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The documents of the State Archives in Krasnoufimsk indicate that during the years of the Great Patriotic War Three orphanages were placed on the territory of the Achitsky district.
In 1941, in the village of Bolshoy Ut, an orphanage was organized for evacuees from the city of Krasny Kholm in the Kalinin Region (now the Tver Region). The children who arrived were placed in former peasant houses. The rooms were small, two people slept on one bed.
In 1943, an orphanage was formed in the village of Verkh-Tisa to accommodate children evacuated from Leningrad during the siege. But due to the fact that the V-Tisinsky orphanage was located in unsuitable buildings, subsequently the authorities of the Achitsky district decided on April 1, 1945 to transfer the orphanage to the village. Achit in the premises of the new school - an unused building with 280 seats, built in 1940.
The documents of the Afanasyevsky orphanage were not sent to the archive for storage, but it was possible to find out from indirect materials that in 1943 there were 75 pupils in it. In 1944, the institution was transferred from the village of Afanasyevsky to the village of Klenovoe, since the orphanage was completely unprepared for winter: it was cold in the rooms, most of the children did not have shoes and coats.
Each orphanage had its own subsidiary farm. Under the guidance of educators, the children grew potatoes, crops, vegetables, looked after livestock - cows, piglets, rabbits. In the reports on inspection of orphanages, it appears that the children's behavior, their attitude to work, school performance indicate a serious attitude to life. Children from orphanages don't let school lessons, even being late for lessons are of a single nature. Children know how to plow, harrow, sow, reap, mow, row, take care of livestock, work in the kitchen, needlework, spin, knit, etc. So, at Bolsheutinsky orphanage there were shoe and sewing workshops. Children sewed their own linen, dresses, leather shoes, wove bast shoes. The progress was 100%. Of the 82 students, there were 13 excellent students and 50 shock students.
Bosses - nearby collective farms - rendered all possible assistance to orphanages: allocated hayfields, cattle for breeding in the subsidiary farm, sent workers to repair the premises. In turn, children from orphanages took part in weeding and harvesting. Boys in locksmith workshops repaired simple parts for agricultural machines and tractors.
During the Great Patriotic War, there were 230 children in orphanages in the Achitsky district. After the war, the Achita orphanage was reorganized into the Achita boarding school. The activities of the Bolsheutinsky orphanage can be traced according to documents until 1954. The latest information about the Afanasievsk orphanage is available only for 1944; this institution is no longer listed in the statistics for subsequent years.
N.S. Timofeeva, head of the use department archival documents and scientific reference apparatus of the State Archives in Krasnoufimsk
Did you have children during the war years? Yes, and to children too. And in many ways much more than today. One example of this is the work of pioneer houses in our country. I will make a reservation right away: in the material there are no houses of the pioneers of Leningrad. I will write about them separately, this is a very big topic of heroism during the blockade. In the meantime, let's talk about other cities.
I remember that somehow I stumbled on the Internet on the memoirs of one of the wartime counselors. He told that they the main task in those years it was - not to give children to the street. Parents are preoccupied with a great misfortune, but children cannot be shackled into the shackles of this misfortune. There was a clear setting: the war would definitely end, but this time in the life of the children should not be missed in any way. Yes, there is a lot of grief and fear around. But the main cures for troubles are hard work and solidarity.
Serpukhov
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, this house was only six years old. But more than ten circles and studios have already worked here. Boys and girls were engaged in dancing, singing, modeling, learning to draw, knit, sew, play folk instruments (they even had their own orchestra!), and mastered performing arts.
Practically not a single circle was closed, despite the fact that more than half of the teachers went to the front. Now classes in circles were devoted to helping the front. In the summer they collected medicinal herbs, pine needles and handed them over to pharmacies. Specially created propaganda teams performed in hospitals, in front of the fighters of the labor front, and even went to the front lines. As a rule, for such performances, the guys themselves made gifts for the fighters: they sewed pouches, knitted mittens. None of the boys said that this was supposedly a girl's job. Among the pupils was the pioneer Vasya Kulikov. In preparation for a performance in front of the wounded, the boy sewed mittens. A certain amount of fabric was brought by the workers of the house of creativity and children, but this was not enough. For a week, Vanya himself went through almost all of Serpukhov, knocked on houses, asked the townspeople for help. And he collected so much fabric, things and threads that he could not bring it all alone to the House of Pioneers. Eleven guys helped him, and everyone was loaded, as they say, to failure.
Moscow
At the beginning of the war, more than a thousand teachers and grown-up pupils of the Moscow City House of Pioneers went to the front.
The remaining adults divided the children into large groups. Some helped take care of the wounded, others came to the aid of the employees of the military registration and enlistment offices and delivered stories, while others performed in military units with amateur concerts. The content of almost all circles has changed: carpentry, needlework, young biologists ... Pioneers worked on collective farms, even mined peat. So, in the summer of 1941, the pupils of the Tourism Association went to the city of Ozyory, which is not far from Kolomna. The local state farm desperately needed working hands - and these hands appeared: boys and girls fulfilled the norm by 300 percent! Thanks to them, the state farm received a profit of 15 thousand rubles. Girls from sewing circles now sewed mittens, pouches, and even tunics. True, adults did the cutting of fabrics, but does this detract from the merit of the guys?
In the autumn of the same year, schoolchildren dug trenches, were on duty on the roofs and in gas shelters. The children helped the adults in blackout, collected waste paper and scrap metal. Surprisingly, at the same time, they did not relegate their studies to the background: in the House of Pioneers, there were even special sections for those who were lagging behind, where young “docs” helped everyone to understand incomprehensible subjects and topics, pulled up the younger ones, and prepared homework with them. They also went to the nearest orphanage, arranged concerts for orphans, read poems to them, sang songs.
Ulyanovsk
Today, this building houses a puppet theater. And during the war years there was the House of Pioneers, where more than four hundred boys and girls were engaged in thirty-eight circles and studios. The house acted as the organizer of the children's movement in Ulyanovsk "Rear to the Front". All the children came here to help their soldier fathers. Here parcels were collected for the front: in four years almost ten thousand of them were sent! By the way, from the front, it happened, and thanks from the fighters came. They were read aloud at the training camp.
In the very first spring of the war, the guys, under the guidance of adults, set up a large garden where they grew several dozen varieties of vegetables and herbs. "Resistant" vegetables - potatoes, beets, onions - were sent to the front raw. Cucumbers and tomatoes were pickled in tubs and barrels, greens were dried. In the House of Pioneers, there was also a point for helping the starving: anyone could come and ask for help. Someone was given some vegetables, someone was put on food in the dining room.
Schoolchildren collected medicinal herbs - in 1943 alone, drugstores received more than two thousand tons. For collection, they went both near Ulyanovsk and many tens of kilometers from it. The motto was: every blade of grass and flower should help the front.
Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod)
The City House of Pioneers was opened in 1943 - adults found the strength to take care of the children. This building previously housed an elementary school. So the House of Pioneers, which was created, worked very closely with the schools of the city. Teachers who did not go to the front came to the children after school, classes were held in circles both in the building of the House of Pioneers and in schools: in this way, much more children were involved in helping the front - almost two thousand. Classes in the circle of cutting and sewing were moved to sewing and shoe workshops. Many high school students began to work at the Shveinik studio and carried out orders not only at their immediate place of work, but also took them home additionally.
In 1941, a circle of young railway workers was specially opened (it was led by a woman). Pioneers worked on the Gorky railway.
They helped both livestock breeders and poultry farmers. They raised young animals, were on duty at night, fed, kept warm, prepared food, and repaired the premises. Pigs and, sometimes, lambs, were often taken into their homes. Pupils of the secondary school of the Bogorodsky district raised fourteen horses for the soldiers of the Red Army. And the pupils of the circle of biologists in the warm season at four in the morning went to tear grass for chickens (this is despite the fact that no one missed classes at schools).
In the summer of 1942 alone, more than a hundred thousand schoolchildren worked in the collective farms and state farms of the region, earning three and a half thousand workdays!
And this fact applies not only to the pupils of the House of Pioneers, but also to all Gorky schoolchildren: the guys helped schools in areas liberated from fascist evil spirits. Here are the lines from the Gorky Kommuna newspaper dated January 10, 1942: “Students and teachers of three secondary schools in the Avtozavodsky district: No. 1, 19 and 7 - decided to help a secondary school in one of the districts liberated by the Red Army. The staff of these schools undertook to assemble a complete set of visual aids, textbooks and teaching aids for the sponsored school. The students started making some visual aids with their own hands. The collection of textbooks and manuals in other schools of the district begins. This wonderful initiative should be taken up by all schools in the city of Gorky and the region. Students sent 15,000 textbooks and visual aids to schools in the liberated areas!”
On September 1, 1941, the pioneers of school No. 102 addressed all the schoolchildren of the city and the region: “Guys! Let's help our fathers fighting the Nazis! We will build the Gorky Pioneer tank, and we will earn money for it ourselves!
Just four months later, the young delegates of the pioneer detachments had already accepted the tank from the workers and handed it over to the front. In October 1943, another “children's” tank, Oleg Koshevoy, went to the front line. Schoolchildren of the Arzamas district raised additional money for the construction of an aircraft, and schoolchildren of the Avtozavodsky district - for another tank.
And after all, there was time and energy left for children's activities: pioneer rallies, competitions. In the summer of 1942, a gathering of young naturalists and agricultural experts was held. And about five thousand children participated in the amateur art show (December 1942)! Moreover, in some completely incomprehensible way, adults organized the rest of the children in country pioneer camps, where 120,000 boys and girls rested during the four years of the war.
Arkhangelsk
This Pioneer House opened in 1938. Twenty circles worked here, in which 960 boys and girls were engaged. But the war began. The building of the House became a hospital...
Here are the memoirs of Zinaida Matveevna Kochetova, during the war years she attended a circle of young plant scientists: “Having learned that a hospital would be located in our building, all the pioneers immediately decided to help doctors and nurses take care of the wounded. We used to come here every day after school. There were many tasks: older girls were entrusted with boiling underwear, gauze and bandages. We were all taught to treat simple wounds, to make dressings. We washed the fighters, combed their hair, brought them food, washed dishes, cleaned the wards and corridors. We ourselves established night shifts: a brigade of ten pioneers took over every day. In summer, everyone collected medicinal herbs. A competition was arranged: which brigade would gain the most. Mine took second place: we collected 568 kilograms in a month.
The pioneers, who had previously attended amateur performance circles, prepared concerts for the wounded. We were strictly warned: if they treat us, we can’t take anything. And we had one boy, Vanya, not even a pioneer yet. He once took either a piece of sugar or a candy. He was very ashamed that day, they said that nothing could be taken away from the wounded, they needed strength to beat the Nazis. Scolded, scolded, and the next day, many guys brought Vanya something tasty. Everyone understood that he then took sweets not out of greed, but because he himself did not live well, and he was still small.
Tobolsk
Here, by the beginning of the war, about six hundred schoolchildren were engaged in sixteen circles. The guys immediately joined in the huge work of helping the front and did everything that the pioneers of other cities did: they collected parcels, sewed, knitted, and collected medicinal herbs. But separately it is necessary to say about the work of teachers who were able to combine the activities of the children with the game. So, in the very first summer of the war, about five hundred pioneers participated in the game "On the Storm!". In the struggle to pass the norms for obtaining a defense badge, schoolchildren learned to quickly put on gas masks, to provide the first medical care, to navigate in the conditions of the bombing. Ski competitions were held every winter: the guys had to deliver “reports” to the places indicated on the impromptu map as quickly as possible. We organized an excursion and tourist base, every summer the guys went hiking in historical places. They especially liked to visit the grave of the Decembrists.
Salsk (Rostov region)
This House is still called the House of Pioneers today, and not the House of Creativity. During the war years, the city was occupied (July 31, 1942 - January 22, 1943), the building was half destroyed: the roof was broken, windows were broken, the floor was dismantled (the Germans stoked stoves), the ceiling collapsed in the hall.
Of course, during the occupation, the house of pioneers had to be closed. But he worked right up to it and right after, despite the fact that the guys now had no building. In the first year of the war, schoolchildren helped the front: more than six hundred pairs of mittens were sewn and knitted together. And after the occupation, adults tried to arrange work in such a way as to hold events for children on the street. Collection of medicinal herbs, city cleaning. They created groups to help those who were not doing well in their studies - the guys went home to the lagging behind in detachments, and real lessons were obtained. Organized trips. During them, there was a tradition: be sure to sit in a circle for everyone and write a letter to the front to an unfamiliar fighter. Once the guys received an answer from the 1st Belorussian Front: the fighter wrote that he had read their news together with fellow soldiers and was asking permission to come after the war. He lost his family in the war and would like to have friends among the children.
The correspondence lasted quite a long time, and then broke off: apparently, the soldier died.
Ryazan
By the beginning of the war, many circles worked here: photography, radio, dog breeders, needlework, aircraft modeling, electronics, local history, automobile, sports, choreographic, puppet theater, boys' choir, brass band. And not a single one was closed during the war years! Moreover, in 1943 a pioneer song and dance ensemble appeared, headed by the director of the Ryazan Musical College S.A. Zalivukhin.
The guys worked hard. They turned to the pioneers of the region with a proposal to earn money for the construction of a fighter. And as a result, not only the Ryazan Pioneer fighter appeared, but also a tank column, and the Ryazan Pupil armored train.
The guys were approached with orders. So, having received a military order for sewing warm sleeveless jackets, the girls from the cutting and sewing circle worked every day after school for 4-5 hours in the House of Pioneers (they received additional coupons for 200 grams of bread for work). The guys from the soft toy circle sewed hares and bears for kids from kindergartens and even organized a special game room in the House where mothers brought the kids if they needed to leave. The pioneers also worked with the crumbs in this room, but already from the theater and pedagogical circles.
Five teams of Timurovites took soldiers' families under their guardianship and were on duty in hospitals. The pioneers from amateur art circles had their own concert program for performances in front of the fighters. The choreographer in those years was Ida Aleksandrovna Milova. Leaving for the front with a concert team, Nina Kakutsa, a pupil of the House of Pioneers, asked her to come up with a solo dance. Ida Alexandrovna came up with the "Victory March", with which Nina performed.
A quote from a report for the summer of 1944: “The total coverage of circles is 220 people. One of the tasks of the circles in the summer is the training of pioneer instructors. A total of 40 people have been trained, who from the beginning of the school year will conduct circle work in schools. house spent mass work with the children of the city. The military leader conducted 2 campaigns for 3 and 5 kilometers, as well as 4 paramilitary games in the Lukovsky and Nikulchinsky forests. 320 children took part in the games.
