Information base of management accounting. Sources of information in management accounting as opposed to financial accounting The official definition of management accounting is
1.1. The main purpose of management accounting is
formation:
a) accounting tax reporting;
b) production reporting;
c) internal management reporting and information at the request of decision makers
.
1.2. In the process of data processing in the management accounting system, the following can be used:
a) data for the past period only;
b) data of the current period only, as well as forecast information;
c) data of the past and current periods, as well as forecast information.
1.3. Management accounting standards are determined by:
a) the law;
b) instructions of the Ministry of Finance of Russia;
c) the company itself.
1.4. The main function of management accounting is:
a) accounting for intangible assets;
b) accounting for the movement of personnel of the enterprise;
c) formation of an information base for the adoption management decisions.
1.5. Application of correspondence accounts in management accounting:
a) necessary;
b) doesn't make sense
c) is conducted in accordance with the features of the accounting model of a particular enterprise and the requirements of the end user of information.
1.6. Management accounting information is used:
a) for the formation of information transmitted to tax authorities;
b) to conduct marketing research;
c) for making managerial decisions in the sphere of ordinary activities.
1.7. The essence of management accounting:
a) is normatively defined in federal law about accounting;
b) is normatively defined in the accounting regulations (PBU);
c) is not reflected in the legislative acts included in the regulatory system of the Russian Federation.
1.8. The tasks of management accounting are related to:
a) conducting audits of personnel records;
b) with an analysis of market conditions;
c) with information support for the management of the enterprise.
1.9. Management accounting methodology:
a) PBU is determined;
b) based on international standards financial reporting(IFRS);
c) is formed depending on the information needs of persons making management decisions at the enterprise.
1.10. The main users of the management accounting system are:
a) minority shareholders and investors;
b) the management of the enterprise;
c) employees of state regulatory bodies.
1.11. Management accounting is:
a) subsystem accounting;
b) organization management subsystem;
c) type of commercial activity.
1.12. Management accounting is related to the process:
a) support for management decisions;
b) preparation of financial statements;
c) enterprise marketing.
1.13. The subject of management accounting are:
a) ordinary activities (ATS) of the enterprise;
b) enterprise management;
c) all production and economic activities of the enterprise.
1.14. Among the objects of management accounting are:
a) staff;
b) costs;
c) corporate culture of the enterprise.
1.15. The following can be used as indicators of the state of management accounting objects:
a) only financial indicators;
b) financial and non-financial indicators;
c) not only financial indicators.
1.16. Information circulating in the management accounting system:
a) confidential ;
b) open to the external environment.
1.17. Which of the following items of accounting is considered complete:
a) business operations and property of the enterprise;
b) property, investments and liabilities of the enterprise;
c) innovations, investments, intellectual capital, fixed assets and business operations of the enterprise;
d) property, liabilities and business operations of the enterprise.
1.18. The principles and rules of management accounting are contained in:
a) in the articles of association of the enterprise;
c) in the corporate standards of the enterprise;
1.19. Management accounting can be kept on the basis of:
a) only primary documents;
b) only PBU and orders of the Minister of Finance;
c) primary documented and undocumented information - depending on the provisions of the corporate standards of the enterprise.
1.20. Management accounting involves the formation of:
a) internal reporting;
b) accounting financial statements;
c) certificates for local governments.
1.21. The management accounting method is:
a) a set of provisions and instructions for accounting economic activity enterprises;
b) a method of studying and reflecting the subject of management accounting;
c) a set of instructions and orders of the enterprise management for documenting costs.
1.22. The semantic component of the management accounting method is limited by:
a) economic and mathematical methods and models;
b) accounting;
c) combinations of management methods relevant to the tasks.
1.23. Information base, formed by means of management accounting, is focused primarily on:
a) to develop an information security policy;
b) decision-making on the management of the cost-benefit system;
c) for the development of investment projects.
1.24. Performance accounting as a function of management accounting means:
a) a production reporting system;
b) controlling system;
c) a system for maximizing the specific profitability of production.
1.25) Controlling is -
a) a system of integrated corporate governance;
b) a system of internal audits of the ordinary activities of an economic entity;
c) a system for calculating the cost of production;
d) a management accounting system focused primarily on cost management
Topic 2. Costs for ordinary activities and their classification. Tests.
2.1. Variable costs depend on:
a) on the dynamics of production volumes;
b) market conditions;
c) from the decision of the company's management.
2.2. Selling expenses are classified as:
a) operating costs;
b) production costs;
c) the cost of ordinary activities.
2.3. The relevant costs are:
a) fixed costs
b) costs, the data on which is appropriate to use for making management decisions;
c) variable costs.
2.4. The cost center is:
a) sales department
b) a plant as part of a joint-stock company;
c) enterprise shop
.
2.5) Product costs are recognized as expenses:
a) as the proceeds are received;
b) automatically, at the end of the reporting period;
c) when writing off tangible assets;
d) when selling finished products.
2.6. Opportunity cost data is used:
a) in the preparation of accounting tax reporting;
b) when writing off fixed assets;
c) in the process of making managerial decisions.
2.7. The cost of repairing tools and technological equipment includes:
a) to business expenses;
b) to the cost of repair and maintenance of equipment ;
c) to transport costs.
2.8. The most complete and reliable is the following model for writing off indirect costs to prime cost:
a) they are directly attributed to the cost of production;
c) they are distributed according to a predetermined methodology by the cost of products;
b) according to a predetermined methodology, they are distributed to the cost of products or they are covered by the amount of profit;
d) they are covered by the amount of profit.
