Small thermal power plants. gas turbines or gas engines

A continuous thermal turbine in which thermal energy compressed and heated gas (usually fuel combustion products) is converted into mechanical rotational work on the shaft; is a structural element of a gas turbine engine.

Heating of the compressed gas usually occurs in the combustion chamber. It is also possible to carry out heating in a nuclear reactor, etc. Gas turbines first appeared in late XIX V. as a gas turbine engine and in terms of design they were close to steam turbine. A gas turbine is structurally a series of orderedly arranged stationary blade rims of the nozzle apparatus and rotating rims of the impeller, which as a result form the flow part. The turbine stage is a nozzle apparatus combined with an impeller. The stage consists of a stator, which includes stationary parts (housing, nozzle blades, bandage rings), and a rotor, which is a set of rotating parts (such as rotating blades, disks, shaft).

Gas turbine classification is carried out according to many design features: according to the direction of the gas flow, the number of stages, the method of using the heat difference and the method of supplying gas to the impeller. Based on the direction of the gas flow, gas turbines can be distinguished between axial (the most common) and radial, as well as diagonal and tangential. In axial gas turbines the flow in the meridional section is transported mainly along the entire axis of the turbine; V radial turbines, on the contrary, perpendicular to the axis. Radial turbines are divided into centripetal and centrifugal. In a diagonal turbine, gas flows at a certain angle to the axis of rotation of the turbine. The impeller of a tangential turbine does not have blades; such turbines are used for very low gas flow, usually in measuring instruments. Gas turbines come in single, double and multi-stage types.

The number of stages is determined by many factors: the purpose of the turbine, its design, the total power developed by one stage, as well as the pressure drop being triggered. According to the method of using the available heat difference, a distinction is made between turbines with speed stages, in which only the flow turns in the impeller, without changing the pressure (active turbines), and turbines with pressure stages, in which the pressure decreases both in the nozzle apparatus and on the rotor blades (jet turbines). In partial gas turbines, gas is supplied to the impeller along part of the circumference of the nozzle apparatus or along its full circumference.

In a multistage turbine, the energy conversion process consists of a number of sequential processes in individual stages. Compressed and heated gas is supplied to the interblade channels of the nozzle apparatus at an initial speed, where, during the expansion process, part of the available heat difference is converted into the kinetic energy of the outflow jet. Further expansion of the gas and conversion of heat transfer into useful work occurs in the inter-blade channels of the impeller. The gas flow, acting on the rotor blades, creates torque on the main shaft of the turbine. In this case, the absolute gas velocity decreases. The lower this speed, the most of gas energy was converted into mechanical work on the turbine shaft.

Efficiency characterizes the efficiency of gas turbines, which is the ratio of the work removed from the shaft to the available gas energy in front of the turbine. The effective efficiency of modern multi-stage turbines is quite high and reaches 92-94%.

The operating principle of a gas turbine is as follows: gas is pumped into the combustion chamber by a compressor, mixed with air, forms a fuel mixture and is ignited. The resulting combustion products with a high temperature (900-1200 ° C) pass through several rows of blades mounted on the turbine shaft and lead to rotation of the turbine. The resulting mechanical energy of the shaft is transmitted through a gearbox to a generator that generates electricity.

Thermal energy The gases leaving the turbine enter the heat exchanger. Also, instead of producing electricity, the mechanical energy of the turbine can be used to operate various pumps, compressors, etc. The most commonly used fuel for gas turbines is natural gas, although this cannot exclude the possibility of using other gaseous fuels. But at the same time, gas turbines are very capricious and place increased demands on the quality of its preparation (certain mechanical inclusions and humidity are required).

The temperature of the gases emanating from the turbine is 450-550 °C. The quantitative ratio of thermal energy to electrical energy for gas turbines ranges from 1.5: 1 to 2.5: 1, which makes it possible to build cogeneration systems that differ in the type of coolant:

1) direct (direct) use of hot exhaust gases;
2) production of low or medium pressure steam (8-18 kg/cm2) in an external boiler;
3) production of hot water (better when the required temperature exceeds 140 °C);
4) high pressure steam production.

Soviet scientists B. S. Stechkin, G. S. Zhiritsky, N. R. Briling, V. V. Uvarov, K. V. Kholshchevikov, I. I. Kirillov and others made a great contribution to the development of gas turbines. the creation of gas turbines for stationary and mobile gas turbine units has achieved foreign companies(Swiss Brown-Boveri, where the famous Slovak scientist A. Stodola worked, and Sulzer, American General Electric, etc.).

