Presentation on the topic all about the stars astronomy. British celebrities presentation for the lesson on the topic
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Presentation on the topic: Stars
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The color and temperature of the stars. DURING OBSERVATIONS OF THE STARRY SKY, YOU CAN NOTICE THAT THE COLOR OF THE STARS IS DIFFERENT. The color of a star indicates the temperature of its photosphere. Different stars have a maximum radiation at different wavelengths. OUR SUN IS A YELLOW STAR, THE TEMPERATURE OF WHICH IS ABOUT 6000 K. Stars with a temperature of 3500-4000 K are reddish in color. The temperature of red stars is about 3000 K. The coldest stars have a temperature of less than 2000K. Many stars are known to be hotter than the SUN. These include white stars. Their temperature is about 10 ^ 4-2 * 10 ^ 4 K. Less common are bluish-white ones, the temperature of the photosphere of which is 3 * 10 ^ 4-5 * 10 ^ 4 K. In the depths of stars, the temperature is at least 10 ^ 7 K.
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Spectra and chemical composition of stars Astronomers obtain the most important information about the nature of stars by deciphering their spectra. The spectra of most stars, like the spectrum of the SUN, are absorption spectra. Star spectra similar to each other are grouped into seven main spectral classes. They are indicated by capital letters of the Latin alphabet: O-B-A-F-G-K-M and are arranged in such a sequence that when moving from left to right, the color of the star changes from close to blue (class O), white (class A), yellow (class G), red (class M). Consequently, the temperature of the stars decreases in the same direction from class to class. Within each class there is a division into another 10 subclasses. The SUN belongs to the spectral class G2. In general, the atmospheres of stars have a similar chemical composition: the most common elements in them, as in the SUN, were hydrogen and helium.
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Luminosities of stars Stars, like the SUN, radiate energy in the range of all wavelengths of electromagnetic oscillations. Luminosity (L) characterizes the total radiation power of a star and is one of its most important characteristics. Luminosity is proportional to the surface area of the star (or the square of the radius) and the fourth power of the effective temperature of the photosphere. L=4πR^2T^4
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RADIUS OF STARS. The radii of stars can be determined from the formula for determining the luminosity of stars .. Having determined the radii of many many stars, astronomers are convinced that there are stars whose gaps differ sharply from the size of the SUN .. The largest sizes are for supergiants. Their radii are hundreds of times greater than the radius of the SUN. Stars whose radii are ten times greater than the radius of the SUN are called giants. Stars that are close in size to the SUN or smaller than the SUN are dwarfs. Among the dwarfs there are stars that are smaller than the EARTH or even the MOON. Even smaller stars have been discovered.
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Masses of stars. The mass of a star is one of its most important characteristics. The masses of the stars are different. However, in contrast to luminosities and sizes, the masses of stars are within relatively narrow limits: the most massive stars are usually only ten times larger than the SUN, and the smallest masses of stars are about 0.06 MΘ.
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Average densities of stars. Since the sizes of stars differ much more than their masses, the average densities of stars also differ greatly from each other. The density of giants and supergiants is very low. However, there are extremely dense stars. These include small white dwarfs. The huge densities of white dwarfs are explained by the special properties of the matter of these stars, which is atomic nuclei and electrons torn off from them. The distances between atomic nuclei in the matter of white dwarfs should be tens of times and even hundreds of times smaller than in ordinary solid and liquid bodies. State of aggregation, in which this substance is located, cannot be called either liquid or solid, since the atoms of white dwarfs are destroyed. This substance bears little resemblance to gas or plasma. And yet it is commonly referred to as a "gas".
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Spectrum-luminosity diagram At the beginning of this century, the Dutch astronomer E. Hertzsprung (1873-1967) and the American astronomer G. Russell (1877-1957) independently discovered that there is a relationship between the spectra of stars and their luminosities. This relationship, obtained by comparing observational data, is represented by a diagram. Each star corresponds to a point in the diagram, called the "spectrum-luminosity" diagram or the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The vast majority of stars belong to main sequence, extending from hot supergiants to cold red dwarfs. Considering the main sequence, one can notice that the hotter the stars related to it, the greater the luminosity they have. From the main sequence, giants, supergiants and white dwarfs are grouped in different parts of the diagram.
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GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE SUN The SUN plays an exceptional role in the life of the Earth. The entire organic world of our planet owes its existence to the SUN. The SUN is the only star in the solar system, the source of energy on Earth. This is a fairly common star of the Universe, which is not unique in its physical characteristics (mass, size, temperature, chemical composition). SUN - radiates energy in various ranges of electromagnetic waves. The energy source of the SUN and stars is thermonuclear reactions occurring in their depths.
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REMEMBER THE POEM OF V. KHODASEVICH THE STAR IS BURNING, THE ETHER IS SHELLING, THE NIGHT IS HIDDEN IN THE SPAN OF ARCHES, HOW NOT TO LOVE THIS WHOLE WORLD, YOUR INCREDIBLE GIFT? AND I CREATE FROM NOTHING YOUR SEA, DESERT, MOUNTAINS, ALL THE GLORY OF YOUR SUN, SO BLINDING EYES. AND I SUDDENLY JOKING DESTROY ALL THIS Magnificent Absurdity, AS A SMALL CHILD FROM THE CARDS DESTROYS A FORTRESS BUILT.
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Prepared by a 10th grade student MOU "Motovilovskaya secondary school" Novikova Alena Universe
The universe is a fundamental concept of astronomy, strictly undefined, includes the entire surrounding world. In practice, the Universe is often understood as a part of the material world, accessible to study by natural science methods.
The largest known formations in the universe are the Great Wall of Sloan and the Great Wall of CfA2, and the most distant astronomical object discovered is the gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, which occurred about 13 billion years ago
The largest objects in the universe
Great Wall of Sloan A group of galaxies spanning more than a billion light-years. It is a wall of galaxies that this moment recognized as the largest known structure in the universe. In length, the "wall" stretches for 1.37 billion light years. It is located approximately 1 billion light years from Earth.
Great Wall(sometimes Great Wall CfA2, from English. Center for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) is the second largest famous example large-scale structure of the universe. It is a flat-on, pancake-like structure of galaxies about 200 million light-years away, 500 million light-years long, 300 million wide, and 15 million light-years thick. This object was discovered in 1989 by Margaret Geller and John Hunra based on data from redshift studies of distant objects.
Galaxy - Milky Way
Galaxy(ancient Greek Γαλαξίας - Milky Way) - a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter. All objects in galaxies are involved in motion relative to a common center of mass.
constellations
constellations- in modern astronomy, areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for the convenience of orientation in the starry sky. In ancient times, constellations were the characteristic figures formed by bright stars.
In three-dimensional space, the stars that we see side by side on the celestial sphere can be located very far from each other. Since ancient times, people have seen a certain system in the relative position of the stars and grouped them into constellations according to it.