There were 7 excursions and walks: to the Ryazan Kremlin, to the Oka, to Borkovskoye Lake, to the Lukovskiy Forest, to the Ryazan Museum. 2 mass festivities for children were held in the city park. The puppet theater of the House of Pioneers gave 48 performances over the summer: in kindergartens, a children's reception center, a tuberculosis sanatorium, a nursery, hospitals, and districts. Due to the lack of light during the summer period, only 4 screenings were held. In June there was an exhibition of children's technical creativity. There were readings of fiction and conversations about Chekhov, Gorky ... "
On the state and development of orphanages in the Tambov region
during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.
(from the collection of documents “Tambov region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941 1945. Vol. 2 / Edited by V.L. Dyachkov. Compiled by: M.M. Doroshina (answer. compiler), V.L. Dyachkov, I. I. Muravieva, Tambov, 2008).
№ 1
Decree of the Bureau of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On evacuated children placed in the Tambov Region” *
September 2, 1941
Owls. secret
In accordance with the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated August 22, 1941, the bureau of the regional committee established by inspection that in a number of areas normal living conditions were not created for the evacuated children and their medical service.
Orphanages and kindergartens are located in premises unsuitable for winter (Tulinovka, Michurinsk, Tambov). Many orphanages and kindergartens are not provided with fuel (Inzhavinsky, Poletaevsky, Sampursky, P[okrovo]-Marfinsky, Rzhaksinsky, Staro-Yurievsky, etc.), are not provided with beds, bedding, linen, clothes, shoes (Inzhavinsky, Znamensky, Sampursky, Tulinovsky and others).
The trading organizations provide the children with foodstuffs unsatisfactorily. So, for example, the Nikiforovsky district consumer union of the allocated 1.6 tons of cereals gave out only 90 kg to children's institutions, and the Sampursky district consumer union does not sell any products to orphanages except bread.
The bureau of the regional committee believes that such a state of work with evacuated children is the result of an irresponsible attitude on the part of public education, health and trading organizations. District committees and district executive committees also pay little attention to this important matter.
1. Oblige city committees, district committees of the CPSU (b), city district executive committees, head. oblono comrade Khodyakov and head. by the regional health department of Comrade Gasparyan, by 10/IX, provide all evacuated children with premises adapted for winter conditions, provide fuel and organize proper education and medical care for children.
2. To oblige the chairman of the regional consumer union Comrade Fedorinin and head. The regional trade department of Comrade Nasekina should ensure the uninterrupted supply of food to the evacuated children and monitor the correct use of the allocated funds, as well as take measures to satisfy them with linen, clothes, and shoes.
Recommend the Civil Code and the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to organize the purchase of clothing and footwear for evacuated children at the expense of parents, and for children of child care institutions and children whose parents do not have funds - at the expense of budget allocations and public funds (collective farms, promartels, trade unions and other public receipts). In addition, find the possibility of tailoring shoes and clothes locally from local resources.
3. Oblige the district committees, city committees of the CPSU (b) and head. Oblono Comrade Khodyakov to check the staff of educators in orphanages and kindergartens, to strengthen these institutions with the best qualified educators.
4. Oblige the regional committee of the Komsomol (comrade Plakkhina) to check the state of work of the Komsomol and pioneer detachments in the orphanages of evacuated children and organize political educational work so that the children are involved in community service, as well as organize reasonable entertainment (physical education, games, excursions, etc.).
5. To propose to the head of the regional administration of labor reserves, Comrade Polyakov, when enrolling students in vocational railway schools and schools of the FZO, first of all, to accept evacuated older children.
6. In order to carry out these measures, Party and Soviet bodies, as well as public education bodies, should widely involve women's activists in order to ensure maternal care for children. To this end, at each orphanage to organize an asset of women-socialists.
7. Instruct the Department of Propaganda and Agitation of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to monitor the implementation of this decision.
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 1915. L. 4, 5. Original.
* From the protocol No. 157 of the meeting of the bureau of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated September 1-6, 1941
№ 2
Memorandum of the Tambov oblono and the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League to the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the results of the inspection of the Kardymovsky and Saburovsky orphanages
February 4, 1942
I. The Kardymovsky orphanage arrived from the Smolensk region after being evacuated and is now located in the Ekaterininsky s / s of the Nikiforovsky district. All pupils 152 people school age. The room where the children live is damp and cold, t 0o, and sometimes lower. The walls are frozen through and covered with snow, the ceiling is leaking in the bedrooms and the dining room, there is not a single log of firewood, they are heated with raw peat, which is brought daily for 10 km. Breakfast starts to be prepared from two in the morning, so that the children have time to eat before school.
The orphanage received an order for 20 cubic meters of firewood, but the district plan proposes to prepare firewood using the orphanage. On this issue, I had to talk with the second secretary of the RK of the CPSU (b), but they did not come to anything, the question remained open. The orphanage itself will not be able to prepare firewood due to the fact that the children are poorly dressed and there are no tools.
The situation is no better when it comes to food. Children have breakfast, lunch and dinner from one dish - potato soup. On 1/II-42 there was not a gram of cereals and fats in the pantry of the orphanage, and there was also no meat. The director of the orphanage has to get groceries every day. There are no products in stock.
Bread is given to children by 400 grams, and then intermittently. There were days when the children were completely left without bread. Moreover, there is a bakery next to the orphanage, but it does not sell bread for the orphanage, and they have to go for bread to Nikiforovka for 18 km. Behind january month In 1942, the d / d did not receive a single gram of cereals and fats, and even the products that rely on the d / d along with the d / d cannot receive (the district consumer union or the general store distributes part of the products d / d among themselves).
Example: along with the district consumer union released for d / d:
household soap. - 30 kg, but received only 20 kg;
herring - 65 -//-, -//- 55 kg;
canned food - 25 cans, -//- 20 cans
and natural tea - 3 kg. -//- 1 kg 750 gr.
Help attached. And these facts are not isolated.
Saburovsky d / d was released 30 kg. herring, but did not receive a d / d. The director of the d / d told the prosecutor about this, but there were no consequences.
Sanitary condition of the orphanage
The orphanage is located in Ekaterininskaya primary school. The premises are unsuitable for habitation. There are no amenities: no laundry, dryer, bathhouse, isolation room, no outbuildings. The room is cold, damp, dirty and uncomfortable. The sanitary condition of bed and underwear is satisfactory. There are not enough beds for everyone, so 2 people sleep. on the bunk. There is one shift of bed linen, 2 shifts of underwear and dresses.
7 people they do not have a winter coat, the children are shod in wadded burkas, instead of galoshes, slippers are put on burochkas. It will be bad with shoes in the spring, the children have no shoes.
Teaching and educational work of the orphanage
In addition to the general plan of educational work d / d, each teacher has calendar plan work and educational plan. The audit showed that the work plans are carried out accurately. The discipline of the pupils of the kindergarten is good, they attend school well. The results of academic performance for the 2nd [th] quarter for d / d - 96.6%, 47% of excellent students and shock students.
All children are covered by social competition.
The following voluntary circles work: a circle of BGSO, a circle of self-defense, a sports and acrobatic circle, a choral circle, a literary, musical, agricultural, circle of needlework.
The leaders and educators of the orphanage are a strong and friendly team, they treat children with maternal care and love. Director of the d / d t. Malyavko and head. the educational part of Comrade. Khlebtsevich has been working in this nursery for 22 years, educators and attendants have been working for 5-10 years, they have extensive experience in their work.
The pioneer organization works well. The detachment was built according to the type of the Timurov team. Now the team is preparing war games "for assault". All pioneers wear ties. They help the families of Red Army soldiers: they bring water, fuel, look after the children if the mothers are at work.
The Komsomol organization is working well. The secretary is the teacher Vasilyeva. Komsomol meetings are systematically held according to the plan, at which the reports and speeches of the leaders, the decisions of the party and government are studied. Help educators in the work of d / d. Now the Komsomol organization has taken patronage over the Luch collective farm in preparation for spring (collection of mineral fertilizers, seed sorting, etc.). Checking the Kardymovsky d / d, we invited the medical assistant comrade. Ilyin, according to the conclusion of which there are no epidemic and contagious patients in the d / d.
II. About the state of the children's home. Kirov, who arrived by evacuation from the Smolensk region and now lives in the Saburovsky s / s in the Nikiforovsky district
The situation in this orphanage is very difficult. The orphanage is located in the Saburovskaya NSSh on the 1st floor. The room is cramped, cold and damp. The walls were frozen through and covered with snow. They are heated by frozen peat, which is brought for 20 km. Moreover, there is no fuel at all in the reserve, and if bad weather comes, the children are in danger of being left without food due to the delivery of peat.
Children live very crowded, sleep 2-3 people per bed. Children are dirty, dirty bedding and underwear. Food is also bad. Children eat only potato soup. The d / d especially does not need bedding and underwear. There are 2 shifts of bed linen, 3 shifts of underwear and dresses.
The kindergarten does not have a general plan of educational work. The educators have work plans, but they have been drawn up hastily, carelessly and have not been checked by the director. Head the educational part is a young worker with no experience. I had to point out the shortcomings in the work.
According to the doctors, the area in Yekaterinino and Saburovo is malarial, and when spring comes, there is a danger of children getting malaria. The premises are not suitable for orphanages. Therefore, the d / d must be transferred to a more convenient area.
They talked about the condition of the Kardymov and Saburovsky d / houses with the Secretary of the RK of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Comrade Milokhin, with the Secretary of the RK of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, with the chairman of the district executive committee and the district consumer union.
To ask the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League to oblige district party and Soviet organizations to manage and provide assistance to orphanages.
Head sector of houses of the Tambov oblono Samorodov
Instructor of the regional committee of the Komsomol Kuznetsova
GASPITO. F. P-1184. Op. 1. D. 579. L. 57-61. Script.
№ 3
Decree of the Bureau of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the state of the Tulinovo orphanage” *
March 31, 1942
Owls. secret 
The Tulinovo orphanage, which arrived in 1941 after being evacuated from the Smolensk region, has been brought to a state of dissoluteness and collapse. A bunch of idlers and rogues who made their way there, led by the head. the educational part (he is also the acting director of the orphanage) Zhivozhenko, conducted clearly criminal work aimed at corrupting and killing the children there. Children live in extremely difficult living conditions, live in dirty and cold rooms, sleep 5-7 people in one bed, do not have clothes and shoes, food is not organized. Only 3 out of 106 children attend school. Educational work in the orphanage itself is not carried out. Worse, the orphanage employees themselves are clearly corrupting the children, playing cards with them, smoking, and the paramedic Dolzhnikov taught the children to forge “soap” from wax and exchange it for various things for the population of the surrounding villages.
Such a criminal attitude towards children on the part of the administration of the orphanage led to the fact that out of 106 children, 37 people were seriously ill, of which 24 people had typhus, 3 had tuberculosis, etc.
The orphanage has every opportunity to create normal living conditions for the children. There are beds, bedding, clothes and linen in the pantries, but the administration of the orphanage did not consider it necessary to use all this. The head teacher Zhivozhenko (who is also the acting director) left the house to the mercy of fate and spent 8 days in Tambov, living in his apartment.
Oblono, the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the Tambov Republican Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the district executive committee overlooked the criminal actions of the administration of the orphanage and, despite many visits to the orphanage by representatives of these organizations, did not reveal these facts in time and did not eliminate them.
The Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decides:
1. Offer the head. oblono t. director of the orphanage Zhivozhenko, medical paramedic Dolzhnikov, Art. Pioneer leader Ryskina and bring them to justice.
2. To propose to the oblono and the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League within five days to staff the orphanage with experienced Komsomol teachers and take measures to improve the orphanage.
3. Oblige the head. oblono - comrade Khodyakova, the regional trade department - comrade Zhdanova and the regional consumer union - comrade Krasnoshchekova until April 20 this year, to provide children from the orphanage with clothes and shoes and organize the supply of children with food.
4. Oblige the head. The regional health department of Comrade Gasparyan, in order to restore sanitary order in the Tulinovsky orphanage and stop the diseases of children, attach a doctor to the orphanage and send a qualified paramedic to permanent work in the orphanage.
5. To draw the attention of the Tambov RK of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the district executive committee to their lack of concern for the orphanage and the failure to take timely measures to improve it.
6. To oblige all the Civil Code and the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to check the work of all orphanages by April 20 this year, take measures to ensure normal working conditions for them and report on the measures taken by a memorandum to the regional party committee.
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 2557. L. 10, 11. Original.
________________________________
* From the protocol No. 208 of the meeting of the bureau of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated March 31-April 2, 1942
№ 4
Memorandum of the head of the agitation sector of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A.D. Burashnikova to the First Secretary of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks I.A. Volkov on the state and preparation of children's homes in the region for winter
November 11, 1942
There are 44 orphanages in the Tambov region, including 23 evacuated and 3 newly organized from single children left without parents for one reason or another. In orphanages there are 4525 children aged 3 to 14 years and a small part of 15-16 years old. Of these, 2518 people were evacuated.
All evacuated orphanages are located in the districts in school buildings. Many orphanages have premises that are not comfortable enough to serve the existing number of children. The premises of the Kardymovsky, Tulinovsky, Pokrovo-Marfinsky, Danilovsky orphanages are especially cramped. Individual heads of district organizations, regardless of this provision, transfer premises belonging to orphanages for other purposes. In Algasovo, for example, the premises of the orphanage were transferred to the apartment of a veterinarian. In Danilovsky, two rooms were confiscated for classes, etc.
This year it was necessary to make repairs in 26 orphanages, in 14 of them - capital. Only 10 have been repaired.
In all the evacuated orphanages, there is a complete lack of equipment and tableware. In the Perevozovsky orphanage in the Rzhaksinsky district, there is no equipment other than beds. There are only 8 plates in the dining room, of which 76 people eat in turn. There are no tables in the Umetsky orphanage, they are replaced by desks, there is no dining room and kitchen utensils in this orphanage. There is no furniture in the Kamensky orphanage, except for beds. In the Kardymovsky orphanage, due to the lack of dishes and tables, children dine in three shifts.
