Modern trends in architectural design: Adaptive architecture. Principles of shaping in architecture in the era of information explosion Transformable spatial systems in architecture

Ticket number 6

Historical ethno-cultural evolution of types of residential and public buildings and structures

Culture of the state of Kok-Orda and Ak-Orda. Moghulistan.

Mobile and transformable modern architecture.

1. The settlement system in the sources is understood as a territorial combination of settlements, between which there is a more or less clear distribution of functions, production and social connections. In addition, when analyzing the settlements of settled agricultural peoples, regardless of the time and place of their functioning, it is customary to single out such basic elements as: settlements, outbuildings, a center, cultural and community institutions, places of worship, fortifications, etc. In nomadic settlements, due to historical and socio-economic reasons, many of these elements were absent. In particular, there were no fortifications and cultural institutions, mosques appeared mainly only during the transition to a settled way of life. The basis of temporary settlements was residential buildings, with the appearance of seasonal stationary settlements economic and memorial and religious buildings were added to them. However, the entire complex of architectural objects is characterized by the interaction of morphology (structure, structure, form) and axiology (content, meaning, value), which actually allows us to consider the system of a pastoral settlement as a model of a holistically structured object included in a hypersystem - the environment. .

Thus, Kazakh settlement system is defined by us as spatial locus, including all the necessary conditions and means to ensure the livelihoods of people engaged in cattle breeding. In this case, the spatial locus is understood as the territory economically developed by the clan (family): winter, spring, summer and autumn pastures along with functioning seasonal settlements and a complex of buildings.

Late XIX in. characterized by intensive industrial development of Kazakhstan. The construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (1892-1905) contributed to the acceleration of this process. A new factor that actively stimulated the development of trade and, as a result, architecture commercial buildings and structures, was the active construction of railways9. Railway stations were large architectural complexes, some of which were given over to commercial premises and buildings. Thus, the following features have been identified in the region under study: 1. Features of the development of the architecture of ancient and early medieval Kazakhstan as a whole are due to the ideology of a nomadic society that closely interacts with the settled agricultural economy of the peoples of neighboring states; as the main building materials clay, stone and wood stand out. 2. The Great Silk Road had a positive impact on the development of commercial buildings and structures, the main direction of which in the VI-XVI centuries. moved to the study area. It stimulated the emergence of a number of urban centers, and in the south of Kazakhstan contributed to the rapid growth of settlements and their transformation into cities; 3. After the founding of outposts and fortresses of the Russian Empire, gradually transforming into cities, the growth of industry and construction contributed to the active penetration of commercial capital. railways. Thanks to economic and political transformations, stationary types of trade were gradually established: shops, shops, wholesale warehouses, etc. All considered types of commercial buildings XIX - beg. XX centuries can be divided into 4 interrelated groups according to functional and spatial content: 1) buildings intended only for trade; 2) trade and warehouse premises with a predominance of warehouse functions; 3) buildings that equally combine residential and commercial premises; 4) commercial and business and commercial and public buildings. These 4 groups include the following 6 types of commercial buildings designed for retail and wholesale trade finished products: 1) stand-alone shop; 2) shops organized in shopping arcades; 3) guest yards; 4) shops at residential buildings; 5) shops; 6) trading houses.

2. The states of Kok Orda and Ak Orda. Until the beginning of the XIV century, the territory of the Golden Horde coincided with those lands that Muslim sources understood under the term "Ulus Jochi". However, from the beginning of the 14th century, the Ulus of Jochi broke up into two states - Kok Orda and Ak Orda, of which the latter was in vassal dependence on the former. Ak Orda included the above-mentioned lands in the Syrdarya basin, as well as steppes and cities in the northeast of the Aral Sea and up to the Ishim and Sary-Su rivers. After the separation of the Ak Orda, the term Golden Horde is applied mainly to the lands of the Kok Orda. So, the Ulus of Jochi broke up into Kok Orda and Ak Orda, each of which had its own dynasty from the descendants of the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi. From the first years of the formation of the Ulus of Jochi and after the collapse into two indicated hordes, according to Persian authors of the 15th-17th centuries, the Kok Horde constituted the right wing (baraunkar, onkol) of the Ulus of the Jochi army, i.e. supplied from among its nomadic population all the tumens included in it, and Ak Orda constituted the left wing (dzhaunkar, solkol), i.e. supplied all the left wing tumens. As a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde, several feudal estates also appeared on the territory of Kazakhstan. In the middle of the XIV century, the Ak Orda actually separated from the Golden Horde. Some sources confuse the data on the location of the White and Blue Hordes. In particular, this concerns "Anonymous Iskander" Muin al-Din Natanzi, who erroneously changed places of the White and Blue Hordes on December 24, 2015. The discussion about the location of the Horde, which lasted from the beginning of the study of the history of the Golden Horde in Russia and in the West, ended with the conclusion that the Blue Horde was in the east, and the White Horde was in the west. Standing apart is the opinion of I. Mingulov, who considers the White Horde a state that existed in the east from the middle of the 13th to the first quarter of the 15th century. inclusive. In Ulus Zhoshi itself, the concepts "Ak Orda" and "Kok Orda" denoted only political centers, headquarters of khans, and the state itself was called Ulug Ulus.