Constellations of the zodiac signs
Also in Ancient Greece the zodiac constellations were singled out in a special group and each of them was assigned its own sign (see Astronomical Signs). Now the signs mentioned are not used to identify the zodiacal constellations; they are used only in astrology to designate the signs of the zodiac. The signs of the corresponding constellations also marked the points of the spring (constellation Aries) and autumn (Libra) equinoxes and the points of the summer (Cancer) and winter (Capricorn) solstices.
As a result of precession, these points have moved from the mentioned constellations over the past more than 2 thousand years, but the designations assigned to them by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. The zodiac signs, tied in Western astrology to the point of the vernal equinox, have shifted accordingly, so there is no correspondence between the coordinates of the constellations and signs. There is also no correspondence between the dates of the entry of the Sun into the zodiac constellations and the corresponding signs of the zodiac.
Sagittarius
Sagittarius(lat. Sagittarius, Sgr) is a zodiac constellation lying between Capricorn and Scorpio. The brightest stars are 1.8 and 2.0 visual magnitudes. Sagittarius is the point of the winter solstice, as well as the center of the Galaxy, about 30,000 light years away from us and hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust.
The ancient Greeks imagined the constellation as a centaur - a mixamorphic creature with a human torso on the body of a horse. Also, the constellation was depicted on all celestial atlases. Greek myth connects the constellation Sagittarius with the centaur Krotos, about whom there are no developed myths. Another myth associates the constellation with the wise Chiron. There is a compilation myth with the following content. It was believed that the inventor of the celestial globe was the centaur Chiron, who created it specifically for the campaign of the Argonauts. On the globe, Chiron left a place for himself in the form of the zodiac constellation Sagittarius. But the centaur Krotos was ahead of Chiron, taking his celestial place, and he had to be content with the less honorable position of the constellation Centaurus.
Scorpion
Scorpion(lat. Scorpius) - the southern zodiac constellation, located between Sagittarius in the east and Libra in the west entirely in the Milky Way, borders on Ophiuchus in the north and Altar in the south. The sun enters the constellation of Scorpio on November 22, but leaves it on November 27 to move into the non-zodiacal constellation of Ophiuchus for 20 days.
According to Aratus, Orion quarreled with Artemis; angry, she sent a scorpion, which killed the youth. Arat adds an astronomical piece to this myth: "When Scorpio rises in the east, Orion hurries to hide in the west."
scales
Scales(lat. Libra) is a zodiac constellation lying between Scorpio and Virgo. Contains 83 stars visible to the naked eye. The Libra constellation is one of the most visible constellations of the Zodiac, despite the fact that only five of its stars are brighter than the 4th magnitude. The sun enters the constellation on October 31st. The most favorable visibility conditions are in April - May.
According to some authors, at the beginning the constellation represented the altar; then he was depicted as an altar, a lamp, but usually as a scale, clamped in the claws of a Scorpion or with the claws of a Scorpion lying on the scales; later, the pincers "released the prey" and shortened. Until now, the stars α and β of Libra are called the Southern and Northern Claws.
Ancient mythologists considered the constellation to be an attribute of Themis, Demeter or Nemesis ascended to heaven.
Virgo
Virgo(lat. Virgo) - the equatorial zodiac constellation, lying between Leo and Libra. In the constellation Virgo in the modern era, the point of the autumn equinox is located.
The Greeks saw a variety of goddesses and heroines in this constellation (for example, the Athenians - Erigone), but the most common version is that this is Demeter, the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, the goddess of fertility and agriculture, the mother of Persephone.
In the images, the Virgo holds an ear, according to the location corresponding to the star Spica. Another bright star of the constellation is Vindemiatrix, (Vindemiatrix is Latin for "winemaker"). It was believed that this is the young man Ampel turned into a star, beloved of Dionysus, the god of the fruitful forces of the earth and winemaking.
a lion
a lion(lat. Leo) - the zodiac constellation of the northern hemisphere of the sky, lying between Cancer and Virgo.
The arrangement of bright stars really resembles a recumbent lion, whose head and chest represent the well-known asterism "Sickle", similar to a mirrored question mark.
The constellation was known to the Sumerians 5000 years ago. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest". The classical myth connects the Lion with the Nemean monster killed by Hercules.
Cancer
Cancer(lat. Cancer) - the most inconspicuous zodiac constellation, which can only be seen on a clear night between the constellations Leo and Gemini. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 3.53.
2 thousand years ago, when astronomical terminology was being formed, the point of the summer solstice was in the constellation of Cancer, as a result of which the Northern Tropic of the Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer. In ancient Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with cancer from the second feat of Hercules. According to the myth, during the fight with the Lernean Hydra, all the animals were on the side of Hercules, and only the cancer dared to jump out of the swamp and bite Hercules on the leg, for which he was immediately crushed by his foot. The goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, turned cancer into a constellation in gratitude. It was believed that the stars γ and δ of Cancer, called "Donkeys", and the Manger Nebula were placed in the sky by Dionysus, whose sacred animals were donkeys.
The Greeks believed that the name was proposed by Euctemon. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Twins
Twins(lat. Gemini) - the zodiacal constellation, the brightest stars - Pollux and Castor, have a brightness of 1.16 and 1.59 visual magnitudes, respectively. The sun enters the constellation of Gemini on June 20. The best visibility conditions are in December - January. It can be seen throughout Russia.
The constellation has been known since ancient times. Probably, initially "twins" were called close and visually similar stars Castor and Pollux. The Greeks considered the constellation to be placed in the sky by the Dioscuri twins Castor and Polydeuces (according to the main version; there are alternative versions). Constellation included in the catalog starry sky Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Taurus
Taurus(lat. Taurus) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Gemini and Aries, northwest of Orion. The brightest stars are Aldebaran, Nat, Alcyone and ζ Tauri, respectively, 0.87; 1.65; 2.85 and 2.97 apparent magnitude.
The ancient Greek myth claims that Taurus is Zeus, who turned into a winged white bull in order to kidnap Europa and transport her to the island of Crete.
The Pleiades are named after the Greek myth Pleiades. These are the daughters of the titan Atlanta and the oceanides Pleione: Alcyone, Sterop, Maya, Merop, Tayget, Keleno and Electra. Ascended to heaven by Zeus, who saved them from the persecution of Orion. The Hyades are the daughters of Atlanta and Ephra, which means they are the half-sisters of the Pleiades. Zeus turned them into the asterism of the same name, moved by love for his brother Geass: the Hyades died, sobbing, from grief after his death on a hunt. This version is the result of folk etymology: the name "Hyades" means in ancient Greek "it's raining", and the Hyades in the Greek sky during the rainy season are low above the horizon, foreshadowing bad weather. In ancient astronomy, the Pleiades and sometimes the Hyades were perceived as independent constellations.
Aries
Aries(lat. Aries) is one of the most famous zodiac constellations, although it does not contain stars brighter than the second magnitude. The three main stars - Hamal ("ram's head"), Sheratan ("trace" or "sign") and Mezarthim (respectively α, β, and γ Aries) are easy to find: they lie south of the Triangulum. The fourth-magnitude star Mezarthim became one of the first double stars discovered with a telescope (R. Hooke in 1664).
