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Sea trials of the vessel. Testing and delivery of vessels

Abstract on the topic:

TESTS AND SUBMISSION OF VESSELS

Preparation for passing tests

During the construction of a vessel, constant technical control is carried out on products that are intermediate products of hull processing, assembly and welding, mechanical installation and other shops. The scope of inspections during construction is regulated by a list of mandatory acceptances, which is compiled jointly by the construction company and the customer. Technical control ends with testing and delivery of the vessel. The purpose of the tests is to verify compliance of the technical and operational characteristics of the vessel with the characteristics specified in the design documentation.

Before testing the vessel, the installation of all pipelines, main and auxiliary machinery systems must be completed; equipment of premises; impermeability tests; installation of ship equipment and practical items. All completed during the construction process. work included in the list of mandatory acceptances must be documented with appropriate documents - certificates signed by the quality control department and representatives of the customer.

To hand over the vessel to the customer, a delivery commission, a test batch and a responsible delivery person are assigned. The commission includes assistants to the responsible commissioner for hull and electrical parts, a commissioning mechanic, foremen and workers from highly qualified specialist installers for main and auxiliary mechanisms, ship devices, systems, and electrical equipment. The test batch consists of specialists who monitor the operation of individual units during testing. All deviations from normal operating conditions recorded by the test batch are reported to the responsible commissioner or chief mechanic. At the same time, a test log is maintained in which the test results are recorded. The scope and sequence of tests are established by a special program, which is the guiding document for testing.

The acceptance of the vessel is carried out by an acceptance committee consisting of representatives of the customer and the Register. Before the start of testing, the acceptance committee must be presented with a construction contract, a set of drawings of the general layout of the vessel, a book of installation certificates, a log of the weight load of the vessel, a log of alterations and approvals, bench test reports for main and auxiliary mechanisms and other mechanical equipment, as well as instructions, diagrams, descriptions, forms of equipment and passports of control and measuring instruments. After reviewing all submitted documents, the commission makes a decision on readiness to carry out acceptance tests.

In addition to preparation for testing, the vessel testing period includes the following stages: mooring trials, sea trials, inspection, control exit, control tests.

Mooring tests

Mooring tests -- technological stage acceptance tests, the main purpose of which is to check the quality of ship construction, installation and adjustment of equipment; preliminary testing under main load power plant and auxiliary mechanisms; checking the operation of systems and devices that ensure the survivability of the vessel; preparing the vessel for sea trials.

To carry out mooring tests, they are preparing special places with sufficient depth, equipped with coastal mooring devices and having a quay of durable construction.

Mooring tests are carried out separately for mechanical, electrical and hull parts. The mechanical part is tested first, starting with emergency systems and mechanisms that ensure the safety of the vessel during testing (fire system, flooding and water pumping systems). After this, testing of auxiliary energy means takes place: turbogenerators and diesel generators, auxiliary boilers, evaporators, desalination plants, etc. Tests of the main power plant are carried out last. Ship systems, pipelines, electrical networks, power and survivability stations are tested simultaneously with the main mechanisms. Before testing the GTZA of a steam turbine installation, the operation of the shaft-turning and shaft-braking devices, as well as the movement of the turbines into forward and reverse motion, are checked. During mooring tests of a steam turbine installation, hydraulic tests of pipelines of all systems are carried out, including fuel, fire, and steam; check the operation of auxiliary installations (start-up, feed, fuel pumps); carry out pumping of oil through the oil pipeline of the engine room; carry out hydraulic and steam tests of steam pipelines of the engine room; carry out tests of circulation and condensate pumps, as well as pipelines directly connected to turbines; carry out checking the power and lighting networks and starting the turbogenerator, as well as starting the GTZ for idling. Then the operation of the GTZ is checked at a rotation speed that is permissible according to the conditions of mooring reliability, the condition of coastal structures and the depth of the water area.

If the main installation on the ship is diesel, then at the beginning of its tests the serviceability of the shaft turning device, signaling of pressure drop and oil overheating, and turning off the fuel supply when the rotation speed increases above the permissible level are checked; engine starting qualities and starting air reserves. At the next stages, the operation of the main engines is tested at low and medium speeds. If there is an adjustable pitch screw or special unloading devices, the operation is also checked at full speed corresponding to the running mode.