2.9. Costs for organizational and managerial activities include:
a) direct costs
b) to indirect costs ;
c) business expenses.
2.10. Direct costs can be attributed to the cost price:
a) at the time of their occurrence ;
b) only at the end of the reporting period;
c) with the obligatory use of special distribution coefficients.
2.11. Production costs include include:
b) the cost of selling written-off fixed assets;
c) fixed costs
.
2.12. Formation of costs in the field of ATS industrial enterprise related:
a) only with production;
b) with sales of the company's products and repair of fixed assets;
c) with the production and sale of manufactured products
.
2.13. Labor costs for auxiliary workers are included in the costs:
a) the cost of maintaining administrative and managerial personnel;
b) the cost of maintaining and operating equipment;
c) for development work;
d) as part of the costs indicated in answer options b) and c).
2.14. Production costs include, but are not limited to:
a) organizational and management costs ;
c) on warranty repair and service.
2.15. The dynamics of variable costs is directly determined by:
a) changes in the terms of lease of production space;
b) requirements for maintaining accounting records;
c) production volumes
.
2.16) Product costs are considered to be costs if:
A) the products arrived from the workshop to the warehouse of finished products;
B) accounting tax reporting is formed;
C) they are due to its implementation
2.17. Economic cost element according to Russian
accounting standards (RAS) are:
a) the cost of maintaining and operating the equipment;
b) direct costs;
in) material costs
.
2.18. General production costs are:
a) only the costing item ;
b) calculation item and cost element;
c) only a cost element.
2.19. Calculation item "Additional wage the main production workers" includes:
a) variable costs
b) to indirect costs ;
c) overhead costs.
2.20. Non-manufacturing costs:
a) are included in general business expenses;
b) relate to direct costs;
c) are commercial costs
.
2.21. General plant costs include:
a) direct costs
b) non-manufacturing costs;
c) to indirect costs
.
2.22. Overheads:
a) do not relate to production costs;
b) relate to production costs ;
c) belong to the non-manufacturing sphere.
2.23. Calculation item "Costs for the preparation and development of production":
a) is part of the overhead costs;
b) refers to variable costs;
c) is included in the main costs
.
2.24. Overhead costs include, but are not limited to:
b) the cost of maintaining administrative and managerial personnel ;
c) repair costs Vehicle technological purpose.
2.25. Level of specific variable costs:
a) depends on the dynamics of production volumes;
b) does not depend on the dynamics of production volumes ;
c) is determined by regulatory legal acts.
2.26. The level of gross fixed costs in the short run:
a) depends on business activity enterprises;
b) does not depend on the business activity of the enterprise ;
c) is completely determined by the conditions of the external environment.
2.27. According to the economic role in the production process, production costs are divided into:
a) for main and invoices ;
b) direct and indirect;
c) variables and constants.
2.28. Which of the cost classes is used when calculating the cost of production:
A) non-production;
B) indirect;
B) basic;
D) direct and indirect
2.29. Period costs:
a) recognized as expenses automatically at the end of the reporting period ;
b) are attributed directly to the cost of the product;
c) write off the cost according to the norms.
2.30. The cost of packing and packing products in warehouses of finished products include:
a) to production costs;
b) to non-manufacturing costs ;
c) to the cost of maintaining storage facilities.
2.31. According to the place of occurrence, the costs are divided into:
a) shop and variables;
b) general shop and commercial;
c) for workshops and factory
.
2.32. In relation to business processes, costs are usually divided into:
a) industrial and commercial ;
b) basic and commercial;
c) variables and overhead.
2.33. Gross variable costs change:
a) in proportion to the volume of output ;
b) according to the norms established for the purposes of taxation;
c) according to the corporate standards of the enterprise.
2.34. Relevant costs include:
a) to the managerial decision being made ;
b) to the production process;
c) to a specific type of activity.
2.35. With an increase in the output of reporting period gross fixed costs:
a) are increasing
b) decrease;
c) don't change
.
2.36. Specific fixed costs with an increase in production volumes:
a) remain unchanged;
b) decrease ;
c) are increasing.
2.37. The division of costs into classes of direct and indirect is carried out:
a) to calculate the cost of production ;
b) for asset valuation;
c) to determine the role of costs in the production process.
2.38. Costs for technological processes include:
a) only direct costs;
b) the cost of maintaining and operating equipment and direct costs ;
c) only the costs of maintaining and operating the equipment.
2.39. General expenses include:
a) direct costs
b) indirect costs, the place of occurrence of which is the production unit ;
c) direct and indirect costs of the enterprise.
2.40. The costs of maintaining and operating equipment can be considered:
a) only as a cost item;
b) only as an element of costs;
c) only as a cost estimate;
d) as a cost item and as a cost estimate
.
2.41. The cost center can be determined by:
a) a tax authority;
b) each employee of the enterprise independently;
c) depending on the characteristics production process and enterprise structures
.
2.42. Shop costs include:
a) general factory expenses;
b) in production costs;
c) in direct costs
2.43. Composition of cost items at enterprises:
a) is determined by their management independently ;
b) specified in PBU;
c) is established by the decision of local self-government bodies.
2.44. Enterprise expenses:
a) are included in the costs as a costing item;
b) are the state of the cost system of the enterprise, due to the receipt of income ;
c) include costs.
2.45. The economic element is:
a) labor costs ;
b) the wages of the main production workers;
c) overhead costs.
2.46. The calculation items are:
a) material costs;
b) labor costs;
c) additional wages of the main production workers
.
