Peasant farming (KFH) is special kind entrepreneurship. For him, OKVED forms and certain types of activities are provided, which we will consider below. To begin with, let's define how KFH differs from other types of legal entities and what are its pros and cons. As a rule, this is a group of persons who are often relatives or, for other reasons, have joint property and are engaged in agricultural work for profit. What are the activities of KFH? We will talk about this further.

What does a peasant farm do?

KFH is a form of activity that exists along with an individual entrepreneur or LLC. It is regulated by the law 74-FZ "On the peasant (farm) economy." Main types KFH activities if you list them in general order, are:

• production and processing (any product related to agriculture);
• transportation;
• storage;
• implementation.

When registering, the founder must select the type of occupation of the formed peasant farm determined by OKVED.

Possible types of farms

After finding out the type of peasant farm, it is easier to determine its type of activity. There are four such types:

• Khutorskoe KFH. It is characterized by a compact location, all buildings are being built, as they say, from scratch. Due to the fact that this type of farming requires large financial investments, it is not very popular. However, if you need a large space for future activities, this option will be suitable.
• Cut off farming. It is large enough and suitable for the rotational method. Usually there is a dense placement of various buildings, which makes the entrepreneur think about logistics. However, its advantages are that it allows the combination of several types of animal husbandry.

• Large-scale KFH based on the basis of any agricultural organization that turned out to be unprofitable. By purchasing such a plot, the farmer may not demolish the existing buildings, but use them for his activities. As a rule, this type of farming "inherits" the type of activity from the one that the previous organization was engaged in.
• Village economy is located near any settlement. In this case, logistics will be cheaper than in others, but environmental standards limit this type of activity of the peasant farm. This should not be ignored, since possible conflicts - with environmental services or the public - can significantly slow down business processes.

Not only the possible activity of the enterprise, but also the size of the farm depends on the type of farm. start-up capital and other nuances.

Advantages of KFH

What are they and do they exist? This question interests many.

To the pluses farms include the availability of state support and other privileges, a grace period for taxation, the ability to take large land plots (over two and a half hectares), receive various grants, officially register employees, have benefits in lending for the purchase of land, equipment and equipment. In addition, peasant farms are not checked by local commissions, unless, of course, there have been violations of the law.

Disadvantages of a peasant farm

But there are also disadvantages. Firstly, registration of a type of activity of a peasant farm is more expensive than registration of the same individual entrepreneur. In addition, the founder is obliged to use the land for its intended purpose (land intended for growing crops should not be used for grazing). A KFH participant cannot be a member of another similar organization. Well, it is important to take into account the dependence of rural entrepreneurs on seasonal risks, weather conditions, livestock and plant diseases, etc. Often, farmers work for several years without profit or at a loss.

On state support of peasant farming

Here it is necessary to say a few words separately. This is one of the few types of business that has secured very tangible state support. For example, preferential lending conditions, when subsidies are given to pay off part of the loan rate. There is also a one-time or grant financial help for the creation and maintenance of the selected type of activity of the peasant farm. There is also property support in the form of the transfer of ownership of land, premises, equipment, transport, inventory, machinery, etc. - on the basis of a lease agreement with preferential terms.

Comments on the legislation on peasant farming

In the comments to the legislation on peasant farms, important points. For example, it is noted that the production and processing of agricultural products are among the main activities, while transportation, storage and sale are additional (auxiliary).

It is further noted that the KFH does not fully apply to legal entities, since it does not have constituent documents confirming its legal capacity. Some questions follow from this: what type of activity can a peasant farm be engaged in, but most importantly, is it necessary to indicate it? Existing and established practice gives a positive answer. Another slippery moment in connection with the unestablished legal capacity of the peasant farm is advisory in nature: the head of the farm should be careful when concluding transactions: if they are not related to the previously designated activities, they may be invalidated.

Do I need a license to engage in this kind of activity?

Some types of agricultural business must be licensed, which is regulated by the Federal Law “On Licensing Types of Activities” (dated 2011). It is also important to know that there is a separate list of goods that can be considered transportation for the needs of a particular farm if the transport of this farm is used. By the way, this list does not say anything about the transportation of workers who need to be delivered to the place of work or back. BUT Passenger Transportation(more than eight people) are subject to licensing.

What is OKVED for and what is it?

Registration of a peasant farm implies such types of entrepreneurship as growing crops, animal husbandry, and providing consulting assistance to the population. Registration of KFH is available for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities. When opening a KFH, codes for types of activities in 2017 from a sequence of six digits must be indicated in the application for tax. They will then be reflected in the reporting.