On the hull part, during mooring tests, the displacement of the vessel is checked by measuring the draft according to the marks of the deepening, initial stability (by inclining method), as well as the operation of the anchor, steering, cargo, boat, mooring and towing, railing and awning devices, spars and rigging, outboard ladders, light and sound alarms, spotlights, running lights, bells.

When testing the steering device, the serviceability of the steering drive, the correct operation of the steering wheel position indicators and the operation of the limiters are checked. The anchor device is tested by etching and selecting one by one several links of the anchor chain on the brake band of the capstan or sconce capstan, checking the passage of the anchor chain links through the fairleads, screw stoppers and along the sprocket of the anchor mechanism. In the cargo device, the reliability of the operation of the drums and brakes of cargo winches, the reliability of fastening cargo booms in a stowed manner, and the ease of opening and closing cargo hatch covers are checked. For the lifeboat device, it is necessary to check the ease and correctness of the boats falling out, measuring the time of lowering and raising the boats, and checking the reliability of fastening the boats in a traveling manner.

Hull tests also include checking the operation of the galley, bakery, laundry and other living services on the ship. In addition, the reliability of the battening and tightness of doors, hatches, covers, portholes, etc. is tested. Household equipment is also checked: the reliability of its fastening, completeness.

Simulation tests

In domestic shipbuilding technology, a fairly large number of simulation tests have been developed, which have found wide application in world practice. Simulation tests are a type of vessel acceptance tests, in which the specification parameters of ship equipment are checked during mooring tests in shipyard water conditions that are as close as possible to full-scale ones. Simulation tests are carried out using special unloading or loading devices - simulators that reproduce the running conditions of the ship's equipment.

An unloading device is a special technological device used for simulation tests of the main power plant. The unloading device serves to create easier operating conditions for the equipment. Thus, to unload the propeller along the stop and torque to the calculated values, a reduction in the area of the propeller disk is used due to the ring attachment; a flow-directing chamber that ensures the flow of water to the propeller at a speed equal to its design axial speed; supplying compressed air to the propeller area in order to reduce the density of the water surrounding the propeller. The work of the propeller can also be made easier by reducing the draft of the vessel and, therefore, reducing the depth of the propeller.

Load devices create additional load to check the functionality of the equipment. For example, when testing diesel generators and turbogenerators, the load device is the shore network, where excess electricity is transferred from the vessel being tested.

Simulation tests of the anchor device on mooring lines are carried out in several ways: by securing the anchor chain on the shore while the main engine is running in reverse at design modes; hanging loads on a section of the anchor chain. The most promising method for simulating tests of an anchor device is considered to be a method using a universal loader located on a pontoon and representing a hydromechanical brake with remote control. This method has a number of advantages in terms of versatility, independence technological process tests, accuracy of reproduction of natural conditions.

Simulation devices are also used to test navigation and radar equipment, a gyrocompass, a hydrodynamic log, and hydroacoustic equipment.

To set up radars, special training grounds are set up, located outside the plant and equipped with special reflectors. The direction and distance to the reflectors are known. Radar stations detect reflectors, determine course directions and distances to the reflectors. The data is compared with the true values and adjusted based on station deviations to the required accuracy in determining the required parameters.

Hydroacoustic equipment is checked using a vessel installed under the bottom measuring instrument-- hydrophone, which measures the sound pressure of the vibrator of a sonar device. Based on the measured sound pressure, the range of the hydroacoustic equipment is recalculated.

Simulation tests approximately halve the duration of the acceptance period, make it possible to create stable test conditions, improve the quality of testing and reduce the consumption of fuel and energy resources.

Sea trials and delivery of the vessel

Sea trials are a technological stage of acceptance tests, the purpose of which is to check the operation of the equipment and its parameters under running conditions, as well as to check the seaworthiness of the vessel (buoyancy, stability, controllability, propulsion, maneuverability, strength on waves). Sea trials are divided into factory and acceptance tests.