IN further development gas turbines depends on the possibility of increasing the gas temperature in front of the turbine. This is due to the creation of new heat-resistant materials and reliable cooling systems for working blades with significant improvements in the flow part, etc.

Thanks to the widespread transition in the 1990s. Gas turbines have occupied a significant market segment for the use of natural gas as the main fuel for electric power generation. Although maximum efficiency equipment is achieved at powers of 5 MW and higher (up to 300 MW), some manufacturers produce models in the range of 1-5 MW.

Gas turbines are used in aviation and power plants.

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Category: Industry on G 

The development of new types of gas turbines, the growing rate of demand for gas compared to other types of fuel, and large-scale plans of industrial consumers to create their own capacities are driving growing interest in gas turbine construction.

R The small-scale generation market has great development prospects. Experts predict an increase in demand for distributed energy from 8% (currently) to 20% (by 2020). This trend is explained by the relatively low tariff for electricity (2-3 times lower than the tariff for electricity from a centralized network). In addition, according to Maxim Zagornov, member of the general council of Business Russia, president of the Association of Small Energy of the Urals, director of the MKS group of companies, small-scale generation is more reliable than network generation: in the event of an accident on the external network, the supply of electricity does not stop. An additional advantage of decentralized energy is the speed of commissioning: 8-10 months, as opposed to 2-3 years for creating and connecting network lines.

Denis Cherepanov, co-chairman of the Business Russia committee on energy, argues that the future lies with our own generation. According to First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Energy Sergei Yesyakov, in the case of distributed energy in the “energy-consumer” chain, the decisive link is the consumer, and not the energy sector. When generating their own electricity, the consumer declares the required power, configurations and even the type of fuel, while saving on the price of a kilowatt of energy received. Among other things, experts believe that additional savings can be achieved if the power plant operates in cogeneration mode: the recovered thermal energy will be used for heating. Then the payback period of the generating power plant will be significantly reduced.

The most actively developing area of ​​distributed energy is the construction of gas turbine power plants low power. Gas turbine power plants are designed for operation in any climatic conditions as the main or backup source of electricity and heat for industrial and domestic facilities. The use of such power plants in remote areas makes it possible to obtain significant cost savings by eliminating the costs of construction and operation of long power lines, and in central areas - to increase the reliability of electrical and heat supply for both individual enterprises and organizations, and territories as a whole. Let's look at some gas turbines and gas turbine units, which are offered by well-known manufacturers for the construction of gas turbine power plants on the Russian market.

General Electric

GE's aeroderivative turbine solutions are highly reliable and suitable for use in a range of industries, from oil and gas to utilities. In particular, in small-scale generation, GE gas turbine units of the LM2500 family with a capacity of 21 to 33 MW and an efficiency of up to 39% are actively used. LM2500 is used as mechanical drive and electric generator drive, they work in power plants in simple cycle, combined cycle, cogeneration mode, offshore platforms and pipelines.

Over the past 40 years, GE turbines of this series have been the best-selling in their class. In total, more than 2,000 turbines of this model are installed in the world with a total operating time of more than 75 million hours.

Main characteristics of LM2500 turbines: lightweight and compact design for quick installation and ease of maintenance; reaching full power from the moment of launch in 10 minutes; high efficiency (in a simple cycle), reliability and availability in its class; possibility of using dual-fuel combustion chambers for distillate and natural gas; possibility of using kerosene, propane, coke oven gas, ethanol and LNG as fuel; low level NOx emissions using DLE or SAC combustion chambers; reliability coefficient - more than 99%; availability rate - more than 98%; NOx emissions - 15 ppm (DLE modification).

To provide customers with reliable support throughout the life cycle of generating equipment, GE has opened specialized Center energy technologies in Kaluga. It offers customers modern solutions for the maintenance, inspection and repair of gas turbines. The company has implemented a quality management system in accordance with ISO standard 9001.

Kawasaki Heavy Industries

Japanese company Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. (KHI) is a diversified engineering company. Gas turbines occupy an important place in its production program.

In 1943, Kawasaki created Japan's first gas turbine engine and is currently one of the recognized world leaders in the production of small and medium power gas turbine engines, having accumulated references for more than 11,000 installations.

With environmental friendliness and efficiency as a priority, the company has made great strides in the development of gas turbine technologies and is actively pursuing promising developments, including in the field of new energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels.