This classifier is necessary to simplify the control over the payment of taxes and accelerate the input of information. The founder of the farm has the right to choose one main or several codes. The list of peasant farms was updated in 2016 (OKVED-2), so you need to focus on it.

Types of activities of a peasant farm according to the classifier

We list the activities of KFH according to OKVED:

1. Crop production - annual crops, perennial crops, seedlings. Codes for those who plan to engage in annual crops are divided into:

• growing plants for the purpose of obtaining grain;
• growing legumes;
• growing raw materials for vegetable oil;
• cultivation of rice crops;
• cultivation of tobacco crops;
• cultivation of various vegetables, mushroom crops and sugarcane;
• breeding flowering plants and obtaining seeds.

The matter is not limited to this. What else can you do?

If you are planning to engage in the cultivation of perennial crops, then the following types of KFH activities are provided for you:

• growing fruits, including exotic ones, growing berries and nuts;
• cultivation of tea and coffee crops, plants from which spices are made and medicinal plants.

But other options are also possible. Everyone can choose an activity to their liking.

2. Livestock. This includes the following activities:

• breeding of livestock for the production and sale of dairy products;
• breeding animals for the purpose of selling meat;
• horse breeding and koumiss production;
• breeding of animal species such as camels, sheep, pigs, goats for the purpose of selling meat and dairy products;
• breeding ducks, turkeys, chickens, geese and other poultry to obtain and sell their meat and eggs;
• breeding of bees and honey growing;
• breeding of fur-bearing animals, including rabbits;
• breeding of the silkworm butterfly;
• breeding domestic deer;
• breeding other types of domestic animals, including those intended for laboratory research. Breeding earthworms.

3. If you are not directly related to the listed activities or provide consulting services, pay attention to the following items mentioned in the classifier (in the column "other activities"):

• other activities in the field of crop production, such as pruning trees, harvesting, etc.;
• other activities in the field of animal husbandry - vaccination, inspection, cattle driving, etc.;
• services in which the need arises after harvesting in the form of providing premises for storage, cleaning before processing something, seed processing, sorting, various research, etc.;
• hunting, i.e. trapping, shooting animals;
• forestry, i.e., logging, collecting wild fruits, berries, nuts, etc.;
• fishing, fish farming.

Can the KFH engage in other activities?

There is an opinion that the legal capacity of the head of the household is the same as the legal capacity of any individual registered as an individual entrepreneur. The main thing is to do everything within the framework of the law and in agreement with certain members of the peasant farm. And yet - are there any prohibited activities for peasant farms? The answer to this question is unequivocal: everything that is not condemned by law is allowed. Act in accordance with existing legislation to avoid problems. And may good luck accompany you.

Many people are of the opinion that life in the village and farming are irrelevant. But think about it - every day on store shelves we see the products of small private farms. It is sometimes easier to earn money in the countryside than in the city. Combining different types agricultural production can be done at a relatively low cost.

How to become a farmer? This business is not limited to simply raising pigs, chickens and cows and growing vegetables. This is whole system. It implies the existence of a business plan for a farm with official registration of activities. In addition - a well-thought-out system of regulation of costs and revenues.

Farming from scratch: how to start?

As you know, business always starts with an idea - regardless of the scale. Anyone who decides to open their own farm must, first of all, decide on a suitable direction. On the farmstead, you can engage in both crop production and animal husbandry. The main thing is to think over everything correctly and make a successful combination.

That is why a thorough study of the characteristics of the production of various crops and the rearing of animals will be required. Before you become a farmer, you should learn about the incompatibility of individual areas. In particular, the cultivation of certain fruit crops is strictly contraindicated near the places where cattle are kept.

Having decided where to start farming, you will need to think about the material and financial resources that will be required. future business. Everything should be foreseen - from initial financial investments to the arrangement of premises for keeping animals, organizing the territory of the farm, purchasing feed and fertilizers. In addition, the future economy will require mandatory registration. Most often, such activities are carried out in the form of IP.

Farming: activities

If you decide to open a livestock farm, the farm will provide you with meat, milk, eggs and skin. In addition, no one will forbid to combine the cultivation of animals, crop production, fish breeding or beekeeping. The main thing is to remember that all animals will require proper quality care and adherence to sanitary standards.

Let's take a closer look at exactly which directions can take place for individual entrepreneur in peasant farming.

We breed piglets

Pork is always in demand in the market and costs a lot. This business is quite profitable, because if you take this direction seriously, you can get up to 30 piglets from one sow during the year with good care. Each adult pig is about 200 kilos of meat and fat.