Moghulistan. As a result of the collapse of the Shagatai (Chagatai) ulus in the middle of the 14th century, a new nomadic state arose on the territory of South-East Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Political history of Moghulistan in the second half of the 14th century. remains little known, especially his inner life. The sources do not contain reliable information about the events in the northern regions, in Zhetysu and in the Tien Shan. The most detailed information is provided by Mohammed Haidar Dulati. After the death of a descendant of Shagatai Kazan Khan, who was an opponent of nomadic life, the tribal elite of the Zhetysu clans decided to form a state independent of the Shagataids. However, in all Mongolian states, according to tradition, only Chingizid could be the supreme ruler. Therefore, Emir Puladchi, a representative of the tribal nobility of the Dulat tribe, came out with the intention of creating an independent khanate with the help of a protege - a khan from the Genghisides. Genghisides, on whom the dulats chose, turned out to be 18-year-old Togluk-Timur. Having made their protege khan, the Dulat emirs also strengthened their power as the leading political force of the country. With the support of the tribal elite of the dulats, they managed to stabilize the situation in the country to some extent, unite the entire vast territory of Moghulistan under their rule, and subdue the tribes inhabiting it. The headquarters of Togluk-Timur was located in Almalyk. The struggle for the unification of all regions under the auspices of the central government was the main content of the internal political life of the state. The nomadic nobility of individual tribes stubbornly resisted the Khan's attempts to limit their independence. Togluk-Timur made an attempt to reform the administrative and political structure of his state. Some steps have been taken to streamline tax system . The fact of active planting of Islam among the subject population is known. Togluk-Timur decided to reinforce his power with a proven ideological support following the example of the khans of Maverannahr. These are some of the facts of the inner life of the new state in the first decades of its existence. Under the successor of Togluk-Timur, Ilyas Khoja, internecine wars began, which ended with the division of Moghulistan into several parts. In most of Zhetysu, power passed to the emir Kamar-ad-Din dulat, and the territory from Ili to Tarbagatai was subordinated to Yente tora. In fact, the Bulgachi tribes that inhabited the Issyk-Kul region, the Kangly tribes, the Kereites, the Arkenuts, and others, were actually independent. The absence of a unified centralized authority made it difficult to organize resistance to Timur's aggressive policy. Under these conditions, the emir Kamar-ad-Din and the Khan of the Great Ulus Orys decided to act collectively against Timur. Timur's campaigns against Moghulistan. The first campaign of Timur to Moghulistan took place in 1371-1372. However, it was a "reconnaissance" campaign, aimed at demonstrating strength and capturing prisoners and booty. More serious campaigns began in 1375 and were directed against the emir Kamar-ad-Din. The campaign of 1375 ended with Timur's complete victory, but Kamar-ad-Din managed to retain power on 24.12.15. In 1376, Timur's new army marched on Moghulistan, but the Kipchak commanders revolted and went over to the side of Orys Khan. The next campaign was undertaken in 1377, when Sygnak was captured, where Toktamys became the khan. The troops of Moghulistan were twice defeated, but Kamar-ad-Din again managed to escape. In the 80s. Kamar-ad-Din made an alliance with Toktamys, Yenge tore and Khyzyr Khoja Khan against Timur. In 1389, Emir Timur undertook another campaign to Zhetisa. The Mughal rulers were unable to organize a rebuff, and Timur's troops marched throughout the country, ruining the camps and cities. The next campaign in 1390 again ended with the defeat of Moghulistan. In 1404, Timur decided to finally conquer Zhetisa and went on a campaign at the head of a huge army. Only the death of the shaker of the universe "in Otrar at the beginning of 1405 averted this threat. In the first half of the 15th century, the political situation in Moghulistan was characterized not only by the internecine struggle of the sons and grandsons of Khyzyr Khoja, but also by the war with the Timurids, the Oirat tribes. The Timurids tried to tear away the Eastern Turkestan from Moghulistan Wais Khan (1418-1428) ) was forced to move the capital from East Turkestan to Zhetisu. After the death of Wais Khan, a long and bloody struggle began between his two sons, which led to a split in the feudal nobility of Moghulistan. In the middle of the 30s of the XV century. power passed into the hands of one of the sons of Wais Khan - Sultan Esen-Bug. Dissatisfied with this, another son, Yunus, left Moghulistan, taking with him about 30 thousand families. Despite the efforts of Khan Esen-Buga, Moghulistan remained a politically fragmented country for a long time. In the middle of the XV century. many tribes migrated from the state. In fact, the power of Yesen-Buga extended only to part of Kashgaria. The long internecine struggle of the ruling factions of the nomadic nobility led at the end of the XV-beginning of the XVI centuries. to the collapse of Moghulistan. The attempts of the Moghul khans to restore the political dominance of the Shagataids in the former territory of Moghulistan ended in failure. In the middle of the XVI century. Moghulistan ceased to exist as an independent state. Thus, at the beginning of the 15th century, objective reasons led to the collapse of the Ulug (Great) Ulus and the formation of a number of independent national states on its territory.

