The main prerequisites for using isup own design. Project Management System
3.6. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSAND CONTROL
3.6.1. Enterprise Management Information Systems (EMIS)
Definitions of basic concepts. Let's start with the definitions necessary for understanding the further reasoning.
Information - information about the surrounding world (objects, phenomena, events, processes, etc.), which reduce the existing degree of uncertainty, incompleteness of knowledge, alienated from their creator and become messages. This information is expressed in a certain language in the form of signs, including those recorded on a material carrier. They can be reproduced by transmission by people orally, in writing or in other ways.
Information allows organizations to:
Monitor the current state of the organization, its divisions and processes in them;
Determine the strategic, tactical and operational goals and objectives of the organization;
Make informed and timely decisions;
Coordinate the activities of departments in achieving goals.
Information need is a conscious understanding of the difference between individual knowledge about a subject and knowledge accumulated by society.
Data is information reduced to the level of an object of certain transformations.
Document - an information message in paper, sound, electronic or other form, executed according to certain rules duly certified.
Document management is a system for creating, interpreting, transmitting, receiving, archiving documents, as well as monitoring their execution and protecting against unauthorized access.
Economic information is a set of information about socio-economic processes that serve to manage these processes and groups of people in the industrial and non-industrial sphere.
Information resources - the entire amount of information available in the information system.
Information technology is a system of methods and ways of collecting, transferring, accumulating, processing, storing, presenting and using information.
Automation is the replacement of human activity by the work of machines and mechanisms.
Information system (IS) - an information circuit together with the means of collecting, transmitting, processing and storing information, as well as personnel performing these actions with information.
The mission of information systems is the production of information necessary for the organization to ensure effective management all its resources, the creation of an information and technological environment for the management of the organization.
Usually, three levels are distinguished in control systems: strategic, tactical and operational. Each of these levels of management has its own tasks, in the solution of which there is a need for relevant data, this data can be obtained by querying the information system. These requests are directed to the relevant information in the information system. Information technology allows you to process requests and, using the available information, form a response to these requests. Thus, at each level of management, information appears that serves as the basis for making appropriate decisions.
As a result of the application of information technologies to information resources, some new information or information is created in new form. These information system products are called information products and services.
An information product or service is a specific service, when some information content in the form of a set of data, formed by the manufacturer for distribution in tangible and intangible form, is provided for use by the consumer.
Currently, there is an opinion about the information system as a system implemented using computer technology. This is not true. Like information technology, information systems can function both with the use of technical means and without such use. This is a matter of economic feasibility.
Advantages of manual (paper) systems:
ease of implementation of existing solutions;
they are easy to understand and require a minimum of training to master them;
no technical skills required;
they are usually flexible and adaptable to suit business processes.
Advantages of automated systems:
in an automated information system, it becomes possible to holistically and comprehensively present everything that happens to an organization, since all economic factors and resources are displayed in a single information form in the form of data.
Corporate IS is usually considered as a certain set of private solutions and components of their implementation, including:
Single base information storage;
A set of applied systems created by different companies and using different technologies.
The information system of the company (in particular, PMIS) should:
Allow to accumulate certain experience and knowledge, generalize them in the form of formalized procedures and solution algorithms;
Constantly improve and develop;
Quickly adapt to changes in the external environment and new needs of the organization;
Meet the urgent requirements of a person, his experience, knowledge, psychology.
So, an enterprise management information system (EMIS) is an operating environment that is able to provide managers and specialists with up-to-date and reliable information about all business processes of an enterprise necessary for planning operations, their execution, registration and analysis. In other words, PMIS is a system that contains a description of the full market cycle - from business planning to analysis of enterprise performance
Tasks of ISUP. Management of enterprises in modern conditions requires more and more efficiency. Therefore, the use of enterprise management information systems (EMIS) is one of the most important levers for business development.