For breeding, piglets of a month old are usually purchased. They are less prone to disease, adapt well to new conditions. The room for them (pigsty) should be kept clean, insulated in winter period and be sure to provide vents. Crowding is contraindicated for animals. They are fed according to the regime, with pauses not exceeding eight hours.

The food is greens (in large quantities), products of meat and dairy origin and special compound feed for pigs. One piglet can be purchased for an amount of 3,500 to 5,000 rubles. It depends on its breed, age and livestock area. You can breed pigs by starting with the purchase of a pair of healthy piglets.

Goats, cows, horses and sheep

In summer, they are all able to eat grass. They need good quality soft hay for the winter. For top dressing, horses are given oats, and cows are given compound feed.

The yield of a good dairy cow is up to 30 liters of milk daily. From one goat you can get from 5 to 8 liters, and the cost of goat's milk is higher, since it belongs to delicacies.

Horses are most often used as draft power. Sheep are bred for their meat, which is also considered a delicacy. As for sheep, their wool has long been considered the most valuable material. Breeding, both goats and sheep, is one of the most popular and profitable types of business in the field of agriculture.

rabbits

Both fur and meat are obtained from them. At the same time, the animals are quite unpretentious in terms of keeping and breeding. A rabbit farm is a system of enclosures, cages, pits, or sheds. The choice of premises for maintenance is a private matter of the farmer. However, certain conditions must be met:

• Keep animals away from direct sunlight and drafts.
• Provide adequate nutrition.
• Do not forget about timely vaccination.
• Maintain cleanliness in the cages and provide the animals with high-quality drinking water on time.
• Remember the optimal temperature regime.

The diet for rabbits combines a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables according to the season with concentrated dry food. For top dressing, hay and grass are quite suitable for them.

Fish breeding

Today this business is one of the most profitable. But doing it requires certain knowledge, as well as considerable investments. Agricultural enterprises such as fish farms are most often arranged on the basis of artificial ponds, which can be different type. It depends on the volume of production and preferred species. Due to the need for a large area for the construction of a pond, the cost of this business may be overwhelming for a novice farmer.

Who can be most often found in an artificial pond? Carp, crucian carp, pike perch, silver carp, carp and tench. Although pond fish are able to provide themselves with food, they still cannot do without top dressing. As it is taken bran, cake, feed.

Since about May, the fish have been fed on "feeding tables", which are heavy square-shaped wooden trays measuring approximately 50 x 50 cm. Each hectare of pond will require at least four of these "feeding tables" for fish.

Beekeeping

With the right approach, the profit from the apiary can be quite good. In addition, bees pollinate fruit plants. How are such agricultural enterprises organized? The place for the apiary is selected according to the principle of desertedness and remoteness from roads, close to the areas where honey plants are grown.

Then it is necessary to install hives on 12-24 frames, as well as an omshanik (winter house). Beekeepers can buy hives or make their own. To do this, the beekeeper will need a workbench, hand or power tools. Bees can be purchased both in bee packages and full-fledged families.

poultry breeding

It can be the most common - in the form of chickens, geese, turkeys and ducks. Or exotic enough for our area. It's about about breeding partridges, pheasants, guinea fowls, peacocks and even ostriches. The choice of breeds depends on the market in which the farmer wants to establish himself.

Where to start farming if you decide to go into poultry farming? As the most unpretentious option, the usual cultivation of chickens is suitable. These birds are inexpensive and unpretentious. From them you can get environmentally friendly eggs and high-quality chicken meat. The demand for ducks, geese and turkeys is somewhat less, but their cost is many times higher.

If you are thinking about breeding guinea fowls, pheasants and peacocks, then know that this is quite an expensive occupation, and most likely private buyers or restaurants will have to sell them.

To grow poultry, you will need to acquire an incubator, special aviaries insulated for the winter, feeders, trays, as well as a certain space for walking. Most often, farmers buy couples for divorce, or a certain amount of young offspring, which are subsequently grown. Another option is to purchase eggs and put them in an incubator. Each method has its own merits and demerits.

To feed young chicks, you will need cereals, boiled eggs, greens, cottage cheese, insects, as well as special feed mixtures. The diet of adults is almost the same. Their menu is dominated by grain - wheat, barley, oats. Vitamins and minerals should be added to the feed mixture.

Growing plants

Crop production has always been and remains one of the most important areas rural business. Indeed, in the diet of any person, vegetables, fruits and berries are an indispensable component. In addition, in farm conditions it is quite possible to plant flowers. The flower business has a high profitability (from 70% to 300%).