It is believed that the name "Aries" was proposed by Cleostratus. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Fish
Fish(lat. Pisces) - a large zodiac constellation lying between Aquarius and Aries. It is usually divided into "Northern Pisces" (under Andromeda) and "Western Pisces" (between Pegasus and Aquarius).
Ancient constellation. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In Greek mythology, the flight to Egypt of the Olympian gods, frightened by the monstrous Typhon, is mentioned. There, escaping, they turned into various (as a rule, attributive) animals, and, in particular, Aphrodite - into a fish. In later poetic interpretations, along with her, her son Eros turned into a fish, which was reflected in the sky in the form of a constellation.
Aquarius
Aquarius(lat. Aquarius) is a large, zodiac constellation located between Capricorn and Pisces. A well-known asterism in Aquarius is the "Pitcher", a small Y-shaped group of five stars that "saddles" the celestial equator. The central of these stars, ζ Aquarius, is a double. Also of interest are the globular cluster M2 and the planetary nebulae Saturn and Snail (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293). In Aquarius lies the radiant of the Delta Aquarid meteor shower, which is active in late July.
Among the ancient Sumerians, Aquarius was one of the most important constellations, since it personified the sky god Ana, who gives life-giving water to the earth. According to the Greeks, Aquarius depicts several mythical characters at once, for example, Ganymede, a Trojan youth who became a butler on Olympus; Deucalion - the hero of the global flood and Kekrop - the ancient king of Attica. Aquarius is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Capricorn
Capricorn(lat. Capricornus) - the zodiac constellation of the southern hemisphere of the sky, located between Aquarius and Sagittarius. The most favorable conditions for observations are in July - August. The constellation is visible in the southern and central regions of Russia.
The ancients called this constellation "fish-goat", and in this form it is represented on many maps. Sometimes identified with the god of forests, fields and shepherds Pan. Its stars form a silhouette resembling an upside down hat. 2 thousand years ago, when the names of the constellations were formed in Ancient Greece, the point of the winter solstice was in Capricorn; the name of the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn, is connected with this. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In the old days it was called the Goat, the Goat, and among the Arabs the Goat was called al-Jadi. And the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, chased by heavenly hunters. On the first Russian star map, compiled at the direction of Peter I in 1699 by I.F. Kopievsky, this constellation is listed as Kozel, or Capricorn. But the name of the mythical animal was assigned to the constellation. Astronomers in love with Hellas decided that it was the goat Amalthea who had raised Zeus. A chain reaction of mythologization led to outlandish drawings of the constellation in the form of a creature with a goat's face and a fish's tail.
Novikova Alena Universe
The universe is a fundamental concept of astronomy, strictly undefined, includes the entire surrounding world. In practice, the Universe is often understood as a part of the material world, accessible to study by natural science methods.
The largest known formations in the universe are the Great Wall of Sloan and the Great Wall of CfA2, and the most distant astronomical object discovered is the gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, which occurred about 13 billion years ago
The largest objects in the universe
Great Wall of Sloan A group of galaxies spanning more than a billion light-years. It is a wall of galaxies that this moment recognized as the largest known structure in the universe. In length, the "wall" stretches for 1.37 billion light years. It is located approximately 1 billion light years from Earth.
Great Wall(sometimes Great Wall CfA2, from English. Center for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) is the second largest famous example large-scale structure of the universe. It is a flat-on, pancake-like structure of galaxies about 200 million light-years away, 500 million light-years long, 300 million wide, and 15 million light-years thick. This object was discovered in 1989 by Margaret Geller and John Hunra based on data from redshift studies of distant objects.
Galaxy - Milky Way
Galaxy(ancient Greek Γαλαξίας - Milky Way) - a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter. All objects in galaxies are involved in motion relative to a common center of mass.
constellations
constellations- in modern astronomy, areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for the convenience of orientation in the starry sky. In ancient times, constellations were the characteristic figures formed by bright stars.
In three-dimensional space, the stars that we see side by side on the celestial sphere can be located very far from each other. Since ancient times, people have seen a certain system in the relative position of the stars and grouped them into constellations according to it.
Constellations of the zodiac signs
Also in Ancient Greece the zodiac constellations were singled out in a special group and each of them was assigned its own sign (see Astronomical Signs). Now the signs mentioned are not used to identify the zodiacal constellations; they are used only in astrology to designate the signs of the zodiac. The signs of the corresponding constellations also marked the points of the spring (constellation Aries) and autumn (Libra) equinoxes and the points of the summer (Cancer) and winter (Capricorn) solstices.
As a result of precession, these points have moved from the mentioned constellations over the past more than 2 thousand years, but the designations assigned to them by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. The zodiac signs, tied in Western astrology to the point of the vernal equinox, have shifted accordingly, so there is no correspondence between the coordinates of the constellations and signs. There is also no correspondence between the dates of the entry of the Sun into the zodiac constellations and the corresponding signs of the zodiac.
Sagittarius
Sagittarius(lat. Sagittarius, Sgr) is a zodiac constellation lying between Capricorn and Scorpio. The brightest stars are 1.8 and 2.0 visual magnitudes. Sagittarius is the point of the winter solstice, as well as the center of the Galaxy, about 30,000 light years away from us and hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust.
The ancient Greeks imagined the constellation as a centaur - a mixamorphic creature with a human torso on the body of a horse. Also, the constellation was depicted on all celestial atlases. Greek myth connects the constellation Sagittarius with the centaur Krotos, about whom there are no developed myths. Another myth associates the constellation with the wise Chiron. There is a compilation myth with the following content. It was believed that the inventor of the celestial globe was the centaur Chiron, who created it specifically for the campaign of the Argonauts. On the globe, Chiron left a place for himself in the form of the zodiac constellation Sagittarius. But the centaur Krotos was ahead of Chiron, taking his celestial place, and he had to be content with the less honorable position of the constellation Centaurus.
Scorpion
Scorpion(lat. Scorpius) - the southern zodiac constellation, located between Sagittarius in the east and Libra in the west entirely in the Milky Way, borders on Ophiuchus in the north and Altar in the south. The sun enters the constellation of Scorpio on November 22, but leaves it on November 27 to move into the non-zodiacal constellation of Ophiuchus for 20 days.
According to Aratus, Orion quarreled with Artemis; angry, she sent a scorpion, which killed the youth. Arat adds an astronomical piece to this myth: "When Scorpio rises in the east, Orion hurries to hide in the west."
scales
Scales(lat. Libra) is a zodiac constellation lying between Scorpio and Virgo. Contains 83 stars visible to the naked eye. The Libra constellation is one of the most visible constellations of the Zodiac, despite the fact that only five of its stars are brighter than the 4th magnitude. The sun enters the constellation on October 31st. The most favorable visibility conditions are in April - May.
According to some authors, at the beginning the constellation represented the altar; then he was depicted as an altar, a lamp, but usually as a scale, clamped in the claws of a Scorpion or with the claws of a Scorpion lying on the scales; later, the pincers "released the prey" and shortened. Until now, the stars α and β of Libra are called the Southern and Northern Claws.
Ancient mythologists considered the constellation to be an attribute of Themis, Demeter or Nemesis ascended to heaven.