2.47. The classification of costs in management accounting is determined by:
a) the Bank of Russia;
b) by the enterprise independently ;
a) not included
b) are included partially;
c) turn on completely.
2.49. The dynamics of current costs depends on changes:
a) the state of intangible assets;
b) the level of retained earnings;
c) production volume .
2.50 Costs are:
a) the level of production assets normalized by the enterprise;
b) the innovative potential of the enterprise in value terms;
c) value expression of enterprise resources
.
2.51. The cost of ATS includes, among other things:
a) expenses related to payment for the services of credit institutions;
b) expenses associated with the acquisition of inventories (IPZ);
c) fines and penalties for violation of the terms of contracts;
d) selling and general business expenses
.
2.52. The date of formation of expenses refers to the period:
a) determined by the management of the organization;
b) in which this fact of economic activity took place ;
c) depending on the dynamics of the movement of current production assets.
2.53. Current production costs and capital investments are taken into account:
a) together
b) without accounting regulation of the answer to this question;
c) separately
.
2.54. Standardized costs are:
a) a measure of resource consumption per unit of output, calculated before the start of the production process ;
b) inventories of inventory items (inventory and materials) per unit of production;
c) the amount of costs reflected in the design specification of the product.
2.55. Product costs are recognized as production costs if the product for which they are charged:
a) shipped to the consumer ;
b) is in the warehouse of finished products;
c) paid by the consumer.
2. 56. Period expenses are recognized:
a) as the consumer pays for the product;
b) at the end of the reporting period, regardless of the receipt of revenue ;
c) as the current production assets are retired.
2.57. The costing item "Additional wages of the main production workers" belongs to the cost class:
a) variables;
b) indirect ;
c) commercial.
2.58. The costing item "Fuel and electricity for technological needs" refers to the cost class:
a) direct ;
b) permanent;
c) indirect.
2.59. Expenses on compulsory types of insurance are included in:
a) financial costs;
b) other expenses ;
c) tax deductions.
2.60. Customs duties and fees include:
a) to material costs;
b) to tax deductions;
c) other expenses.
Most elements of financial accounting can be found in
management accounting:
- both accounting systems can consider the same facts of the company's economic life. Thus, the data on the types of costs by elements (raw materials and materials, wages, depreciation) reflected in the financial accounting system are used simultaneously in management accounting;
- on the basis of the production (full) cost calculated in the management accounting system, a balance sheet assessment of the assets manufactured at the enterprise is carried out in the financial accounting system;
- in management accounting, methods of financial accounting are applied;
- operational information is used not only in management accounting, but also for the preparation of financial documents. Therefore, in order to avoid duplication, the collection of primary information should be carried out in accordance with the interests of both financial and management accounting.
However, the most important feature that unites management and financial accounting is that their information is used to make decisions. Financial accounting data helps investors assess the potential and prospects of the company, the feasibility of investing, and management accounting data is used by managers to solve a wide range of management problems. Financial and management accounting are interdependent and interdependent components of a unified accounting. But along with this, there are fundamental differences on the following questions (Table 1.3).
Table 1.3
Comparative characteristics of management and financial accounting
|
Index comparisons | ||
|
managerial |
financial |
|
|
Purpose of accounting |
Formation of information for the administration of the organization and its structural divisions needed to manage |
Formation of reliable information for the preparation of financial statements, control and identification of reserves |
|
Users information |
Management personnel of the organization and structural divisions, specialists and performers |
Mainly external users |
|
obligatory |
Not required, introduced by the decision of the administration |
Mandatory |
|
Objects of accounting and reporting |
Structural divisions, responsibility centers and other positions |
Enterprise as a whole |
|
Index comparisons | ||
|
managerial |
financial |
|
|
Accounting methods |
It is not necessary to use all elements of the accounting method. Quantitative methods are used |
All elements of accounting methods |
|
Accounting rules |
Installed by the company. Information is prepared in a form that is most acceptable and convenient for the management of the organization, according to the rules that are convenient for him. |
Generally accepted principles and rules are used in accordance with the norms and requirements of the legislation and established accounting practice |
|
Used meters |
Greater use of natural and labor indicators and specific cost indicators |
Labor, natural, value |
|
Ways to group expenses |
According to costing items |
According to established cost elements |
|
Degree of information accuracy |
Approximate and exemplary are allowed |
Credible, documented |
|
Sources of information |
Economic (planned, regulatory, accounting) and other information, including audit materials, explanatory notes, comments of specialists on production problems, etc. |
Primarily accounting system data |
|
Forms of presentation of information |
Free Forms |
According to the forms approved by the current legislation |
|
Index comparisons | ||
|
managerial |
financial |
|
|
A period of time |
For the past, current and future periods |
Over the past reporting period |
|
Frequency of reporting |
For short periods of time |
Per month, half year, quarter, year |
|
Reporting deadlines |
Information is prepared as needed, can be compiled daily, monthly, immediately |
After a few weeks and months |
|
A responsibility for authenticity and timeliness of reporting and reporting |
Not provided |
Installed |
|
Availability of reporting data |
Are a trade secret |
Available to users |
|
Regulatory |
At the request of the company's management |
Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation |
|
Basic structure |
The structure of the information depends on the requests and level of detail |
The financial result is based on the fundamental balance equation |
|
Relationship with other disciplines |
Uses methods of microeconomics, finance, economic analysis, mathematical statistics, optimization, etc. |
Uses only native methods |
Purpose of accounting. Management accounting is aimed at providing relevant information to management personnel who are responsible for achieving specific performance indicators. Allows managers to develop appropriate recommendations for the future based on the analysis of past events.