During the factory sea trials, adjustment and adjustment work is carried out and equipment is prepared for sea acceptance tests. During factory sea trials, the specifications of the main ship engines are checked in terms of power, fuel and oil consumption, and time to develop full power. This check is carried out in various operating modes: at economic speed, cruising speed, full and full speed with all engines running, reverse gear. Simultaneously with checking the power plant, the speed and maneuverability of the vessel are determined. The speed is determined by passing the measuring line indicated by leading signs. At a speed of 18 knots, the ship must pass a measuring line of one mile, at a speed over 18 to 36 knots - two miles, at a speed over 36 knots - three miles. This ensures sufficient accuracy in determining speed. Speed is determined as the average value from measurements on several tacks.

The sea trials program provides for determining the agility of the vessel at low, economic, cruising and full speed. Agility is characterized by circulation elements: circulation diameter (the distance between the return course lines when changing direction by 180°), circulation duration, roll angle during circulation, loss of speed. The circulation diameter is determined in terms of the lengths of the ship's hull. The measurement is carried out by the ship's standard radar stations or special equipment.

The length of the hull also determines the coasting of the vessel due to inertia. When checking inertia, the time from the moment the command is given until the vessel comes to a complete stop or reaches a certain speed is also determined.

Inspection and final acceptance of equipment during sea acceptance tests are carried out while the ship is moving under conditions that ensure that nominal parameters are obtained. According to requirements regulatory documents Equipment testing is carried out under normal climatic conditions (atmospheric pressure 1.01 * 10 5 Pa, temperature 293 K, relative humidity 70%), with a wind force of no more than 3 points on the Beaufort scale, taking into account the depth and speed of the current in the test area.

At the end of the vessel's acceptance sea trials, an inspection of the main and auxiliary mechanisms and devices is carried out according to the list compiled by the selection committee. The list contains those mechanisms and devices in the operation of which deficiencies have been noticed. The audit consists of revealing these mechanisms and eliminating the shortcomings noticed by the commission.

After the inspection, the ship goes to the control exit. If the commission has no more comments, then a certificate of delivery and acceptance of the vessel is signed.

Literature

1. Balyakin O.K. Organization and technology of ship repair: Textbook for vocational technical schools. - M.: Transport, 1986.

2. Gandin B.D. Handbook for repair of marine electrical equipment, issue 3. Marine measuring instruments.

3. Gogin A.F., Kivalkin E.F. Marine diesel engines. Textbook for river schools and technical schools water transport. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Transport, 1987.

4. Kozev A.D., Korabelnikov A.A. Marine internal combustion engines.

After completion of installation and outfitting work on the ship, closing of construction certificates, mooring tests of the ship are carried out in order to check in operation and determine the main characteristics of mechanisms, devices, equipment, instruments, systems, electrical equipment and the entire ship as a whole for compliance with the drawings, diagrams, specifications of the ship, forms and technical specifications their supplies.

In order to save the motor life of standard power sources, electrical equipment is powered from shore-based power sources.

Based on the results of mooring tests, the readiness of the vessel for factory and sea trials is determined.

Factory and running tests are carried out for the purpose of adjustment, adjustment, testing technical means of the vessel, as well as determining the main characteristics of technical equipment and the entire vessel as a whole.

At the end of the tests, an audit of the technical means is carried out through a control opening and inspection of the internal cavities and rubbing parts.

After the inspection of technical equipment and final finishing and painting of the premises and the entire vessel as a whole, the acceptance certificate is signed and the vessel is handed over to the Customer.

In order to save material and financial costs for serial ships, acceptance tests are carried out at the plant wall without the ship moving, using simulation testing methods. For this purpose, simultaneously with mooring and sea trials of technical equipment, comparative tests are carried out in order to check the compliance of the loads and operating parameters of mechanisms and devices obtained during simulation testing methods in the plant’s water area, with the loads and parameters obtained under sea test conditions carried out at the same site. same ship.