Having good experience in cryogenic technologies, production, storage and transportation technologies liquefied gases, Kawasaki is conducting active research and development in the field of hydrogen as a fuel.

In particular, the company already has prototypes of turbines that use hydrogen as an additive to methane fuel. In the future, turbines are expected for which hydrogen, which is much more energy-rich and absolutely environmentally friendly, will replace hydrocarbons.

Gas turbine Kawasaki series GPB designed for base load operation, including both parallel and isolated network interaction schemes, with the basis of the power range being machines from 1.7 to 30 MW.

IN model range there are turbines that use steam injection to suppress harmful emissions and use DLE technology, modified by the company’s engineers.

Electrical efficiency, depending on the generation cycle and power, respectively, from 26.9% for GPB17 and GPB17D (turbines M1A-17 and M1A-17D) to 40.1% for GPB300D (turbine L30A). Electric power - from 1700 to 30 120 kW; thermal power - from 13,400 to 8970 kJ/kWh; exhaust gas temperature - from 521 to 470°C; exhaust gas consumption - from 29.1 to 319.4 thousand m3/h; NOx (at 15% O2) - 9/15 ppm for gas turbines M1A-17D, M7A-03D, 25 ppm for turbine M7A-02D and 15 ppm for turbines L20A and L30A.

In terms of efficiency, Kawasaki gas turbines, each in its class, are either the world leader or one of the leaders. The overall thermal efficiency of power units in cogeneration configurations reaches 86-87%. The company produces a number of gas turbine units in dual-fuel (natural gas and liquid fuel) versions with automatic switching. Currently, three gas turbine models are most in demand among Russian consumers - GPB17D, GPB80D and GPB180D.

Kawasaki gas turbines are distinguished by: high reliability and great resource; compact design, which is especially attractive when replacing equipment of existing generating facilities; ease of maintenance due to the split design of the housing, removable burners, optimally located inspection holes, etc., which simplifies inspection and maintenance, including by the user’s personnel;

Environmentally friendly and economical. The combustion chambers of Kawasaki turbines are designed using the most advanced methods, which allows optimizing the combustion process and achieving better turbine efficiency, as well as reducing the content of NOx and other harmful substances in the exhaust. Environmental performance is also improved through the use of improved dry emission suppression (DLE) technology;

Possibility of using a wide range of fuels. Natural gas, kerosene, diesel fuel, light fuel oils type “A”, as well as associated petroleum gas;

Reliable after-sales service. High level of service, including a free online monitoring system (TechnoNet) with reports and forecasts, technical support by highly qualified personnel, as well as trade-in replacement of a gas turbine engine during a major overhaul (downtime of a gas turbine is reduced to 2-3 weeks), etc.

In September 2011, Kawasaki introduced the latest system combustion chamber, allowing NOx emissions to be reduced to less than 10 ppm for the M7A-03 gas turbine engine, which is even lower than current regulations require. One of the company's approaches to design is to create new technology, meeting not only modern, but also future, more stringent requirements for environmental performance.

The highly efficient 5 MW class GPB50D gas turbine unit with Kawasaki M5A-01D turbine uses the latest proven technologies. The high efficiency of the unit makes it optimal for electricity and cogeneration. Also, the compact design of the GPB50D is particularly beneficial when upgrading existing plants. The rated electrical efficiency of 31.9% is the best in the world among 5 MW class installations.

Turbine M1A-17D due to the use of a combustion chamber original design with dry emissions suppression (DLE) has class-leading environmental performance (NOx< 15 ppm) и эффективности.

The ultra-low turbine mass (1470 kg), the minimum in its class, is due to the widespread use of composite materials and ceramics, from which, for example, the impeller blades are made. Ceramics are more resistant to work under elevated temperatures, less prone to contamination than metals. The gas turbine unit has an electrical efficiency close to 27%.

In Russia, currently Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. in collaboration with Russian companies implemented a number of successful projects:

Mini-thermal power plant "Central" in Vladivostok

By order of JSC Far Eastern Energy management company» (JSC DVEUK) 5 gas turbine units GPB70D (M7A-02D) were supplied to TPP “Tsentralnaya”. The station provides electricity and heat to consumers in the central part of the Russky Island development and the Far Eastern campus federal university. TPP "Tsentralnaya" is the first power facility in Russia with Kawasaki turbines.

Mini-thermal power plant "Oceanarium" in Vladivostok

This project was also implemented by JSC DVEUK to supply energy to the Primorsky Oceanarium scientific and educational complex located on the island. Two GPB70D gas turbine units were supplied.