3. In modern everyday life, we increasingly use the term "mobility". With the development of new technologies and human needs, it's time to take a fresh look at the architecture we are used to. The concept of “mobility” is interpreted in different ways: in one case it is a mobile home on wheels, in the rest it is a collapsible structure, in the third it is a reinforced concrete building with a small building area. In the 1950s and 1960s, the first manifestations of mobile architecture appeared in the world. This concept was reduced to what served as a mobile housing for temporary residence in one place, but gradually acquired a more individual character. Lightweight homes, mobile or in the form of hotel rooms do not require significant material costs, as well as the time for installation work so they are cost effective. Characteristic of mobile architecture is "internal mobility". This refers to the adaptation of an object to new conditions: social or economic status, a change in family composition, a change of generations, or simply a change of housing "according to the mood", without changing the general volumetric and design parameters, by transforming the internal space of the object of the object, its interior. And it is these parameters that characterize the mobile architecture.

Transformative architecture- a type of architectural objects capable, depending on the goals and objectives set, to change the volume, composition, internal structure construction, planning solutions. A characteristic difference is the possibility of everyday regular and periodic changes, transformations of the layout and space of buildings and structures over a certain period of time, in accordance with the requirements of the functional processes carried out in the building.

In general, transformation techniques can be classified into spatial, constructive, light-color and interactive.

Spatial transformation techniques- "qualitative" change of an architectural object by transforming internal elements while maintaining its overall constant dimensions. In this case, there are processes of internal adaptation of the architectural object within its outer shell.

An adaptive architecture receives information from the context and a person, unlike the traditional one, it analyzes the data and makes a decision about the transformation. Adaptability can work in cycles (short - an hour, a day; long - a season, a year) at different levels: from dynamic elements of the facade to probabilistic urban models. Reacting and being in continuous interaction with the user, nature and surrounding parameters, the architecture begins to correspond to the times. The concept of "adaptive architecture" is a key one in the practice of SA lab. Working at the intersection of programming with other disciplines, a team of young architects creates a modern approach to design, corresponding to the rapid pace of life.

The world is rapidly changing.

Immediately, continuously, daily.

Isolation architecture

The city is a complex dynamic developing system in which micro and macro changes are constantly taking place, cultural and information layers are layered. The needs of people, the principles of movement, methods of organizing space - everything is changing. Except architecture.

For many centuries, architecture has remained static and has minimal potential for transformation. Such an architecture separates itself from the end user without entering into a dialogue with him. Over time, traditionally there are only two ways: renovation or destruction.

But there are other options as well.

Change architecture

Architecture now encompasses many disciplines. It became possible to operate with huge layers of information, discarding the unnecessary and revealing unexpected patterns. We cannot accurately predict the future, but we cannot afford to work in a modern city with outdated methods.

The answer to the ever-changing demands of time and people can be adaptive solutions in architecture and urban planning that build a mutual connection between man, city and nature, push them towards more beneficial interaction and create opportunities for their further coexistence and evolution.