Virgo
Virgo(lat. Virgo) - the equatorial zodiac constellation, lying between Leo and Libra. In the constellation Virgo in the modern era, the point of the autumn equinox is located.
The Greeks saw a variety of goddesses and heroines in this constellation (for example, the Athenians - Erigone), but the most common version is that this is Demeter, the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, the goddess of fertility and agriculture, the mother of Persephone.
In the images, the Virgo holds an ear, according to the location corresponding to the star Spica. Another bright star of the constellation is Vindemiatrix, (Vindemiatrix is Latin for "winemaker"). It was believed that this is the young man Ampel turned into a star, beloved of Dionysus, the god of the fruitful forces of the earth and winemaking.
a lion
a lion(lat. Leo) - the zodiac constellation of the northern hemisphere of the sky, lying between Cancer and Virgo.
The arrangement of bright stars really resembles a recumbent lion, whose head and chest represent the well-known asterism "Sickle", similar to a mirrored question mark.
The constellation was known to the Sumerians 5000 years ago. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest". The classical myth connects the Lion with the Nemean monster killed by Hercules.
Cancer
Cancer(lat. Cancer) - the most inconspicuous zodiac constellation, which can only be seen on a clear night between the constellations Leo and Gemini. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 3.53.
2 thousand years ago, when astronomical terminology was being formed, the point of the summer solstice was in the constellation of Cancer, as a result of which the Northern Tropic of the Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer. In ancient Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with cancer from the second feat of Hercules. According to the myth, during the fight with the Lernean Hydra, all the animals were on the side of Hercules, and only the cancer dared to jump out of the swamp and bite Hercules on the leg, for which he was immediately crushed by his foot. The goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, turned cancer into a constellation in gratitude. It was believed that the stars γ and δ of Cancer, called "Donkeys", and the Manger Nebula were placed in the sky by Dionysus, whose sacred animals were donkeys.
The Greeks believed that the name was proposed by Euctemon. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Twins
Twins(lat. Gemini) - the zodiacal constellation, the brightest stars - Pollux and Castor, have a brightness of 1.16 and 1.59 visual magnitudes, respectively. The sun enters the constellation of Gemini on June 20. The best visibility conditions are in December - January. It can be seen throughout Russia.
The constellation has been known since ancient times. Probably, initially "twins" were called close and visually similar stars Castor and Pollux. The Greeks considered the constellation to be placed in the sky by the Dioscuri twins Castor and Polydeuces (according to the main version; there are alternative versions). Constellation included in the catalog starry sky Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Taurus
Taurus(lat. Taurus) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Gemini and Aries, northwest of Orion. The brightest stars are Aldebaran, Nat, Alcyone and ζ Tauri, respectively, 0.87; 1.65; 2.85 and 2.97 apparent magnitude.
The ancient Greek myth claims that Taurus is Zeus, who turned into a winged white bull in order to kidnap Europa and transport her to the island of Crete.
The Pleiades are named after the Greek myth Pleiades. These are the daughters of the titan Atlanta and the oceanides Pleione: Alcyone, Sterop, Maya, Merop, Tayget, Keleno and Electra. Ascended to heaven by Zeus, who saved them from the persecution of Orion. The Hyades are the daughters of Atlanta and Ephra, which means they are the half-sisters of the Pleiades. Zeus turned them into the asterism of the same name, moved by love for his brother Geass: the Hyades died, sobbing, from grief after his death on a hunt. This version is the result of folk etymology: the name "Hyades" means in ancient Greek "it's raining", and the Hyades in the Greek sky during the rainy season are low above the horizon, foreshadowing bad weather. In ancient astronomy, the Pleiades and sometimes the Hyades were perceived as independent constellations.
Aries
Aries(lat. Aries) is one of the most famous zodiac constellations, although it does not contain stars brighter than the second magnitude. The three main stars - Hamal ("ram's head"), Sheratan ("trace" or "sign") and Mezarthim (respectively α, β, and γ Aries) are easy to find: they lie south of the Triangulum. The fourth-magnitude star Mezarthim became one of the first double stars discovered with a telescope (R. Hooke in 1664).
It is believed that the name "Aries" was proposed by Cleostratus. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Fish
Fish(lat. Pisces) - a large zodiac constellation lying between Aquarius and Aries. It is usually divided into "Northern Pisces" (under Andromeda) and "Western Pisces" (between Pegasus and Aquarius).
Ancient constellation. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In Greek mythology, the flight to Egypt of the Olympian gods, frightened by the monstrous Typhon, is mentioned. There, escaping, they turned into various (as a rule, attributive) animals, and, in particular, Aphrodite - into a fish. In later poetic interpretations, along with her, her son Eros turned into a fish, which was reflected in the sky in the form of a constellation.
Aquarius
Aquarius(lat. Aquarius) is a large, zodiac constellation located between Capricorn and Pisces. A well-known asterism in Aquarius is the "Pitcher", a small Y-shaped group of five stars that "saddles" the celestial equator. The central of these stars, ζ Aquarius, is a double. Also of interest are the globular cluster M2 and the planetary nebulae Saturn and Snail (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293). In Aquarius lies the radiant of the Delta Aquarid meteor shower, which is active in late July.
Among the ancient Sumerians, Aquarius was one of the most important constellations, since it personified the sky god Ana, who gives life-giving water to the earth. According to the Greeks, Aquarius depicts several mythical characters at once, for example, Ganymede, a Trojan youth who became a butler on Olympus; Deucalion - the hero of the global flood and Kekrop - the ancient king of Attica. Aquarius is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Capricorn
Capricorn(lat. Capricornus) - the zodiac constellation of the southern hemisphere of the sky, located between Aquarius and Sagittarius. The most favorable conditions for observations are in July - August. The constellation is visible in the southern and central regions of Russia.
The ancients called this constellation "fish-goat", and in this form it is represented on many maps. Sometimes identified with the god of forests, fields and shepherds Pan. Its stars form a silhouette resembling an upside down hat. 2 thousand years ago, when the names of the constellations were formed in Ancient Greece, the point of the winter solstice was in Capricorn; the name of the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn, is connected with this. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In the old days it was called the Goat, the Goat, and among the Arabs the Goat was called al-Jadi. And the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, chased by heavenly hunters. On the first Russian star map, compiled at the direction of Peter I in 1699 by I.F. Kopievsky, this constellation is listed as Kozel, or Capricorn. But the name of the mythical animal was assigned to the constellation. Astronomers in love with Hellas decided that it was the goat Amalthea who had raised Zeus. A chain reaction of mythologization led to outlandish drawings of the constellation in the form of a creature with a goat's face and a fish's tail.
The universe is a fundamental concept of astronomy, strictly undefined, includes the entire surrounding world. In practice, the Universe is often understood as a part of the material world, accessible to study by natural science methods.
The largest known formations in the universe are the Great Wall of Sloan and the Great Wall of CfA2, and the most distant astronomical object discovered is the gamma-ray burst GRB 090423, which occurred about 13 billion years ago
Great Wall of Sloan A group of galaxies spanning more than a billion light-years. It is a wall of galaxies that this moment recognized as the largest known structure in the universe. In length, the "wall" stretches for 1.37 billion light years. It is located approximately 1 billion light years from Earth.