GTU manufactured by Kawasaki at PJSC Gazprom

Kawasaki's Russian partner, MPP Energotekhnika LLC, based on the M1A-17D gas turbine, produces a Corvette 1.7K container power plant for installation on open areas with a range of ambient temperatures from -60 to + 40 °C.

As part of the cooperation agreement, five EGTE CORVET-1.7K were developed and assembled at the production facilities of MPP Energotekhnika. The companies' responsibilities in this project were distributed as follows: Kawasaki supplied the M1A-17D gas turbine engine and turbine control systems, Siemens AG supplied the high-voltage generator. MPP Energotekhnika LLC produces a block container, an exhaust and air intake device, a power unit control system (including the SHUVGm excitation system), electrical equipment - main and auxiliary, completes all systems, assembles and supplies complete power plants, as well as sales APCS.

EGTES Corvette-1.7K has passed interdepartmental tests and is recommended for use at the facilities of PJSC Gazprom. The gas turbine power unit was developed by LLC MPP Energotekhnika according to the technical specifications of PJSC Gazprom within the framework of the Scientific and Technical Cooperation Program of PJSC Gazprom and the Natural Resources and Energy Agency of Japan.

Turbine for 10 MW CCGT at NRU MPEI

Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd., manufactured and supplied a complete gas turbine unit GPB80D with a nominal power of 7.8 MW for the National Research University"MPEI", located in Moscow. The MPEI CHPP is educational and practical and, generating electricity and heat on an industrial scale, provides them to the Moscow Energy Institute itself and supplies them to the utility networks of Moscow.

Expanding the geography of projects

The Kawasaki company, drawing attention to the advantages of developing local energy in the direction of distributed generation, proposed to begin implementing projects using gas turbine units of minimal power.

Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems

The model range of N-25 turbines is presented in the power range of 28-41 MW. The full range of turbine production, including R&D and a remote monitoring center, is carried out at the plant in Hitachi, Japan, by MHPS (Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems Ltd.). Its formation took place in February 2014 thanks to the merger of the generating sectors of the recognized leaders in mechanical engineering Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. and Hitachi Ltd.

The H-25 models are widely used around the world for both simple cycle operation due to their high efficiency (34-37%) and combined cycle operation in 1x1 and 2x1 configurations with 51-53% efficiency. Having high temperature indicators of exhaust gases, the gas turbine unit has also successfully proven itself to operate in cogeneration mode with a total station efficiency of more than 80%.

Long-term competencies in the production of gas turbines of a wide range of capacities and the thoughtful design of a single-shaft industrial turbine distinguish the N-25 with high reliability with an equipment availability rate of more than 99%. The total operating time of the model exceeded 6.3 million hours in the second half of 2016. The modern gas turbine unit is made with a horizontal axial connector, which ensures ease of maintenance, as well as the ability to replace parts of the hot path at the site of operation.

The counterflow tubular-ring combustion chamber ensures stable combustion on various types of fuel, such as natural gas, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, flue gases, coke oven gas, etc. The chamber can be made in a version with a diffusion combustion mode, as well as a dry low-emission combustion chamber pre-mixing of the gas-air mixture (DLN). The H-25 gas turbine engine is a 17-stage axial-flow compressor coupled to a three-stage active turbine.

An example of reliable operation of the N-25 gas turbine unit at small-scale generation facilities in Russia is operation as part of a cogeneration unit for the own needs of the Ammoniy JSC plant in Mendeleevsk, Republic of Tatarstan. The cogeneration unit provides the production site with 24 MW of electricity and 50 t/h of steam (390°C / 43 kg/cm3). In November 2017, the first inspection of the turbine combustion system was successfully carried out at the site, confirming the reliable operation of the machine’s components and assemblies at high temperatures.

In the oil and gas sector, the N-25 gas turbine units were used to operate the Sakhalin II onshore processing complex (OPF) site of the Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Ltd. The OPF is located 600 km north of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in the offshore gas pipeline landfall area and is one of the company's most important facilities, responsible for the preparation of gas and condensate for subsequent transmission through the pipeline to the oil export terminal and LNG production plant. The technological complex includes four N-25 gas turbines located in industrial operation since 2008. The cogeneration unit based on the N-25 gas turbine unit has been maximally integrated into the OPF complex energy system; in particular, the heat from the turbine exhaust gases is used to heat crude oil for oil refining needs.