Simulation tests of the main ship's power plant are carried out on parameters corresponding to the parameters obtained during bench tests of the engines. The creation of these parameters on a ship located at the wall of the plant is achieved through the use of an unloading device. Simulation tests of the steering device are provided using a loading device. Simulation tests of the anchor device are provided by the method of tensioning the anchor chain. The test parameters for the steering and anchor devices must correspond to the test parameters under sea conditions. Checking the anchor device at the working depth of the anchor is carried out at the control exit during the first operational voyage of the vessel.

Conclusion

The design technology and organization of ship construction are developed taking into account the production conditions of the building plant and the structural and technological characteristics of the ship.

The main fundamental decisions of the design technology and organization provide for the reduction of labor costs and the duration of ship construction by performing the greatest possible amount of work in workshop conditions, priority placement of the most complex work (formation of the hull, and saturation of the III construction region, assembly and saturation of the superstructure) also in workshop conditions , performing work using a mechanized method, using advanced technological processes, reducing the amount of work performed afloat, etc.

Preliminary processing of metal is carried out on mechanized lines.

Cutting of parts, depending on the configuration and thickness, is carried out using guillotine shears, press shears, presses or using thermal cutting on Kristall machines; packaging is carried out in containers.

Assembly and welding of units and sections is carried out on assembly plates, individual and universal beds, jigs and a mechanized line for assembly and welding of flat sections with the widespread use of semi-automatic and automatic welding. Editing of hull structures is carried out using the non-impact method.

The formation of the corps as a whole is carried out from construction areas (enlarged blocks), construction areas - from sections. At the same time, construction areas are maximally saturated with mechanisms and equipment with a high percentage of completion of construction work.

The production of pipes is carried out according to technological maps using group launches of pipes into production, downhole pipes - according to templates on site, individually.

Installation work is carried out in workshop conditions and on a ship. Preliminary installation is carried out in the workshop for assembling units and mounting blocks. Installation work is primarily carried out in saturated areas of the vessel (engine room, superstructure).

The manufacture of finishing products and equipment for ship premises is carried out on machine tools as part of mechanized lines. The technology involves the use modular system formation and equipment of residential and office premises, production of standardized building elements, packages and insulation panels in a workshop environment, use of standardized plastic furniture.

Painting work is carried out primarily using mechanized equipment at the sites where hull structures are assembled in the workshop, at vessel formation positions on an open slipway and afloat. Drying of painted products is natural.

Vessel tests are carried out in the water area of the enterprise using simulation methods. The specified method is used to test main ship propulsion units, steering and anchor devices and radar equipment using a radio range.

List of used literature

1 Fundamentals of shipbuilding technology: Textbook under general. ed. V.F. Sokolova, St. Petersburg: Shipbuilding, 1995.

2 Handbook on assembly and welding equipment of shipyard workshops. L.: Shipbuilding, 1983.

3 Handbook on technological design of shipyards and workshops. A.K. Syrkov, L.: Shipbuilding, 1980.

4 Fundamentals of shipbuilding technology: Textbook under general. ed. V.D. Matskevich, St. Petersburg: Shipbuilding, 1971.

5 Guidelines for a course project on shipbuilding technology (electronic version).

6 Manufacturing technology of ship hull structures. V.V. Ivannikov, M.G. Shaidullin, P.L. Spehov, B.R. Timofeev, - Gorky: Gorkov. Polytechnic Institute, 1988

Annex 1

And the operational qualities of the ship (vessel). Ship tests are carried out after its construction, modernization, re-equipment and repair: they are mooring, factory running and state (acceptance and delivery for small ships of serial construction, ships and ships that have undergone repair and (or) modernization).

Types of ship tests

State tests of the ship carried out by a state commission with the aim of comprehensively checking the quality of the built ship and the compliance of its tactical and technical elements with the approved project. Acceptance tests are carried out by the acceptance commission.