Dynamic models of urban processes based on BIG DATA, new technologies and construction methods will allow architecture to analyze information at different levels and “rebuild” online. The city will become an autonomous self-organizing structure.

Adaptation can occur at different levels and on different scales, be of a spatial and temporal nature, taking into account urban, social, economic, climatic, environmental and other parameters.

City level

According to the UN, more than 70% of the world's inhabitants in 2050 will live in cities. How can cities, old and new, adapt to growing populations and the consequences of these changes?

The transformation at the urban level is based on probabilistic models built taking into account dynamic geoinformation data and, for example, cellular automata as a way to process them.

Cellular automata are mathematical systems that allow you to simulate complex natural processes using a set of simple rules. Using them, it is possible to combine artificial and natural methods of organizing urban space.

We have developed a unified algorithm that, in each specific situation, will take into account priority parameters and contextually integrate into the urban fabric. Taking into account the cultural and urban planning features, a structural grid with certain dimensions is developed, which is gradually filled in depending on the emerging needs.

The algorithm is not a complete system, but can be supplemented if necessary.

SA lab. Algorithm. The concept of a quarter of a mixed urban type. 2017

An alternative to cellular automata in data analysis can be neural networks. So the control of urban processes can be carried out in conjunction with artificial intelligence.

In the future, the architecture will become more mobile. The constant movement of people over short or long distances will occur due to the moving elements of buildings or entire blocks. In this case, people will no longer be hostages of one place or another, because mobile clusters will appear that can change location.

SA lab. Algorithm. The concept of a quarter of a mixed urban type. 2017

The use of such algorithms to adapt to changing conditions will lead to the emergence of safer and more attractive cities and will allow turning individual static city blocks into self-organizing multifunctional autonomous systems.

SA lab. Swarm Scraper. Adaptive megastructure. 2015

SA lab. Swarm Scraper. Adaptive megastructure. Modular element. 2015

Wednesday level

Architecture should not be the cause of extinction natural environment habitats for flora and fauna. On the contrary, it should be a stimulus and impetus for their maintenance, regeneration and development.

The ability to respond to weather, climate, environmental parameters depending on the time of day, year, level of illumination or pollution, and other factors gives architecture the opportunity to build a dialogue with the environment, integrating human life into it in the most natural way.

Modular design solutions represent a special potential for the development of adaptability at this level.

For example, it is possible to seasonally increase the area and length of the coastline by placing modular pontoons.

To preserve the landscape as much as possible by “raising” public spaces above it.

It is possible to study nature in various approximations without causing any harm to it.

Or use dynamic structures that respond to environment settings. Such modules solve several problems at once: they collect rainwater, accumulate solar energy, “open up” and create a shady space during the day and a diverse one in the evening. If necessary, the number of modules can be increased or decreased.

At the "environment" and "building" levels, of particular interest are materials that can change their physical characteristics based on the parameters of the environment. For example, bimetals that transform upon heating/cooling allow the formation of kinetic structures.

SA lab. Adaptive design of public spaces. 2018

Thus, using simple design principles, it is possible to provide sufficient flexibility for the entire system.

The creation of adaptive elements of the environment will increase the level of the territory and ensure the connection of the new with the existing environment.

Building level

We spend most of our lives indoors. The planning structure of buildings should be as open as possible in order to ensure the possibility of adapting the object in case of a change in its function.

SA lab. O-HOUSE. Comfortable living quarters. 2017

Transformable planning solutions make it possible to adapt the geometry of the room, dividing a single space into separate rooms, or combining separate parts into a large open space. Thus, the architecture adapts to the person even at the level of the interior.

The ability to independently complete or reprint building blocks and structural elements, change external and internal solutions will significantly increase the service life of structures, their environmental friendliness, efficiency and attractiveness.

SA lab. adaptive design. 2018

Interaction architecture

Adaptive architecture is an off-leaf approach that works successfully at different levels and is characterized by continuous development.

The architecture of interaction is a way of connecting a person, a city and nature, which is based on the concept of interaction as a key aspect of development. It combines processes occurring at different levels into a single flexible system, taking into account the necessary parameters.

This approach allows us to solve existing problems, develop and respond to the challenges of the time. Thanks to adaptability, the quality of human life improves at the psychological and physical level.

Interacting with the city, nature, man.