Fuel
Especially acute is the issue of fuel for orphanages. At present, the region's orphanages have about 20% of their annual fuel needs. Such orphanages as Nos. 8, 6 (Tambov), Krupskaya (Morshansk), Perevozovsky (Rzhaksa), Khilkovsky (Umet), Tulinovsky (Tambovsky rural district), Ternovsky (Inzhavino), Poletaevsky, have fuel for 5-10 days.
Uniforms for children
Only 20% of children are provided with warm clothes and leather shoes. To fully meet the needs of orphanages in clothing and footwear, it is necessary to purchase 1,800 coats and 3,000 pairs of shoes.
The evacuated children are especially poorly provided with clothes and footwear. In the Semyonovsky orphanage in the Inzhavinsky district, only 50% of children have coats (and even those are dilapidated). Children are forced to use coats to attend school in turn. There are no shoes and underwear for boys, there are no hats. All the boys continue to go to the collective farms to clean the seeds in their caps.
The winter coats of the children of orphanage No. 6 (Tambov) need to be replaced by 50%; children do not have cold and warm shoes at all. Existing shoes require a thorough repair. 8 children walk in slippers.
Most of the children in Orphanage No. 3 (Tambov) are dressed in chuvyaks and do not have hats. There are only 48 pairs of shoes and 25 hats for 84 people. Orphanages are not provided with linen and bed linen: there are from 1 to 3 shifts (not everywhere).
The boys of the Karaulsky orphanage have absolutely no underwear. They still wear shorts and one shirt.
Orphanages experience great difficulty in obtaining soap. Only in Rasskazovsky, Kulyabovsky, Sampursky, Rzhaksinsky orphanages in this respect things are going well.
In the Semyonovsky orphanage there were periods when the children did not swim for three months. The children got lice and had scabies. In the Karaulsky orphanage, for three months, linen was washed exclusively with lye, and now there is no soap. There are lice on the children's underwear.
Nutrition
Over the past three months, nutrition in orphanages has improved somewhat due to the presence of subsidiary farms at orphanages. In May-June and July, the food in the orphanages was very poor. This is due to the fact that the regional trade department and the regional consumer union include in the orders such products that are never sold (pasta, confectionery, sausages, canned food, herring). In themselves, the funds allocated for children's food are large, but they are not real, since non-commercial products are not replaced by others. There are no norms for the sale of food for each child and vegetables are not prepared for the winter due to the lack of outfits for them, and the district executive committees without this cannot allow the receipt of vegetables from collective farms.
Labor training for children from orphanages
Children's homes do not have workshops. The existing workshops at some orphanages were curtailed due to the lack of premises for workshops or the transfer of equipment to other organizations. This year, the work of children was widely organized in agriculture.
Teaching and educational work
Children of orphanages studied at schools at their location. The best orphanages for the education and upbringing of children are: the Morshansky orphanage named after Lenin, which gave 100% student achievement, Kardymovsky - 100%, N[izhne]-Shibryaevsky - 94%. The worst in terms of performance are children's homes: Sampursky - 68.3%, Rasskazovsky - 76.1%, Umetsky - 75%.
In the Umetsky orphanage:
in the second grade, 3 people are in time, unsuccessful - 9
in the third -//- 13 -//- 9
in the fifth -//- 2 -//- 2
there are no achievers in the sixth.
In orphanage No. 3 (Tambov), teachers prepare poorly for lessons. Teacher Koshchenkova taught a lesson on the topic: "The collapse of the Kyiv principality" without a map. The teacher asked the children difficult questions and gave the wrong answers herself. To the question "What is a state?" answered: “The state is when one tribe defeats another” or “The Kiev principality went bankrupt because Byzantine merchants traveled to Novgorod without stopping by Kyiv.” The history lesson was not used for educational purposes. Speaking about the atrocities perpetrated by the victors on the vanquished, the teacher did not say a word about the atrocities of the German fascists against the Soviet people in the areas temporarily occupied by them.
Control on the part of oblono and district departments of public education over education and upbringing in orphanages is completely insufficient.
District committees of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League have withdrawn from work in orphanages.
Oblono manages orphanages extremely unsatisfactorily: during the year not a single question of principle was raised before Party and Soviet organizations about orphanages.
The reason for such a difficult situation in orphanages was the completely intolerant attitude towards orphanages on the part of the district committees of the CPSU (b), district executive committees, oblono and Komsomol organizations, which did not understand that now in the conditions of war, when most children's parents either died at the front or are fighting on battlefield, protecting the freedom and independence of their homeland, children must be surrounded by special attention, love, care of the whole people and, above all, the leaders of party, economic and Soviet organizations.
Head the agitation sector of the regional committee of the CPSU (b) Burashnikov
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 2676a. L. 13-14 about. Script.
№ 5
Memorandum of the head of the Tambov oblono F.S. Maksimenko in the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the material and domestic provision of orphanages in the region
November 1942
A frontal check of the work of orphanages established:
1. The Uvarovsk orphanage is fully provided with a coat, 3 changes of linen, bedding. It has a large supply of food (flour - 342 kg, millet - 1038 kg, rye - 680 kg, meat - 103.5 kg and other products, cabbage - 200 kg, potatoes - 5 tons, cucumbers - 2000 pieces). Fuel is fully provided for the entire heating season, the orphanage needs leather and felted shoes and feather pillows.
District organizations gave out only two pairs of felt boots for the orphanage pupils and five pairs for the evacuated caregivers. 50 kg of feathers were received from the district committee of the CPSU (b) for pillows.
The farm has 3 cows, 2 horses and 1 pigeon. The RK VKP(b) allocated 1 more cow and 5 piglets.
The orphanage has chefs: a butter factory, N[izhne]-Shybryaisky and Lebyazhevsky s / s, who provide daily assistance to the orphanage.
2. The school of the deaf] suffers from a great lack of food and heating. There are only 2 cubic meters of firewood in stock. m, and almost nothing from the products (7.5 kg of semolina, 80 kg of flour, 7.5 kg of rice). The farm has 2 horses.
To improve the situation with food and fuel, the following work has been done. Through the district executive committee, 100 cubic meters were allocated to the school. m of developed firewood, 100 tons of peat and horses were allocated from the agricultural sector for the transportation of firewood. Collective farms, which patronize the school, provided assistance in nutrition. The collective farm "2nd Five-Year Plan" allocated 10 centners of wheat, 2 piglets per 70 kg and 4 horses for the delivery of firewood to the school of stupid children. The collective farm "Process" deducted from the general collective farm fund 5 centners of wheat, 2 centners of sunflower, 5 centners of millet and 1 cow for meat. Collective farmers collect potatoes from their own stocks.
Explanatory work was carried out among the students of the Uvarovskaya secondary school about the provision of specific assistance to children. Students of the Uvarovskaya school have already collected 6 sacks of potatoes and wrote an appeal to all students of the Uvarovskiy district with an appeal to help orphanages. All schools have already started collecting potatoes.
3. The Krasnosvobodnensky children's home in the Tambov region has a good subsidiary farm, which is helpful in improving nutrition for children.
Land plot - 38.3 ha, apiaries - 105 hives, horses - 6, cows - 3, calves - 3, pigs - 5 and piglets - 36, foal - 1.
Children are fully provided with linen and coats. The orphanage needs leather shoes (100 pairs are missing), fuel and kerosene. Firewood is brought daily from the forest (for 4-5 km) and there is absolutely none in stock.
4. The Kulyabovskaya orphanage has 2 horses and 3 pigs on the farm. From the evacuated cattle, 5 cows and a land plot of 14 hectares were allocated. The pupils built a disinfection chamber, a vegetable store, and an insulated barn for livestock. Children are provided with linen and clothes. The orphanage is in need of shoes (73 pairs of felt boots and 48 pairs of boots are missing), beds and other equipment (tables, benches, chairs, bedside tables). 
There is only 60 cubic meters of fuel near the orphanage. m of firewood and 100 cubic meters. m harvested, but not brought to the house.
The orphanage does not know the chiefs, although it receives help from the collective farms. After the decision of the Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the orphanage received 1 centner of rye and 1 sheep from the Krasny Oktyabr collective farm, 1 centner of seeds and a piglet from the Svoi Labor collective farm, and a 30 kg pig from the May 1st collective farm. The collective farm "Leningradsky Rabochiy" provides the orphanage with fodder.
5. The Chashchinsky orphanage has three changes of linen for children, coats and felt boots are fully provided. 20 beds, chairs and wardrobes are missing. After the decision of the bureau of the regional committee of the party, the orphanage received one horse, 3 cows and 3 pigs.
The orphanage needs kerosene. The representative of the executive committee of the regional council, comrade Shunyaev, helped the orphanage get 10 kg of kerosene.
6. The Kamensky house has only a week's supply of fuel, but it has no interruptions in fuel. The orphanage is well assisted by the chiefs (Tambovskiy and Stepanovskiy s/s) in providing fuel and food. From them received: 2 centners of potatoes, 246 kg of wheat, 60 kg of meat, 18 kg of wool, 32 kg of wheat flour, 85 kg of flour, 98 kg of rye and 2 chickens.
The subsidiary farm has 1 horse, 4 pigs, 2 hens and a garden of 2 hectares. Bed and underwear two shifts. Coats, leather and felted shoes are fully provided for children.
7. Orphanages in the Inzhavinsky district (Karaulsky, Semyonovsky, Ternovsky) are fully provided with clothes; they have from two to three shifts for girls and one to one and a half shifts for boys. There is a shortage of sheets and blankets in the Ternovsky and Karaulsky orphanages, and underwear for boys in the Semyonovsky orphanage. In the Karaulsky orphanage, 180 pairs of felt boots are missing, in Semenovsky - 5 pairs of felt boots.
Children's homes are not sufficiently provided with food. Released outfits are purchased incompletely and with a great delay. Food supplies are available for 1-2 days. The patronage of collective farms over orphanages is not organized, and only individual collective farms provide assistance in improving nutrition.
All orphanages have a subsidiary farm. The Karaul orphanage has a land plot of 36 hectares, 7 cows, 40 sheep, 2 pigs and 6 horses. Food is fully provided.
The Semyonovsky orphanage has a land plot of 10 hectares, 3 cows, 2 horses and 2 pigs.
There is 1 horse and 2 cows in the Ternovsky orphanage.
8. The Znamensky orphanage has a ten-day supply of fuel. As it is consumed, the fuel supply is replenished by bringing firewood from the forest. There is a lack of equipment (chairs, stools, tables), kitchen utensils (pots, boilers, kettles, buckets, spoons), bed and underwear, leather shoes. All children have coats.
The orphanage has 4 horses, 9 cows, 3 sheep, 2 pigs, 66 beehives and a land plot of 35 hectares in the subsidiary farm.
9. The Danilovsky orphanage is located in a completely unsuitable room. There are no second frames, 27 window peepholes are clogged with plywood and iron. All furnaces require alteration. There is no stove in the dining room and it is not heated. The canteen has a capacity of 30 people per shift. In the hallway, plaster had fallen off the ceiling. The building is in need of a major overhaul.
From 250 cu. m charged firewood developed only 50 cubic meters. m, and brought to the house for 1-2 days. Only one canteen is illuminated in the orphanage during dinner (there is no kerosene). There are only 30 beds in the house, the rest of the children sleep on bunk beds. There are no tables, chairs, bedside tables, stools in the bedrooms, so the children prepare their lessons on the beds.
Children eat poorly. Dinner is one course meal. Children are not provided with bed and underwear. There are no leather shoes and some felt boots are missing.
The subsidiary farm has 2 horses, 10 cows and a land plot of 20 hectares.
None of the collective farms of the district patronizes the orphanage.
10. Muchkapsky orphanage is not ready for winter. Of the three buildings, only one is occupied by bedrooms, and the rest by storerooms. There are no double frames. All current work is carried out in the dining room and kitchen (laundry, teachers' councils, etc.). The orphanage does not have an isolation ward, a laundry room, or rooms for storing linen (it is stored in a cupboard in the kitchen).
F. Maksimenko
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 3429. L. 33-34. Script.
№ 6
Memorandum of the Head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Michurinsky City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks M.D. Polilova to the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the state of orphanages and measures taken to improve their work
Previously 3 December 1942
There are three orphanages in Michurinsk: an orphanage for an infant for 70 people, an orphanage for preschoolers for 100 people, an orphanage "15 years of October" for children of school age for 102 people.
Orphanage for an infant
Of the total number of children in the orphanage, children of front-line soldiers - 9 people and children of evacuees - 11 people. Appearance children good. Most of the children are clean (there are only a few children with skin diseases). Underwear and bed linen are clean. There are 2 shifts for linens.
The staff of the orphanage is understaffed. There are no two nurses, four nannies, three nurses. But in terms of the number of children available, the workers cope quite well. The orphanage has been completely renovated. The orphanage is fully provided with fuel for the entire heating season.
Children's food is good. The lack of nutrition is that there is little milk. Now the situation with milk has improved. The orphanage is fully provided with vegetables for the whole year. Not yet fully provided with potatoes.
Orphanage of preschool age
The orphanage is designed for 100 people. Currently, there are 86 children in the orphanage, of which 50 are children of front-line soldiers. The orphanage in Michurinsk was evacuated from Minsk.
The orphanage is fully prepared for winter. Inside the building is clean and tidy. The orphanage is fully staffed. There are 11 teachers in the orphanage, of which 7 people have a special pedagogical education with a preschool bias. Teaching and educational work with children in this orphanage is well organized. Each teacher has a plan of educational work, there is a general plan for the work of the orphanage. The entire apparatus of the orphanage competes with each other. Meetings are held with educators once a month on methodological and production issues.
Children are fully provided with clothes and shoes. The food is good. Children are healthy and clean. Bed linen and underwear are clean. Linen has four shifts.
The shortcoming in the work of the orphanage is that it does not have a completely separate room for an insulator. The room set aside for the insulator currently has a common [message] with the rest of the rooms and, quite understandably, does not correspond to its intended purpose.
The orphanage on 1/XII is provided with fuel by 48%. Fuel is delivered daily.
As of 1/XII, there are 102 children aged 8 to 17 in the orphanage. Of the total number of children, 50% are children of front-line soldiers and evacuees.
The renovation of the orphanage's premises has been completed, and the premises are fully prepared for the winter. Fuel delivered by 62%.
Teaching and educational work in the orphanage is well organized. There is a plan of educational work. The work on preparing children for lessons, as well as circle work with children, is well put. Children are fully provided with clothes and shoes.
In terms of nutrition, the orphanage has one big drawback in that until now they have received a norm of cereal products at the rate of 70 grams per person, which is not enough for older children.