Particular tasks solved by PMIS are largely determined by the field of activity, structure and other features of specific enterprises. As examples, one can refer to the experience of creating an ISUP for an enterprise - a telecom operator and the experience of implementing SAP R / 3 system partners at a number of enterprises in the CIS and far abroad. At the same time, an approximate list of tasks that should be solved by PMIS at various levels of enterprise management and for its various services can be considered generally recognized by now. It is shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
The main tasks of the PMIS
|
Management levels and services |
Tasks to be solved |
|
Enterprise management |
providing reliable information about financial condition companies at the current moment and preparation of a forecast for the future; |
|
Financial and accounting services |
full control over the movement of funds; |
|
Manufacturing control |
control over the fulfillment of production orders; |
|
Marketing Services |
control over the promotion of new products on the market; |
|
Sales and Supply Services |
maintenance of databases of goods, products, services; |
|
Warehouse accounting services |
management of a multi-link structure of warehouses; |
3.6.2. Place of ISUP in the controlling system
In short, controlling is information and analytical support for decision-making in management. In turn, information management systems are computer support for controlling. Controlling, in turn, is the main supplier of information for enterprise management. The purpose of controlling information support is to provide management with information about the current state of affairs of the enterprise and predict the consequences of changes in the internal or external environment. The main tasks of controlling according to are presented in Table 2.
Table 2.
Main tasks of controlling
|
Types of controlling |
Main tasks to be solved |
|
Controlling in the management system |
The target task of strategic controlling is to ensure the long-term successful functioning of the organization. The main task of operational controlling is to provide methodological, informational and instrumental support for enterprise managers |
|
financial controlling |
Maintaining the profitability and ensuring the liquidity of the enterprise |
|
Controlling in production |
Information support of production and management processes |
|
Marketing Controlling |
Information support for effective management to meet customer needs |
|
Supply Controlling |
Information support of the process of acquiring production resources, analysis of purchased resources, calculation of the efficiency of the supply department |
|
Logistics Controlling |
Current control over the efficiency of the processes of warehousing and transportation of material resources |
Let's compare (in accordance with Table 3) the main tasks that ISUP and controlling solve (see Table 1 and Table 2).
Table 3
Comparison of tasks of PMIS and controlling
|
PMIS tasks to be solved for: |
Controlling tasks solved |
|
Enterprise Guides |
Controlling in the management system |
|
Financial and accounting services |
financial controlling |
|
production management |
Controlling in production |
|
Marketing Services |
Marketing Controlling |
|
Sales and Supply Services |
Resource Controlling |
|
Warehouse accounting services |
Logistics Controlling |
From Table 3 it can be seen that the tasks of the PMIS, solved for each level of management and service of the enterprise, correspond to the tasks solved by controlling in one or another area of the enterprise (namely, controlling in the management system, financial controlling etc.).
If we consider the structure of the PMIS, then we can distinguish 5 main modules that are present in each information system. These are financial and economic management, accounting and personnel, warehouse, production, trade (sales).
3.6.3. Prospects for the joint development of PMIS and controlling
In order to look into the future, let's first try to go back to the past.
As you know, the development of management methods for industrial enterprises in the early twentieth century is associated primarily with the names of G. Ford, F. Taylor, G. Gantt, A. Fayol, Y. Gastev and others. It was A. Fayol who divided the actions of the administration into a number of functions, to which he attributed forecasting and planning, the creation of organizational structures, team leadership, coordination of managers and control.
inventory management model, leading to the "square root formula" for optimal size order, proposed by F. Harris in 1915, but gained fame after the publication of the well-known work of R. Wilson in 1934, and therefore is often called the Wilson model. The theory of inventory management received a powerful impetus in 1951 thanks to the work of K. Arrow (the future Nobel laureate in economics), T. Harris, J. Marshak. In 1952, the works of A. Dvoretsky, J. Kiefer, J. Wolfowitz were published. In Russian, the theory of inventory management was considered in the works of E.V. Bulinskaya, J. Bukan, E. Keningsberg, Yu.I. Ryzhikova, V.A. Lototsky, A.I. Orlova, A.A. Kolobova, I.N. Omelchenko and many others.
It should be noted the work on the creation of ISUP, performed at the Kiev Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, created by B.V. Gnedenko in the 1950s (in 1961 this institute was headed by V.M. Glushkov). In the early 1960s, work began in the United States on inventory management automation. The end of the 60s is associated with the work of O. White, who, with the development of automation systems industrial enterprises proposed to consider in a complex production, supply and marketing divisions. In the publications of O. White, planning algorithms were formulated, today known as MRP - material requirements planning- in the late 60s, and MRP II - production resource planning- in the late 70's - early 80's. .
