In the process of human economic activity arise. Economic activity of people

They originated tens of thousands of years ago and over this long period have passed a difficult path of development. If at first a person was engaged only in gathering, hunting and farming to maintain his existence, then today there are dozens of areas and industries in which certain products and materials are produced. And this is not to mention highly specialized types of economic activity, which most consumers are not even aware of. At the same time, they keep traditional forms economic activities, experiencing minor, but still changes. At the same time, the formation and expansion of new areas of production associated with the introduction of innovative technologies does not slow down.

The concept and signs of economic activity

All the benefits that surround modern man, one way or another, were produced as a result of his efforts - mental and physical. The form of their application can just be considered as an economy. In a general sense, this is an activity, as a result of which both material and spiritual benefits appear. Although there are other concepts that strictly separate, for example, science from trade and construction from agriculture. In this case, there is a distinction between industries that do not produce anything material, and enterprises whose work ultimately provides real products. As a rule, the second group includes the main types of economic activity, among which are the agricultural sector, industry, transport infrastructure, etc. The following features are characteristic of such areas:

• As a rule, the work of enterprises is carried out on a professional basis.
• The activity is aimed at manufacturing products and performing work for other entities.
• The result of the activity has a value expression, that is, the market price.
• In the process of operation of enterprises, the interests of the owner as a private person are combined with public and state ones.

Classification in terms of law

In Russian legislation, there is the Economic Code, which provides for the allocation of several areas of such activities. AT general idea it is understood as one of the areas of social production with the task of manufacturing and further selling goods or providing services. From the point of view of law, the following types of human economic activity are distinguished:

• A commercial. In essence - entrepreneurship carried out with the aim of making a profit or achieving other social and economic results.
• Non-commercial activity. In this case, there is no goal of making a profit, but there may be tasks to achieve certain social or economic results.
• Economic support. A special category of activity that can be presented as a tool to support existing enterprises, for example, by improving their technical or material condition.

agricultural holding

An extensive industry and one of the oldest forms of activity, including agriculture, animal husbandry, crop production, etc. There is also a classification of agricultural types of economic activity on the basis of belonging to climatic zones. Thus, the cold belt is considered less favorable for the cultivation of the soil cover, therefore, in such zones, cattle breeding and, in particular, reindeer husbandry predominate. In contrast, regions with a warm climate are successfully growing cereals, vegetables, cotton and citrus fruits. Basically, this industry concentrates on the production of food products, however, there are also types of economic activities in the agricultural sector aimed at growing industrial crops. For example, the fruits of dyeing, spinning and bast plants are further used in industry.

Water management

It is also a significant industry, in which there are several areas of activity. First of all, these are areas related to the cultivation of underwater flora and fauna. end products can be used as food, go to the needs of industry and agriculture. The economic activities of people associated with the ocean and coastal areas deserve special attention. In this part, we can talk about the extraction of biological products, and about energy resources. In the Pacific waters, for example, oil shelves are being developed, as well as deposits hard coal. No less attractive are sea crafts rich in seafood, rock and table salt, bromine and magnesium.

Industry

This sector covers many types of manufacturing, processing and mining activities. Factories, combines, mines and mines provide a significant share of consumer goods with their products. Food, chemical, light and heavy industries provide different market segments. AT last years the energy sector is developing technologically, the product of which can be electricity, heat, fuel materials, steam, etc. Stations for generating different types energy. New industries are also emerging, whose enterprises produce innovative products. What types of economic activity can be attributed to this group? First of all, these are narrow areas of the microbiological, medical and construction industries. Companies modern type produce materials and products High Quality with a fundamentally new combination of operational and consumer properties.

Transport economy

The infrastructure that provides the possibility of movement is no less important for the stable operation of the same agricultural and industrial enterprises. And aggregate Vehicle also in itself is part of the national economy. There are three types of economic activity in this area:

• Ground communication. Cars, metro, rail transport.
• Water transport. River and sea vessels.
• Aircraft.