The purpose of financial accounting is to provide data necessary for the preparation of financial statements (financial
documents) of business entities. This information is intended both for own administration and for external users. For the purpose of an objective assessment by external users of the achieved indicators of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, financial accounting must be maintained in accordance with clearly defined requirements and standards.
information users. Management accounting is internal accounting. Its information is needed for various levels of internal management.
Financial accounting is sometimes referred to as external accounting. Its results, as a rule, can be published. Users financial report are outside the company. The information generated in the financial accounting system is used by third-party organizations and persons, for example, the owners of the organization, current and potential investors and creditors, suppliers, as well as lending banks, government agencies, state fiscal authorities, etc.
Mandatory record keeping. Questions about the appropriateness of management accounting are decided directly by the enterprise itself. When deciding on the implementation of a management accounting system, it must be remembered that there is no point in collecting and processing information whose value for management is lower than the cost of obtaining it.
Financial accounting is mandatory for all business entities without exception. Financial statements are presented in tax service, statistical bodies, are subject to audit, and are also subject to publication in cases provided for by law.
Objects of accounting and reporting. Management accounting, as a rule, includes information about the functioning of individual structural units of an economic entity: departments, workshops, sections, jobs. In addition, management accounting can be aimed at solving a specific management problem.
In the financial statements, the entity is usually described as a single entity.
Accounting methods. In management accounting, elements of the financial accounting method, as well as economic and mathematical, economic and statistical methods, techniques and methods can be used. financial analysis. Main characteristic methods used is that they should be useful in solving managerial problems.
Financial accounting covers information generated in monetary value. In the process of reflecting the facts of economic life, financial accounting uses exclusively its own methods and methods (documentation, inventory, valuation, costing, accounting accounts, double entry, etc.).
Accounting rules. The rules for management accounting are established by the enterprise itself, depending on the usefulness of these rules. The main argument in justifying the management accounting rules is whether there is any benefit from this.
Financial accounting is clearly regulated by the current legislation.
Meters used. In management accounting, in addition to traditional meters (natural, labor, monetary), some conditional indicators may be involved. In financial accounting, the receipt of materials at the warehouse is valued by the quantity, unit price and value of the incoming lot. In management accounting, the supply volume can be compared with the technological stock rate and evaluated as a certain percentage of the technological stock formation. In planning and forecasting, the behavior of the national currency is taken into account, therefore, in future calculations, the concepts of “future ruble”, “future dollar”, etc. are used.
In financial accounting, the main meter is the monetary meter. In other words, the use of monetary meters in national currency is mandatory.
Methods for grouping expenses. In management accounting, accounting for the organization's costs is carried out in the context of costing items. Establishing a list of calculation items is the prerogative of an economic entity.
The classification of costs by costing items allows you to determine the cost of a unit of production, distribute costs by assortment groups, set the amount of expenses for each type of work, production departments, management apparatus, to identify reserves to reduce costs.
In financial accounting, costs are classified according to economic elements. The list of costs is regulated centrally by government decisions. Grouping costs by economic elements without distributing them by type of products and services provided is necessary to determine the total consumption of material, labor and financial resources by an enterprise in the production of a certain volume of products and services for a reporting or planning period.
Degree of information accuracy. Management accounting is directed to the future, and therefore there is some conventionality associated with the assessment of expected economic facts when budgeting.
Financial accounting is distinguished by the principle of historical evaluation, since it reflects the economic facts that have already taken place in the organization. financial information is objective.
Unlike financial accounting, management accounting is subjective and confidential.
Sources of information. The results of the procedures for collecting, registering, processing and presenting data on the economic facts of the organization that make up its accounting system, as well as information generated in the taxation system of the enterprise, serve as sources of financial accounting.
In management accounting, along with the data of the accounting system, non-accounting data, planning and regulatory information, etc. can be sources of information.
Forms of presentation of information. Organizations independently develop registers and forms of internal reporting in the management accounting system. There are no standard, mandatory forms regulated by law.
Financial information must comply with generally accepted accounting principles. Reporting forms that are submitted to interested users are approved by the Ministry of Finance Russian Federation, Federal Service for taxes and fees and other central departments. They are the same for all enterprises, regardless of their legal form.
A period of time. When evaluating the selected management decisions, management accounting accepts for processing economic facts that are expected in the future with varying degrees of probability. Management accounting does not require mandatory documentation past, present and future economic facts and therefore is not limited in time.
Financial accounting is strictly focused on the event that has already taken place, as it is conducted on the basis of primary accounting documents.
Frequency of reporting. In management accounting, reports can be prepared daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually. The frequency of management accounting is set by users. The main thing is that the report is useful to the user and received by him at the right time.
Financial statements are presented strictly certain deadlines provided by the current legislation. The financial accounting cycle, with rare exceptions, is one month.
Reporting deadlines. In management accounting, reports are submitted as needed, for example, within a few days after the end of the reporting month, for daily reports - the next morning, and in some cases - immediately.
Financial statements are submitted to users in a few weeks or months, while quarterly statements are submitted within 30 days after the end of the quarter, and annual reports are submitted within 90 days after the end of the year, unless otherwise provided by law.
Responsibility for the reliability and timeliness of the submission of accounting and reporting data. For the distortion of indicators formed in the management accounting system, employees actually do not bear any responsibility. In some cases, disciplinary liability may be provided.
For improper financial accounting, business leaders bear both administrative and criminal liability.
Availability of reporting data. The data generated in the management accounting system are confidential and are not subject to publication. Management accounting is a kind of know-how of an organization.