Industrial gas turbine generator sets from Siemens (hereinafter referred to as GTUs) will help cope with the difficulties of the dynamically developing distributed generation market. Gas turbines with a unit rated power from 4 to 66 MW fully meet the high requirements in the field of industrial combined energy generation, in terms of plant efficiency (up to 90%), operational reliability, maintenance flexibility and environmental safety, ensuring low costs over the entire operating life and high returns from investments. The Siemens company's experience in the construction of industrial gas turbine units and the construction of thermal power plants based on them goes back more than 100 years.

Siemens gas turbine units with a capacity from 4 to 66 MW are used by small energy companies, independent power producers (for example, industrial enterprises), as well as in oil and gas industry. The use of distributed electricity generation technologies with combined thermal energy production makes it possible to avoid investing in multi-kilometer power transmission lines, minimizing the distance between the energy source and the object consuming it, and achieve serious cost savings by covering the heating of industrial enterprises and infrastructure facilities through heat recovery. A standard mini-thermal power plant based on a Siemens gas turbine unit can be built in any place where there is access to a fuel source or its prompt supply.

SGT-300 is an industrial gas turbine unit with a rated electrical power of 7.9 MW (see Table 1), combines a simple, reliable design and the latest technologies.

Table 1. SGT-300 Characteristics for Mechanical Drive and Power Generation

Energy production		Mechanical drive
	7.9 MW	8 MW	9 MW
Power in ISO
	Natural gas/liquid fuel/dual fuel and other fuels on request; Automatic fuel change from main to reserve, at any load
Ud. heat consumption	11.773 kJ/kWh	10.265 kJ/kWh	10.104 kJ/kWh
Power turbine speed		5,750 - 12,075 rpm	5,750 - 12,075 rpm
Compression ratio
Exhaust gas flow
Exhaust gas temperature	542 °C (1.008 °F)	491 °C (916 °F)	512 °C (954 °F)
NO X emissions Gas fuel with DLE system

1) Electric 2) Shaft-mounted

Rice. 1. Design of the gas generator SGT-300

For industrial energy generation, a single-shaft version of the SGT-300 gas turbine unit is used (see Fig. 1). It is ideal for combined heat and power (CHP) production. The SGT-300 gas turbine unit is an industrial gas turbine unit, originally designed for generation and has the following operational advantages for operating organizations:

Electrical efficiency - 31%, which is on average 2-3% higher than the efficiency of gas turbine units of lower power, due to the higher efficiency value is achieved economic effect on saving fuel gas;

The gas generator is equipped with a low-emission dry combustion chamber using DLE technology, which allows achieving NOx and CO emissions levels that are more than 2.5 times lower than those established by regulatory documents;

The gas turbine unit has good dynamic characteristics due to its single-shaft design and ensures stable operation of the generator when the load of the external connected network fluctuates;

The industrial design of the gas turbine ensures a long service life between overhauls and is optimal from an organizational point of view service work, which are carried out at the site of operation;

A significant reduction in the building footprint, as well as investment costs, including the purchase of general station mechanical and electrical equipment, its installation and commissioning, when using a solution based on SGT-300 (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Weight and size characteristics of the SGT-300 block

The total operating time of the installed SGT-300 fleet is more than 6 million hours, with the leading gas turbine operating time being 151 thousand hours. The availability/availability factor is 97.3%, the reliability factor is 98.2%.

OPRA (Netherlands) - leading supplier energy systems based on gas turbines. OPRA develops, produces and markets modern gas turbine engines with a power output of approximately 2 MW. The company's key activity is the production of electricity for the oil and gas industry.

The reliable OPRA OP16 engine provides more high performance at lower cost and longer service life than any other turbine in its class. The engine runs on several types of liquid and gaseous fuel. There is a modification of the combustion chamber with a reduced content of pollutants in the exhaust. The OPRA OP16 1.5-2.0 MW power plant will be a reliable assistant in harsh operating conditions.

OPRA gas turbines are the perfect equipment for generating electricity in autonomous electric and small-scale cogeneration systems. The development of the turbine design took more than ten years. The result was a simple, reliable and efficient gas turbine engine, including a low emission model.

A distinctive feature of the technology for converting chemical energy into electrical energy in the OP16 is the patented control system for the preparation and supply of the COFAR fuel mixture, which provides combustion modes with minimal formation of nitrogen and carbon oxides, as well as a minimum of unburned fuel residues. Also original is the patented geometry of the radial turbine and the overall cantilever design of the replaceable cartridge, which includes a shaft, bearings, a centrifugal compressor and a turbine.