• Graphic arts:SAlab

E.I. Pankova

Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. Gromada

TRANSFORMABLE MODULAR GRID IN ARCHITECTURE

The dynamics of modern life often require the creation of transformable, multifunctional architectural forms and spaces. To solve these problems, transformable modular grids can be used, which are easily superimposed on any surface, such as the facade, plan and other elements of buildings and structures.

The modern approach to architecture involves not only the creation of favorable conditions for human needs, but also the solution of environmental problems. Therefore, transformable modular grids can be based on the use of the idea of ​​reversible transformations of plants and their response to the impact. external environment. The embodiment of the principles of natural expediency in architecture leads to convergence and unification of the natural and artificial environments.

Grids, like plants, respond to changes in various environmental factors, such as light, air temperature, humidity, etc. In architecture, this is the movement of structural elements: enclosing surfaces, roofs, blinds systems, which is used to maintain the microclimate of the room.

A.O. Shilkova

Leaders: NIRS - prof. Yu.S. Yankovskaya,
arch. project - Assoc. V.V. Gromada

TECHNIQUES OF TRANSFORMATION IN ARCHITECTURE

(on the example of the architecture of a multifunctional residential complex)

A distinctive feature of our time is the ever-increasing dynamism of society. The world around us is changing, and modern man, without noticing it, is faced daily with changes in the environment. Architecture must meet all the requirements of a person and also change dynamically with him.

Considering architecture as a living organism that is sensitive to the needs of people, an understanding of architecture is formed as a changing artificial environment, adapted to the dynamic processes of reality and meeting the requirements of society.

In this regard, there is a need to transform the space of human life.

The main idea of ​​the research work is the development of flexible, transformable, variable space-planning and structural systems for the structure of a multifunctional residential complex that can meet the needs of people.

Among the tasks and features of the application of transformation in the structure of residential buildings, the following can be distinguished:

1. Versatile use of space.With the help of mobile structures, the problem of optimizing static elements and parameters of buildings is solved, the transformable space creates an environment "without borders".Structures formed using transformation should combine the maximum number of functions: "home-rest", "home-communication", "home-work", "home-study", while simultaneously ensuring the dynamic development of the living cell itself;

2. Microclimate regulationdue to reversible movements of structural elements. Transformable facade systems are designed to regulate the parameters of the microclimate in the room, constantly changing under the influence of the environment: sun, wind, precipitation, etc.;

3. Changing the spatial characteristics of an object:open/closed to environment, changing the level of natural light, etc., which contributes to the creation of a more comfortable environment for a person to stay.

4. Aesthetic aspect. And The idea of ​​a changing space, the complex conceptual structures of a mobile form, the possibility of its modification, depending on specific conditions, acquire unexpected effects and create expressive architectural solutions.

V.S. Berdnikov

Leaders: NIRS - prof. N.S. Akchurin,
arch. project - prof. N.S. Akchurin, prof. A.A. Raevsky

MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AS A METHOD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF INTERACTION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

The state of the human habitat on the planet is determined by environmental indicators. And the influence of architecture, as one of the most important spheres of human life, is very significant in this area.

Everything is interconnected in the world, just like in nature. The abundance of opportunities and resources is inexhaustible, if used properly.

MOBILE architecture is a solution to the issue of the interaction of global elements - ARCHITECTURE and ENVIRONMENT.

Let us consider several principles for the implementation of nanotechnologies that ensure maximum interaction between architecture and the natural environment:

The principle of conservation of energy,

The principle of "cooperation" with the sun,

The principle of respect for the inhabitant,

The principle of respect for the place,

The principle of integrity.

I.S. Popova

Leaders: NIRS - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa,
arch. project - Assoc. M.V. Vinnitsa

TRANSFORMABLE FACADES AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF ARCHITECTURE

Transformable architecture is the next step in the evolution of architecture. per century high technology and innovative materials, the notion of architecture as static, solid and heavy begins to fade into the background. The need of our environment for the ability to change, due to the fact that change is a constant process of our time, leads to the possibility of architecture to acquire the ability to physically adapt to human needs.