What has been done by the city committee of the CPSU (b)
On 17/XI-42, the issue of the state of children's institutions in the city was heard at the bureau of the city committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks with a preliminary examination of orphanages and other children's institutions.
Fulfilling the decision of the Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 12/XI and the decision of the Bureau of the Civil Code of 17/XI-42, the following activities have now been carried out:
1. Every day, fuel is delivered to children's institutions, and at present the provision of fuel is as follows: the orphanage for an infant is fully provided; orphanage of a preschooler - provided for 48%; orphanage "15 years of October" - provided for 62%.
2. Children are fully provided with winter clothes and footwear.
3. In orphanages of preschool and school age there are four shifts of bed linen and underwear, and in an orphanage for infants there are two shifts.
4. Children's homes are fully provided with vegetables (cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, cucumbers) for the whole year. Not yet fully provided with potatoes.
5. The supply of milk to children (children's homes for infants and preschoolers) is being improved at the expense of suburban farms.
6. In terms of improving educational work (in the orphanage "15 years of October"), the following measures have been taken by the city government:
a) all pupils of the orphanage are attached to one secondary school No. 7 (for better coordination with the school);
b) for uninterrupted school attendance, all pupils are provided with shoes (leather and felt boots) and clothes;
c) all pupils of the orphanage are fully provided with school supplies. Issued on 1/IX and 25/XI: 170 pencils, 100 colored pencils, 100 pens, 300 pens. There are textbooks of all titles. The situation is worse with notebooks. A limited number of notebooks were given - only one notebook per student. In the coming days (3-5/XII) notebooks from Tambov will be brought, and children from the orphanage will be fully provided with notebooks.
A common drawback for all orphanages is that there is absolutely no lighting in any orphanage, about which we ask the regional committee of the AUCP(b) to provide assistance in this.
We ask the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to also resolve the issue of increasing the norms of cereals for older children (for school orphanages), who currently receive the norm on an equal basis with children in preschool institutions, i.e. 70 grams per day.
Head Department of Propaganda and Agitation of the Civil Code of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Polilov
GASPITO. F. P-513. Op. 1. D. 3431. L. 22-24. Vacation.
№ 7
Information of the first secretary of the Staroyurievsky district committee of the CPSU (b) T.S. Dyakova in the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the state of the Novikovsky orphanage
December 9, 1942
Secret
104 children are brought up in the orphanage, of which 51 are boys, 53 are girls. 103 children of school age 8-14 years old, 1 girl - 7 years old.
The orphanage is located in two rooms, located one from the other at a distance of about 30 meters. The premises are prepared for the winter: current repairs have been carried out - re-laying of some stoves, whitewashing and external plastering. The rooms are warm.
Fuel has not been completely delivered. Of the 300 cubic meters of peat required by the norm for 20 furnaces, only 170 cubic meters of peat were delivered on 28/XI-42.
Clothing and footwear
All children have winter coats, however, more than half of the coats are old, but you can spend the winter in them. All children have 4 pairs of felt boots, 30 pairs of boots and 80 pairs of slippers made of cloth, so that most of the children are currently wearing slippers.
There are the following number of underwear and bed linen: girls' shirts - 177, boys' shirts - 279, girls' dresses - 209, boys' trousers - 250, shorts - 100, sheets - 260, pillowcases - 280, underpants - 30, towels - 201, mattresses - 120, pillows - 80, blankets - 120.
With wearable and bed linen things are going relatively well. There are 2-3 shifts for certain types of linen. There are only 30 underpants for 51 boys. The blankets are summer and, moreover, old, so now in winter it is cold to sleep under them and the guys are forced to cover themselves with a coat over the blankets. More than half of the linen is old.
Not all children have separate beds. 56 children sleep alone and 48 children sleep in twos on a bed. There are not enough chairs for 30 people.
There are 50 plates for all children, there are spoons for everyone. Enough kitchen utensils. Children have lunch in 2 shifts due to the fact that the canteen does not accommodate all the children in one shift.
Nutrition
The children are eating well. Eat 3 times a day. Now there are about 6 tons of potatoes, more than a ton of cabbage, 2 tons of beets, 200 kg of millet in stock. According to orders through the RPS, the orphanage regularly receives high-quality flour, cereals. Gets soap, sugar. RPS regularly provides 500 gr. of baked bread. per day per person. Part of the products, such as potatoes, cabbage, carrots, onions, etc., were collected by the children from their plot. The collective farms of the Skobelevsky and Staro-Aleksandrovsky s / soviets, which have fulfilled state obligations, provide great assistance to the orphanage with agricultural products.
Teaching and educational work
All 103 school-age children study at school. Children in grades 6[x] and 7[x] attend secondary school, while children in grades 1–5[x] study indoors due to the lack of warm footwear.
Progress for the 1st [th] quarter: 1st [th] class. - 80%, 2nd [th] - 85%, 3rd [th] - 95%, 4th [th] - 87%, 5th [th] - 56%, 6th [th] - 95%, 7 -[th] - 100%.
Children are insufficiently provided with textbooks: 1–4-[e] cells. provided by 80%, 6th [th] and 7th [th] cells. - by 70%, and the 5th [th] - only by 30%. Extremely insufficient notebooks and writing materials. There are no maps, visual aids.
The daily routine is running. Political information is carried out daily. Circles work: drama - 20 people, choral - 45, dance - 20. 60 people passed the norms for the GSO badge. The pioneer organization does not work, the orphanage does not have a pioneer leader. Children's Council is and works. There is an annual work plan and plans for educators for quarters. Educators do not have daily work plans.
Medical care for children is satisfactory. Infectious diseases, no scabies. The children are healthy. There are cases of furunculosis due to anemia, these children receive enhanced nutrition.
28/XI this year The Bureau of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks heard the director of the orphanage about the condition and work of the orphanage. The decision provides for a number of measures to eliminate shortcomings in the provision of the orphanage. The decision is being implemented. During this time another 50 m3 of peat was delivered.
Explanatory work is being carried out among collective farms and collective farmers to collect wool for the children of the orphanage. 40 kg have already been collected, from which felt boots will be dumped.
The head of the orphanage (collective farm "Lenin's Way" of the Staro-Aleksandrovsky village council) undertook to repair 15 broken beds. This will make it possible to reduce the number of children sleeping in pairs by 15 people.
The Komsomol Committee was asked to send a pioneer leader to the orphanage immediately.
Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Dyakov
GASPITO. F. P-361. Op. 1. D. 391. L. 62, 62v. Vacation.
№ 8
From the memorandum of the secretary for work among school youth and pioneers of the Tambov regional committee of the Komsomol A.N. Danilkina to the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League on assistance to orphanages, orphans
January 28, 1943
Having discussed the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League of September 15, 1942, the Komsomol organizations developed practical measures for each district and Komsomol primary organization on assistance to orphanages, orphans[s], schools in the coverage of universal education, etc.
The regional committee of the Komsomol asked the regional committee of the party to discuss this issue at the bureau of the regional committee of the party, after which they made 2000 pairs of boots, 2000 coats and fur coats, 2000 hats, 2000 pairs of cold shoes, 1000 blankets, gave 1000 m of manufactory, 1500 kg of soap, 2000 kg of kerosene, 3000 pieces of toys, etc., other things.
District and city Komsomol committees with departments of public education revised the composition of pioneer leaders and educators. In December, they held a meeting of directors of orphanages, in November - a meeting with pioneer leaders of orphanages. On December 29, a plenum of the regional committee of the Komsomol was held with the invitation of the secretaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the GK Komsomol, head. rono, gorono, directors of secondary schools on the issue of "On the restructuring of work in pioneer squads", where they analyzed in detail the work in orphanages, and the fight against child neglect, and the prevention of child homelessness, discussed the issue at a meeting of the head. rono, gorono.
Komsomol organizations and public education departments of the region began to pay more attention to orphanages and patronized children. Members of the Komsomol and teachers organized a collection of gifts for orphanages in the Kirsanov district, sent 15 tons of potatoes, 1.5 cents. meat, onions, cabbage, tomatoes, etc., organized the supply of fuel. Khobotovsky district collected 3 tons of potatoes, flour, cereals, meat, butter for Michurin's orphanages. Nikiforovsky RK VLKSM collected 12 tons of potatoes, 10 geese, 15 chickens. Uvarovskiy RK VLKSM collected 1 ton of millet, 15 cents. wheat, 70 kg of meat, 2 cents. sunflower and other products. Morshansky GK Komsomol rendered good help in the repair of the orphanage and in the provision of food. The pioneers of the city of Tambov delivered 1,800 cubic meters to orphanages on skids. meters of peat and firewood. The Yurlovsky RK VLKSM organized a collection of things and food for patronized and neglected children, as a result of which 360 children were returned to school. Over the past month, _____* children have been returned to schools in the region.
Komsomol organizations began to engage more seriously in educational work in orphanages and schools. A socialist competition for the best orphanage began in the region. They established a challenge Red Banner and two awards: 1st prize - 2000 rubles, 2nd prize - 1000 rubles. The first summing up of the results of the competition was held on December 16, the 2nd summing up will be held in June.
The 1st place in the region was taken by the Kardymovsky orphanage. The orphanage has a 100% academic performance, 75% of excellent students. All children are pioneers, wonderful social activists. Each pioneer has a sponsored Red Army family; pioneers often perform amateur performances before the population.
All summer, children from the orphanage worked on agricultural work on their land plot d / house (4.5 hectares of arable land and 10 hectares of hay), in three neighboring collective farms (Luch, Trud, named after Kalinin) and in two state farms ("Collectivist" and "Catherine's Stronghold"). […]**.
2nd place was taken by the orphanage. Stalin in Morshansk, which has a 100% academic performance, excellent students - 68%, all children are pioneers, wonderful social activists, they worked to ship potatoes and tobacco to the Bryansk Front, collect scrap metal, bottles, patronize the families of front-line soldiers.
3rd place was taken by the Uvarovsky orphanage. Has a performance of 97%, excellent students - 40%. Pioneers are good public figures.
The secretaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Komsomol Committee and the Komsomol activists began to consider it their duty to visit orphanages, give reports, lectures, and talks there. In orphanages there are secretaries and instructors of the regional committee of the Komsomol.
The situation with children's homes in the region has improved, but there are still children's homes that do not have enough living space (there are 5 of them). There are 4 orphanages where it is necessary to change the heads of orphanages. It is very bad in orphanages with cold shoes and bed linen. Now a large number of leaders are recruiting to these houses, and in April-May we will transfer the orphanages, which have little living space, to other buildings.
Now the Komsomol organizations are working to expand the patronage of collective farmers over children's homes.
There is a very difficult situation with patronized children in the region. The regional committee of the Komsomol now has 10,000 rubles. of money. We agreed with the regional executive committee to use these funds in factories to make shoes and underwear from consumer goods, which we will send to children, and Komsomol organizations are now working to create good conditions for patronized children.
The regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League submitted a proposal to the regional executive committee in order to make a decision and restore the work of the commission under the regional executive committee, which developed a work plan. From December 25 to February 1, members of the commission at the regional executive committee will hold cluster meetings of chairmen of commissions of cities, districts, heads of departments of public education on the issue of combating child neglect and homelessness.
Now there are 4 children's canteens in the cities of the region.
The bad thing is that the House of Pioneers in Tambov is not working due to the lack of a building.
Over the past two months, the number of children in the children's home has increased in the Tambov region, and especially at the expense of children from the Moscow region and the Tula region. Children from these regions come to our region to exchange things for food (children aged 12-14). The Tambov regional committee of the Komsomol asks the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League to draw the attention of the Komsomol organizations of the Moscow and Tula regions to work with children and their parents.
Secretary of the Komsomol Regional Committee for Danilkin Schools
GASPITO. F. P-1184. Op. 1. D. 579. L. 6-7v. Vacation.
_____________________________
* Number not specified.
** Examples of the participation of pupils of the Kardymov Orphanage in agricultural work are omitted.
№ 9
Report of the instructor of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League Perekhozhinskaya to the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the organization of an orphanage in the Izberdeevsky district
July 3, 1943
There are 200 orphans in the Izberdeevsky district who live on patronage. At the district meeting of chairmen of collective farms, the chairman of the collective farm "Decisive" Comrade. Dvurechensky, the chairman of the Rosa Luxembourg [collective farm] comrade Polivov, the chairman of the Palnevsky village council comrade Dronov made a proposal to organize an orphanage for orphans. This proposal was supported by all the chairmen of the collective farms. We decided to open an orphanage for 100 people. We immediately set about organizing it. They drew up a distribution order, according to which each collective farm must give out a certain amount (providing an orphanage for a year) of food and livestock. Now the collective farms have transferred 4 cows, 2 horses, 40 sheep and 5 hectares of land to the orphanage. They brought food (meat, butter, eggs, pasta, honey).
The district consumer union allocated white knitted suits, hats, and towels for children. On the spot, they managed to find 15 beds, mattresses, blankets, pillows, pillowcases, curtains, curtains, etc. The artel ordered wooden beds, bedside tables and stools.
The most picturesque place in the region was chosen for the orphanage. A new school has recently been built in Uspenovka village. The building of the old school was given to the orphanage. A dining room and a kitchen will be built again, a laundry room, a shower room, and a sports ground will be equipped. A detailed and extensive plan for organizing an orphanage has been outlined.
The house is located in a huge orchard (19 hectares), which descends to the river. The garden now belongs to the state farm, located 25 kilometers from the garden. District organizations are petitioning to transfer this kindergarten to an orphanage. The kindergarten* will have a specialist gardener who will teach children how to garden. Near the orphanage there is an incomplete secondary school and a hospital. The director of the orphanage, 4 educators and a cook have been selected, the rest of the staff has not yet been selected.
The district committee of the party, the district committee of the Komsomol, the district council and others take an active and direct part in the organization of the orphanage. local organizations and institutions.
Komsomol members and youth took up the organization of the orphanage with passion. Under the leadership of the secretary of the district committee of the Komsomol comrade. Parshevoy created a Komsomol youth brigade of 13 people. The team repaired and whitewashed the room in three days, equipped it with portraits, posters, flowers, hung embroidered curtains and drapes.
On July 1, in the evening, the first 16 children arrived at the orphanage. The teachers took the children to the hospital for a medical examination, then to the bathhouse. The boys had their hair cut and changed into new white suits. Warmly and caringly met the kids in the orphanage cozy, clean and bright rooms. There are beds in rows, covered with blue bed blankets, embroidered curtains on the windows, flowers. The new owners were very happy with their home.