Not all modern management concepts originated in the United States. Thus, the method of planning and management Just-in-time("just in time") appeared at the enterprises of the Japanese automobile concern in the 50s, and the methods OPT-optimized technology production facilities were established in Israel in the 70s. Concept computerized integrated manufacturing CIM originated in the early 1980s and is associated with the integration of flexible manufacturing and its management systems. Methods CALS - computer support for the supply and logistics process originated in the 80s in the US military department to improve the efficiency of management and planning in the process of ordering, developing, organizing production, supply and operation military equipment. . System ERP - corporate resource planning offered by an analytics firm Gartner Group not so long ago, in the early 90s, and has already confirmed its viability. Systems CRM- customer relationship management became necessary in a highly competitive market, where the focus was not on the product, but on the client. Much has been done in the USSR and in Russia, primarily at the Institute of Control Problems, the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, the All-Russian Research Institute for System Research, and the Computing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Currently, there is a gradual emphasis in enterprise resource planning (based on ERP systems) is shifting towards supporting and implementing supply chain management processes ( SCM systems), customer relationship management (CRM systems) and e-business (e-commerce systems).
Based on the analysis of trends in the development of the Russian market of software for automating the process of enterprise management, we can conclude that it is developing dynamically and the range of tasks requiring automation is becoming more complex. Heads first Russian enterprises most often they set the simplest tasks, in particular, the task of automating the accounting process. With the development of companies, the complication of business processes, there was a need not only for “post-mortem accounting”, but also for logistics management ( logistics processes), work with debtors and creditors and many other activities aimed at solving the problems that the internal and external environment. To meet these management needs, they began to use corporate information management systems - solutions covering the activities of the entire enterprise.
Thus, as a result of the “evolution”, the PMIS has turned from computer accounting and an automated inventory management system into integrated system management of the entire enterprise.
Currently, there are a large number of standard PMIS on the market - from local (cost up to 50 thousand US dollars) to large integrated ones (cost from 500 thousand US dollars and more). Standard solutions of these ISUPs are "tied" by supplier firms to the conditions of specific enterprises.
It should be noted that at present the main part of the PMIS is not being developed on the basis of standard solutions, but in a single copy for each individual enterprise. This is done by the relevant divisions of enterprises in order to take into account the characteristics of specific enterprises as fully as possible.
The classification of typical systems available on the Russian market has been developed in the work. We give a description of the main types of PMIS.
· Local systems. As a rule, they are designed to automate activities in one or two areas. Often they can be the so-called "boxed" product. The cost of such solutions ranges from several thousand to several tens of thousands of US dollars.
· Financial management systems. Such solutions have much greater functionality than local ones. However, their distinguishing feature is the absence of modules dedicated to production processes. And if only Russian systems are represented in the first category, here the ratio of Russian and Western products is approximately equal. The implementation time of such systems can be up to a year, and the cost can be from $50,000 to $200,000.
· Medium integrated systems. These systems are designed for production plant management and integrated planning. production process. They are characterized by the presence of specialized functions. Such systems are the most competitive in domestic market in their area of specialization with large Western systems, while their cost is significantly (by an order of magnitude or more) lower than large ones.
· Large integrated systems. To date, these are the most functionally developed and, accordingly, the most complex and expensive systems in which the MRPII and ERP management standards are implemented. The implementation time of such systems, taking into account the automation of production management, can be several years, and the cost ranges from several hundred thousand to several tens of millions of dollars. It should be noted that these systems are designed primarily to improve management efficiency. large enterprises and corporations. accounting requirements or personnel records fade into the background in this case.
· Constructors is a commercial software tool, suite of software tools, or specialized programming environment for relatively fast (compared to general-purpose programming tools) creation of business applications. Naturally, in this case, they rely on the invariant of the methodology and operation technology underlying the constructor.
· Specialized Solutions - are intended mainly for obtaining corporate consolidated reporting, planning, budgeting, data analysis using OLAP technology ( on-lineanalyticalprocessing- operational data analysis , more specifically, multivariate operational data analysis for decision support).
Econometric methods in PMIS. An analysis of the real needs of enterprises has shown that in order to create a full-fledged system that would provide not only accounting functions, but also the possibility of forecasting, analyzing scenarios, and supporting managerial decision-making, a typical set of functions of ERP systems is not enough. The solution of this class of problems requires the use of analytical systems and methods, primarily econometric ones, the inclusion of these systems and methods in the PMIS.