The approximate amount of initial investment is from half a million rubles. On them you can rent land, buy cuttings, incandescent lamps for greenhouses, which must maintain a constant microclimate and well-fertilized soil.

Returning to the cultivation of greens and vegetables, it is worth noting that their choice for farming is very diverse. Unpretentious species, like potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, etc., do not need any special conditions. If you plan to start growing greens, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, tomatoes and zucchini, you cannot do without greenhouses during the cold season.

Building them along with renting land will require quite a serious investment. Seed costs are relatively small. In addition, in subsequent years you will provide them yourself. The payback of vegetable growing is quite fast. Already this year you can get the first serious harvest. If you can't decide where to start farming, vegetable growing may be the best option.

We grow mushrooms, berries and fruits

For mushroom farming, the most unpretentious (albeit expensive) are truffles. And the most common are champignons and oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are bred in a special room, where an even microclimate is maintained, in bags filled with mycelium and straw. You will spend from one and a half to two thousand rubles on seedlings for truffles. Much cheaper you can buy the basis for breeding champignons and oyster mushrooms.

If you are going to do strawberries, you can’t do without greenhouses. A number of varieties are also grown outdoors. Such a business will require a starting capital of about 100,000 rubles. Add to them another quarter of that for monthly expenses.

Raspberries are grown in a different way. For her, seedlings are purchased and the site is being prepared. They are engaged in it in the summer season, for the winter the bushes are added dropwise in order to protect against frost.

Cherries, sea buckthorn or apples are grown on specially designated garden plots. You will need to purchase seedlings, a special film for shelter for the winter. Harvest from young trees you will wait at best for the next year. Business on fruits and berries is profitable at the level of about 60-100%.

How to register your activity

How to start farming legal terms? Every business needs to be registered, and agricultural business is no exception. The stages of the procedure consist in paying the state duty, notarizing the relevant application, preparing and submitting a package of documents to the IFTS. Next, you should wait for the issuance of ready-made documents, go through the registration procedure in the necessary funds and receive a letter from Rosstat, which will contain statistics codes. Of course, you should also take care of opening a bank account.

We rent land

Rent land plot can be taken care of before the procedure legal registration. The lease application is submitted to the local administration. After the case is considered, you will receive information about where the proposed site is located. There you will need to call representatives of the land management organization. They will survey and determine the exact boundaries of the site. Then the land is put on the cadastral register, an appropriate passport is issued.

After that, the documents are again sent to the administration, which issues a decision on the transfer of the site. In addition, registration of the lease agreement is required.

The state will help us

AT last years assistance to young farms is a priority for the state. Now it is easy to get a grant for the development of such a business, the amount of which can be from one to four million rubles. It can be designed specifically for the creation of a farm or have a one-time payment procedure for a household appliance.

This money is purposefully issued to a novice farmer for renting or buying land, developing a project, acquiring the necessary equipment, conducting the required utilities, as well as buying materials for planting, animals, feed and fertilizers.

Who can apply for such a payment

Money is paid to citizens of the Russian Federation of working age, heads of farms and peasant farms, whose registration period is less than 24 months. At the same time, it is necessary to have an education and at least three years of experience in the field of agriculture.

The package of documents that need to be prepared consists of a business plan for the farm, a breakdown of costs with prices. The amount of own funds that will need to be invested in this case must be at least 10% of the grant amount. The person who receives it is obliged to create three or more jobs and spend the issued funds within 12 months from the date of issue.

Grants are issued based on the results of competitions, during which young entrepreneurs must prove the profitability and relevance of the future business. Such support can be considered a wonderful way to solve the problem of initial investment. In the case when the payment is denied, there are other options for assistance from the state - in particular, in the form of a loan for farming. In addition, various options for government subsidies are possible.

Summing up

The modern business in the field of agriculture is not at all the idea of ​​​​which is firmly rooted in the minds of many (hard and dirty work, low-income and ungrateful). Today, farms are equipped with the most advanced equipment. The most advanced technologies are used in growing animals and plants. It is quite possible to maintain cleanliness and the right microclimate in premises for breeding birds and livestock. Most operations can be automated, which will greatly facilitate farm work.

Especially important is the financial support of the state in the current crisis. It allows farmers to develop their business. In addition, due to the wide development of a network of cafes, restaurants and numerous private shops, sales problems finished products usually does not happen.