Great Wall(sometimes Great Wall CfA2, from English. Center for Astrophysics - Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) is the second largest famous example large-scale structure of the universe. It is a flat-on, pancake-like structure of galaxies about 200 million light-years away, 500 million light-years long, 300 million wide, and 15 million light-years thick. This object was discovered in 1989 by Margaret Geller and John Hunra based on data from redshift studies of distant objects.
Galaxy(ancient Greek Γαλαξίας - Milky Way) - a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust and dark matter. All objects in galaxies are involved in motion relative to a common center of mass.
constellations- in modern astronomy, areas into which the celestial sphere is divided for the convenience of orientation in the starry sky. In ancient times, constellations were the characteristic figures formed by bright stars.
In three-dimensional space, the stars that we see side by side on the celestial sphere can be located very far from each other. Since ancient times, people have seen a certain system in the relative position of the stars and grouped them into constellations according to it.
Also in Ancient Greece the zodiac constellations were singled out in a special group and each of them was assigned its own sign (see Astronomical Signs). Now the signs mentioned are not used to identify the zodiacal constellations; they are used only in astrology to designate the signs of the zodiac. The signs of the corresponding constellations also marked the points of the spring (constellation Aries) and autumn (Libra) equinoxes and the points of the summer (Cancer) and winter (Capricorn) solstices.
As a result of precession, these points have moved from the mentioned constellations over the past more than 2 thousand years, but the designations assigned to them by the ancient Greeks have been preserved. The zodiac signs, tied in Western astrology to the point of the vernal equinox, have shifted accordingly, so there is no correspondence between the coordinates of the constellations and signs. There is also no correspondence between the dates of the entry of the Sun into the zodiac constellations and the corresponding signs of the zodiac.
Sagittarius(lat. Sagittarius, Sgr) is a zodiac constellation lying between Capricorn and Scorpio. The brightest stars are 1.8 and 2.0 visual magnitudes. Sagittarius is the point of the winter solstice, as well as the center of the Galaxy, about 30,000 light years away from us and hidden behind clouds of interstellar dust.
The ancient Greeks imagined the constellation as a centaur - a mixamorphic creature with a human torso on the body of a horse. Also, the constellation was depicted on all celestial atlases. Greek myth connects the constellation Sagittarius with the centaur Krotos, about whom there are no developed myths. Another myth associates the constellation with the wise Chiron. There is a compilation myth with the following content. It was believed that the inventor of the celestial globe was the centaur Chiron, who created it specifically for the campaign of the Argonauts. On the globe, Chiron left a place for himself in the form of the zodiac constellation Sagittarius. But the centaur Krotos was ahead of Chiron, taking his celestial place, and he had to be content with the less honorable position of the constellation Centaurus.
Scorpion(lat. Scorpius) - the southern zodiac constellation, located between Sagittarius in the east and Libra in the west entirely in the Milky Way, borders on Ophiuchus in the north and Altar in the south. The sun enters the constellation of Scorpio on November 22, but leaves it on November 27 to move into the non-zodiacal constellation of Ophiuchus for 20 days.
According to Aratus, Orion quarreled with Artemis; angry, she sent a scorpion, which killed the youth. Arat adds an astronomical piece to this myth: "When Scorpio rises in the east, Orion hurries to hide in the west."
Scales(lat. Libra) is a zodiac constellation lying between Scorpio and Virgo. Contains 83 stars visible to the naked eye. The Libra constellation is one of the most visible constellations of the Zodiac, despite the fact that only five of its stars are brighter than the 4th magnitude. The sun enters the constellation on October 31st. The most favorable visibility conditions are in April - May.
According to some authors, at the beginning the constellation represented the altar; then he was depicted as an altar, a lamp, but usually as a scale, clamped in the claws of a Scorpion or with the claws of a Scorpion lying on the scales; later, the pincers "released the prey" and shortened. Until now, the stars α and β of Libra are called the Southern and Northern Claws.
Ancient mythologists considered the constellation to be an attribute of Themis, Demeter or Nemesis ascended to heaven.
Virgo(lat. Virgo) - the equatorial zodiac constellation, lying between Leo and Libra. In the constellation Virgo in the modern era, the point of the autumn equinox is located.
The Greeks saw a variety of goddesses and heroines in this constellation (for example, the Athenians - Erigone), but the most common version is that this is Demeter, the daughter of Kronos and Rhea, the goddess of fertility and agriculture, the mother of Persephone.
In the images, the Virgo holds an ear, according to the location corresponding to the star Spica. Another bright star of the constellation is Vindemiatrix, (Vindemiatrix is Latin for "winemaker"). It was believed that this is the young man Ampel turned into a star, beloved of Dionysus, the god of the fruitful forces of the earth and winemaking.
a lion(lat. Leo) - the zodiac constellation of the northern hemisphere of the sky, lying between Cancer and Virgo.
The arrangement of bright stars really resembles a recumbent lion, whose head and chest represent the well-known asterism "Sickle", similar to a mirrored question mark.
The constellation was known to the Sumerians 5000 years ago. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest". The classical myth connects the Lion with the Nemean monster killed by Hercules.
Cancer(lat. Cancer) - the most inconspicuous zodiac constellation, which can only be seen on a clear night between the constellations Leo and Gemini. The brightest star has a visual magnitude of 3.53.
2 thousand years ago, when astronomical terminology was being formed, the point of the summer solstice was in the constellation of Cancer, as a result of which the Northern Tropic of the Earth is called the Tropic of Cancer. In ancient Greek mythology, Cancer is identified with cancer from the second feat of Hercules. According to the myth, during the fight with the Lernean Hydra, all the animals were on the side of Hercules, and only the cancer dared to jump out of the swamp and bite Hercules on the leg, for which he was immediately crushed by his foot. The goddess Hera, who hated Hercules, turned cancer into a constellation in gratitude. It was believed that the stars γ and δ of Cancer, called "Donkeys", and the Manger Nebula were placed in the sky by Dionysus, whose sacred animals were donkeys.
The Greeks believed that the name was proposed by Euctemon. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Twins(lat. Gemini) - the zodiacal constellation, the brightest stars - Pollux and Castor, have a brightness of 1.16 and 1.59 visual magnitudes, respectively. The sun enters the constellation of Gemini on June 20. The best visibility conditions are in December - January. It can be seen throughout Russia.
The constellation has been known since ancient times. Probably, initially "twins" were called close and visually similar stars Castor and Pollux. The Greeks considered the constellation to be placed in the sky by the Dioscuri twins Castor and Polydeuces (according to the main version; there are alternative versions). Constellation included in the catalog starry sky Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Taurus(lat. Taurus) is a zodiacal constellation lying between Gemini and Aries, northwest of Orion. The brightest stars are Aldebaran, Nat, Alcyone and ζ Tauri, respectively, 0.87; 1.65; 2.85 and 2.97 apparent magnitude.