Residents of the Uspenovka village also came to meet the children and brought them gifts. After dinner the children went to bed. In the coming days, other children will arrive at the orphanage.
An orphanage needs shoes and a manufactory for sewing linen. Glass is also needed to glaze the windows of the newly built dining room.
Much has not yet been done in the Uspenovsky orphanage, much is only being designed. But the leaders of the district assured that in two weeks the children will have everything they need.
The enthusiasm and energy with which the collective farmers, Komsomol members and youth of the region undertook this wonderful patriotic cause allow us to fully hope for this promise.
Instructor of the regional committee of the Komsomol Perekhozhinskaya
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 3429. L. 41-42. Script.
_______________________________
* Too. It should be read - at the orphanage.
№ 10
Information sector of the Tambov Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the implementation of the decision of the Bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 3, 1943 "On the initiative of collective farmers and collective farmers of the Izberdeevsky District"
September 16, 1943
As a result of checking the implementation of the decision of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the organization of collective-farm orphanages, following the example of the Izberdeevites, it was established that most of the district committees of the party did a lot of organizational and mass work among the collective farmers to create collective-farm orphanages. According to the data for 15/IX-43, in the districts of the region there are the following:
15 children's collective farm houses were opened:
1. An orphanage for 80 people was opened in the Algasovsky district on 15/IX-43. children. The orphanage is provided with food in the required quantity for the whole year. In the subsidiary farm of the orphanage there are: 1 horse, 2 cows, 8 sheep, 8 piglets. The Republican Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks asks for assistance in purchasing clothes and shoes for the orphanage.
2. Bondarsky district organizes two orphanages for two hundred people. One orphanage for a hundred people. opened 1 / IX-43 in the village. P[ahotny] Corner, and the second in with. Verderevshchino is ready for opening on 17/IX-43. Orphanages are provided with food and vegetables for the whole year.
In the orphanage with P[arable] corner there are 2 horses, 4 oxen, 2 cows.
3. In the Volchkovsky district on July 25, 1943, an orphanage for 30 people was opened. (requires 50 people). The orphanage is provided with food for 12 months. There are 5 cows, 5 sheep, 1 horse, 5 piglets, 20 pieces in the orphanage. birds.
4. In the Degtyansky district, an orphanage was opened on 13/IX-43. for 35 people. Allocated for the orphanage 3 horses, 4 cows. The orphanage is provided with food for a year.
5. Morshansky agricultural district in the village. Mutasyevo opened an orphanage on 05/IX-43 for 60 people. (need 100 people). 5 cents were donated for the orphanage. wheat, 5 cents. millet, 70 cent. potatoes, pickled cucumbers 1.7 tons, tomatoes 2 tons. 12 cows, 65 sheep, 33 chickens, 24 piglets have been allocated for the farm.
6. Shpikulovsky district opened an orphanage for 40 people on 13/IX-43. (you need 100). There are 4 cows, 15 sheep, 2 horses in the orphanage, vegetables and food are harvested.
7. In the P[okrovo]-Marfinsky district, an orphanage has been opened for 60 children (75 are needed). All products for the year were brought to the orphanage. There are 5 cows, 2 horses, 20 sheep, 50 hectares of crops have been harvested. 
8. On August 10, 1943, the Znamensky District opened an orphanage, 40 children were taken in (the orphanage is designed for 65 children). There are 2 horses, 3 cows, 30 sheep.
9. An orphanage has been opened in the Izberdeevsky district. Adopted 84 children (designed for 100 children). Collective farms transferred 4 cows, 50 sheep, 50 hectares of crops to the orphanage. Harvest removed.
10. An orphanage was opened in the Michurinsky agricultural district on September 5th. There are 100 children. Allocated 5 cows, 2 horses, 9 sheep, 3 pigs. Pickled vegetables. The orphanage is provided with food for a year.
11. In the Zherdevsky district, an orphanage is open for 75 people. There are 2 cows, 6 sheep, 5 pigs, 1 horse in the orphanage.
12. An orphanage has been opened in the Nikiforovsky district. Picked up 35 people. children. There is a subsidiary farm: 2 cows, 8 sheep, 5 piglets, 2 horses. Collected 250 cents. potatoes, 30 centners of vegetables.
13. In the Kirsanovsky district, an orphanage was opened on the collective farm named after. Lenin for 50 people, the second orphanage for 50 people. at the collective farm Ilyich will be opened on 01/X-43. Vegetables harvested 5 tons, 100 kg. cereals, 200 kg. flour, 7 sheep, 2 heifers, money 20 thousand rubles.
14. An orphanage for 27 people was opened in the Yurlovsky district. (scheduled for 50). The farm has 2 horses, 4 cows, 8 pigs.
15. In the Shekhmansky district, an orphanage is open for 40 people. The orphanage has 2 cows, 2 horses, 30 sheep. Provided with products. Need help buying shoes and clothes.
Preparations are underway for the opening of orphanages in the districts:
1. In the Inzhavinsky district, it is planned to open an orphanage on 20/IX-43 for 50 people. The premises are equipped, furniture is provided, the orphanage is provided with food by 50%. 4 cows, 12 sheep were allocated, 4 hectares of the garden and 6 beehives were transferred.
2. An orphanage will be opened in the Lysogorsky district on 25/IX-43 for 80 people. children. The renovation of the building is being completed. Cash orphanage - 50,000 rubles. The required amount of products is provided for the whole year. Allocated 3 cows, 30 sheep, 10 pigs.
3. An orphanage for 50 people will be opened in Muchkapsky district. 20/IX-43 The repair of the building is completed, the products are collected with a reserve for the whole year, but have not yet been transferred to the orphanage. There are 1 horse, 2 cows, 10 sheep, 5 piglets.
4. An orphanage 1/X-43 for 30 people will be opened in the Tugolukovsky district. The orphanage is provided with food for a year. Allocated 2 cows, 5 sheep.
5. Glazkovsky district opens an orphanage 1/X for 50 people. Monetary base - 7000 rubles. Transferred 10 cents. wheat, 10 cents. potatoes, allocated and transferred 9 cows, 36 sheep, 7 pigs.
6. An orphanage will be opened in the Shapkinsky district on 20/IX-43 for 50 people. Repair completed. There is no data on subsidiary farming and harvested products.
7. St[aro]-Yurievsky district opens an orphanage for 50 people. 1/X. The room is ready. Cash in the orphanage - 90 thousand rubles. 100 cents donated. rye, 70 cents. millet, 70 cent. cereals, 200 c potatoes.
8. In the Shulginsky district, an orphanage will be opened on 1/X-43 for 60 people. (selected 40). Products are collected with a reserve for the whole year, but have not yet been transferred to the orphanage. Allocated: 1 horse, 5 sheep, 5 cows, 40 pcs. chickens.
9. In the Rasskazovsky district, an orphanage will be opened on 20/IX-43 for 30 people. The building has been renovated. Prepared 160 cents. rye and wheat, 10 cents. groats, 59 cents. vegetables. Allocated sheep - 8, pigs - 1.
10. In the Umetsky district, an orphanage will be opened on 26/IX-43 for 150 people in the village. Sofyinka. Allocated 6 cows, 170 sheep, 4 horses.
11. In the Gavrilovsky district, an orphanage will be opened on 25/IX-43 for 50 people. children. The room is ready. The Republican Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks asks for assistance in purchasing linen, clothes and blankets.
12. An orphanage for 40 people is being prepared for opening in the Kamensky district. Picked up 85 people. Allocated: 2 horses, 2 cows, 15 sheep. Products are being prepared. The room is prepared for the reception of children. Will be opened on 20/IX-43.
13. An orphanage 1/X for 60 people will be opened in the Lamsky district. children. Now 40 children have been selected. Collective farms allocated 2 horses, 4 cows, 30 sheep for subsidiary farming. 100 cents delivered. wheat, 110 cents. millet, 150 quintals of potatoes. The Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Comrade Krakhmalev, asks for assistance in purchasing blankets, sheets, and a children's dress.
14. An orphanage is scheduled to open on 20/IX in the Mordovskiy region. Selected 50 people. Food and vegetables are being prepared.
15. An orphanage will be opened in the Platonovsky district on 20/IX-43 for 50 people. Allocated for the orphanage 5 cows, 10 pigs, 30 chickens.
16. In the Poletaevsky district, an orphanage for 50 people is being prepared for opening, it will be opened on 1/X-43.
17. An orphanage will be opened in the Rakshinsky district on 25/IX-43 for 50 people. Collective farmers allocated 6 cents for the orphanage. rye, 22 cents. wheat, 11.5 quintals of millet, 6 quintals of peas, 84 quintals of potatoes, 48 kg. honey, 40 kg. vegetable oil, 10 kg. animal oil. For the economy of the orphanage received: 1 horse, 2 cows, 2 pigs, 14 sheep.
18. In the Rzhaksinsky district, an orphanage will be opened on 20/IX for 50 people. Allocated for the orphanage: 1 horse, 1 cow, 20 pcs. chickens.
19. An orphanage for 100 people will be opened in the Sampur district on 1/X-43. Products are being prepared.
20. An orphanage 25/IX for 60 people will be opened in the Krasivsky District. The orphanage is provided with food by 50%. There are 2 horses, 2 cows.
21. In Tokarevsky district, an orphanage will be opened for 70 people. 1/X-43 Cups, spoons, plates, toys, bedding were collected among the collective farmers. Collective farms allocated 3 cows, 10 pigs, 2 horses.
22. An orphanage will be opened in the Uvarovsky district on 25/IX-43. 83 children have been selected. Products are prepared completely for a year. Allocated: 2 cows, 11 sheep, 6 pigs.
23. An orphanage will be opened in the Khobotovsky district on 25/IX-43. On 15/IX 20 orphans were selected. The products are ready. The orphanage has 3 cows, 10 sheep, 2 horses.
24. An orphanage for 60 people is being organized in the Sosnovsky district. Will be opened on 1/X-43. Allocated: 5 cows, 2 horses, 2 bulls. Harvested for the orphanage 20 hectares of grain, 6 hectares of potatoes.
25. Pervomaisky district 20/IX opens an orphanage for 25 children. The products have been delivered. The premises have been renovated. A farm is created: 2 cows, 2 horses, 8 sheep.
26. An orphanage for 60 people is being organized in the Pichaevsky district, it will be opened on 1/X-43.
27. An orphanage for 20 people is being created in the Rudovsky district. Will be opened on 1/X-43. Total number of children assigned to orphanages as of September 15 (in open orphanages) 806 people.
During the second half of September, month of this year. 1722 children will be placed in orphanages. In total, 44 orphanages are being organized in the region, covering 2628 children.
Head Information Sector of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks N. Kovaleva
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 3472. L. 38-40. Script.
№ 11
List of organized collective farm orphanages in the Tambov region
1943
№№
n Name of districts In d / house of places Presence of children
1 Algasovsky 80 27
2 Volchkovsky 50 50
3 Bondarsky 18 27
4 Kirsanovsky 50 50
5 Degtyansky 35 35
6 Morshansky 100 15
7 Shpikulovsky 100 60
8 Pokrovo-Marfinsky 75 61
9 Znamensky 65 48
10 Izberdeevsky 100 84
11 Michurinsky 100 60
12 Zherdevsky 75 50
13 Nikiforovsky 50 35
14 Yurlovsky 50 47
15 Shekhmansky 40 28
16 Uvarovsky 100 100
17 Rzhaksinsky 50 17
18 Inzhavinsky 50 42
19 Shapkinsky 70 14
20 Sosnovsky 60 40
21 Pervomaisky 25 25
22 Mordovo 50 35
23 Poletaevsky 50 27
24 Rasskazovo 30 10
25 Sampurskiy
26 Shulginsky
Head Oblono Nikitin
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 5091. L. 144, 144v. Script.
№ 12
List of districts preparing for the opening of collective farm orphanages
1943
№№
n Name of districts In d / house of places
1 Lysogorsky 80
2 Muchkapsky 50
3 Tugolukovsky 30
4 Glazkovsky 50
5 St[aro]-Yurievsky 50
6 Umetsky 150
7 Gavrilovsky 50
8 Kamensky 40
9 Lamsky 60
10 Platonovsky 50
11 Rakshinsky 50
12 Krasivsky 60
13 Tokarevsky 70
14 Hobotovsky 20
15 Pichaevsky 60
16 Rudovsky 20
17 Tambov 50
18 Kirsanovskiy 50
Head Oblono Nikitin
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 5091. L. 143. Original.
№ 13
List of budget orphanages in the cities of the Tambov region
1943
№№
1 Orphanage No. 3 Tambov 110
2 Orphanage No. 6 Tambov 65
3 Orphanage No. 8 Tambov 110
4 Orphanage of m[deaf]mute children, Tambov 60
5 Orphanage "Krucha", Rasskazovo 160
6 im. Lunacharsky city of Rasskazovo 100
7 im. KIM Kirsanov 140
8 "Grandchildren of Ilyich", Kirsanov 90
9 im. Lenin, Morshansk 120
10 im. Krupskaya Morshansk 100
11 im. Engels Morshansk 107
12 "15 years of October" Michurinsk 150
13 Preschool Michurinsk 110
14 Rasskazov's school of g[deaf]n[s] 100
15 Kirsanovskaya school of de[deaf]mute 80
16 Morshansk school of the blind 80
Total 1682
Deputy head Oblono Polyansky
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 5091. L. 145. Original.