Econometric methods are an important part of the scientific tools of the controller, and their computer implementation is an important part of the information support of controlling. At practical use econometric methods in the operation of the controller, it is necessary to apply the appropriate software systems. General statistical systems such as DISAN, PPAND, SPSS, Statgraphics, Statistica, ADDA, and more specialized Statcon, SPC, NADIS, REST(according to statistics of interval data), Matrixer and many others .
ISUP in solving controlling problems. Summing up, first of all, we note that PMIS play an undeniably important role in solving controlling problems. For the purpose of information support of controlling, a special module "Controlling" must be included in the ISUP. This is necessary so that the system provides not only computer support for controlling, provides managers and specialists with up-to-date and reliable information about all business processes of the enterprise, necessary for planning operations, their implementation, registration and analysis. But it would also become a system that carries information about the full market cycle - from business planning to analysis of the results of an enterprise.
The M-3 software package (the next generation of the M-2 system), developed by the Client-Server-Technologies company, is no longer positioned simply as an enterprise management system, but a product that forms a decision-making environment. In the "M-3" complex, there is a shift in emphasis: from a registration system to a structure that makes it possible to implement forecasting based on professional analysis. The basis for this is the implementation of the controlling mechanism, which involves the creation of a tool for making operational decisions in the financial, production and other areas of enterprises.
In addition, the experience of Western companies shows that demand is gradually growing for large integrated systems, which are distinguished by the depth of support for the management of large multifunctional groups of enterprises (holdings or financial and industrial groups).
And if we talk about the development of the domestic PMIS industry and the widespread introduction of controlling into work practice Russian organizations and enterprises, we have to admit that for the majority of Russian enterprises the stage of full-scale informatization of business is just beginning.
Literature
1. Orlov A.I., Volkov D.L. Econometric methods in resource management and business information support for a telecom company. // Prydniprovsky scientific visnik. Donbass release. Economy. No. 109 (176). Breast 1998
2. Vinogradov S.L. Controlling as a management technology. Practice Notes//Controlling. 2002. No. 2.
3. Karminsky A.M., Dementiev A.V., Zhevaga A.A. Informatization of controlling in the financial and industrial group // Controlling. 2002. No. 2.
4. Karminsky A.M., Olenev N.I., Primak A.G., Falko S.G. Controlling in business. Methodological and practical foundations for building controlling in organizations. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1998. - 256 p.
5. Orlov A.I. Sustainability in socio-economic models. – M.: Nauka, 1979. – 296 p.
6. White O. U. Management of production and inventories in the age of computers. - M.: Progress. 1978. - 302 p.
7. Computer-integrated production and CALS-technologies in mechanical engineering. - M.: Federal Information and Analytical Center defense industry. 1999. - 510 p.
8. Lyubavin A.A. Features of the modern methodology for the implementation of controlling in Russia//Controlling. 2002. No. 1.
9. Karpachev I. You will go to the left // Enterprise partner: corporate systems. 2000. No. 10.
10. Orlov A.I. Econometrics. - M.: Exam, 2002. - 576 p.
11. Orlov A.I. Econometric support of controlling // Controlling. 2002. No. 1.
12. Guskova E.A., Orlov A.I. Information systems of enterprise management in solving problems of controlling // Controlling. 2003. No. 1.
test questions
1. What is the role of information in management?
2. Should the information system be implemented with the help of computer technology?
3. Discuss basic definitions in the field of enterprise management information systems.
4. What are the main tasks of the PMIS?
5. What is the essence of controlling?
6. What are the main tasks of controlling?
7. What is the place of ISUP in the controlling system?
Topics of reports, abstracts, research work
1. Composition and movement of information arrays.
2. History of PMIS development.
3. Circulation of paper and electronic documents.
4. Controlling in Russia.
4. Econometric methods in information systems.
5. The role of the Internet and corporate computer networks in enterprise management.
| Previous |
To successfully implement the changes planned in the company, it is necessary to clearly understand that every business unit needs continuous engineering. Continuous engineering involves approaching business as a process. A process is a sequence of economic acts (tasks, work, relationships) predetermined by business goals. It is sometimes said that a business process is a set of steps that a firm takes from one state to another, or from "input" to "output". The inputs and outputs here are not parts of the firm or its divisions, but events. General management business and business processes is called "business engineering", meaning by this the constant design of processes - the definition of inputs and outputs, and the sequence of steps - within a business unit.