* Calculations use average data for Russia

very important place in agriculture engaged in the cultivation of fruit trees. The fruits serve as food for people, are used in many industries and go to feed livestock. But in order to deal with fruit trees, you need to be patient, because trees begin to bear fruit only after a few years of their life. Thus, it is not necessary to count on making a profit in the very first months of work; growing fruit trees involves doing some other business or business. Therefore, it is best when an already experienced farmer who grows many plants decides to receive Additional income and plant a garden of certain trees. In a few years it will be good source income, but in order for things to go smoothly, you should decide on crops from the very beginning and start growing fruits on your own plot. As you know, it will be possible to grow fruit trees on your own plot or, in the most extreme case, on a plot taken under a lease for a very long time and with permission from the owner of the plot to plant trees.

Therefore, it is assumed that there is a plot of one hectare in size, which is free from crops of cereals, melons and other crops and can be completely allocated for a garden. The cost of land can vary greatly depending on the region and distance from settlements. But it is quite possible to find an inexpensive plot (within 500 thousand rubles), which will be located, if not in a small village, then at least in close proximity to it. Although, of course, it is those who have already built their own house and have experience in farming who are engaged in gardening.

To legalize your activities, you need to register a subject entrepreneurial activity, while both the form of a legal entity and an individual entrepreneur are suitable, but most preferably a peasant farm. By law, this form is actually equated to an individual entrepreneur, it also has the ability to make tax deductions under a simplified taxation system, but at the same time, a peasant farm still involves the association of several persons. It is optimal to indicate the code (OKPD 2) 01.25 Fruits of other fruit trees, shrubs and nuts, it is universal for all fruit trees, except for grapes. Thus, you can grow any fruit trees without the need for additional reporting, changes registration documents in the case of a small re-profiling of the economy (change of one crop to another). But when contacting the phytosanitary supervision service (Rosselkhoznadzor), you need to find out all the requirements for farmers involved in fruit trees. Depending on the culture and region, there may be some restrictions or features from a legal point of view, and all this is best taken into account so that there are no problems with a sudden check by the state structure.

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After resolving all legal issues, you can start growing fruits. For some it is more convenient to deal with only one crop, completely occupied only with it and giving it maximum strength, while other farmers are much more pleased to see a garden filled with various types of plants. The main obstacle in making a farmer's dream come true is the possibility of growing a particular plant in the climatic conditions of the region. It is important not only to provide all the conditions for the tree to take root, but also for it to begin to bear fruit well. There are also a huge number of factors that affect which plants can be cultivated.

Apple tree. It is the most famous fruit tree, cultivated species - Mālus domestica, which is called the domestic apple tree. There are a huge number of varieties of apples, so they are grown everywhere in almost the entire territory of the country, except for very cold regions. The fruit of an apple tree is an apple, this is the name of not only a fruit specific to this plant, but also the name of a type of false fruit. That is, from a botanical point of view, an apple can only be called a fruit conditionally. Apple varieties can produce crops in almost different time year (different varieties bear fruit from summer to late autumn), but in order to get fruits in winter, it is necessary to equip greenhouses, which is quite difficult for trees. Some varieties of apple trees begin to bear fruit already a year after planting, which significantly reduces the payback period of the entire project.

Apples can almost always be sold; small and outwardly unattractive apples are sold at a small price in large quantities either to livestock farms or to companies producing juices and purees, that is, processing these fruits. Large and having marketable condition apples can be sold independently in the market or found wholesale buyers who will resell apples to stores. You can do your own search outlets in which apples will be sold at retail; this will remove one intermediary and earn a little more money.

Apple trees grow well after such predecessors as: sugar beet, corn, grain crops. Experienced gardeners recommend preparing the soil for growing apples on it in two years. Up to 300 small trees can be placed on one hectare, while it is important to properly plan the territory so that the trees do not interfere with each other later. The cost of one apple tree seedling is 500 rubles, so the garden will need 150 thousand rubles. The average yield of an apple tree per hectare is 15 tons, while it can vary greatly depending on the conditions of courtship and weather phenomena. Depending on the variety, a kilogram of apples can cost 10 rubles or 100, so if we take the average price of 30 rubles, then one harvest will bring 450 thousand rubles. This is a very, very good indicator, which only experienced agronomists can achieve. Apples are perhaps the most common and easy to implement fruit crop, it is relatively easy to deal with it due to the large number of varieties bred specifically for each region and local conditions.