The ancient Greek myth claims that Taurus is Zeus, who turned into a winged white bull in order to kidnap Europa and transport her to the island of Crete.
The Pleiades are named after the Greek myth Pleiades. These are the daughters of the titan Atlanta and the oceanides Pleione: Alcyone, Sterop, Maya, Merop, Tayget, Keleno and Electra. Ascended to heaven by Zeus, who saved them from the persecution of Orion. The Hyades are the daughters of Atlanta and Ephra, which means they are the half-sisters of the Pleiades. Zeus turned them into the asterism of the same name, moved by love for his brother Geass: the Hyades died, sobbing, from grief after his death on a hunt. This version is the result of folk etymology: the name "Hyades" means in ancient Greek "it's raining", and the Hyades in the Greek sky during the rainy season are low above the horizon, foreshadowing bad weather. In ancient astronomy, the Pleiades and sometimes the Hyades were perceived as independent constellations.
Aries(lat. Aries) is one of the most famous zodiac constellations, although it does not contain stars brighter than the second magnitude. The three main stars - Hamal ("ram's head"), Sheratan ("trace" or "sign") and Mezarthim (respectively α, β, and γ Aries) are easy to find: they lie south of the Triangulum. The fourth-magnitude star Mezarthim became one of the first double stars discovered with a telescope (R. Hooke in 1664).
It is believed that the name "Aries" was proposed by Cleostratus. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Fish(lat. Pisces) - a large zodiac constellation lying between Aquarius and Aries. It is usually divided into "Northern Pisces" (under Andromeda) and "Western Pisces" (between Pegasus and Aquarius).
Ancient constellation. Included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In Greek mythology, the flight to Egypt of the Olympian gods, frightened by the monstrous Typhon, is mentioned. There, escaping, they turned into various (as a rule, attributive) animals, and, in particular, Aphrodite - into a fish. In later poetic interpretations, along with her, her son Eros turned into a fish, which was reflected in the sky in the form of a constellation.
Aquarius(lat. Aquarius) is a large, zodiac constellation located between Capricorn and Pisces. A well-known asterism in Aquarius is the "Pitcher", a small Y-shaped group of five stars that "saddles" the celestial equator. The central of these stars, ζ Aquarius, is a double. Also of interest are the globular cluster M2 and the planetary nebulae Saturn and Snail (NGC 7009 and NGC 7293). In Aquarius lies the radiant of the Delta Aquarid meteor shower, which is active in late July.
Among the ancient Sumerians, Aquarius was one of the most important constellations, since it personified the sky god Ana, who gives life-giving water to the earth. According to the Greeks, Aquarius depicts several mythical characters at once, for example, Ganymede, a Trojan youth who became a butler on Olympus; Deucalion - the hero of the global flood and Kekrop - the ancient king of Attica. Aquarius is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
Capricorn(lat. Capricornus) - the zodiac constellation of the southern hemisphere of the sky, located between Aquarius and Sagittarius. The most favorable conditions for observations are in July - August. The constellation is visible in the southern and central regions of Russia.
The ancients called this constellation "fish-goat", and in this form it is represented on many maps. Sometimes identified with the god of forests, fields and shepherds Pan. Its stars form a silhouette resembling an upside down hat. 2 thousand years ago, when the names of the constellations were formed in Ancient Greece, the point of the winter solstice was in Capricorn; the name of the southern tropic, the Tropic of Capricorn, is connected with this. The constellation is included in the catalog of the starry sky by Claudius Ptolemy "Almagest".
In the old days it was called the Goat, the Goat, and among the Arabs the Goat was called al-Jadi. And the indigenous Australians called the constellation Capricorn the constellation Kangaroo, chased by heavenly hunters. On the first Russian star map, compiled at the direction of Peter I in 1699 by I.F. Kopievsky, this constellation is listed as Kozel, or Capricorn. But the name of the mythical animal was assigned to the constellation. Astronomers in love with Hellas decided that it was the goat Amalthea who had raised Zeus. A chain reaction of mythologization led to outlandish drawings of the constellation in the form of a creature with a goat's face and a fish's tail.
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British celebrities Queen of Great Britain
Elizabeth II
Queen Victoria - MOTHER OF QUEEN ELIZABETH II
ELIZABETH THE SECOND WITH PARENTS ELIZABETH THE SECOND IN CHILDHOOD WITH MOM AND SISTER ELIZABETH THE SECOND WITH PARENTS AND SISTER Queen Elizabeth II was born on April 21, 1926 in London.
Queen Elizabeth ascended the throne on February 6, 1952 after the death of her father, George VI. The coronation took place on June 2, 1953 at Westminster Abbey. She was only 25 years old when she became queen
ELIZABETH II DURING THE WEDDING CEREMONY
BUCKINGHAM PALACE - THE RESIDENCE OF QUEEN ELIZABETH 2
VIEW OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE FROM THE MALL IN AUTUMN
The title of Her Royal Majesty in the United Kingdom is: "Elizabeth the Second, by the grace of God the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and her other Dominions and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."
Queen Elizabeth II of England is a beautiful and charming woman. Now, at her venerable age, she looks great.
Birthday of the monarch in the UK For many years, her birthday has been celebrated throughout the United Kingdom twice a year: not only on April 21, but also on the 3rd Saturday of June.
On the second Saturday of June, the birthday of the English monarch is officially celebrated. In honor of this solemn event, all government buildings are hung with state flags. On this day, a ceremonial parade takes place at the residence of the British kings in Whitehall. The main content of the ceremony is the removal of the banner or, as it is also called, the ceremonial setting of guards with the removal of the banner. Towards the monarch, they carry out the banner of the Guards Regiment, which is on guard duty at Buckingham Palace.
The banner of the regiment is a dark red cloth with the image of a crown and yellow ribbons sewn on it indicating the battles and battles where the regiment's servicemen took part.
The ceremony dates back to the 18th century, when the banners were carried in front of the soldiers of the regiment. Since 1748, it has been held on the official birthday of the monarch, and paraded troops salute the queen who greets them.
The most colorful ceremonial event in London - the parade on the occasion of the Queen's birthday is called TROOPING THE COLOR.
It's a bright and colorful sight
Specially trained units of the Royal Horse Guards, in the presence of members of the royal family, invited guests and crowds of curious people, march with banners along the parade ground of the Horse Guards.
Then the entire parade, led by the royal carriage, along the Mall, decorated in honor of the parade, goes to Buckingham Palace, where the queen, on a specially erected platform, again receives the salute from the guardsmen returning to their barracks.