Financial accounting information is open to its users and is not a trade secret for them. It is subject to publication and, in cases provided for by law, is certified by independent auditors.
Regulatory body. Management accounting methodology (as opposed to financial accounting, which is regulated by government regulations) is not regulated by law, accounting is carried out according to the rules established by the organization itself, taking into account the specifics of its activities. Whether management accounting should be kept is decided by the management of the enterprise itself. No outside bodies or organizations have the right to dictate what should or should not be done. Consequently, the body regulating management accounting is individual in each enterprise, or it may not exist at all (at the request of management).
The main regulatory body for financial accounting is the Ministry of Finance of Russia.
Basic structure. In management accounting, the structure of information is different depending on the purpose of using the information.
The key argument in applying the categories of management accounting is the usefulness of the transmitted information.
Financial accounting is based on the basic equality:
Assets = Owners Equity + Liabilities.
Relationship with other disciplines. Management accounting uses the methods of microeconomics, finance, economic analysis, mathematical statistics, etc. in order to prepare the information necessary for the adoption and implementation of management decisions.
Financial accounting uses its own methods of research of its subject.
In management accounting, internal information about the activities of the enterprise is formed, i.e. information for the specific needs of enterprise management. This is, first of all, information on production costs for specific departments, types of products, cost items for responsibility centers. Consequently, management accounting contains detailed information on production costs for their specific types. Therefore, quite often management accounting is identified with production accounting (accounting for production costs). However, this is a misinterpretation. The concept of "management accounting" is broader than production accounting. In addition to the accounting costs of production, management accounting also includes operational accounting, elements of planning, control, and analysis of the production of an enterprise. The task of management accounting is a complete reflection of all business operations of the enterprise, including those that are not reflected in accounting, and providing the management of the enterprise with prompt access to this information.
Management accounting, as a rule, contains additional data on all operations necessary for effective management enterprise. This allows you to quickly analyze certain aspects of the enterprise for making management decisions. It is designed for quick access to information when making managerial decisions. The management accounting system is, first of all, the working tool of the manager and only then - the accountant.
One of the important features of the management accounting system is quick access to complete data for several years, as well as comparative analysis current results and results of past periods.
Costs in management accounting play a special role. Managers of an enterprise at different levels need information on costs for calculating profits, marginal income, the cost of the balance of material values, choosing a policy for technical re-equipment, and motivation. Financial accounting data on the amount of costs in general for the enterprise or traditional costing objects (products, orders) is not enough to make decisions on operational, tactical and strategic management. Managers need information about costs grouped by cost accounting or costing objects (unit or batch of product, service, operation, business process, life cycle). Information on responsibility centers is needed for motivation and control; on variable costs - to analyze the ratio of revenue, costs and volume; to make a decision “to buy or produce components”, etc.
Managers need information about costs at almost all stages of the development and implementation of managerial decisions: identifying a problem situation and setting a goal; collection of comprehensive information to study the essence of the issue of setting conditions for an effective solution and setting restrictions; developing alternatives for decisions and choices the best option; organization of the implementation of the decision and control over its implementation.
Often the data provided by management accounting must be issued quickly, and certain errors in the reports are quite officially allowed. Some decisions simply cannot be deferred until full information is available, and approximate information is sufficient to make them. So, management accounting is approximate. Also, in the aspects of accounting used only within the enterprise, you can choose those rules and procedures for accounting, processing and providing information that are most appropriate and useful for decision making, without worrying about their compliance with generally accepted norms or legal requirements. Management accounting also includes forecasts. Many decisions are forward-looking, so managers need predictive metrics.
Management accounting information is requested by the administration as often as necessary: daily, weekly, in some cases hourly. one
Management accounting is not regulated by any legal acts and pursues only internal goals enterprises. As a result, the accounting policy and chart of accounts of management accounting are formed by the enterprise in such a way as to obtain all the data necessary for management at a minimum cost of accounting. However, when conducting management accounting, it is advisable to base accounting policy on IFRS or another well-described and convenient accounting standard for the enterprise. Normative regulation of management accounting makes it possible to unambiguously interpret accounting information and determine responsibility for violations committed during its maintenance.