For a kinetic object, movement is the most essential part of the design. Even if a structure can exist in a static state, it is only in motion that the intention of its creator is fully revealed. When designing buildings with transformable facades, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between utilitarian and decorative functions in kinetic buildings, as well as the influence of transformable facades on the perception of architecture by a person, identifying the means of expressiveness of such facades. The technical elements of kinetic architecture need architectural rethinking and identification of their role in creating an artistic and figurative solution of architectural objects. Based on the materials studied, a number of criteria have been developed that allow structuring the problem of applying transformable architecture in local conditions. What matters is the urban planning aspect, the variability of setting up the building with elements of transformation (setting it as a dominant in the composition of the building or fitting it into the existing static building). In the artistic and imaginative solution of kinetic buildings, the degree of participation of the transformed element in the overall compositional solution, its independence or subordination to the general compositional structure is manifested. Structural arrangement types of building dynamics include transformation of façade systems, roof dynamics, floor rotation, and movement of the entire building. The most common goal of all types of transformation of an architectural structure is the need to create the necessary microclimatic characteristics inside the object, as well as the reasons for saving energy. In addition to the environmental aspect, the dynamics of buildings endow them with certain aesthetic properties. The type of building dynamics determines its space-planning structure, which manifests the complexity of the volume, the nature of the construction of the planning composition, as well as the functional content. The specificity of the constructive device of the building dynamics also determines its artistic and figurative solution.

Housing must be a transformable system, corresponding to the dynamics of the family's way of life itself. Such a system of planning organization of the apartment should be found, which would allow further transformation of internal spaces and obtain new options that also meet functional and aesthetic requirements. For example, in multi-room apartments modern building a free layout of rooms is laid, implemented in agreement with the owner.

AT general view the transformation of the internal space of the apartment can be divided into:

Daily (transformation of children's and bedrooms);

Short-term (transformation of common rooms when receiving guests, celebrations, etc.);

Seasonal (for example, the inclusion of summer premises in a residential or utility area);

Demographic (in connection with the entry of the family into a new period of formation).

At the same time, the planning decisions of reconstructed buildings are influenced by its constructive scheme, i.e. location in space of walls, pillars, columns. Moreover, the presence of an already existing skeleton makes it necessary to take, during reconstruction, a sequence of planning decisions that is reverse to the new construction, including the following steps:

Separation of the wall core into separate sections with existing or newly arranged staircases;

Distribution of sections into apartment cells (located on one or two levels);

The allocation of a residential and auxiliary zone in each apartment cell (with simultaneous linkage with the placement of engineering equipment and newly organized or existing sanitary and technical communications).

The possibility of choosing the layout of apartments (linear, two-sided, corner and end), the number, size and proportions of rooms, as well as providing ventilation and insolation are determined by the size and ratio of the width of the body and the distance between the staircases. The solution of the kitchen and sanitary block deserves special attention, which largely determines the level of comfort of the reconstructed housing.

1. For small-room apartments, it is convenient to place the kitchen and sanitary unit in a compact group at the entrance to the apartment. At the same time, a sufficient level of isolation of living rooms is ensured, and it is also possible to avoid the need for a corridor.

2. In case of high complexity or impossibility of transferring the existing sanitary and technical communications, the kitchen and sanitary block can be located in the back of the apartment. At the same time, communication with the hallway and rooms is carried out through the corridor.

3. In large multi-room apartments, the greatest convenience is provided by the separation of the kitchen and sanitary block (and, possibly, duplication of its elements). For example, a kitchen and a toilet with a sink are located at the entrance to the apartment, while a bathroom and a second toilet are located at the back of the apartment, next to the bedrooms.

Very often, IT increases the efficiency of management in an enterprise, but at the same time their development is chaotic. A tool is needed to ensure the relationship between the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise, business processes and technologies that support them.

For many years it was believed that the introduction of IT is intended primarily to ensure a higher efficiency of the current management of the entire organization, to optimize the collection and accumulation of information and to reduce decision-making time through better and faster access to data and the results of their processing. The impact of IT on the enterprise lies in the fact that the system begins to independently perform routine operations, and the decision-making functions remain for the person.

According to Gartner analysts, IT is beginning to play not only the role of a "technological substrate" that provides business process automation, but also become an element of its strategy, necessary for the transition of an enterprise to a qualitatively new level of functioning. Information and IT components are becoming an integral part of an increasing number of products and services.

High price information systems led to the need to evaluate economic efficiency their implementation. There are many complex methods quantification results of system implementation. In the end, it turned out that the easiest way to prove the effectiveness of the introduction of inexpensive "box solutions". A tender was held for each new task and a new one was purchased software. For some time it became "not fashionable" to introduce "complex" information systems.