Services as a form of economic activity

The provision of services is also considered as a separate category of economic activity. end product, for example, treatment, education, sale, communication, etc. can act. That is, the result of the activity does not necessarily become a natural object. In this context, the most common types of economic activities related to trade. Catering establishments, food markets, clothing stores serve people on the one hand, and on the other hand, they can act as the same consumers manufacturing companies producing real products.

Importance of economic activity

Without the development of the above sectors, the modern quality of human life would be impossible. The pros are obvious, but there are also cons. They are associated with massive pollution of the biosphere and atmosphere, with soil erosion, depletion of forests, etc. And even specific and remote types of economic activity associated with the ocean cause irreparable harm. This applies not only to spills of oil products and toxic organic compounds. The same transport water vessels and coastal enterprises dump processing waste, the distribution of which in the aquatic environment leads to the destruction of flora and fauna. As a result, other sectors of the economy also suffer.

Conclusion

Despite the numerous problems that arise as a result of man's intrusion into the natural structure of nature, this process is almost impossible to stop. Accordingly, environmental organizations have to develop and propose new concepts for doing business. Such ideas, in particular, include models of optimized processing enterprises with a complete processing cycle. On the other side, modern views economic activities are increasingly being introduced into production processes biotechnological developments and social principles of management organization. The main idea of ​​the new approaches can be called not the reduction and limitation of capacities with the minimization of conditional harmful emissions, but the economic benefit for the enterprises themselves, which will master such concepts. For example, the idea of ​​energy-saving engineering communications allows increasing the rate of production returns, but without increasing the cost of consumed resources.

Economic activity represents a purposeful activity, i.e. the efforts of people in the process of managing, based on a certain calculation and aimed at satisfying their needs.

The vital activity of a person in the process of managing is manifested, on the one hand, in the waste of energy, resources, etc., and on the other hand, in the corresponding replenishment of life costs, while the economic entity (a person in economic activity) seeks to act rationally, i.e. by comparing costs and benefits (which does not exclude errors in making business decisions).

Distinguishes four stages: the actual production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

Production- this is the process of creating material and spiritual wealth necessary for the existence and development of man.

Distribution- the process of determining the share (quantity, proportion) in which each business entity takes part in the product produced.

Exchange- the process of movement of material goods and services from one subject to another and a form of social connection between producers and consumers, mediating social metabolism.

Consumption- the process of using the results of production to meet certain needs. All these stages are interconnected and interact.

But before characterizing the relationship between these stages of human economic activity, it is important to emphasize that any production is a social and continuous process: constantly repeating, it develops historically - it comes from the simplest forms (mining primitive man food with the help of primitive means) to modern automated high-performance production. Despite the dissimilarity of these types of production, it is possible to single out common points inherent in production as such.

The economic activity of an individual, their groups and society as a whole is carried out under certain conditions, in a certain situation, economic environment.

Habitat determines the natural conditions of management. These include climatic and soil conditions, conditions of heredity, population, quality of food, housing, clothing, etc. It is known that a person carries out his activities in conditions of natural limited resources.

economic system- this is a specially ordered system of relations between the producer and consumer of tangible and intangible goods and services. The most widespread in the world economic literature is the classification of economic systems according to two criteria: according to the form of ownership of the means of production; according to the method of coordinating and managing economic activity.

At the same time, they distinguish:

Command or totalitarian economy. All economic decisions are taken by the state. The economy has a large public sector, state planning.

market economy, or capitalism of free competition, in which there is private ownership of resources, and the market is the regulator social production and allocation of resources;

mixed an economy in which both the private sector and the public sector play an important role in the economy.