Question 96. The management accounting system processes data on business facts:[x] 1. on expenses, income and performance results in the analytical sections necessary for management purposes 2. on income and expenses of the organization, on receivables and payables, on financial investments, the state of funding sources, relations with the state for paying taxes, etc. d. Question 97accounting: 1. direct costing
[x] 2. standard-cost 3. margin Question 98. The main objects of management accounting are: 1. Income, expenses, costs, results (profits, losses) [x] 2. Income, expenses, costs, results (profits, losses), responsibility center and internal reporting system 3. Costs, results (profits, losses), center responsibility Question 99. Of the following, financial plans/budgets include: 1. plan for general business costs; 2. sales plan; 3. production cost budget; [x] 4. forecast balance; Question 100. Limited costing is more necessary for:[x] 1. making operational management decisions 2. making long-term management decisions Question 101is 20 units, the selling price of one product is 16 monetary units, variable costs forone product - 6 monetary units, fixed costs of the period - 100 monetary units. 1. 5 units [x] 2. 10 units 3. 0 units Question 102. Indirect costs are:[x] 1. which cannot be attributed directly to the cost carrier at the time of their occurrence 2. for which additional calculations are required for distribution in proportion to one or another selected base 3. which, at the time of their occurrence, can be directly attributed to the cost carrier Question 103value (deviation in costs per unit of product) is determined by the formula:[x] 1. Actual quantity of products sold x (Actual value of variable costs per unit of output - Planned value of variable costs per unit of output); 2. Planned quantity of products sold x (Actual value of variable costs per unit of output - Planned value of variable costs per unit of output); Question 104. The level of responsibility of the investment center: 1. below the level of responsibility of the profit center; [x] 2. above the level of responsibility of the profit center; Question 105expenses:[x] 1. Do not change 2. Change proportionally 3. Increase Question 106[x] 1. from what has been achieved, and as the development of technically sound norms 2. based on technically sound norms 3. from actually achieved Question 107achieved: 1. changing the content of the reporting of responsibility centers 2. providing information about deviations by centers [x] 3. redistributing powers between managers heading responsibility centers Question 108. Level of independence and responsibility of the investment center: 1. below the level of responsibility of the profit center [x] 2. above the level of responsibility of the profit center Question 109[x] 1. Schedule of document movement in the organization 2. Schedule of document movement in the organization by departments 3. Schedule of document movement in the organization in departments Question 110. Basic standards are used to: 1. Calculations of indicators 2. Calculations of base indicators [x] 3. Development of more advanced forms Question 111. In the management accounting system, data on what economic facts are processed?[x] 1. About the facts related to the production of products (calculation of resources) 2. About the facts related to the calculation of resources 3. About the facts related to the calculation of labor productivity Question 112 1. cost element; [x] 2. cost item; Question 113[x] 1. reflects the structure and amount of income and expenses of the enterprise as a whole, individual responsibility centers (or areas of activity) of the enterprise and the financial result planned for receipt in the upcoming budget period 2. reflects the structure and amount of income and expenses of individual responsibility centers (or areas of activity) activity) of the enterprise 3. reflects the financial result planned for receipt in the upcoming budget period Question 114. For management purposes, accounting organizes accounting for expenses by cost items.The list of cost items is established: 1. law [x] 2. organization independently 3. methodological recommendations on planning, accounting and costing
Question 115carried out: 1. when changing the head of the enterprise 2. annually 3. quarterly 4. in case of bankruptcy of the enterprise [x] 5. not carried out under any circumstances
Question 116 1. construction unfinished by the end of the reporting period [x] 2. products that have not passed all stages of processing by the end of the reporting period and therefore are not recognized as finished products 3. manufacturing of fixed assets or intangible assets by the end of the reporting period Question 117cost center is: 1. statistical management plan [x] 2. cost estimate 3. internal reporting Question 118. In conditions of mass production, individual output is determined by the data: 1. Costing [x] 2. Normative costing 3. Individual costing Question 119. Information Support management by deviations in standard accountingachieved:[x] 1. Presentation of information on deviations between actual and standard values by types of products (manager's report) 2. Presentation of information on deviations by types of products (manager's report) 3. Presentation of information by types of products (manager's report) Question 120the reporting date, provided: - the actual cost of manufacturing 1,000 pens was CU4; -normative 4.2 d.u. 1. 2000 units 2. 4000 units [x] 3. 4200 units Question 121 large enterprises the ratio of income and costs is measured: 1. cost center, where standards are set for cost elements [x] 2. profit centers 3. revenue centers that are responsible for the volume of output Question 122. The list of possible reports for the "cost center" includes, but is not limited to the following: 1. income and expenditure budget 2. movement budget Money 3. general business cost plan [x] 4. production plan Question 123regulated:[x] 1. organizations 2. national and international standards Question 124. The balance equation of reserves has the following form: 1. Inventory at the beginning of the period + Inventory receipt during the period = Inventory disposal during the period - Inventory at the end of the period 2. Inventory at the beginning of the period + Inventory at the end of the period = = Inventory disposal during the period + Inventory receipt during the period [x] 3. Inventory at the beginning of the period + Inventory inflow during the period = Inventory disposal during the period + Inventory at the end of the period Question 125profit and the size of its assets, is: 1. profit center 2. income center [x] 3. investment center Question 126. The object of calculation is: 1. cost [x] 2. cost carrier 3. labor costs Question 127. Financial plans include: 1. general business cost plan [x] 2. forecast balance 3. production cost budget 4. sales plan Question 128- 200 rub. in an hour; - Regulatory rate FROM - 198 rubles. in an hour; - Actual working time - 40 hours; -Standard time - 42 hours; - The actual time to fix the marriage - 3 hours. 1. -316 rub. 2. -916 rub. [x] 3. 284 rub. Total deviation of direct labor costs = (actual hours + actual time to fix the marriage) * actual wage rate - standard hours * standard wage rate = (40 hours + 3 hours) * 200 rubles. per hour - 42 hours * 198 rub. per hour = 284 rub. Question 129(deviation in terms of product output) is determined by the formula: 1. (Planned quantity of sold products - Actual quantity of sold products) x Actual value of variable costs per unit; [x] 2. (Planned quantity of sold products - Actual quantity of sold products) x Planned value of variable costs per unit; Question 130 1. coordinated with the tax inspectorate 2. established by legislation [x] 3. determined by the organization independently 4. determined by the organization independently at the department level). In this case, the main criterion for choosing a distribution base is a combination of different types of resources in one or another technological line. The main resources used in the production of products are: inventories (raw materials, materials, components); fixed assets (in terms of depreciation); labor resources (in terms of wages). Question 131 1. planned estimated costs associated with the release of products 2. actual production costs per unit of output [x] 3. carefully calculated predetermined costs per unit of finished product Question 132the financial result when using the direct costing method will be: 1. same as full cost accounting 2. higher than full cost accounting [x] 3. lower than full cost accounting
Question 133 1. in the cash flow budget [x] 2. in the income and expenditure budget Question 134. Planning for a period of up to 1 year can be characterized as:[x] 1. current 2. tactical 3. strategic Question 135[x] 1. minimum production required to cover all costs, both variable and fixed 2. minimum production required to cover variable costs 3. minimum production required to cover fixed costs Question 136actual costs are preferable because:[x] 1. the presence of norms facilitates the planning of the need for production resources (equipment, materials, personnel) and financial resources for the acquisition of these resources 2. there is no need for conditional distribution of fixed costs 3. it is possible to conduct an analysis in conditions of a limited resource, which is important for production planning in the presence of limiting factors Question 137[x] 1. refer to specific types of products, structural divisions, responsibility centers and the entire enterprise 2. refer to types, brands, articles, stock numbers of finished products 3. refer to responsibility centers Question 138. The planning procedure begins with the preparation of: 1. commercial cost plan [x] 2. sales budget 3. production plan 4. investment budget
Tests (Topic 1)
Choose the correct answer
1. Management accounting is a system:
a) costs;
b) costing;
c) the effectiveness of the management of the organization.