№ 14
List of budget orphanages in the districts of the Tambov region
1943
№№
pp Name of orphanages Contingent
1 Krasnosvobodnensky, Tambov district 130
2 Znamensky d/d 100
3 Karaulsky d / d Inzhavinsky district 370
4 Kanishevsky d / d Pichaevsky district 80
5 Naryadnensky d / d Pichaevsky district 90
6 im. Pirogov Michurinsky district 140
7 Kardymovsky d / d Nikiforovsky district 110
8 Saburovsky d / d Nikiforovsky district 100
9 Uvarovsky d / d Uvarovsky district 120
10 Perevozovsky d / d Rzhaksinsky district 100
11 Sampursky d / d Sampursky district 100
12 Muchkapsky d / d 90
13 Kulyabovsky d / d Shapkinsky district 120
14 Umet Orphanage 90
15 Gavrilovsky preschool 60
16 Gavrilovsky school 80
17 Stepanovsky d / d Kamensky district 80
18 Danilovsky d / d Znamensky district 90
19 P[okrovo]-Marfinsky orphanage 80
20 St[aro]-Yurievsky orphanage 100
21 Shapkinsky orphanage 85
22 Staevsky d / d Michurinsky district 160
23 Zavoronezh d / d Michurinsky district 118
24 Algasovsky orphanage 115
25 Rakshinsky orphanage 80
26 K[arai]-Saltykovsky d / d Krasivsky district 100
27 im. Stalin Inzhavinsky district 90
28 Cherkinsky d / d Morshansky district 60
29 Chernyanovsky d / d Lysogorsky district 75
30 Tokarevsky orphanage 100
31 Poletaevsky orphanage 130
32 Ternovskoy d / d Inzhavinsky district 60
33 Uvarovskaya school of the deaf 120
34 Staro-Seslavinskaya school of g[luho]n[s]pervomaisky district 80
Total 3601
(3603)
Deputy head Oblono Polyansky
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 5091. L. 146. Original.
№ 15
Letter from the police department of the UNKVD for the Tambov region to the first secretary of the Tambov regional committee of the Komsomol S.E. Tarasov on the fight against child neglect
December 23, 1944
The war with the Nazi invaders created the conditions for the development of neglect of children, whose fathers in most cases are at the front, their mothers work in enterprises and institutions. Children, left to their own devices, are engaged in walking around the markets, petty trade, and sometimes thefts. Finding a child in the market develops bad habits in him. The child falls behind in school and eventually drops out of attendance.
Only by the forces of police officers in 1944, 1,200 people were detained for neglect within the city of Tambov, of which 795 were students, and 405 were not students. In the region, 2275 people were detained for neglect, of which 1795 were students, 480 were not students.
With the onset of winter, children, for lack of skating rinks in the city, skate through the streets, clinging to passing cars, exposing themselves to the danger of being maimed.
An inspection of a number of schools conducted by the police found that there is no duty on the part of both the teaching staff and high school students during breaks and the end of classes in schools.
It is impossible to carry out such a huge work to prevent the development of child neglect without the participation of the public by the police forces alone. Our repeated appeals to the Tambov city committee for the allocation of Komsomol members to remove neglected children from the markets and streets of the city remained unfulfilled. Not a single member of the Komsomol in 1944 took part in this great and honorable work.
Upon receipt of this, we ask you to instruct grassroots Komsomol organizations to take an active part in the fight against child neglect.
Deputy early UM UNKVD for political affairs
Guard Major Stepin
Head of OSBP UM UNKVD TO
Art. Police Lieutenant Gregory
GASPITO. F. P-1184. Op. 1. D. 649. L. 32. Original.
№ 16
Certificate from the BDBB Department of the NKVD for the Tambov Region to the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the state of child homelessness, neglect and crime in the Tambov Region for 9 months of 1945
October 6, 1945
Secret
In total, children were detained by the territorial police in the 1st [m] quarter 473 people, in the 2nd [m] quarter - 661, of which 36 were homeless, 625 were neglected. 480 people were detained in the city of Tambov in the 2nd [m] quarter , in the city of Michurinsk - 140 and in the city of Morshansk - 41. Transport police (excluding the city of Morshansk) detained 506 people in the 2nd [m] quarter.
Over the past 9 months of 1945, 1004 homeless and neglected children and adolescents were admitted to children's reception centers. Of those admitted, there were 562 orphans, 104 who had lost contact with their parents, 183 who had left their parents, 173 who had escaped from orphanages (including 66 from orphanages in the Tambov region), and 38 who had escaped from the schools and schools of the FZO.
The children admitted to foster homes are natives of: Tambov region - 211 people, Moscow region - 92, Voronezh region - 53, Penza region - 50, Leningrad region - 40, Oryol region - 38, Smolensk region - 29, Rostov region - 23, Ryazan region - 28, Kuibyshev region - 31, Stalingrad - 22, Voroshilovgrad - 23 people, etc.
Last year, 1944, during the same period, 1,456 homeless and neglected children were admitted to orphanages. Of those admitted, there were 692 orphans, 118 who had lost contact with their parents, 290 who had left their parents, 160 who had escaped from orphanages, and 104 who had escaped from schools and schools of the FZO.
All children admitted to children's homes were removed from passing trains by representatives of the police, detained at markets, train stations, and [in] other places of congestion.
Over the past 9 months of this year, 928 homeless and neglected children and adolescents left the children's homes. Of these, 238 were sent to orphanages, 62 to schools and schools of the FZO, and were employed in industry and railways. transport - 74, agriculture - 11, sent to labor educational colonies - 195, transferred to patronage - 9, returned to relatives - 250, fled from orphanages - 30, sent to hospitals and judicial-investigative bodies and other places - 9.
Juvenile delinquency is characterized by the following data. In the 3rd quarter of 1944, 128 crimes committed by minors were registered, in the 4th quarter of 1945 - 66, in the 1st quarter of 1945 - 56 and in the 2nd quarter - 73. In the first quarter of the crime, 114 minors were involved, including homeless people - 9, schoolchildren - 17, students of remuchilis and schools of the FZO - 16, working in production - 26, employed in agriculture - 15, not working anywhere, living at the expense of their parents - 31.
In the Tambov region there are 3 children's reception centers in the cities of Tambov, Michurinsk and Morshansk. The children's homes are staffed. The composition of educators in them is selected efficient. The sanitary and technical condition of the children's homes is satisfactory. The rooms are clean, there is a sufficient amount of equipment. The orphanages are satisfactorily supplied with material allowances and foodstuffs. Each receiver has a subsidiary farm.
In addition to children's homes in the above cities, there are police children's rooms at city departments and railway transport. These rooms work satisfactorily.
A significant shortcoming in the fight against child homelessness and neglect is the lack of public participation in this matter. Despite the raising of this issue in the regional committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, in the regional executive committee and at meetings held in the department with representatives of regional organizations, Komsomol organizations take part from time to time, and trade union organizations stand completely aside.
Until August of this year, there were two labor educational colonies in the Tambov region. One of them, Vyazhlinskaya, has been closed since August. Remained operating Tambov with a contingent of 300 people. Now it is being renovated and prepared for winter. One of the major shortcomings in the colony is the poor composition of educators, the lack of teachers, the absence of leaders of amateur art circles and the head of military physical education. Our repeated appeals to the oblono and the regional council of physical education for the allocation of the necessary personnel did not give any results.
Head of the Department of the UNKVD TO for BDBB Major Engineer M. Milovanov
GASPITO. F. P-1045. Op. 1. D. 5091. L. 75-76. Script.
№ 17
Certificate of the inspector of the sector of orphanages of the Tambov oblono A.D. Samorodova to the regional committee of the Komsomol on the change in the number of orphanages in the region during the war years
October 9, 1945
The department of orphanages of the Tambov oblono reports that from July 1941 to October 1945, 5049 people passed through the orphanages of the region of orphans and half-orphans.
The oldest of them were employed in 1941 - 450 people, 1942 - 625 people, 1943 - 750 people, 1944 - 700 people, 1945 - 500 people. Total - 3025 people.
Patronized children: in 1941 - 1489 people, 1942 - 2570 people, 1943 - 3446 people, 1944 - 4315 people, 1945 - 4700 people.
Currently, there are 6585 people in children's homes.
Oblono orphanage sector inspector A. Samorodova
GASPITO. F. P-1184. Op. 1. D. 727. L. 30. Original.
Red Builder in 2002. This house is no more
Stalin's two-story buildings are considered to be uncomfortable, low-grade housing. Citizens often call them the offensive word "barracks", implying not only the poor quality of construction, but also absolute architectural squalor.
At the same time, a closer look, both at the houses themselves and at the history of their creation, shows that we have before us one of the most curious layers of Moscow architecture of the 20th century, which, alas, is now rapidly disappearing.
Some of them are truly beautiful and deserve to be called architectural monuments. Others, having more modest artistic merit, are valuable because they have well preserved the flavor of the passing era. Still others, accidentally preserved in areas of new development, simply show what was here before.
Immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War, due to an acute housing crisis, mass construction was launched in the country. Since, within the framework of Stalinist culture, architecture was considered one of the most important tools for educating a new type of people, this direction became one of the priorities. Leading architects of the USSR were involved in its implementation.
before newly created architectural ensembles there were the following requirements: ideological load, visibility, edification, prettiness. Ideally, a single style should permeate everything - from the most important ideological structures to the smallest details of everyday life. In practice, of course, this turned out on a relatively modest scale, but still, low-rise buildings of this style determined the appearance of many cities - Velikiye Luki restored after the war, Angarsk, Volzhsky, Zhigulevsk, etc.
Izmailovo. 6th Park, 32. 1951
The victory over fascist Germany, which caused a surge of patriotic sentiments, and the struggle against Western influence imposed from above forced the architects to turn to the Russian architectural tradition. If the forms of the Naryshkin baroque were borrowed for high-rise or front buildings, then the Russian Empire of 1810-30 was the most suitable for low-rise buildings. Designed by the architect Osip Bove for the restoration of Moscow after the fire of 1812, the typical projects of residential buildings became the "great-grandfathers" of two- and three-story buildings of the 1940s. This is how a bizarre "estate" layer of Soviet architecture appeared, harmoniously combining economy and splendor, comfort and ideology, mass character and individuality.
Direct predecessors
In the pre-war years, low-rise construction was not given much attention in Moscow, and major architects did not deal with it. Two-story buildings of a very modest appearance appeared near enterprises, railway stations and military units, sometimes in the courtyards of houses in the city center. Most often they were erected from logs, shields or other not very durable materials. Brick was rarely used - it was cherished for larger buildings.
Kuntsevo. Petra Alekseeva, 10
Once upon a time there were a lot of such houses in Moscow, but only a few have survived to this day, surviving in the outlying areas.
Of the wooden buildings, it is worth noting the imposing two-story log building of the 1920s and 30s near the factory of Pyotr Alekseev (P. Alekseev St., 10) and a one-story house 5a on the same street. Another wooden two-story house built in 1929 is still preserved near the Uzkoye estate (Profsoyuznaya st., 123). All of them are still inhabited.
Wooden house in the estate "Uzkoe". 1929
Two wooden plastered two-story buildings have been preserved on Novozavodskaya Street near the Khrunichev plant. There are no residents in them for a long time, now the offices of the plant are located there. Buildings similar to them also survived in Koptevo and in the area of the Water Stadium. Now, when there are almost no traces of wooden Moscow left, these surviving buildings can be used to judge the appearance and life of our city in the mid-twentieth century, when hundreds of thousands of Muscovites lived in such houses.
Koptevo. Red two-story barracks of the 1930s and 40s.
Now it seems strange, but even in the areas of exemplary buildings of the post-war period, wooden buildings came across. For example, in the area of Sandy Streets, where the construction of an exemplary residential area began in the late 1940s, wooden barracks stood on Peschanaya Square and on the central boulevard (2nd Peschanaya Street). Muscovites of that time were not at all shy about this: the barracks are visible even in the ceremonial photographs of this area, included in the architectural albums.
Brick low-rise buildings were also built in Moscow in the pre-war years, although they are much less common. On Maroseyka, one such house has been preserved in the courtyard of house 11; the date "1932" is on its facade.
The most significant fragment of this building has survived in the former village named after Podbelsky in the north-east of Moscow. Here, in the area of modern 5 and 6 passages of Podbelsky, there are about a dozen built in 1938-39. two-story buildings, some of which were built on third floors in 1951.
5th pr. Podbelsky, 10a. Two-story building in 1939.
These houses are modest and have no frills. Moreover, their appearance evokes a feeling of provinciality and homelessness, unusual for Moscow streets. It is clearly seen that savings have always been made on these buildings - both during construction, and during the superstructure, and during subsequent operation. Other such ensembles of pre-war architecture " lower level"There is none in the capital - low-rise buildings were not considered among the promising areas of Soviet architecture in the late 1930s. So the village of Podbelsky is unique, although ugly.
5th Podbelsky Ave., 6a. Added three-story building in 1939
The experience of mass serial low-rise construction was accumulated in the USSR during the war years, when it was carried out in the cities of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia for evacuated residents of the western regions. For example, in Kuibyshev (now Samara), two-story neighborhoods formed a huge new Bezymyanka district, almost larger in size than the territory of the old city. It was then necessary to build hastily, economically and without frills, often far from the city center.
With the accumulation of urban planning experience, low-rise settlements began to be built in the form of ensembles inscribed in the urban environment. Here is how the "correct" village ensembles were described in the architectural criticism of those years:
"The word "settlement" refers to a large residential area that arises within the city and is an organic part of it. It is most often called a village only because it was built for one of some enterprises, near it and arose in short time in the form of a holistic or relatively holistic ensemble. Being close to an industrial enterprise, such a "settlement" not only is not isolated from the city, but, on the contrary, becomes the most important factor reconstruction of a significant urban area; moreover, such a residential area is usually organically connected by convenient highways and developed means of transport with the urban center. Such "settlements" contribute to the compact settlement of workers near their enterprises and at the same time correspond to the integral organization of the city, since they actively participate in its systematic transformation, in the creation of its unity "... (M.P. Tsapenko "On the realistic foundations of Soviet architecture "M., 1952).
A quick and cheap way to transform cities was in high demand. In many cities, low-rise buildings accounted for up to 80-90% of all construction in those years. In Moscow, new quarters appeared on Khoroshevskoye Highway, in Izmailovo, on Perovoye Pole, in Lyublino, Tushino, on Dmitrovskoye Highway, in the villages of Tekstilshchiki, Kuryanovo, Severny and other areas.
Perovo Field. 1st Vladimirskaya, 24a. 1949
Since the appearance of these buildings coincided with the end of the war and the massive involvement in construction work German prisoners of war, these neat houses were popularly called "German". It's funny that this nickname has become so firmly established that in the regions even two-story buildings built in the 1960s are attributed to the mythical "Germans".
In fact, in the 1940s and 50s, these houses were erected not only by captured Germans, but also by Soviet prisoners, as well as ordinary civilian builders. On the Far East they were built by captured Japanese. The Germans, of course, had nothing to do with the work of the workshops that designed these houses.
Moscow low-rise ensembles
Houses on Khoroshevskoye Highway in Moscow became the first experience of a new type of low-rise construction.