Types of economic activity

There are several types of business activities:

• A household is a household run by a group of people living together.
• A small enterprise is an economic unit, engaged in the manufacture of a relatively small amount of goods. The owner of such an enterprise can be one person or several. As a rule, the owner uses his own labor or employs a relatively small number of workers.
• Large enterprises are enterprises that produce goods in bulk. As a rule, these enterprises are formed by combining the property of the owners. An example of which enterprise is a joint-stock company.
• The national economy is an association economic activity nationwide. To a certain extent, this activity is directed by the state, which, in turn, tries to ensure the sustainable growth of the country's economy and thereby increase the welfare of the entire population.
• The world economy is economic system, in which there is a relationship various countries and peoples.

Forms of economic activity

Definition 1

The form of economic activity is a system of norms that determines the internal relations of the partners of the enterprise, as well as the attitude this enterprise with other contractors and government agencies.

There are several forms of economic activity:

• Individual form;
• collective form;
• corporate form.

Under individual form of economic activity refers to an enterprise whose owner is either an individual or a family. The functions of the owner and entrepreneurs are combined in one entity. He receives and distributes the income received, and also bears the risk from the implementation of his economic activities and has unlimited property liability to his creditors and third parties. As a rule, such enterprises are not legal entities. The owner of this enterprise can attract additional wage labor, but in a rather limited number (no more than 20 people).

If speak about collective form economic activity, then there are three types of them: business partnerships, business companies, joint-stock companies.

Business partnerships can be in the form of: full partnership and limited partnership. A general partnership is an organization based on collective ownership. It is usually a combination of several individuals or legal. All participants in this type of partnership bear full unlimited liability for all obligations of the partnership. The property of a general partnership is formed at the expense of the contributions of its participants and the income received in the course of carrying out their activities. All property belongs to a participant in a general partnership on the basis of shared ownership.

A limited partnership is an association where one or more of its owners are fully liable for all the obligations of the partnership, the remaining investors are liable only to the extent of their capital.

To business companies include: society with limited liability, additional liability company. A limited liability company is an enterprise that is created by combining the contributions of legal entities and individuals. At the same time, the number of participants in a limited liability company cannot exceed the established limit, otherwise this company will be transformed into a joint-stock company within a year.

Additional Liability Company is an organization that authorized capital divided into shares, the size of which is determined in advance. This type society is formed by one or more persons. For all obligations of the company, all its founders bear subsidiary liability in the amount that is a multiple of the value of the contribution to the authorized capital.

Joint-stock company is a form of economic activity, all the funds of which are formed by combining the capital of the founders, as well as the issuance and placement of shares. Members joint-stock company are liable for all obligations of the company in an amount equal to the contributions.

In order to protect their commercial interests and increase the efficiency of using the capital of an enterprise, various organizational and legal forms can be combined into so-called corporate forms entrepreneurship. These include: concerns, consortium, intersectoral and regional unions.

Concern is an association of organizations that joint activities voluntarily. As a rule, concerts have scientific and technical functions, production and social development, functions foreign economic activity and etc.

Consortium- association of the organization for the solution of certain problems, created for a while. In our country, a consortium is being created to implement government programs by organizations of any form of ownership.

Industry and regional alliances are an association of organizations on contractual terms. These unions are created to carry out one or more production and economic functions.

Organization of economic activity

The organization of economic activity goes through three stages:

1. Stage 1 - opportunity assessment. Initially, an objective assessment should be made of all the resources necessary for the production process. For these purposes, it is advisable to use scientific developments. The main advantage of this stage is that it helps to give a preliminary assessment of the potential for production of products precisely in those volumes and under those conditions that will be investigated, and on the basis of which the decision to launch the production of a particular product will be approved. After the production potential of the organization has been studied, the production line is launched within the framework of the formed plan.
2. Stage 2 - launch of ancillary production. The implementation of this stage takes place only if there is a need. Ancillary production is quite a necessary measure, since it helps to develop new market segments and increase the chance of the organization's financial development being effective. Maintenance of the organization can be carried out both on its own and with the help of third-party organizations and resources. At this stage, services are used to optimize the activities of production and evaluate the potential costs of funds. At the next stage, work is carried out aimed at studying the sales market and the possibilities of selling products.
3. Stage 3 - marketing of products. All stages affecting the sale of products are monitored. At the same time, accounting sold products, forecasts are compiled and studied, allowing to make competent decisions of the organization's management. There are situations when it is necessary to develop a methodology for after-sales service. For example, when setting warranty period for your products.