Specialists from the companies "OPRA" and "MES Engineering" have developed a concept for creating a unique unified technical waste processing complex. Of the 55-60 million tons of all solid waste generated in Russia per year, a fifth - 11.7 million tons - falls on the capital region (3.8 million tons - Moscow region, 7.9 million tons - Moscow). At the same time, 6.6 million tons of household waste are exported from Moscow beyond the Moscow Ring Road. Thus, more than 10 million tons of garbage settle in the Moscow region. Since 2013, 22 out of 39 waste landfills in the Moscow region have been closed. They should be replaced by 13 waste sorting complexes, which will be commissioned in 2018-2019, as well as four waste incineration plants. The same situation occurs in most other regions. However, the construction of large waste processing plants is not always profitable, so the problem of waste recycling is very relevant.

The developed concept of a single technical complex combines completely radial OPRA installations, which have high reliability and efficiency, with the gasification/pyrolysis system of the MES company, which allows for efficient conversion various types waste (including solid waste, oil sludge, contaminated soil, biological and medical waste, wood waste, sleepers, etc.) into excellent fuel for generating heat and electricity. As a result of long-term cooperation, a standardized waste processing complex with a capacity of 48 tons/day has been designed and is now in the implementation stage. (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. General layout of a standard waste processing complex with a capacity of 48 tons/day.

The complex includes an MES gasification installation with a waste storage area, two gas turbines OPRA with a total electrical power of 3.7 MW and a thermal power of 9 MW, as well as various auxiliary and protective systems.

The implementation of such a complex makes it possible, on an area of ​​2 hectares, to obtain the opportunity for autonomous energy and heat supply to various industrial and municipal facilities, while solving the issue of recycling various types of household waste.

The differences between the developed complex and existing technologies arise from the unique combination of the proposed technologies. Small (2 t/h) volumes of consumed waste, along with the small required area of ​​the site, make it possible to place this complex directly close to small settlements, industrial enterprises, etc., significantly saving money on the constant transportation of waste to disposal sites. The complete autonomy of the complex allows it to be deployed almost anywhere. The use of a developed standard design, modular structures and the maximum degree of factory readiness of equipment makes it possible to minimize construction time to 1-1.5 years. The use of new technologies ensures the highest environmental friendliness of the complex. The MES gasification unit simultaneously produces gas and liquid fuel fractions, and due to the dual-fuel nature of the OPRA gas turbine, they are used simultaneously, which increases fuel flexibility and reliability of power supply. The low demands of the OPRA gas turbine unit on fuel quality increases the reliability of the entire system. The MES installation allows the use of waste with a moisture content of up to 85%; therefore, waste drying is not required, which increases the efficiency of the entire complex. The high temperature of the exhaust gases of the gas turbine unit OPRA allows for reliable heat supply hot water or steam (up to 11 tons of steam per hour at 12 bar). The project is standard and scalable, which allows for the disposal of any amount of waste.

Calculations show that the cost of electricity generation will be from 0.01 to 0.03 euros per 1 kWh, which shows a high economic efficiency project. Thus, the OPRA company has once again confirmed its focus on expanding the range of fuels used and increasing fuel flexibility, as well as its focus on the maximum use of “green” technologies in its development.

In autonomous generation - small-scale energy, considerable attention has recently been paid to gas turbines different power. Power plants at the base gas turbines are used as the main or backup source of electricity and thermal energy for industrial or domestic purposes. Gas turbines as part of power plants are designed for operation in any climatic conditions of Russia. Areas of use gas turbines practically unlimited: oil and gas industry, industrial enterprises, housing and communal services structures.

Positive factor of use gas turbines in the housing and communal services sector is that the content of harmful emissions in the exhaust gases NO x and CO is at the level of 25 and 150 ppm, respectively (for reciprocating units these values ​​are much higher), which makes it possible to install a power plant next to residential buildings. Usage gas turbines as power units of power plants avoids the construction of high chimneys.

Depending on your needs gas turbines is equipped with steam or hot water waste heat boilers, which allows you to receive from the power plant either steam (low, medium, high pressure) for process needs, or hot water (DHW) with standard temperature values. You can get steam and hot water at the same time. The power of thermal energy produced by a power plant based on gas turbines is usually twice that of electricity.

At the power plant with gas turbines in this configuration, the fuel efficiency increases to 90%. High efficiency of use gas turbines as power units is ensured during long-term operation at maximum electrical load. At high enough power gas turbines There is a possibility of combined use of steam turbines. This measure can significantly improve the efficiency of the power plant, increasing the electrical efficiency to 53%.