Nowadays, the concept of business reengineering is becoming popular in the design of business processes. The founder of the theory of reengineering, M. Hammer, defined this concept as follows: "a fundamental rethinking and a radical change in decisions about business processes in order to achieve noticeable improvements in critical important indicators activities such as cost, quality, service and speed."
Reengineering has the following properties:
- he refuses outdated rules and regulations and starts the business process as if from a "clean slate", this allows him to overcome the negative impact of dogmas;
- he disregards the established systems, structures and procedures of the company and radically changes, reinvents ways economic activity- if it is impossible to remake your business environment, then you can remake your business;
- it leads to significant changes in performance indicators.
Reengineering is applied in three main situations:
- in conditions when the company is in a state of deep crisis;
- in conditions when the current position of the company is satisfactory, but the forecasts of its activities are rather unfavorable;
- in situations where aggressive, prosperous organizations seek to increase the gap from competitors and create unique competitive advantages.
The main stages of reengineering:
- formation of the desired image of the company (the basic elements of construction are the strategy of the company, the main guidelines, ways to achieve them);
- model creation existing business firms (to create a model, the results of the analysis of the organizational environment, controlling data are used; processes that need restructuring are determined);
- development of a new business model - direct reengineering (selected processes are redesigned, new personnel functions are formed, new information systems are created, a new model is tested);
- implementation of the new business model.
Business reengineering is a process of rapid change based on a sequence of quickly made and implemented management decisions based on the application of modern scientific methods and the use of practical management experience.
Enterprise Management Information Systems (EMIS)
Let's start with the definitions necessary for understanding the further reasoning. Consistent consideration of these definitions makes it possible to enter the field of enterprise management information systems (EMIS) necessary for a modern manager.
Information - information about the surrounding world (objects, phenomena, events, processes, etc.), which reduce the existing degree of uncertainty, incompleteness of knowledge, alienated from their creator and become messages (expressed in a certain language in the form of signs, including recorded on a tangible medium) that can be reproduced by transmission by people orally, in writing or in any other way.
Data - information reduced to the level of an object of certain transformations, including with the help of computer tools.
Document - Announcement in paper, sound, electronic or other form, drawn up according to certain rules, certified in the prescribed manner.
Document management - a system for creating, interpreting, transmitting, receiving, archiving documents, as well as monitoring their execution and protecting against unauthorized access.
Information technology is a system of methods and ways of collecting, transferring, accumulating, processing, storing, presenting and using information.
Information system (IS) - an information circuit (combining the ways of information movement in an organization) together with the means of collecting, transmitting, processing and storing information, as well as the personnel performing these actions with information.
The mission of information systems is the production of the information necessary for the organization to ensure the effective management of all its resources, the creation of an information and technological environment for decision making and management of the organization.
Usually, three levels are distinguished in control systems: strategic, tactical and operational. Each of these levels of management has its own tasks, in the solution of which there is a need for relevant data, this data can be obtained by querying the information system. These requests are directed to the relevant information in the information system. Information Technology allow you to process requests and, using the available information, form a response to these requests. Thus, at each level of management, information appears that serves as the basis for making appropriate decisions.
As a result of the application of information technology to information resources some new information or information in a new form is created. These information system products are called information products and services.
Currently, there is an opinion about the information system as a system, in without fail implemented using computer technology. This is not true. Like information Technology, Information Systems can also function using technical means, and without such application. This is a matter of economic feasibility.
Advantages of manual (paper) systems:
- ease of implementation of existing solutions;
- they are easy to understand and require a minimum of training to master them;
- no technical skills required;
- they are usually flexible and adaptable to suit business processes.
Advantages of automated systems:
- the search, dissemination and duplication of information is facilitated and cardinally accelerated;
- the volume of information in IS increases;
- in an automated information system, it becomes possible to holistically and comprehensively present everything that happens to an organization, since all economic factors and resources are displayed in a single information form in the form of data.