1. Introduction.…………………………………………………….. 2

2. Human economic activity is the reason environmental issues ……………………………………….. 3

2.1. Population growth……………………………. 3

2.2. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere and climate.…...... 4
2.3. Pollution of natural waters…………………….. 5

2.4. Deforestation……………………………………. 6

2.5. Soil depletion and pollution………………... 6

2.6. Reducing natural diversity ………... 7

2.7. Global warming………………………….. 7

3. Conclusion ………………………………………………… 9

4. Annex 1…………………………………………………10

5. Appendix 2………………………………………………………11

6. List of used literature………………………. 12

1. Introduction

We did not inherit the earth

our fathers. We took her

in debt to our children.

(From UN materials)

At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrial society, the dangerous interference of man in nature has increased dramatically. The rapid development of energy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, and transport has led to the fact that human activity has become comparable in scale with the natural energy and material processes occurring in the biosphere. The intensity of human consumption of energy and material resources is growing disproportionately to its rational use. Moreover, a person releases into the environment thousands of tons of substances that have never been contained in it and which are often not amenable or poorly recyclable. All this leads to the fact that biological microorganisms that act as a regulator environment are no longer able to perform this function. The planet's resources are running out. Catastrophically quickly polluted air and water. Fertile lands turn into sands. Forest areas are shrinking before our eyes. Mountains of garbage are literally "falling out" on the planet; man provokes natural disasters.

Possible warming, depletion of the ozone layer, acid rain, "bloom" of water bodies, the accumulation of toxic and radioactive waste pose a threat to survival. According to experts, in 30 - 50 years an irreversible process will begin, which at the turn of the 21st - 22nd centuries will lead to a global environmental catastrophe.

Thus, environmental issues in modern world came to the fore, and therefore they are a global danger to all mankind.

2. Human economic activity is the cause of environmental problems

Humanity is part of the biosphere, a product of its evolution. However, the relationship between man and natural communities has never been cloudless. The hunting activity of ancient man undoubtedly hastened the extinction of many large herbivores. For hunting purposes, the burning of vegetation contributed to the desertification of territories. Man began to change and destroy entire communities with the transition to cattle breeding and agriculture.

During the development of agriculture, improper plowing led to the loss of the fertile layer, which was carried away by water or wind, and excessive irrigation caused soil salinization.

There have been two important shifts in the last hundred years. First, the population of the Earth has increased dramatically. Secondly, industrial production, energy production and agricultural products increased even more sharply. As a result, humanity began to have a noticeable impact on the functioning of the entire biosphere. The critical situation at the end of the 20th century is formed by the following negative trends:

a) The consumption of the Earth's resources has so much exceeded the rate of their natural reproduction that the depletion of natural resources began to have a noticeable impact on their use, on the national and world economy and led to irreversible depletion of the lithosphere and biosphere.

b) Waste, by-products of production and everyday life pollute the biosphere, cause deformations of ecological systems, disrupt the global cycle of substances and pose a threat to human health.

2.1. population growth(app.1)

The accelerating growth of the Earth's population has become a deviation from the laws of balance in wildlife. The UN provides data that, according to various estimates, by 2025 there will be from 8 to 9 billion people on Earth. Population growth requires an increase in food production, the creation of new jobs and the expansion of industrial production. So, at the end of the twentieth century. every day all the people of the Earth need about 2 million tons of food, 10 million m 3 of drinking water, 2 billion m 3 of oxygen for breathing. Almost 300 million tons of fuel are extracted daily by all branches of the human economy, 2 billion m 3 of water and 65 billion m 3 of oxygen are used. All this is accompanied by the consumption of natural resources and massive environmental pollution, which can lead to irreversible processes of extermination of living organisms by nature.