ELIZABETH II AT THE PARADE
From the photo album of the royal family
Stars
Slides: 19 Words: 2104 Sounds: 1 Effects: 82Stars are mysterious lights. The stellar world around us is surprisingly diverse. The life of the stars is the same. The mass of the star. When the hydrogen is mostly burned out, the star shrinks even more. neutron stars. Stars, similar to our Sun, are the main population. The neutron star is compressed. The number of galaxies in the universe is estimated at 200 million. Star Altair. 3C58 - The remains of the New Star. The remnant of a nova outburst. Super giant star. young pulsar. A star in the Eta Carinae nebula. NGC 1850. Star cluster. The M19 cluster (NGC 6273). M50 is a faint star cluster. - Stars.pptx
starry sky
Slides: 12 Words: 302 Sounds: 0 Effects: 49Universe. Man has always been attracted by the sky, for a long time he dreamed of rising into space. Stars on the sky. Late at night you see many stars in the sky. constellations. The stars in the sky are grouped. Groups of stars are called constellations. Name the constellations you know. Task for young astronomers. Ancient Greek legend. A legend has come down to us from the ancient Greeks. Planets. Planet Earth. The earth is the habitat of man. Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the solar system. The age of the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years. Shells of the Earth. Moon. In 1609, Galileo first looked at the moon through a telescope. The sun. - Stars 1.ppt
Stars on the sky
Slides: 19 Words: 1963 Sounds: 1 Effects: 72The history of the names of stars and constellations. The evolution of the stars. Myths in astronomy. general characteristics stars. Life cycle stars. Temperature determines the color of a star and its spectrum. Chemical composition. star radius. The surface of the star is 4 R 2 . The history of the constellations is very interesting. There are a lot of constellations - 88. The winter sky is richest in bright stars. What did the ancient Greeks say about bears? There are many legends about Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Big Dipper. "Burnout" of hydrogen. - Stars 2.ppt
Distances to the stars
Slides: 14 Words: 339 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Distances to the stars. The name of one of the basic units in astronomy, the parsec, is associated with the concept of parallax. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years = 206 265 astronomical units = 3.083 1015 m. Too small shifts in the position of the stars must be measured - less than one hundredth of an arc second! The distance to the stars can be estimated using the spectral parallax method. From the spectral lines, one can estimate the luminosity of a star, and then find the distance to it. Supergiant in the constellation Scorpio - Antares. The Hipparchus satellite determined the distances to the stars with high accuracy. Hipparchus. The brightest stars in ancient times were called stars of the first magnitude. - Stars 3.ppt
Stars and constellations
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starry sky
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Slides: 82 Words: 1296 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Content. What are stars. Stars are hot balls of gas. About 4,500 stars can be seen in the sky with the naked eye. Starry sky. All stars move across the sky. The movement of the stars. Polar Star. Characteristics of stars. Distances to the stars. Some stars closest to the Earth. The sun. Proxima Centauri. Sirius. Procyon. parallax method. Colour. Temperature. Range. Luminosity L. Types of stars. Main sequence stars. Structure of main sequence stars. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Giants and supergiants. Supergiant star. A star with 10 times the mass of the sun. - Characteristics of stars.ppt
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Slides: 21 Words: 472 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The evolution of the stars. The universe is made up of 98% stars. Stars are the basic element of the galaxy. Stars are huge balls of helium and hydrogen, as well as other gases. Astronomers are unable to trace the life of a single star from beginning to end. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Regions of star formation. Nebula Eagle. The Orion Nebula. Gravitational contraction. Compression is a consequence of gravitational instability, Newton's idea. Protostar. As the density of the cloud increases, it becomes opaque to radiation. Graph of the evolution of a typical star. Giants and supergiants. A white dwarf in a cloud of interstellar dust. - Compress stars.ppt
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Slides: 18 Words: 1013 Sounds: 0 Effects: 36Black holes and dark matter. Composition of the Universe. Dark matter. Classification of dark matter. Hot dark matter. Cold dark matter. Warm dark matter. Difficulty. Black holes. A terrible impression. Region in space. The question of the real existence of black holes. collapsing stars. The history of ideas about black holes. Detection of black holes. Supermassive black holes. Primitive black holes. -
Stars
Slides: 19 Words: 2104 Sounds: 1 Effects: 82Stars are mysterious lights. The stellar world around us is surprisingly diverse. The life of the stars is the same. The mass of the star. When the hydrogen is mostly burned out, the star shrinks even more. neutron stars. Stars, similar to our Sun, are the main population. The neutron star is compressed. The number of galaxies in the universe is estimated at 200 million. Star Altair. 3C58 - The remains of the New Star. The remnant of a nova outburst. Super giant star. young pulsar. A star in the Eta Carinae nebula. NGC 1850. Star cluster. The M19 cluster (NGC 6273). M50 is a faint star cluster. - Stars.pptx
starry sky
Slides: 12 Words: 302 Sounds: 0 Effects: 49Universe. Man has always been attracted by the sky, for a long time he dreamed of rising into space. Stars on the sky. Late at night you see many stars in the sky. constellations. The stars in the sky are grouped. Groups of stars are called constellations. Name the constellations you know. Task for young astronomers. Ancient Greek legend. A legend has come down to us from the ancient Greeks. Planets. Planet Earth. The earth is the habitat of man. Earth is the third planet from the Sun in the solar system. The age of the Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years. Shells of the Earth. Moon. In 1609, Galileo first looked at the moon through a telescope. The sun. - Stars 1.ppt
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Slides: 19 Words: 1963 Sounds: 1 Effects: 72The history of the names of stars and constellations. The evolution of the stars. Myths in astronomy. General characteristics of stars. The life cycle of a star. Temperature determines the color of a star and its spectrum. Chemical composition. star radius. The surface of the star is 4 R 2 . The history of the constellations is very interesting. There are a lot of constellations - 88. The winter sky is richest in bright stars. What did the ancient Greeks say about bears? There are many legends about Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Big Dipper. "Burnout" of hydrogen. - Stars 2.ppt
Distances to the stars
Slides: 14 Words: 339 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Distances to the stars. The name of one of the basic units in astronomy, the parsec, is associated with the concept of parallax. 1 parsec = 3.26 light years = 206 265 astronomical units = 3.083 1015 m. Too small shifts in the position of the stars must be measured - less than one hundredth of an arc second! The distance to the stars can be estimated using the spectral parallax method. From the spectral lines, one can estimate the luminosity of a star, and then find the distance to it. Supergiant in the constellation Scorpio - Antares. The Hipparchus satellite determined the distances to the stars with high accuracy. Hipparchus. The brightest stars in ancient times were called stars of the first magnitude. - Stars 3.ppt
Stars and constellations
Slides: 14 Words: 259 Sounds: 0 Effects: 25Starry sky. On a cloudless and moonless night, far from populated areas, about 3,000 stars can be distinguished. The entire celestial sphere contains about 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye. Starry sky in the region of the constellation Auriga. The most famous group of stars in the northern hemisphere is the Ursa Major Dipper. Astronomers of antiquity divided the starry sky into constellations. Hipparchus. Ptolemy. Thousands of years ago, bright stars were conditionally connected into figures that were called constellations. The constellations Ophiuchus and Serpens from the Flamsteed atlas. Images of constellations from the ancient atlas of Hevelius. Taurus. Whale. Cassiopeia. - Stars 4.ppt