Factory sea trials of the ship are carried out for the purpose of checking, under sea conditions, the main characteristics of combat and technical equipment and the entire ship as a whole for compliance with the approved tactical and technical elements, ship specifications, diagrams, technical descriptions and operating instructions, forms and technical conditions. Sea trials are one of the important elements, completing the process of building ships and ships, and conclude a series of repair, restoration and reconstruction work.
During sea trials, under the conditions of a real sea passage, the reliability and vital functions of power plants, navigation equipment and other ship equipment systems, as well as controllability, stability, loss of speed (propulsion) and inertia are tested. In some cases, in order to successfully carry out sea trials, ships and vessels are checked in various climatic and weather conditions. Depending on the purpose of sea trials, their duration can range from several hours to several days. It is also possible to conduct a whole series of sea trials to monitor, check and adjust various elements of ship equipment.

Notes

Literature

Ship testing// Naval Dictionary / Chernavin V. N. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1990. - P. 165-166. - 511 p. -

Constant technical control of products that are intermediate products of hull processing, assembly and welding, mechanical installation and other shops is carried out regularly during the construction of ships.

The scope of inspections during construction is regulated by a list of mandatory acceptances, which is compiled jointly by the Contractor-shipyard and the Customer.

Technical control ends with testing and delivery of the vessel.

The purpose of the tests is to verify compliance of the technical and operational characteristics of the vessel with the characteristics specified in the design documentation.

Before testing the vessel begins, the following work must be completed:

For installation of all pipelines,

Systems of main and auxiliary mechanisms;

Equipment of premises;

Impermeability tests;

Installation of ship equipment and practical items.

All work performed during the construction process, included in the list of mandatory acceptances, is documented with the appropriate documents - certificates signed by the quality control department and representatives of the customer.

The test batch consists of specialists who monitor the operation of individual units during testing.

All deviations from normal operating conditions recorded by the test batch are reported to the responsible commissioner or chief mechanic. At the same time, a test log is maintained in which the test results are recorded.

The scope and sequence of tests are established by a special program, which is the guiding document for testing.

The acceptance of the vessel is carried out by an acceptance committee consisting of representatives of the customer and the Register.

Before the start of testing, the acceptance committee must be presented with a construction contract, a set of drawings of the general layout of the vessel, a book of installation certificates, a log of the weight load of the vessel, a log of alterations and approvals, bench test reports for main and auxiliary mechanisms and other mechanical equipment, as well as instructions, diagrams, descriptions, forms of equipment and passports of control and measuring instruments (instruments). After reviewing all submitted documents, the commission makes a decision on readiness to carry out acceptance tests.

In addition to preparation for testing, the vessel testing period includes the following stages:

Mooring tests;

Sea trials;

Audit;

Control output;

Control tests.

Mooring tests

Mooring tests of ships (SH) are a technological stage acceptance tests, including Preparation for testing, Mooring tests, Sea trials, Inspection, Control exit, Control tests.

ShI is carried out in a sufficient depth of the shipyard water area near the outfitting quay, equipped with coastal mooring devices, without access to the sea.

The purpose of the SHI is to check the quality of ship construction, installation and adjustment of equipment, preliminary testing under load of the main power plant at idle speed, auxiliary mechanisms, systems and devices that ensure the survivability and safety of the ship, preparing the ship for going to sea for sea trials.

By the beginning of the ship construction work must be completed to the extent provided for in the construction certificates.

Checking the main performance indicators of equipment during the period of ShI and sea trials is carried out according to the methods developed by the Designer for lead ships and by the shipyard for serial ships.

The technique involves the use of non-standard instrumentation, as well as devices with established limits of measurement scales and the required accuracy classes to check parameters and create the required operating conditions for the equipment.

SI is carried out separately for mechanical, electrical and housing parts:

Testing of the mechanical part, starting with emergency systems and mechanisms that ensure the safety of the vessel during testing (fire system, flooding and water pumping systems).

Testing of auxiliary energy equipment: turbogenerators and diesel generators, auxiliary boilers, evaporators, desalination units, etc.