2.2. Changes in the composition of the atmosphere and climate

The most destructive of human impacts on communities is the release of pollutants. A pollutant is any substance that enters the atmosphere, soil or natural waters and disrupts the biological, sometimes physical or chemical processes taking place there. Pollutants often include radioactive radiation and heat. As a result of human activity, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere. The main sources of their income are the burning of fossil fuels, burning of forests and emissions from industrial enterprises. When using aerosols, chlorofluorocarbons enter the atmosphere, as a result of transport operation - hydrocarbons (benzapyrene, etc.).

Due to anthropogenic gases, acid precipitation and smog are formed. Getting into the lakes, acid precipitation often causes the death of fish or the entire animal population. They can also cause foliage damage and often plant death, accelerate metal corrosion and building collapse. acid rain for the most part observed in regions with developed industry.

Smog is extremely harmful to living organisms. One of the harmful components of smog is ozone. In large cities, when smog forms, its natural concentration increases by 10 times or more. Ozone here begins to have a harmful effect on the lungs and mucous membranes of a person and on vegetation.

The destruction of the ozone layer, which is a protective screen against ultraviolet radiation, is also associated with anthropogenic changes in the atmosphere. The danger of depleting the ozone layer is that the absorption of ultraviolet radiation harmful to living organisms may decrease. Scientists believe that the main reason for the depletion of the ozone layer (screen) is the use of chlorofluorocarbons (freons) by people, which are widely used in everyday life and production in the form of aerosols, pre-reagents, foaming agents, solvents, etc.

2.3. Pollution of natural waters

Mankind is almost completely dependent on the surface waters of land - rivers and lakes. This insignificant part of water resources (0.016%) is subjected to the most intense impact. 2200 km 3 of water per year is spent on all types of water use. Water consumption is constantly growing, and one of the dangers is the depletion of its reserves.

Pollution of water bodies occurs not only with industrial waste, but also with the ingress of organic matter, mineral fertilizers, and pesticides used in agriculture from fields into water bodies.

Marine waters are also polluted. Millions of tons of chemical waste are annually carried into the sea with rivers and runoff from coastal industrial and agricultural enterprises, as well as with municipal wastewater of organic compounds. Due to the accidents of tankers and oil-producing installations, different sources at least 5 million tons of oil per year, causing the death of many aquatic animals, sea birds. Fears are caused by the burial of nuclear waste at the bottom of the seas, sunken ships with nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons on board ...

2.4. Deforestation

One of the most important global environmental problems of our time. The forest absorbs atmospheric pollution of anthropogenic origin, protects the soil from erosion, regulates the runoff of surface water, prevents the decrease in the level of groundwater, etc.

A decrease in the area of ​​forests causes a violation of the cycles of oxygen and carbon in the biosphere. Although the catastrophic effects of deforestation are widely known, deforestation continues. The reduction of forests entails the death of their richest flora and fauna.

2.5. Soil depletion and pollution

Soils are another resource that is overexploited and polluted. The imperfection of agricultural production is the main reason for the reduction in the area of ​​fertile soils. The plowing of vast steppe areas in Russia and other countries has caused dust storms and the death of millions of hectares of the most fertile lands.

Due to soil erosion in the 20th century, 2 billion hectares of fertile lands of active agricultural use were lost.

Excessive irrigation, especially in hot climates, can cause soil salinization. Radioactive contamination of the soil is a great danger. Radioactive substances from the soil enter plants, then into the organisms of animals and humans, accumulate in them, causing various diseases. Of particular danger are chemical means of protection, especially organic compounds used in agriculture in the fight against pests, diseases and weeds. Inept and uncontrolled use of pesticides leads to their accumulation in soil, water, and bottom sediments of reservoirs.