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Pear. Like the apple, it belongs to the Rosaceӕ family and is its closest relative. The genus of plants that is edible and cultivated by humans is Pýrus. Pears are somewhat less popular with people than apples, but are still consumed in large quantities. There are also many varieties of them, which makes it possible to deal with a pear in relatively cold regions of the country. However, in the northern regions they are practically not grown anymore. Depending on the variety, it can be either a strong full-fledged tree, or (which is most common) a low tree, more like a shrub with spreading branches strewn with fruits. This is what a cultivated pear looks like. Since the type of fruit of a pear and an apple practically coincides, these crops are used by people for almost the same needs, there are no implementation features in the case of a pear. Just need to count on a little less demand.

The cost of seedlings is also about 500 rubles for a future tree. The seedlings themselves may even be a little more if dwarf plants are chosen, but in general it is worth counting on the same amount of 150 thousand rubles for the purchase of seedlings. The yield of a pear averages about 3 tons per hectare, and the price for these heavy fruits is on average about 50 rubles per kilogram. Thus, according to the results of the sale, you can earn about 150 thousand rubles, which in the first year will not even cover all the costs of organizing a pear orchard. You might think that dealing with a pear is not so profitable, but you need to be aware of fluctuations in demand, and sometimes pear fruits can be in price. Elite varieties of pears can also exceed the price tag of one hundred rubles per kilogram; in general, pears are slightly more expensive than apples. Therefore, it is possible to allocate some area for a pear orchard, since the plant is relatively easy to grow, and it has a lot of varieties.

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Cherry plum. Together with blackthorn, it is the progenitor of the common plum. Cherry plum was traditionally cultivated in the regions of the Caucasus Mountains, but in the twentieth century varieties were bred that can grow in more northern latitudes. The home growing species is Prúnus cerasiféra, this plant is very adaptable to many types of soil, but is very sensitive to lower temperatures. For the northern regions, varieties of winter cherry plum have been bred, which retain all the positive properties of this plant (high yield, early maturity) in combination with good frost resistance.

The cost of one cherry plum seedling also averages 500 rubles, but much more plants can fit per hectare than in the case of pears or apples. Thus, some experiments among horticultural farms have shown the possibility of growing 8,000 small trees per hectare. However, it makes no sense to plant more than 500 trees per hectare, because anything more is intensive gardening with the expectation of short-term profit. Thus, 250 thousand rubles will be required for seedlings.

Cherry plum can be a very productive crop, give up to 300 kilograms of fruits from one tree, that is, ideally, you can harvest about 150 tons of crops from one hectare of plantings. But usually the yield is much lower and amounts to 25 tons per hectare. Wholesale cherry plum can be sold for about 20 rubles per kilogram, so the sale of 25 tons will bring the gardener 500 thousand rubles of income. Just keep in mind that cherry plum is not bought with such enthusiasm as the same apples, so in the case retail sales there is a chance of not selling a significant part of the crop, and therefore it is much easier to cooperate with resellers.

Plum. The well-known fruit is blue, although plums can have other shades. The cultivated species, Prúnus doméstica, grows in many regions of this country. It copes with winter a little better, therefore it is grown further north than cherry plum. Plum fruits are usually slightly larger. Plum is a honey plant, so it can be grown with your own apiary. The plant is somewhat more whimsical than cherry plum, but with proper care can also give good yields. In terms of the cost of seedlings, productivity, the number of tree plantations, it is completely close to cherry plum, only plum fruits are a little more expensive. Everything, of course, depends on the variety, but the average price here is about 40 rubles per kilogram. It turns out that for 25 tons of harvest you can already get 1 million rubles, however, this is possible in really good years.

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Quince. It is a fruit tree grown mainly in the Caucasus. In Russia, it is cultivated in the southwestern regions of the country. Only one species of Cydonia oblōnga is bred by man. Quince is not a very popular culture among the population, since its fruits are rarely eaten because of the very mediocre taste. But at the same time, a lot of various sweets are made from quince, and in many food production this fruit is used. Some farmers specially dry quince and sell it in this form. Due to less popularity than other crops, quince seedlings can be bought for only 200 rubles per piece. There can be about 400 trees of this plant in the garden, while each adult tree can produce up to 50 kilograms of crop. And the average yield per hectare is 20 tons. Thus, with an average price of 30 rubles per kilogram, 600 thousand rubles are obtained from the sale of all fruits. And this is provided that the seedlings will cost only 80 thousand rubles. But it is possible to engage in this culture in Russia only in some regions, while in the rest of the territory the trees either will not take root or will not produce a good harvest.