How much does a power plant based on gas turbines cost? What is its full price? What is included in the turnkey price?

Autonomous thermal power plant based on gas turbines has a lot of additional expensive, but often simply necessary equipment(real life example – completed project). Using first-class equipment, the cost of a turnkey power plant of this level does not exceed 45,000 - 55,000 rubles per 1 kW of installed electrical power. The final price of a power plant based on gas turbines depends on the specific tasks and needs of the consumer. The price includes design, construction and commissioning work. Gas turbines themselves, as power units, without additional equipment, depending on the manufacturing company and power, cost from 400 to 800 dollars per 1 kW.

To obtain information about the cost of building a power plant or thermal power plant in your specific case, you must send a completed questionnaire to our company. After this, after 2–3 days, the customer-client receives a preliminary technical and commercial proposal - TCP (brief example). Based on the TCP, the customer makes the final decision on the construction of a power plant based on gas turbines. As a rule, before making a decision, the client visits an existing facility to see a modern power plant with his own eyes and “touch everything with his hands.” The customer receives answers to his questions directly at the site.

The construction of power plants based on gas turbines is often based on the concept of block-modular construction. Block-modular design provides high level factory readiness of gas turbine power plants and reduces the construction time of energy facilities.

Gas turbines - a little arithmetic on the cost of energy produced

To produce 1 kW of electricity, gas turbines consume only 0.29–0.37 m³/hour of gas fuel. When burning one cubic meter of gas, gas turbines generate 3 kW of electricity and 4–6 kW of thermal energy. With the price (average) for natural gas in 2011 3 rubles. per 1 m³, the cost of 1 kW of electricity obtained from a gas turbine is approximately 1 ruble. In addition to this, the consumer receives 1.5–2 kW of free thermal energy!

With an autonomous power supply from a power plant based on gas turbines, the cost of electricity and heat produced is 3–4 times lower than the current tariffs in the country, and this does not take into account high cost connections to state power grids (60,000 rubles per 1 kW in the Moscow region, 2011).

Construction of autonomous power plants based on gas turbines allows you to obtain significant savings by eliminating the costs of construction and operation of expensive power lines (power lines). Power plants based on gas turbines can significantly increase the reliability of electrical and heat supplies for both individual enterprises or organizations, and regions as a whole.
The degree of automation of a power plant based on gas turbines makes it possible to eliminate a large number of maintenance personnel. During operation of a gas power plant, its operation is ensured by only three people: an operator, an electrician on duty, and a mechanic on duty. In the event of emergency situations, reliable protection systems are provided to ensure the safety of personnel and the safety of gas turbine systems and assemblies.

Atmospheric air through an air intake equipped with a filter system (not shown in the diagram) is supplied to the input of a multi-stage axial compressor. The compressor compresses atmospheric air and supplies it at high pressure to the combustion chamber. At the same time, a certain amount of gas fuel is supplied to the combustion chamber of the turbine through nozzles. Fuel and air mix and ignite. The fuel-air mixture burns, releasing a large amount of energy. The energy of gaseous combustion products is converted into mechanical work due to the rotation of turbine blades by jets of hot gas. Part of the energy received is spent on air compression in the turbine compressor. The rest of the work is transferred to the electric generator through the drive axis. This work is the useful work of a gas turbine. Combustion products, which have a temperature of about 500-550 °C, are discharged through the exhaust tract and turbine diffuser, and can be further used, for example, in a heat exchanger, to obtain thermal energy.

Gas turbines, as engines, have the highest power density among internal combustion engines, up to 6 kW/kg.

The following gas turbine fuels can be used: kerosene, diesel fuel, gas.

One of the advantages of modern gas turbines is long life cycle- motor life (total up to 200,000 hours, before major repairs 25,000–60,000 hours).

Modern gas turbines are highly reliable. There is evidence of continuous operation of some units for several years.

Many gas turbine suppliers produce major renovation equipment on site, replacing individual components without transportation to the manufacturer, which significantly reduces time costs.

The possibility of long-term operation in any power range from 0 to 100%, the absence of water cooling, operation on two types of fuel - all this makes gas turbines popular power units for modern autonomous power plants.

The most effective use of gas turbines is at average power plant capacities, and at capacities above 30 MW, the choice is obvious.