This part of the city was seriously damaged during the bombings of 1941 and had to be rebuilt. Under the guidance of the venerable architect D.N. Chechulin architects G.Ya. Wolfenzon and V.N. Brovchenko developed standard designs for cheap and prefabricated two-story houses. Built in 1945-46. along the Khoroshevsky highway and united by a continuous openwork fence, they formed a closed space of courtyards, reminiscent of Russian estates of the 18th-19th centuries.
These houses were intended for officers, and they were built by captured Germans (A. Demin "Khodynka: from Dmitry Donskoy to the present day". M., 1997). Attractive and cozy from the outside, inside they had fragile wooden floors and thirty years after construction they were very dilapidated. Most of them were demolished in the early 1980s, and the rest were dismantled during the construction of the third ring or rebuilt as offices.
One of the last two-story buildings at the beginning of Khoroshevsky highway. June 20, 2002.
Wonderful low-rise ensembles in Izmailovo and Perovoye Pole, built in 1946 according to the design of architects A. Arefiev, M. Lisitsian, G. Malyan, have not survived to this day. In these areas, there are still a few two-three-story blocks, but this is only a small part of what it once was.
Izmailovo. Three-storey building in 1946
In the 1980s and 1990s, high-rise buildings of mass series were erected on the site of the demolished quarters. Their "Stalinist" past is reminiscent only of transformer boxes that have been preserved in some places, old poplars and manhole covers.
A wonderful ensemble-estate, built in the late 1940s according to the project of the famous architect Dmitry Chechulin, is located on Marshal Biryuzov Street not far from the western exit of the Oktyabrskoye Pole metro station. All its buildings are interconnected by imposing empire arches, the yards are decorated with two fountains.
Warsaw highway, 85 k. 2. 1949
Near the Varshavskaya metro station, between the highway and the railway, there are three three-story houses built in 1949-50 according to a typical post-war project developed by architect A.D. Suris (Mosproekt). In the design of their facades, not only classical details were used, but also elements of ancient Russian architecture.
Of the isolated buildings, it is also worth noting the cottage of Pyotr Kapitsa on the territory of the Institute of Physical Problems on Sparrow Hills, built in 1950 according to the project of architect E.N. Stamo. A beautiful two-storey mansion was built in the depths of the institute's park and stands out among its contemporaries with a distinctly European appearance.
Two more stylish low-rise quarters are located on Rustaveli Street (Dmitrovskaya metro area). The red three-story houses at the beginning of the street (possession N3, built in 1946-1948) are one of the most elegant and touching monuments of post-war Soviet architecture. Alas, now they are in a deplorable state and will probably be demolished in the coming years.
Butyrsky farm. Rustaveli street, 3
On Rustaveli Street, 9, there is another remarkable ensemble of post-war low-rise architecture, built in 1947-48. designed by architect Yakov Lichtenberg. In appearance, it is not as bright as the "red houses", but in fact it is no less thin and beautiful. This eight-section house received the third prize in the competition for the best buildings of the year, organized by the Office of Architecture of the RSFSR.
Butyrsky farm. Rustaveli street, 9
noteworthy opinion about this house of the doctor of art history, professor K.N. Afanasiev: "The configuration of the plan of the house forms a large bright open courtyard, having a proportion of two squares. Landscaping and landscaping give comfort and decorate the house not only from the outside, but also from the side of the courtyard, which, rather, should be called not a courtyard, but a square or a garden. Precisely such houses that provide everyday life for families with children and comfort, and our cities should be built up ...
A residential building in Butyrsky Farm is a classic theme - the design of windows, entrances, the use of rust. And although there is no large warrant, the building is made according to classical rules. But in this classic, the character of the author, the masculinity, the monumentality of his talent, which is very characteristic of Lichtenberg, again manifested itself. He achieves this at the expense of a somewhat exaggerated scale of the building, enlarged details. This is exactly what is called "heroic scale" in architecture - the building, as it were, is designed not for an ordinary person, but for a hero-person. And Lichtenberg does it very correctly."
Butyrsky farm. Rustaveli street, 9. Photo of 1947
In the 1940s, there was a place for low-rise architecture in the future communist paradise. Here is how one of the corners of the future Moscow is described in Anatoly Loginov's guide Our Moscow, published in 1947:
"Before, cars turned to the station building Northern port, and the drivers here turned off the engines. Now, look, behind the station, almost 10 kilometers along the shore of the lake, the beaches are golden, the mirrored windows of cafes are sparkling, boats, motor boats driven by tanned athletes are scurrying around in the harbor.
From the shore of the lake, we can see yachts heeling under the gusts of wind, profiles of motor ships crossing the water.
There, far under the water, islands appeared; they are designed to relax after walking on the lake.
To the right of the highway, bordering the coastal strip, lined up a string of new buildings - cottages. Behind them is a sea of greenery.
Many Muscovites remember that there was a forest here, an undeveloped forest, with bumps and stumps. Now, in its place, a dense park has blossomed, animated by the water of the canal.
The Khimki Reservoir feeds the park's numerous fountains. Water jets surround the pavilions of bizarre architecture like a diamond wall, saturate the air with freshness.
In terms of beauty, this place is not inferior to such a famous work of art as Leningrad's Petrodvorets."
As you can see, low-rise architecture is represented in the communist future by its most "elite" part - cottages. In the second half of the 1940s, they just began to appear on the outskirts of Moscow and in the Moscow region.
Not all of them have reached our time. From the wooden village of German specialists in Tushino, only the club building (later the cinema "Polyot") remained, the village disappeared from the Finnish houses in Fryazino.
Of those that have survived, the houses in the Moscow villages of Kuryanovo and Severny, as well as in the cities of Vidnoye and Dubna near Moscow, deserve the most attention.
Kuryanovo and Severny are the main low-rise ensembles of Moscow
In modern Moscow, two of the largest ensembles of post-war low-rise architecture have been preserved - these are the villages at the Kuryanovskaya aeration station and at the Northern waterworks, erected in 1948-1955.
Panorama of the village Severny. 1950s
For the construction of stations under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, the Main Directorate of Camps for Hydrotechnical Construction (Glavgidrostroy) was restored, whose activities were suspended in 1941. All these units were transferred to the recreated headquarters from the composition or subordination of the Glavpromstroy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Cottage in Kuryanovo
Kuryanovsky settlement in 1948-1952 built according to the project of architects V.N. Brovchenko, Yu.S. Bochkov and engineer R.S. Feigelman.
The Severny settlement was built a little later according to the project of architects N. Selivanov, K. Kislova, Z. Sovereign. Its layout is very similar to Kuryanovskaya, the main difference is only in the type of residential buildings - they are here in a slightly different series.
Cottage in Severny
If in the past the villages were similar, like twins, now their destinies have clearly diverged. Kuryanovo is slowly degrading, while Northern is becoming more and more Europeanized.
Street in Kuryanovo
At the same time, in both villages, you can still find corners that are completely atypical for Moscow - cottages with gardens; a narrow street lined with sheds with tiled roofs entwined with wild grapes. Getting there on a summer evening, you feel not in central Russia, but somewhere in the Crimea.
In addition to cottages, Kuryanovo also has simpler multi-apartment two-story buildings. In their yards, there are storage sheds, rare for Moscow, to this day. Residents store winter supplies of vegetables and all sorts of junk in them.
Storage shed
All the most important buildings are located in the center of Kuryanovo: a cultural center with a beautiful portico; Lenin monument; mail with stucco coat of arms Soviet Union on the facade Opposite him, in the same building, is the police station. There are shops, a school and a clinic in the neighborhood.
Thanks to this layout, the village can theoretically be autonomous and self-sufficient. It can fit into the agglomeration of the same settlements, as happened in Voskresensk, or become the center of a new city, as happened in Vidnoye. This one can be built in the taiga or in the steppe, near an airfield or a power plant... It just so happened that Kuryanovo, a couple of decades after its construction, was surrounded by large multi-storey districts, becoming an island of the past in a modern city.
In the center of Kuryanovo
The fate of Severny, due to its remoteness from the Moscow Ring Road and the absence of an unpleasant neighbor in the form of an aeration station, has developed more favorably. It has preserved its natural environment and its autonomy from Moscow. AT last years cottages are increasingly bought up by wealthy people who reconstruct them. Such houses differ from their neighbors with metal roofs and well-kept gardens.
In the village of Severny
At the same time, it is worth recognizing that so far, rather negative than positive factors are working to preserve these ensembles. This is remoteness from the city center and metro stations, unfavorable environmental conditions. If these areas become more attractive to investors, these oases of low-rise Stalinist architecture will disappear.
In the suburban town of Vidnoye
In the Moscow region, such low-rise Stalinist buildings are better preserved, but there are still very few ensembles comparable to Kuryanovo and Severny. One of the most interesting is the center of Vidnoe, the construction of which began in 1949. The authors of the project were the architect B.V. Efimovich and design engineer A.M. Ruzsky. The central streets of the village - Shkolnaya, Sadovaya, Zavodskaya, Radialnye and others - were built up with original two-story brick cottages, reminiscent of "Dutch houses" in Russian estates of the 18th century.
Conclusion
If we compare different layers of Stalinist architecture, then low-rise buildings of the 1940s and 50s are one of its brightest pages. They are devoid of the severity and rigidity inherent in pre-war architecture; there is no oppressive monumentality here, as in high-rise buildings of the early 1950s. Two- and three-storey buildings are beautiful, cozy and humane.
If better materials were used in their construction, and the apartments were made more spacious, then after a slight reconstruction they could well compete with the now fashionable townhouses. Often winning in terms of architectural appearance, Stalin's low-rise buildings no longer meet modern ideas about comfortable housing.
Now most of the Stalinist two-three-story villages are surviving last days. Most of they will go under the bucket of an excavator, the smaller one will go through the crucible of European-style repairs and, having lost a significant part of the details characteristic of the 1940s and 50s, will turn into comfortable housing for the middle class.
So far, many of the low-rise ensembles - beautiful and not very beautiful - have been preserved in a more or less complete form. Hurry to see them!
Kuryanovo. This house is still intact
Children of war... Inflamed eyes look into the sky.
Children of war ... In the heart of a small bottomless grief.
In the heart, like a desperate thunder, the incessant metronome rattles. The unceasing metronome rumbles.
The children of the war Stuffed themselves into open vans.
Children of war Buried dead toys....
I will never be able to forget Crumbs of bread on white snow. Bread crumbs on white snow.
(from the song "Children of War")
Below is a huge selection of photographs (350 pieces) of children who took a direct part in hostilities and simply endured the brunt of those terrible years during the Great Patriotic War.
1. Fathers to the front, children to factories. 1941. 
2. Hello dad! 1945. 
3. Looking for shelter. Bryansk region. 1943. 
4. Enemies burned their own hut. 1941. 
5. Replaced the father. 1941. 
6. Evacuation to the rear of the country. 1941. 
7. In besieged Leningrad. 1942. 
8. In the liberated Vinnitsa. 1943. 
9. Young partisans of the Smolensk region. 1942. 
10. Mogilev. 1942. 
11. A boy swings on a swing suspended from the muzzle of a gun thrown by the Germans. Nearby is a girl with a small child on her lap. 1944 Ukraine, Nikolaev region. 
12. View of the hostel of the 2nd Special Combine, located in the tunnel. May 1942 Sevastopol. 
13. Children play on one of the streets of Leningrad. 1942 
14. Children G. Sukharev and T. Khabaeva water vegetables on the balcony of the orphanage in the Kuibyshev district along Volodarsky Avenue. 1942 Leningrad. 
15. Pupils of school number 6 in Kalinin write letters home under the dictation of wounded soldiers who are being treated in the hospital. 1943 Kalinin. 
16. Pupils of the 3rd grade of the women's school number 216 of the Kuibyshev district are preparing pouches as a gift to the front-line soldiers. In the foreground G. Semenova. 1943 Leningrad. 
17. The daughters of front-line soldiers M. Borova and O. Bergamok pass industrial practice on the winding of electric motors in the training and production plant of Moscow City Council. 1943 Moscow.
18. Children of collective farmers of one of the villages of the Kalinin region in the forest near the dugout, where they lived during the days of the occupation. 1942 Kalinin region. 
19. Children of the liberated city of Rzhev, Kalinin region. laying flowers on the graves of Soviet soldiers. 1943 
20. A group of kids is playing on Petrovsky Boulevard. 1944 Moscow. 
21. Schoolchildren of the Sineokovsky farm Seryozha Zemlyansky, Shura Velichenko, Shura Ivashchenko and Volodya Polomarshchuk collect ammunition and weapons abandoned by the Germans. 1943 Stalingrad region. 
22. Women with children at the Mayakovskaya metro station during a night bombardment. 1941 Moscow. 
23. 6-year-old Tolya Voronov, who went through a combat path with one of the Guards divisions, meets his new comrades in the orphanage No. 9. May 1945 Moscow region 
24. Son of the regiment. 1st Belorussian Front
25. 15-year-old scout Vova Yegorov with soldiers from his unit. April 1942 Active army 
26. Gunner A. Oshurko with a young pupil of the guards K. Stepanov. January 1942 Western Front. 
27. Schoolchildren of the collective farm "Belarusian Truzhenik" gather mushrooms for the Red Army and the population of the city. July 1942 Yaroslavl region. 
28. Pupils of a school near the front village for stuffing cartridge belts for the Soviet air unit. 1942 
29. Schoolchildren of the Oktyabrsky district of Leningrad are packing boxes with gifts to the soldiers of the Red Army. July 1941 Leningrad. 
30. Schoolchildren of the Domodedovo School No. 1 are preparing gifts for the soldiers of the Red Army. September 1941 Moscow region.
31. Schoolchildren take care of calves on the livestock farm of the collective farm "Giant". 1942 Penza region.
32. Excellent students of the 4th grade of the 47th school in Leningrad, awarded with medals "For the Defense of Leningrad". November 1943
33. Collective farmer of the collective farm "Zarya" student of the 7th grade T. Pestova plowing fallows. 1943 Kirov region.
34. A student of the Novouzenskaya MTS, K. Varypaev, under the guidance of his mentor, locksmith I.V. Negodin, is learning how to cut a screw. 1943 Saratov region.
35. Students of secondary school No. 8 in Novokuznetsk for the repair of the road. 1944
36. Pioneers of the house on Krymsky Val are pouring sandbags for the gas shelter and stairs of the house. Moscow.
37. Evacuation of kindergartens and nurseries from the city. 1942 Stalingrad.
38. The boys of the city of Stalingrad. Komsomolskaya street. 1944
39. The children of nursery № 237 of the Kuibyshev district health department for a walk. October 22, 1941 Leningrad.
40. Lesson of natural science in the 7th grade of school No. 239 of the Oktyabrsky district; on the right - teacher A.I. Bokonovets. April 1942 Leningrad.