As a result, many enterprises have become owners of a large number of various information systems that solve individual local problems. Some IT departments are solving the problem of their integration, others are trying to deal with a large number of legacy applications, the descriptions of which have been lost after the maintenance specialists left.

The state of business IT support in many modern large enterprises can be described as "automated chaos". Not only is there no information about existing information services but often not documented functionality information systems and their technical implementation. In such companies, there are disparate teams of architects and business analysts who are carriers of “inner knowledge” about systems and technologies that ensure the integration of disparate solutions into a single whole.

Main problem large companies is the lack of correct information about the existing IT support for the business and its strategy further development. A paradoxical situation arises: IT increases the efficiency of enterprise management, but at the same time their development is chaotic. We need a tool that ensures the relationship between the strategic goals and objectives of the enterprise, business processes and technologies that support them. Need to develop an enterprise architecture.

What is Enterprise Architecture?

Under the enterprise architecture (Enterprise Architecture, EA) is usually understood a complete description (model) of the structure of an enterprise as a system, including a description key elements this system, the connections between them. IBM analysts believe that "the discipline of Enterprise Architecture defines and maintains the architectural models, governance mechanisms, and transition initiatives (from current state to target) necessary to effectively coordinate partially autonomous groups in solving business and/or IT problems."

An enterprise architecture defines the overall structure and function of systems (business and IT) throughout an organization (including partners and other organizations that form the so-called real-time enterprise) and provides a common framework, standards, and guidance for any level of management architecture. The common vision provided by the enterprise architecture enables a unified design of systems that are adequate to the needs of the organization and capable of interoperability and integration where necessary.

Enterprise architecture evolves in cycles. When developing an enterprise development strategy, changes in the enterprise's business architecture are identified that allow optimizing its business processes, and a change in the enterprise's business processes entails a change in the IT architecture. The next steps are to develop a migration plan and transition from the current state to the planned one. The migration process is only the next step in the transformation of the enterprise, and its completion means the transition of the enterprise to new round development, starting again with strategy development.

One of the traditional questions that arise when developing an enterprise architecture is the need for its implementation. Most executives prefer to justify their enterprise architecture investment in terms of ROI, but according to Gartner analysts, none of those justifications were plausible. "In ten years of working with thousands of companies, Gartner has never seen a single example of a solid ROI case for an EA program," said Brian Burke, Gartner's top enterprise architecture analyst. - Conclusion: this cannot be done - and do not start.

Evaluating the effectiveness of an enterprise architecture is one of the important factors architectural process. But it is more correct to lay qualitative rather than quantitative methods of assessment in the basis of it.

To assess the need to build an enterprise architecture, you can choose a set of indicators that reflect the impact of architecture on the costs and revenues of the company. These indicators should answer two main questions:

• How does enterprise architecture affect IT?
• How does enterprise architecture directly affect the business?

Enterprise architecture: from theory to practice

In various architectural techniques, everything looks very simple and beautiful. You need to choose one of the methodologies you like (TOGAF, Zachman Framework, Gartner Enterprise Architecture Framework, Oracle Enterprise Architecture Framework), develop your own version of the architecture based on it, implement the architectural process and start drawing models using one of the architectural tools you like. It's in theory.

In practice, under the construction of enterprise architecture is understood many various kinds activities - from work related to the solution of current technological problems, to focused on the integration of business and IT. Usually, different types work is carried out by different groups of specialists.

Gartner analysts have identified four groups of processes that are performed by various teams of specialists.

Tactical architecture (Tactical Architecture) - includes the architecture of local projects that are carried out in accordance with a specific plan for the development of information systems and business processes. The specialists involved in such projects, as a rule, are professionals in specific areas, they are mainly engaged in solving current problems and often cannot assess their impact on the enterprise as a whole.

Enterprise Tactical Architecture - coordinates all enterprise projects, ensures the integration of various applications into a single whole. Analysts working in such a team have a broad understanding of existing problems and can influence the choice of a particular solution. At the same time, the development of architecture occurs only in terms of technology and does not affect the business.

Strategic architecture (Strategic Architecture) - provides project planning across the enterprise and the correspondence between the development strategy of the enterprise and changes in its architecture. At the same time, work on strategic planning, as a rule, affect exclusively high-level tasks.

Mature Enterprise Architecture - should combine all the main activities aimed at the development of enterprise architecture into a single whole, planning and defining the future architecture of the enterprise. The architectural team becomes an integral part of the business, planning management financial activities and application portfolio management activities, advises other working groups on further technology development and business strategy.