Every now and then they say in the news that, for example, at such and such a state district power plant the construction of a 400 MW CCGT is in full swing, and at another CHPP-2 the installation of a gas turbine unit of so many MW has been put into operation. Such events are written about and covered, since the inclusion of such powerful and efficient units is not just a “tick” in the implementation state program, but also a real increase in the efficiency of power plants, the regional energy system and even the unified energy system.

But I would like to bring to your attention not about the implementation of state programs or forecast indicators, but about PSU and GTU. Not only the average person, but also a novice energy engineer can get confused in these two terms.

Let's start with what is simpler.

GTU - gas turbine unit - is a gas turbine and an electric generator combined in one housing. It is beneficial to install it at thermal power plants. This is effective, and many reconstructions of thermal power plants are aimed at installing just such turbines.

Here is a simplified cycle of operation of a thermal station:

The gas (fuel) enters the boiler, where it burns and transfers heat to water, which exits the boiler as steam and spins the steam turbine. And the steam turbine turns the generator. We receive electricity from the generator, and take steam for industrial needs (heating, heating) from the turbine if necessary.

And in a gas turbine installation, gas burns and spins a gas turbine, which generates electricity, and the exhaust gases turn water into steam in a waste heat boiler, i.e. the gas works with double benefit: first it burns and turns the turbine, then it heats the water in the boiler.

And if the gas turbine installation itself is shown in even more detail, it will look like this:

This video clearly shows what processes occur in a gas turbine plant.

But there will be even more benefit if the resulting steam is made to work - put it into a steam turbine so that another generator works! Then our gas turbine unit will become a STEAM-GAS UNIT (SGU).

As a result, PSU is a broader concept. This installation is an independent power unit, where fuel is used once and electricity is generated twice: in a gas turbine unit and in a steam turbine. This cycle is very efficient and has an efficiency of about 57%! This is a very good result, which allows you to significantly reduce fuel consumption per kilowatt-hour of electricity!

In Belarus, to increase the efficiency of power plants, gas turbine units are used as a “superstructure” to the existing thermal power plant scheme, and combined cycle gas turbine units are built at state district power plants as independent power units. Operating at power plants, these gas turbines not only increase “forecast technical and economic indicators”, but also improve generation management, as they have high maneuverability: speed of start-up and power generation.

That's how useful these gas turbines are!

A gas turbine is an engine in which, in the process of continuous operation, the main organ of the device (the rotor) transforms (in other cases steam or water) into mechanical work. In this case, the jet of working substance acts on the blades fixed around the circumference of the rotor, causing them to move. Based on the direction of gas flow, turbines are divided into axial (gas moves parallel to the turbine axis) or radial (perpendicular movement relative to the same axis). There are both single- and multi-stage mechanisms.

A gas turbine can act on the blades in two ways. Firstly, this is an active process when gas is supplied to the working area for high speeds. In this case, the gas flow tends to move in a straight line, and the curved blade part standing in its path deflects it, turning itself. Secondly, this is a reactive process, where the gas flow rate is low, but high pressures are used. type is almost never found in its pure form, because in their turbines it is present, which acts on the blades along with the reaction force.

Where is the gas turbine used today? The operating principle of the device allows it to be used to drive electric current generators, compressors, etc. Turbines of this type are widely used in transport (ship gas turbine units). Compared to steam analogues, they have a relatively small weight and dimensions; they do not require the installation of a boiler room or condensation unit.

The gas turbine is quickly ready for operation after startup, develops full power in approximately 10 minutes, is easy to maintain, requires small quantity water for cooling. Unlike internal combustion engines, it does not have inertial influences from the crank mechanism. one and a half times shorter than diesel engines and more than two times lighter. The devices have the ability to run on low quality fuel. The above qualities allow us to consider engines of this type to be of particular interest for hydrofoil and hydrofoil vessels.

The gas turbine as the main component of the engine also has a number of significant disadvantages. Among them, they note high noise, less than diesel engines, efficiency, short service life at high temperatures(if the gas medium used has a temperature of about 1100 o C, then the period of use of the turbine can be on average up to 750 hours).

The efficiency of a gas turbine depends on the system in which it is used. For example, devices used in the energy sector with an initial gas temperature above 1300 degrees Celsius, with air in the compressor no more than 23 and no less than 17, have a coefficient of about 38.5% during autonomous operations. Such turbines are not very widespread and are used mainly to cover load peaks in electrical systems. Today, about 15 gas turbines with a capacity of up to 30 MW operate at a number of thermal power plants in Russia. In multi-stage plants a much higher rate is achieved useful action(about 0.93) due to high efficiency structural elements.