world of stars
Slides: 52 Words: 1042 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8The world of stars. K. E. Tsiolkovsky. Stars. The sun. The birth of a star. Stars are supergiants. Stars are dwarfs. Star temperature. The brightness of the stars. Light year. constellations. Star map of the northern hemisphere. Star map of the southern hemisphere. star cluster. Star orientation. Belt of the Zodiac. Aries. Taurus. Twins. Cancer. A lion. Virgo. Scales. Scorpion. Sagittarius. Capricorn. Aquarius. Fish. Constellation Ursa Minor. Constellation Hercules. Constellation Cepheus. Constellation Bootes. Constellation Perseus. Constellation Auriga. Constellation Cygnus. Aries constellation. Constellation Cetus. Constellation Pegasus. Constellation of Orion. - World of Stars.ppt
starry sky
Slides: 16 Words: 535 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Starry sky. Celestial sphere. Astronomers of antiquity. Bright stars. constellation images. Area of the celestial sphere. Johann Bayer. Bright stars. The stars were the main landmarks. Letters of the Greek alphabet. Bucket of the Big Dipper. Constellation Ursa Major. Stars. Winter triangle. North hemisphere. - Starry Sky.ppt
Characteristics of the stars
Slides: 82 Words: 1296 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Content. What are stars. Stars are hot balls of gas. About 4,500 stars can be seen in the sky with the naked eye. Starry sky. All stars move across the sky. The movement of the stars. Polar Star. Characteristics of stars. Distances to the stars. Some stars closest to the Earth. The sun. Proxima Centauri. Sirius. Procyon. parallax method. Colour. Temperature. Range. Luminosity L. Types of stars. Main sequence stars. Structure of main sequence stars. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Giants and supergiants. Supergiant star. A star with 10 times the mass of the sun. - Characteristics of stars.ppt
Main characteristics of stars
Slides: 24 Words: 1340 Sounds: 24 Effects: 52The main characteristics of stars. Distances to the stars. The distance is determined by the parallax method. Distance to the star. Small angular displacements. The angle at which the radius of the earth's orbit is seen from the star. The parallaxes of stars are very small. Distance from the Sun to the nearest star. The parallax method is currently the most accurate method. The temperature of the stars. The temperature of stars is determined using Wien's law. The luminosity of the stars. Like the Sun, the stars illuminate the Earth. Masses of stars. Spectral classification of stars. The color of a star depends on temperature. Lines of ionized helium. - Main characteristics of stars.ppt
mass of stars
Slides: 11 Words: 531 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The main characteristics of stars. Spectrum-luminosity diagram. Astronomers are building giant telescopes to capture the faint rays of stars. Main sequence. The sun is also a main sequence star. The densities of main sequence stars are comparable to the solar density. Red giants. Supergiants. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant. White dwarfs. An example is the star Sirius B, a satellite of Sirius. The mass is almost equal to the sun, and in size 2.5 times larger than the Earth. Masses of stars. Masses could only be measured for stars that are part of binary systems. - Mass of stars.ppt
Star evolution
Slides: 21 Words: 472 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The evolution of the stars. The universe is made up of 98% stars. Stars are the basic element of the galaxy. Stars are huge balls of helium and hydrogen, as well as other gases. Astronomers are unable to trace the life of a single star from beginning to end. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Regions of star formation. Nebula Eagle. The Orion Nebula. Gravitational contraction. Compression is a consequence of gravitational instability, Newton's idea. Protostar. As the density of the cloud increases, it becomes opaque to radiation. Graph of the evolution of a typical star. Giants and supergiants. A white dwarf in a cloud of interstellar dust. - Compress stars.ppt
The structure of the stars
Slides: 13 Words: 238 Sounds: 0 Effects: 119The physical nature of the stars. Mass. Dimensions. Luminosity. Temperature (color). Age. Building. Color and temperature of stars. Arcturus has a yellow-orange hue, Arcturus. Rigel. Antares. The stars have a variety of colors. crossbar white-blue, Antares bright red. Different stars have maximum radiation at different wavelengths. Harvard spectral classification of stars. One. Shaved. American. Dates. Chewed. Carrot. Class. effective temperature K. Colour. Blue. White - blue. White. Yellow - white. Yellow. Orange. Red. The luminosity of the stars. Star radii. Stars. Comparative sizes of stars. - Structure of stars.ppt
Stars and their structure
Slides: 62 Words: 730 Sounds: 0 Effects: 6The structure and evolution of stars. Stars from degenerate matter. Degeneration. Pressure of a nonrelativistic degenerate electron gas. Mass limit for a white dwarf. The limiting number of fermions. Sirius V. Theory of Relativity. Effects of General Relativity on Earth. Quark state of matter. Systems of two neutron stars. BH and NS masses in binary systems. Dimensions. Hot spot. conditions at the center of the sun. The height of the homogeneous atmosphere of the NS. Thermonuclear combustion of the atmosphere. Explosions of classic New on BC. thermonuclear explosions. Oscillations during thermonuclear explosions. Spreading layer spectrum. - Stars and their structure.ppt
The structure and evolution of stars
Slides: 69 Words: 2405 Sounds: 0 Effects: 8Stars: structure and evolution. Classification of normal stars. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Luminosity classes. The internal structure of the Sun. Physical foundations of the internal structure of stars. hydrostatic balance. polytropic model. Special cases of polytropic models. The theory of white dwarfs. The exposed core of a star. Sirius V. Radiation transfer in stars. The opacity of matter in the interiors of stars. Stellar structure equations. Sun model. Mass-luminosity relation. Eddington luminosity limit. Nuclear energy sources of stars. Nuclear reactions in stars. Proton-proton cycle. - The structure and evolution of stars.ppt
The physical nature of the stars
Slides: 20 Words: 42 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The physical nature of the stars. Our Sun is a yellow star, the temperature of the photosphere of which is about 6000 K. The same color is Capella, the temperature of which is also about 6000 K. The color and spectrum of stars is related to their temperature. In hot blue stars with temperatures above 10,000–15,000 K, most of the atoms are ionized. Fully ionized atoms do not produce spectral lines, so there are few lines in the spectra of such stars. The Pleiades open cluster contains many bright, hot stars that were formed at the same time from a cloud of gas and dust. The blue haze that accompanies the Pleiades is scattered dust that reflects starlight. - Physical nature of stars.ppsx
Black holes
Slides: 25 Words: 473 Sounds: 0 Effects: 65Black holes are the end result of the activity of stars whose mass is five or more times greater than the sun. After all the reserves of nuclear fuel are used up and the reactions stop, the star dies. When a star explodes, a supernova appears. The structure of a black hole. Away from the hole, the rays are slightly bent. If the beam passes very close to the hole, it can capture it into a circular orbit or suck it into itself completely. Singularity - all the matter of a black hole, collected in an infinitesimal point. The event horizon is the boundary of a black hole. Astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in the last years of his life calculated the gravitational field around a mass of zero volume. - Black Hole.ppt
Black holes of the universe
Slides: 18 Words: 1013 Sounds: 0 Effects: 36Black holes and dark matter. Composition of the Universe. Dark matter. Classification of dark matter. Hot dark matter. Cold dark matter. Warm dark matter. Difficulty. Black holes. A terrible impression. Region in space. The question of the real existence of black holes. collapsing stars. The history of ideas about black holes. Detection of black holes. Supermassive black holes. Primitive black holes. -