41. Classes of the circle of folk instruments in the orphanage number 17 of the Smolninsky district. July 12, 1942 Leningrad.
42. Wounded children in the ward of the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute. 1942 Leningrad.
43. A group of painters - students of the Tikhvin school, for the restoration of the house. May 1943
44. Letter sorters of the mail transportation department of the Moscow railway station (from left to right): 14-year-old Stakhanovite Zhenya Sinogova, Komsomol members Maria Ivanova and Roza Menshakina, at work. May 29, 1943 Leningrad.
45. Schoolchildren of the Dzerzhinsky district go to work in the gardens located in the Summer Garden. June 10, 1943 Leningrad.
46. Wounded children affected by artillery shelling of the city, in the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute. July 1943 Leningrad.
47. Young defenders of Leningrad on Palace Square. 1945 Leningrad.
48. A group of children at the loudspeaker installed in Ekaterininsky Square are glad to hear about the surrender of Germany. May 09, 1945 Leningrad.
49. Pupils of a nursery at lunch in a bomb shelter. September 1941 Leningrad.
50. Nurses put newborns in cribs in the children's room of the maternity hospital named after Professor Snegirev. 1942 Leningrad.
51. Children at the beds on the embankment in Leningrad. 1942
52. Pupils of the nursery No. 233 of the Vyborg district bathe in the shower. June 1944 Leningrad.
53. Komsomol members, pioneers and schoolchildren of secondary school No. 36 in Ivanovo organized among the students a collection of gifts for the soldiers of the Red Army. September 1941
54. Director of the school Aga-Yusup of the village Arsarib Dovleet for receiving things for the front from the students. December 1942 Turkmen SSR.
55. Students of the Vladivostok secondary school number 1 for the repair of uniforms. September 1942 Vladivostok.
56. Children of commanders and soldiers of the Red Army are preparing gifts for the wounded soldiers of the hospital. 1942 Moscow.
57. Pupils of school number 3 in Ordzhonikidze read a letter from active army. 1942 North Ossetian ASSR.
58. Pupils of Berezovskaya secondary school harvest fruit in the garden of one of the region's collective farms. 1944 Amur region.
59. Students of Ivanovo secondary school number 38 for harvesting carrots in the field of the state farm. 1944 Ivanovo region.
60. Pioneers of the Glukhovsky cotton mill named after Lenin go to weed the collective farm field. June 26, 1944 Noginsk.
61. Children of front-line soldiers in the embroidery shop of the training and production plant of the Department of Public Education of the Sverdlovsk District of Moscow. 1944
62. Children in makeshift wheelbarrows are carrying the baggage of German vacation soldiers to the station. May 1943 Eagle
63. Children clean the boots of German soldiers. November 1942 Bialystok.
64. My mother accompanied me to the partisans. 1941.
65. Teacher E.M. Demina teaches a lesson in the 7th grade of secondary school No. 10 of the Sverdlovsk district of Leningrad. In the foreground are students Olya Ruran and Zoya Chubarkova.
66. Excellent student of the 4th grade of secondary school No. 10 of the Sverdlovsk region Timurovite Viktor Smirnov (12 years old). Leningrad.
67. Children in a bomb shelter during an enemy air raid. Leningrad.
68. Pupils of orphanage No. 58 with a teacher I.K. Lirz in a bomb shelter during an air raid. Leningrad.
69. In the surgical department of the City Children's Hospital named after Dr. Rauchfus. Leningrad.
70. Toys of pupils of orphanage No. 58, affected by bombing and shelling. Leningrad.
71. Panel "Death to child killers!" on the facade of the destroyed house (corner of Ligovsky Prospekt and Razyezzhaya Street). Leningrad.
72. Year of birth 1942. (Consultant doctor L.G. Myskova with sleeping newborn children in a nursery No. 248 of the Sverdlovsk region). 1942 Leningrad.
73. Nina Afanasyeva - she was born in the days of the blockade. Leningrad.
74. Tortured children. 1942 Stalingrad
75. The killed boy Vitya Cherevichkin with a dove in his hands. Rostov-on-Don.
76. A resident of Lvov at the body of her child, who was shot in the ghetto. 1944 Lvov.
77. Concentration camp for the civilian population "Ozarichi". March 1944 Byelorussian SSR.
78. A group of women and children from one of the settlements occupied by German troops.
79. 14-year-old plowman of the Komintern collective farm Ilya Druzhkov plowing fallows. 1942 Krasnoyarsk Territory.
80. Pioneers of the Kislovodsk school number 4 in the hospital. 1943
81. A group of pioneers passes gifts to a wounded soldier in the hospital. 1942
82. Tatyana Onishchenko with her daughter in her arms, mortally wounded by fragments of a German bomb. Moscow region
83. Finnish concentration camp. Petrozavodsk. June 1944
Soviet child prisoners of the 6th Finnish concentration camp in Petrozavodsk. During the occupation of Soviet Karelia by the Finns, six concentration camps were created in Petrozavodsk to contain local Russian-speaking residents. Camp No. 6 was located in the area of the Transshipment Exchange, it held 7,000 people. The photo was taken after the liberation of Petrozavodsk by Soviet troops on June 28, 1944. Photographer: Galina Sanko.
This picture was presented as part of the evidence at the Nuremberg trials of war criminals. The girl who is second from the column on the right in the photo - Klavdia Nyuppieva - published her memoirs many years later.
86. "Dispossessed villages Yagodnaya". Soviet refugee children from the village of Yagodnaya, Oryol region. July 22, 1943
91. Freed field
92. Son of the regiment.
93. Young partisan. 1942
94. Son of the regiment. 1943
95. On the beach. Liberated Sevastopol. 1944
96. Young scout-cavalryman Vitya Pozdnyakov was awarded the medal "For Courage" for raids behind enemy lines. Steppe front. April 1943
97. Children of War
98. A teenager working on a drilling machine at a defense plant.
99. Son of a partisan. Belarus. 1944
100. Roads of War, 1942
101. Hero of the Soviet Union Guards Major Nikolai Pinchuk in his native collective farm. July-August 1945
102. Young partisan Pyotr Gurko from the detachment "For the power of the Soviets". Pskov-Novgorod partisan zone. 1942
103. Liberation of Austria. April 1945
104. Children's concentration camp in Latvia
105. Liberated children of Salaspils. 1944
106. Pskov priest Fyodor Puzanov with his parishioners at the church. 1943
107. Fountain "Children", Stalingrad. 1943
108. Red Army soldier Ivan Kuznetsov arrived in his native village of Beldyashki, Oryol region. 1945
109. Pupils of the orphanage, orphans who lost their parents in the war. Some of these children were themselves prisoners of Nazi concentration camps. The village of Malaya Lepetikha, Velikolepetikha district, Kherson region. 1949.
110. To my native village. Soviet women and children are returning home. 1943
111. Children of the liberated city of Zhizdra - Paradise and Gena Shcheglova. Kaluga region. August 1943
112. Two partisans from the Bryansk region. 1943
113. Soldiers of the 51st separate motorcycle battalion of the 22nd tank corps of the 38th army of the Southwestern Front with Soviet children. 1942
114. Children in Stalingrad are hiding from bombing German planes. 1942
115. Padded Soviet tank T-34-85 and children sitting on it. May 1945.
116. Jung guards cruiser Black Sea Fleet project 815 "Red Caucasus".
117. Poet E.A. Dolmatovsky and Soviet children.
118. The son of the regiment Volodya Tarnovsky puts his autograph on the column of the Reichstag. May 1945
119. An unknown soldier of the Red Army talks with ten-year-old Volodya Lukin, whose parents were driven to Germany by the Germans. Deprived of shelter, the boy froze his legs. 2nd Baltic Front. 1944
120. The son of the regiment Volodya Tarnovsky with comrades in Berlin. May 1945
121. The son of the regiment Volodya Tarnovsky with comrades in Berlin.
122. Partisan-scout of the Chernigov formation "For the Motherland" Vasily Borovik against the backdrop of trees.
123. Soldiers of the Red Army feed a little girl.
124. In the bitter days of retreat. Dnepropetrovsk region. A refugee family carries their belongings to escape the advancing Germans. Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine, 1941
125. Children at the desks of the destroyed school in Stalingrad. Spring 1943.
126. The son of the regiment Peter Korolev (1930-1998). 1945
127. A group of officers of the 8th Guards Mechanized Brigade of the 3rd Stalingrad Mechanized Corps with the son of the regiment.
128. The commander of the partisan detachment presents the medal "For Courage" to the young partisan scout. 1942
129. A teenager cleans the boots of a wounded German soldier at an occupied railway station in the USSR. 1943
130. Son of the regiment.
131. Young partisan scout Tolya Gorokhovsky. 1943
132. Technician Sergeant Joseph E. Thompson teaches a Soviet boy English words. 1944
133. Portrait of 15-year-old reconnaissance partisan Misha Petrov from the Stalin detachment with a captured German 9-mm MP-38 submachine gun. The fighter is girded with a Wehrmacht soldier's belt, behind the boot is a Soviet anti-personnel grenade RGD-33. Belarus, 1943
134. Soviet refugees.
135. Soviet teenage partisan Kolya Lyubichev from the partisan unit A.F. Fedorov with a captured German 9 mm MP-38 submachine gun in winter forest. 1943
136. Sergeant S. Weinshenker and technician-sergeant William Topps with the son of regiment 169 of the special air base. Name unknown, age - 10 years old, served as an assistant to a weapons technician. Poltava airfield. 1944
137. A boy of about seven at the site of the last battle, near the blown up Soviet tank T-34-85. Behind you can see two more of the same tanks.
138. Liberated children, prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp (Auschwitz) show camp numbers tattooed on their arms. Brzezinka, Poland. February 1945
139. Soviet refugees on the outskirts of a village near Kharkov. 1943
140. Soviet soldier with a Czech child in his arms. Prague, Czechoslovakia. May 1945
141. Soviet soldier with a Czech child in his arms. The kid examines the Order of Glory on the chest of a fighter. Prague, Czechoslovakia. May 1945
142. Soviet soldier with a Czech child in his arms. Prague, Czechoslovakia. May 1945
143. Soviet refugees cooking at the entrance to the dugout. Belarus. 1944
144. Soviet children among the destroyed locality. 1942
145. Son of the regiment. On the chest are the insignia "Guard" and "Excellent mortar".
146. Schoolchildren of the liberated Gzhatsk (now the city of Gagarin) show the German "ersatz boots" to the Red Army soldiers. Smolensk region. March 1943
147. Employee of the 3rd Soviet hospital Olga Fedorovna Shcherbatsevich, who cared for captured wounded soldiers and officers of the Red Army. She was hanged by the Germans in the Alexander Square in Minsk on October 26, 1941.
148. Soviet partisans - father and son. 1943
149. Son of the 328th Guards Mortar Regiment Nikolai Imchuk (b. 1930).
150. Soviet soldiers with a teenager (perhaps the "son of the regiment") in the liberated Czech village of Tsotkitl. 1945
151. Member of the Military Council N.S. Khrushchev, in the liberated Stalingrad, is talking to a Soviet youth who survived the Battle of the City. 02/03/1943
152. Children lead a round dance against the backdrop of barrage balloons. Most likely - the beginning of the winter of 1941. Moscow.
153. "The fascists stole everyone." Senior sergeant Moiseev, commander of a separate artillery reconnaissance of the 2nd division of the 4th battery of the 308th regiment, feeds a two-year-old girl Valya, who he found in one of the empty huts of the village of Izvekovo. Smolensk region, Vyazemsky district, 1
154. Pioneers sign their package, intended to be sent to the army in the field.
155. Soviet soldiers communicate with children released from Auschwitz. Poland. January 1945
156. A Soviet teenager sits at the barrel of an artillery piece abandoned during the German retreat.
157. Soviet children playing on an abandoned German tank Pz.Kpfw. V Ausf. D "Panther" in Kharkov. September 1943
158. Children at the German tank Pz.Kpfw, lined by Soviet troops. IV.
159. Young partisan Vladimir Ivanovich Bebekh from the Chernigov detachment named after Stalin, commander Nikolai Popudrenko. 1943 Chernihiv region, Ukraine.
160. Village children sit on the turret of a wrecked and abandoned German tank Pz.Kpfw.III. Winter 1941 -1942 Moscow region.
161. 13-year-old partisan scout Fedya Moshchev. October 1942
162. A group of captured Red Army soldiers with a pupil. In the background is a German guard. 1942
163. Brigade commander torpedo boats Northern Fleet A.V. Kuzmin presents the cabin boy Sasha Kovalev (01/04/1927 - 05/09/1944) with the Order of the Red Star. 05/01/1944
164. In the Moscow metro, at the Mayakovskaya station, used as a bomb shelter, milk is being distributed to children. January 1942
165. Schoolgirls Valya Ivanova (left) and Valya Ignatovich, who put out two incendiary bombs that fell into the attic of their house. Leningrad. 09/13/1941
166. Civilians at a rally in Smolensk liberated from German troops. September 1943
167. Children at the ruins of a house in the Belarusian village of Lozovatka. 1944
168. Children on a Soviet T-34-76 tank abandoned near the bridge. The photo was taken no earlier than the autumn of 1942, since the tank was equipped with a "nut" turret, which began to be installed from that time on.
169. Released children from the Auschwitz concentration camp. January 1945
170. The commander of the rifle battalion, Major V. Romanenko (in the center), tells the Yugoslav partisans and residents of the village of Starchevo (near Belgrade) about the military affairs of the young intelligence officer - corporal Vitya Zhayvoronka. October 1944 Yugoslavia.
171. The commander of the rifle battalion V. Romanenko (second from right) tells the inhabitants of one of the villages in the Belgrade region about the military affairs of the young intelligence officer - Vitya Zhayvoronka. Starchevo, Yugoslavia, October 1944
172. Young cruiser "Red Caucasus", awarded the Order of the Red Star. Sevastopol. 1944
173. Former Marine Corps sniper I.M. Tricks on time practical exercises at the school of ship's boatswains and youngsters. Baltic Fleet. 1943
174. Replaced the fathers at the machine
175. Pioneers Tanya Kostrova and Manya Mikheeva look after a mass grave in a village liberated from the Germans. 1942
