity labor, mental- By tension.

Labor that requires physical activity, emotional, intellectual stress, responsibility is classified both according to the severity and intensity of labor.

Such types of labor include the labor of drivers, typesetters in printing houses, computer users who enter large amounts of information into memory, etc. The work of people in these professions is characterized by the stereotype of working movements involving the muscles of the fingers, hands, arms or shoulder girdle, the constancy of the working posture, the tension of the analyzers (primarily vision), the duration of concentrated observation, etc.

Occupational health is a field of medicine that studies human labor activity and the working environment from the point of view of their influence on the body, develops measures and hygienic standards aimed at improving working conditions and preventing occupational diseases. Tasks of occupational health: determination of the maximum permissible levels of harmful production factors, classification of working conditions, assessment of the severity and intensity of the labor process, rational organization regime of work and rest, workplace, study of the psychophysiological aspects of labor activity, etc.

When assessing the quality of the environment, it is necessary to study not only the influence of various parameters, but also their interaction and develop appropriate integrated indicators (for example, a heat stress indicator).

Hygiene methods include instrumental studies of environmental factors, physiological and clinical observations, as well as methods of sanitary inspection and medical statistics.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are the following factors:

physical factors: climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility), electromagnetic fields of various wave ranges (ultraviolet, visible, infrared - thermal, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electrical and magnetic field, ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, ultrasound, irritating aerosols (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination);

chemical factors: harmful substances, including biological ones (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producing microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes:

o 1st grade – optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

o 2nd grade – permissible working conditions- are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes functional state organisms pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

o 3rd grade – harmful working conditions are characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

o 4th grade - dangerous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during the work shift and even part of it creates a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Hard and stressful work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technological progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring the functions of control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automata and electronic computers. Labor activity human should be carried out in acceptable conditions of the working environment. However, when doing some technological processes at present, it is technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the norms for a number of factors of the production environment are not exceeded. Work during harmful conditions should be carried out using personal protection and by reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors (time protection).

Work in dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) is not allowed, except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergency situations. Work must be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.