2. The objects of management accounting are:
a) production resources;
c) business transactions;
d) production resources and business processes
e) business processes and operations.
3. Management accounting is a subsystem:
a) statistical accounting;
b) financial accounting;
c) accounting.
4. The main purpose of management accounting is to provide information:
a) external users;
b) internal users;
c) executive authorities.
5. The main object of management accounting are:
a) expenses of the organization;
b) the income of the organization;
c) the results of comparing income and expenses,
d) all of the above.
6. The requirement of mandatory record keeping applies to the greatest extent to:
a) financial accounting;
b) management accounting;
c) operational production accounting.
7. Management accounting differs from financial accounting in time in that it:
a) takes into account the past;
b) looking to the future.
8. Sources of management accounting information, in contrast to financial accounting, can be:
a) only balance sheet;
b) any information.
9. What meters does management accounting use:
a) money;
10. In functional responsibilities accounting analyst of the enterprise includes:
a) analysis of financial statements;
b) management consulting on planning, control and regulation of the activities of responsibility centers;
c) tax consulting.
11. The prerogative of management accounting is the preparation of reports for:
a) the objectives of periodic planning and control;
b) external users of accounting information;
c) making decisions and choosing the policy of the organization.
12. The basis of accounting management accounting is:
a) financial accounting;
b) tax accounting;
c) production accounting;
d) statistical accounting.
13. In the management accounting system, data on the facts of economic activity are processed:
a) the reporting period;
b) previous periods;
c) previous periods in the short and long term development.
14. Separation of management accounting from unified system accounting due to:
a) the requirements of accounting legislation;
b) the requirements of the tax authorities;
c) the specifics of the goals and objectives of management accounting;
d) specific goals and objectives international standards accounting.
15. Management accounting uses methods:
a) own;
b) mathematical statistics and economic analysis;
c) methods of managing microeconomics and finance;
d) all of the above.
16. Is the management accounting information a trade secret:
a) yes; b) no.
17. Management accounting is maintained in without fail:
a) yes; b) no.
18. Users of economic information in management accounting are:
a) shareholders, creditors;
b) tax authorities;
c) off-budget funds;
e) managers and specialists of the enterprise.
19. Internal management reporting in the media is published:
a) annually;
b) quarterly;
c) in case of bankruptcy of the enterprise;
d) when changing the management of the enterprise;
e) is not carried out under any circumstances.
20. Working methods of management accounting:
a) inventory;
b) documentation;
c) grouping and generalization, use of control accounts;
e) planning, regulation, limitation, analysis, control;
e) all of the above;
g) correspondence of accounting accounts.
Tasks (Topic 1)
Task 1.1. The consumer society "Luch" produces metal products "A", there is no other production. By this species production costs are: a) direct material costs - 40 cash units, b) direct labor costs - 30 cash units, c) production overhead costs - 10 cash units, d) equipment depreciation - 50,000 cash units ., e) remuneration of administrative personnel - 450,000 monetary units.
Task 1.2. The following information about the activities of the organization is available:
| Indicators | 1st option | 2nd option | 3rd option |
| Production volume (unit) | |||
| Variable costs for 1 unit. products (rub.) | 5,0 | ? | ? |
| Variable costs total (rub.) | ? | ? | ? |
| fixed costs(rub.) | 1800,0 | ? | ? |
| Total production costs (rub.) | ? | ? | ? |
| Production costs for 1 unit. products (rub.) | ? | ? | ? |
Required: determine the cost of production of 1 unit of output, subject to changes in the volume of production.
Task 1.3. The organization manufactures ceramic products. In June, the actual ODA (overhead costs) amounted to 11,100 rubles. Planned standard ODA (overhead costs) for June amounted to 4 rubles. variable ODA (overhead costs) for one hour of direct labor plus 1250 rubles. permanent ODA per month. The normal capacity was set at 2,000 hours of direct labor per month. In June, the organization produced 9,900 ceramic items. The standard time for the manufacture of each product is 0.2 hours of direct labor.
Required: Determine the controlled ODA variance, (general production costs) variance in ODA ((overhead costs) by volume and the total variance in ODA (overhead costs) for June.
Task 1.4. The manufacturing plant produces children's clothing. In the current year:
The volume of production amounted to 200,000 units. products;
The total production costs amounted to 400,000 rubles, of which 180,000 rubles. were fixed costs.
It is assumed that there will be no changes in the production methods and prices used.