But in order to achieve a good harvest, you need to carefully study all the information about the type of plants you choose and the varieties that will be grown. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that fruit trees do not always begin to bear fruit immediately. The minimum period is one to two years; for this, special varieties are bred, which are classified as fast-growing. But an ordinary tree does not begin to bear fruit until 8-9 years after planting, which makes the business of growing fruit trees designed for the long term. As already mentioned, it is good to deal with them in diversified farms and where the cultivation of annual plants has already been established - they become good predecessors for trees.

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One of the most important industries in Russia is the cultivation of grain crops. Let us briefly describe the technology and business plan of this type of entrepreneurship in order to navigate what is required for its organization.

Demand for crop products around the world is considered to be the highest. And in our country there are natural conditions in order to fully satisfy the buyer's requirements. The most important thing is to decide on a seed crop and a suitable site for its cultivation.

The relevance of the agricultural business

At the state level, a law has been adopted on the development and regulation of this industry, which contributes to the support of entrepreneurship in the cultivation of grain crops, and also makes it possible to increase the volume of their production and processing.

In this case, provided government subsidies for project investment, as well as various tax benefits. Even if you do not have enough funds to organize this type of business at the proper level, you can count on loans with favorable conditions.

Statistical data also speaks of an increase in acreage and growing sales of grain. And although there are certain risks when growing various crops, the profitability of the business remains at a high level. Experts say that in one year you can reach full payback only at the expense of wholesale sales products within the country.

If we add to this high level exports, the profitability and attractiveness of this business idea only grows. It is important to decide what exactly you will grow. For example, about half of the crops are wheat, as it is considered the most popular crop from which bakery and confectionery, cereals, flour and much more. At the same time, there are several important factors that affect business development:

• Expansion of areas for sowing wheat, which significantly increases the gross indicators.
• When exporting, the list of countries for the supply of goods is constantly updated, and its volumes increase every year.
• World prices for this species product changes frequently.
• In addition to the usual demand for cereals, there is also a need for this cereal on livestock farms.

But business strategy must be built deliberately. After all, there are various fluctuations in the market according to changes in weather conditions, the amount of grain stocks, price trends, etc. Even political sanctions affect the level of demand and cost final product. Therefore, the entrepreneur in this industry will have to constantly monitor changes on a large scale.

Where to begin?

When organizing the production of grain crops as a business, you need to understand this issue. And if you do not have enough relevant experience or theoretical knowledge, then it is better to take a professional agronomist as a permanent assistant.

After all, when choosing a plot of land and the crops themselves, you need to focus on the climatic conditions of the region, take into account the timing of sowing and harvesting, the seasonality of the business, the need to use fertilizers, drawing up a plan for the purchase of equipment, etc.

The main stages of the organization of entrepreneurship will be the following:

1. Choice of crops for cultivation according to the possibilities of the region.
2. Search for investments for start-up costs.
3. Buying or renting a suitable field for sowing.
4. Registration of an enterprise with the issuance of a permit for this type of work.
5. Acquisition of specialized machinery, equipment, inventory, etc.
6. Creation of storage facilities in accordance with the requirements for grain storage.
7. Recruitment of personnel with proper training and experience.
8. Purchase of seeds in the right quantity.
9. Carrying out sowing work.
10. Field care according to standards.
11. Harvesting.
12. Storage and sale of goods.

Activity registration

In the case of the creation of such an enterprise, it will be necessary to register a personal subsidiary (LPH) or a peasant farm (KFH). But it should be noted that in order to reach high profits and to reduce risks in this industry, experts recommend growing crops in large volumes. Therefore, the second form of organization will be more acceptable.

It will be necessary to develop a competent business plan and make a feasibility study of the project. To do this, it is better to contact a professional who will develop the right strategy, which will become the basis for successful development enterprises.

Here you can download for free as a sample.

Selection of land

With all the diversity of the territory of our country, it is better to focus on the southern regions for sowing most grain crops. Although the regions of the middle lane are also suitable for certain types plants. Take into account not only climatic conditions, but also the terrain, previous uses of the field, the duration of its operation, and much more.

It is important to understand that the land cannot produce a good harvest every year, therefore, periodically experienced agronomists provide it with rest or sow it with different crops, replacing them with each other. The ideal plan is:

• the available territory is divided into four zones;
• three of them are used, for example, for wheat, sunflower and barley;
• the fourth is left untouched;
• annually change the place of sowing for each of them and choose a new site for recreation.

As a result, there is a change in the composition of the soil and its periodic restoration, which has a beneficial effect on the overall yield, and hence the profitability of the project.