Tests of the main power plant are carried out last. Ship systems, pipelines, electrical networks, power and survivability stations are tested simultaneously with the main mechanisms. Before testing the GTZA of a steam turbine installation, the operation of the shaft-turning and shaft-braking devices, as well as the movement of the turbines into forward and reverse motion, are checked. During the mooring tests of a steam turbine installation, hydraulic tests of pipelines of all systems are carried out, including fuel, fire, and steam; check the operation of auxiliary installations (start-up, feed, fuel pumps); carry out pumping of oil through the oil pipeline of the engine room; carry out hydraulic and steam tests of steam pipelines of the engine room; carry out tests of circulation and condensate pumps, as well as pipelines directly connected to turbines; carry out checking the power and lighting networks and starting the turbogenerator, as well as starting the GTZ for idling. Then the operation of the GTZ is checked at a rotation speed that is permissible according to the conditions of mooring reliability, the condition of coastal structures and the depth of the water area.

Simulation tests

Simulation tests are tests in which the specification parameters of ship equipment are checked during mooring tests in the conditions of the shipyard water area, as close as possible to full-scale ones.

Simulation tests are carried out using special unloading or loading devices - simulators, reproducing the running conditions of the ship's equipment.

An unloading device is a special technological device used for simulation tests of the main power plant. The unloading device serves to create easier operating conditions for the equipment. To unload the propeller along the stop and torque to the calculated values, a reduction in the area of the propeller disk is used due to the ring attachment; a flow-directing chamber that ensures the flow of water to the propeller at a speed equal to its design axial speed; supplying compressed air to the propeller area in order to reduce the density of the water surrounding the propeller. The work of the propeller can also be made easier by reducing the draft of the vessel and, therefore, reducing the depth of the propeller.

Simulation tests of the anchor device on moorings are carried out in several ways: by securing the anchor chain on the shore when the main engine is running in reverse at design modes, or by hanging loads on a section of the anchor chain. The most promising method for simulating tests of an anchor device is considered to be a method using a universal loader located on a pontoon and representing a hydromechanical brake with remote control. This method has a number of advantages in terms of versatility, independence of the testing process, and accuracy of reproducing natural conditions.

Simulation devices are also used to test navigation and radar equipment, a gyrocompass, a hydrodynamic log, and hydroacoustic equipment.

Hydroacoustic equipment is checked using a measuring device installed under the bottom of the vessel - a hydrophone, which measures the sound pressure of the vibrator of the hydroacoustic apparatus. Based on the measured sound pressure, the range of the hydroacoustic equipment is recalculated.

Sea trials and delivery of the vessel

The speed is determined by passing the measuring line indicated by leading signs. At a speed of 18 knots, the ship must pass a measuring line of 1 mile, at a speed of 18 - 36 knots - 2 miles, at a speed over 36 knots - 3 miles. This ensures sufficient accuracy in determining speed. Speed is determined as the average value from measurements on several tacks.

The sea trials program provides for determining the agility of the vessel at low, economic, cruising and full speed.

Agility is characterized by circulation elements:

Circulation diameter (distance between return course lines when changing direction by 180°);

Duration of circulation;

Bank angle during circulation, loss of speed.

The circulation diameter is determined in terms of the lengths of the ship's hull. The measurement is carried out by the ship's standard radar stations or special equipment.

Inspection and final acceptance of equipment during sea acceptance tests are carried out while the ship is moving under conditions that ensure that nominal parameters are obtained. According to the requirements of regulatory documents, equipment is tested under normal climatic conditions (atmospheric pressure 1.01 105 Pa, temperature 293 K, relative humidity 70%), with a wind force of no more than 3 points on the Beaufort scale, taking into account the depth and speed of the current in the test area.

After the inspection, the ship goes to the control exit. If the commission has no more comments, then a certificate of delivery and acceptance of the vessel is signed.

Inspection and final acceptance of equipment during sea acceptance tests are carried out while the ship is moving under conditions that ensure that nominal parameters are obtained. According to the requirements of regulatory documents, equipment is tested under normal climatic conditions (atmospheric pressure 1.01 105 Pa, temperature 293 K, relative humidity 70%), with a wind force of no more than 3 points on the Beaufort scale, taking into account the depth and speed of the current in the test area.

After the inspection, the ship goes to the control exit. If the commission has no more comments, then a certificate of delivery and acceptance of the vessel is signed.

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