Required: Determine the total budget cost for the production of 230,000 units. products in the coming year.
Task 1.5. The organization manufactures products on demand.
Materials 21 360 rub.
Main production 15,112 rubles.
Finished products RUB 17,120
Materials purchased in January in the amount of 91,640 rubles. Direct labor costs for January amounted to 49,640 rubles. Materials issued for production in January 76,200 rubles.
The write-off ratio for general business expenses is 130% of direct labor costs in rubles.
Finished products with a markup of 75% over the cost were sold during January in the amount of 320,000 rubles.
Required
1. Using method double entry reflect all business transactions on the accounts of accounting;
4. Determine the balances of inventory accounts as of February 1, 201_.
Topic 2. Costs: concept, classification, behavior in the management accounting system of organizations (enterprises) of consumer cooperation
Tests (Topic 2)
Choose the correct answer
1. Product costs are:
a) costs that are directly related to the implementation production activities enterprises manufacturing products;
b) costs that at the time of their occurrence can be attributed to the object of calculation on the basis of primary documents;
c) costs, the value of which varies depending on the level of business activity of the enterprise.
2. Under the direct costs of production are understood:
a) Costs associated with production specific type products;
b) Costs associated with the production of products;
c) Expenses associated with the management of the enterprise.
3. Direct material costs within the scale base are:
a) variables;
b) permanent;
c) conditionally constant.
4. Variable costs of the enterprise:
a) always directly proportional to the volume of production and sales;
b) can be partially proportional, progressive and regressive.
5. Progressive expenses:
a) reduce the cost of production;
b) increase the cost of production;
c) have no effect on the cost of production.
6. Degressive costs:
a) contribute to the growth of the company's profits;
b) hinder the increase in profits and profitability;
c) have no effect on the profits of the organization.
7. Production costs in relation to the volume of output are divided into:
a) Direct and indirect;
b) Constants and variables;
c) Basic and overhead.
8. Production costs according to the method of inclusion in the cost of production are divided into:
a) Direct and indirect;
b) Constants and variables;
c) Basic and overhead.
9. With an increase in the volume of output in the reporting period specific gravity variable costs:
a) does not change within the scope of production;
b) grows more slowly than the object of production;
c) grows faster than the volume of production increases;
d) decreases.
10. Variable costs are the costs
a) dependent on changes in the volume of production
b) do not depend on changes in the volume of production
c) general business expenses
11. For production organization An example of a recurring cost would be:
a) depreciation of workshop equipment
c) wages of machine operators
12. Under indirect costs are understood:
a) Expenses for the production of a particular type of product
b) Costs associated with the release of several types of products
c) Expenses for the production and sale of products of this period
13. "Costs for the preparation and development of production" are:
a) cost item;
b) cost element;
c) can be both an article and an element of costs.
14. In which of the above groupings of costs that form the cost of production of works (services), downscaling is possible?
a) in cost items;
b) in cost elements;
c) both in articles and in cost elements.
15. Annual costs associated with the maintenance and operation of a piece of equipment amount to 120,000 rubles. The total possible annual fund of working hours for this piece of equipment is 2,500 hours, of which 20% are planned downtime. The planned cost of "machine-hour" will be (in rubles):
a) 750; b) 480; c) 60; d) there is not enough data to calculate.
16. To determine the cost, the costs are divided into:
b) constants and variables;
c) planned and unplanned.
17. For making a management decision and planning, the costs are divided into:
a) incoming and expired, direct and indirect;
b) constants and variables;
c) current and one-time.
18. For the purposes of monitoring and regulating the activities of responsibility centers, costs are divided into:
a) incoming and expired, direct and indirect;
b) constants and variables;
c) regulated and unregulated.
19. Costs that provide future economic benefits include:
a) to the expenses of the reporting period;
b) to assets;
c) to income;
d) to liabilities;
20. Indirect costs are:
a) included in the cost of several types of products in a certain proportion;
b) arising in subdivisions of auxiliary production;
c) written off at the expense of net profit.
Tasks (Topic 2)
Task 2.1 The organization produces a single product. The volume of production ranges from 15,000 to 40,000 units. in year.
Required. Determine the cost of production within the production capacity:
| Indicators | |||||
| Production volume (unit) | 15 000 | 20 000 | 25 000 | 40 000 | |
| Costs for the entire volume (rub.) | 75 000 | ||||
| including variables (rub.) | 30 000 | ||||
| permanent (rub.) | 45 000 | ||||
| Costs for 1 unit. products (rub.) | |||||
| including variables (rub.) | |||||
| permanent (rub.) | |||||
Task 2.2. The enterprise produced for the period 300,000 units of products A. Direct material costs amounted to 56,200 thousand rubles, direct labor costs 24,180 thousand rubles, general production costs 34,90 thousand rubles.
Required. Determine the cost of production per unit of output.
Task 2.3. For each unit of production "X" is required according to the standard 4 kg. materials worth 30.00 rubles. for 1 kg. According to the standard, 9 hours of working time are spent on the manufacture of a unit of production "X" at the standard rate of 15.00 rubles. for one hour in the first workshop and 2.5 hours at a rate of 20.00 rubles. in the second shop.
In fact, 500 units of product "X" were produced in April. The actual costs of direct materials per unit amounted to 3.8 kg purchased at a price of 32.00 rubles. for 1 kg; labor costs amounted to 9.5 hours per unit with an average pay of 17.50 rubles. for one hour in the first workshop and 2.7 hours at a rate of 21.00 per hour in the second workshop.
Required:
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