2.6. Reducing natural diversity

Extreme exploitation, pollution, and often just barbarous destruction of natural communities lead to a sharp decrease in the diversity of living things. Animal extinction could be the largest in the history of our planet. More species of birds and mammals have disappeared from the face of the Earth in the last 300 years than in the previous 10,000 years. It should be remembered that the main damage to diversity does not lie in their death due to direct persecution and destruction, but in the fact that due to the development of new areas for agricultural production, the development of industry and environmental pollution, the areas of many natural ecosystems are disturbed. This so-called "indirect impact" leads to the extinction of tens and hundreds of species of animals and plants, many of which were not known and will never be described by science.

2.7. Global warming(app.2)

Back in 1827, the French physicist Joseph Fourier noticed that the Earth's atmosphere acts like a kind of glass in a greenhouse: the air lets in the sun's heat, while preventing it from evaporating back into space. This effect is achieved due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance, such as, for example, water vapor and carbon dioxide.

If the trend of global warming continues, this will lead to changes in the weather and an increase in precipitation, which in turn will lead to a rise in global sea levels.

Man with his industrial activity only accelerates this process.

The consequences of climate warming will be felt at the North and South Poles, where increased temperatures will lead to the melting of glaciers. According to scientists, an increase in temperature by 10 degrees Celsius will cause an increase in the level of the world ocean by 5-6 meters, which will lead to the flooding of many coastal areas around the world.

As a result of the accelerated melting of the ice cap of Antarctica, the ice of the Arctic Ocean, the glaciers of Greenland, Canada, Scandinavia, the Alps and other large glaciers of the planet, the ocean level will eventually rise by 200 meters, thereby the upcoming flooding will cover not only Western Europe but also the European part of Russia.

3. Conclusion

Today we are talking about the salvation of Mankind. But from whom? From humanity itself? From the achievements of civilization? From aggression from nature?

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A person is an inherently expedient activity, i.e. the efforts made by people are based on a certain calculation, and their direction has the character of satisfying human needs.

Economic influences his life, because in the process of managing people, on the one hand, spend energy, resources, etc., and on the other hand, they make up for life costs. In this state of affairs (a person in economic activity) has to strive for rationalization own actions. It is possible to act rationally only if the costs and benefits are correctly compared, which, however, does not guarantee the absence of errors in decision-making, which are required by human economic activity.

Human economic activity in the biosphere is a very complex and intricate complex, consisting of phenomena and processes of various kinds. Theoretical economics in this aspect distinguishes four stages, represented by the actual production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

These are processes that result in the creation of material and spiritual benefits that are necessary for humanity to exist and develop.

Distribution is a process during which the shares (quantity, proportions) are determined, according to which each business entity takes part in the creation of the manufactured product.

Exchange is the process of moving material goods from one economic entity to another. In addition, the exchange is a form of social communication between producers and consumers.

Consumption is essentially a process of using production results to meet any need. Each of the stages of economic activity is interconnected with the others, and all of them interact with each other.

The characterization of the relationship between the stages of economic activity requires an understanding of the fact that any production is a social and continuous process. Constantly repeating, production develops - from the simplest forms to Although these seem completely dissimilar, the general points that are inherent in production as such can still be distinguished.

Production is the basis of life and the source of the progressive development of society in which people exist, the starting point of economic activity. Consumption is the end point, while distribution and exchange are the accompanying stages that link production and consumption. While production is the primary stage, it serves only for consumption. Consumption forms the ultimate goal, as well as the motives of production, since in consumption the products are destroyed, it has the right to dictate a new order to production. If a need is satisfied, it creates a new need. It is the development of needs that serves as the driving force, due to the influence of which production develops. At the same time, the emergence of needs is determined precisely by production - when new products appear, a corresponding need arises for these products and their consumption.

As production depends on consumption, so distribution and exchange depend on production, since in order to distribute or exchange something, it is necessary that something be produced. At the same time, distribution and exchange are not passive in relation to production, and are capable of influencing it in the opposite direction.