The main disadvantage of existing architectural techniques is, first of all, the lack of links with a really functioning organization. It is necessary to ensure control over the adoption of the right technical decisions and evaluate how these decisions correspond to the strategy for the development of information systems, the technological standards that exist in the company, and modern trends in the industry. An architectural process is needed that is inextricably linked to an existing and functioning IT department.

The development of the architectural process is prerequisite efficient enterprise architecture and allows flexibility in approaching changes in business technology. The architectural process provides: rapid development and implementation of new information systems (while minimizing the likelihood of duplicating their functionality), monitoring the compliance of the enterprise development strategy with modern trends in the industry, the ability to constantly collect correct information describing the current situation in the company.

One of the main components of the architectural process development project is the creation of structures that provide management and control over the process itself.

The instrument that provides management and control over the course of the architectural process is an architectural committee headed by one of the top managers. The functions of the architectural committee are to monitor and approve the projects and initiatives that exist in the company, and evaluate the feasibility of their implementation. It should be noted that together with the architectural committee, another bureaucratic level is being created at the enterprise, which allows you to activate and stop projects. The disadvantage may be the possibility of delays when the committee considers issues that need to be resolved quickly.

The enterprise architecture influences all steps involved in the development of a solution and includes four main areas.

Learning new technologies - provides analysis current trends in the industry and assessment of the opportunity practical use innovative technologies that appeared on the market; influences the target architecture and ensures the choice of optimal technological solutions and their testing (carrying out pilot projects). Ideally, such activities should be carried out by a separate laboratory (test area).

Solution architecture is the process of developing applied systems, which includes the analysis of business requirements, the preparation of an architectural concept and an integration plan within a specific project.

Target architecture - describes the desired future state of the enterprise. The target architecture can be called an ideal enterprise model, which is based on: strategic requirements for business processes and IT, information about the identified " bottlenecks» and ways to eliminate them, analysis of technological trends and business environment of the enterprise.

The current architecture is the process of documenting and maintaining up-to-date information about the state of the enterprise, including maintaining a database of architectural objects, management accounting and state accounting.

Enterprise Architecture and ITIL

Currently, the most popular way to document the state of information systems and IT infrastructure is to implement a Configuration Management process. The process is primarily focused on storing data on IT infrastructure objects in the form of configuration items and relationships between them, but it is often used to store any documentation on existing applications.

ITIL version 3 introduces a Service Knowledge Management System (SKMS) with which IT management processes interact. The SKMS system can store not only standard information about configuration items, but also "applications for providing access to services, incidents, problems, errors, changes, releases."

A CMDB (Configuration Management Data Base) user needs to integrate IT services and their components to optimize operational changes. The purpose of the configuration management process is to optimize IT performance for the business.

The mission of enterprise architecture is to support business strategy. To achieve it, it is necessary to integrate information and manage information related to business, technology, applications. As part of building an enterprise architecture, it becomes necessary to link such heterogeneous elements as customer needs, the behavior of competitors, and technological trends in the industry into a single whole. At the same time, it is necessary to understand how business, information and technology will work in a few years.

Now a separate class of tools has appeared that provides not only enterprise architecture modeling, but also automation of the architectural process (Enterprise Architecture Management). Architectural tools have their own repository where the necessary information is stored. This information is usually divided into four main groups:

• business architecture (strategy, goals, objectives, requirements, plans, processes, products, services, organizational structure, budgets);
• information architecture (data, information flows, interfaces);
• application architecture (applications, versions, components, services);
• technological architecture (application instances, platforms, databases, servers).

Architectural tools include information stored in the CMDB and should therefore be integrated with them. Some manufacturers software believe that a system that automates the architectural process should also automate other processes of the IT department (program portfolio management, releases, compliance with best practices and standards). In addition, some architectural tools allow you to automate the creation of models in accordance with the information stored in the repository.

Many modern companies begin the development of enterprise architecture with the introduction of architectural tools and building models. According to analysts at Gartner, this is one of the most common mistakes, since modeling only provides detail and documentation of the information collected in the previous stages of the architectural process.

First of all, the focus should be on building an efficiently working architectural process. And how the enterprise architecture will be documented and modeled does not matter, provided that the information is easily accessible and stored in a visual form.

Alexey Sizov - system architecture expert at Vimpelcom;