It makes no sense to engage in the cultivation of crops in a small volume. Therefore, it is recommended to rent an area of ​​at least 400 hectares. With an average business size, this figure is already 5,000 hectares.

When concluding a lease agreement, it is better to draw it up immediately for several years in advance in order to avoid the risks of changing payments and not disrupting the sowing schedule. If you want to do this business for a long period, it is better to try to buy the fields into your property as early as possible.

Dealing with plants

When choosing the crops that will be grown on the field, you need to think carefully about all the points. After all, the equipment used, sowing and harvesting time, business payback periods, average yields, sales markets and much more depend on this.

So, wheat can be lumpy and food, winter and spring. In addition to this type of culture, in high demand rye, barley and sunflower are used. It is these plants that are considered the most favorable choice for growing in the middle and southern latitudes of Russia.

Equipment and machinery

In order to speed up and simplify the process of growing these crops as much as possible, it is advisable to purchase modern machines:

1. Seeding complex.
2. Baler.
3. Tractor.
4. Mowers.
5. seeder.
6. Disc harrow.
7. Plow.
8. Combine.
9. Freight transport.
10. Volokushka, etc.

And also in capital investments it is necessary to include expenses for the creation of warehouses, hangars, the construction of industrial premises, repair shops, the purchase of various equipment, etc.

Staff

As mentioned above, in order to develop successful business for the cultivation of grain crops in without fail you will need to hire an experienced agronomist. In addition, it is desirable to acquire other employees:

• the head of the enterprise may be the owner himself;
• with large volumes of production, a substitute is needed;
• several tractor drivers;
• combiners;
• other workers;
• accountant for competent tax reporting;
• product sales manager.

Since this type of business is seasonal, then most of employees are only hired for a few months of the year. The permanent staff usually consists of three people.

Growing technology

The whole process goes through the following steps:

1. Harrowing the soil, which takes 8 to 10 days.
2. Spring sowing work, which can take up to 10-15 days.
3. Re-harrowing.
4. Treatment with herbicides, fertilizers, etc.
5. Harvesting, which will take at least 20 days.
6. Storage of grain in barns.

With the use of modern technology and high-quality fertilizers, we can talk about high yields and good business development prospects.

Financial calculations

There are various factors that influence the overall income:

• climate;
• weather;
• soil quality;
• success in the rapid sale of grain;
• general market prices.

To draw up a rough plan with calculations, you need to take the average indicators for the volume of cultivation of certain crops, take into account the size of the sown area and pricing policy enterprises.

	Capital investment	Cost, in rubles
1	Staff salary (per year)	300 000
2	Purchase of grain for sowing	100 000
3	Fuels and lubricants and other materials	500 000
4	Building a barn	800 000
5	Acquisition of equipment	1 300 000
6	Land lease	300 000
7	Other costs	200 000
	Total:	3 500 000

As a result, for the first year you will pay about 3.5 million rubles. But in the future, only the costs of paying for the work of employees, renting land and purchasing raw materials will be required. And with well-established sales markets, the sale of goods will be faster and easier every year, which will significantly affect the growth of profits.

From 200 hectares, 400-600 tons of grain can be harvested, depending on the yield and the specific crop. With an average cost of 6000 per ton of products, you can get 2,400,000-3,600,000 rubles. As a result, all initial investments will pay off in the first year. But since it is necessary to purchase or partially leave grain for the next crops, they usually talk about a full refund only after 2-3 years.

Sales market

Even when starting a business, you need to take care of how to sell products. In the agricultural direction, the usual methods of advertising are not needed.

To create a client base, it is enough to conclude contracts with wholesale suppliers grain, food warehouses, large trading networks, farmlands, grain processing enterprises, etc.

Possible risks

As with anything, this industry is not without challenges. They usually consist of the following:

1. A sharp, unexpected drop in the price of a commodity, especially when there is a harvest year and supply exceeds basic demand. When concluding futures contracts, these risks can be partially avoided.
2. Equipment for harvesting and processing crops periodically fails and requires repair or replacement. If this happened during a critical period of active work, then the delivery time of products may be disrupted. Therefore, it is advisable to have several cars in stock or find an opportunity to rent equipment for a short time.
3. Reducing the liquidity of the enterprise due to the uneven cultivation and sale of grain crops. If you pay off the debt before the deadline, then such troubles can be avoided.
4. A lean year - sooner or later, all agricultural workers face this. Insurance and the formation of a plan will help to reduce risks, taking into account the minimum possible profit for the corresponding region.

Video: how to grow wheat?

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