The information system of an organization (enterprises, firms, corporations) is usually considered as a certain set of private solutions and components of their implementation, including:
- unified information storage base;
- a set of applied systems created by different companies and using different technologies.
Creation management information system enterprise is a rather long and resource-intensive process in which four main stages can be distinguished.
- Project sketch. Detailed description goals and objectives of the project, available resources, constraints, etc.
- Project evaluation. It is determined what the system will do, how it will work, what hardware and software will be used, how they will be serviced. A list of requirements for the system is being prepared, and the needs of regular users are being studied.
- Building and testing. Personnel must make sure that the IS is comfortable to work with before it becomes the basis of the activity.
- Debugging and implementation. The project is not completed until the project manager can demonstrate that the IS is working reliably.
IS life cycle - the period of creation and use of IS, covering its various states, starting from the moment the need for this IS arises and ending with the moment of its complete decommissioning.
The IP life cycle is divided into the following stages:
- pre-project survey;
- design;
- development of IS;
- putting the IS into operation;
- operation of IP;
- completion of the operation of the IS.
So, management information system enterprise (ISUP) is operating environment, which is able to provide managers and specialists with up-to-date and reliable information about all business processes of the enterprise, necessary for planning operations, their implementation, registration and analysis. In other words, a modern PMIS is a system that contains a description of the full market cycle - from business planning to analysis of the results of an enterprise. In reality, the development of PMIS often begins with a partial computerization of information processes, for example, within the framework of accounting or warehousing.
Tasks of the PMIS
Management of enterprises in modern conditions requires more and more efficiency. Therefore, the use of enterprise management information systems (EMIS) is one of the most important levers for business development.
Particular tasks solved by PMIS are largely determined by the field of activity, structure and other features of specific enterprises. As examples, one can refer to the experience of creating an ISMS for an enterprise - a telecom operator and the experience of implementing SAP R / 3 system partners at a number of enterprises in the CIS and far abroad. its various services, by now can be considered universally recognized among specialists. It is shown in Table 5.1. In solving these problems, various methods of the theory are widely used. decision making, including econometric and optimization ones.
| № | Management levels and services | Tasks to be solved |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Enterprise management |
|
| 2 | Financial and accounting services |
|
| 3 | Manufacturing control |
|
| 4 | Marketing Services |
|
| 5 | Sales and Supply Services |
|
| 6 | Warehouse accounting services |
|
Project Management Information System (PMIS)
The project management information system is not a mandatory element of the project management system and information support project, but may become critical important element project management systems under certain circumstances. The presence of PMIS should be justified by the needs of the organization's project activities or the needs of a particular project.
For the purposes of a single small or medium project, the value of the PMIS may be limited, but when implemented major projects, or a set of projects, when working with a large amount of project information, the importance of PMIS is difficult to underestimate.
A study conducted by PmExpert among domestic companies, the share of large organizations (from 300 people) among which was 65%, revealed that 60% of the surveyed organizations that have implemented PMIS positively assess the effect of implementation. Thus, the increasing importance of PMIS in the presence of a large amount of project data is confirmed.
PMIS refers to software that performs the functions of supporting project management processes or a project management information system.
The use of specialized software allows you to increase the efficiency of project management processes through:
- Reducing labor costs when performing project management processes;
- Improving communications of participants in project activities through the use of common information resources;
- Increasing the speed of project management processes and the process of motivating project participants;
- Minimize the number of design information errors;
- Automated processing and centralized storage of project information.
Depending on the purpose and set of functionality, software to support project activities can be classified as follows:
- Basic systems project management support. They are specialized software designed to perform a narrow set of basic project management processes, such as scheduling, accounting for project labor costs, fixing design decisions, etc. Base systems usually have a local mode of operation, are installed on the user's personal computer, usually a project manager or administrator. Such systems include Microsoft Project local version (Microsoft, USA), Open Project (Serena Software, USA) and others.
- Extended project management support systems. These include software designed to support a wide range of "classic" project management processes. Such information systems contain interconnected data different processes project management, may have the possibility of different presentation of data for different levels of management of the organization, the possibility of multi-user work, but usually have limited integration with related information systems. Systems of this class include such systems as PM Foresight (Proektnaya PRAKTIKA Group of Companies, Russia), ADVANTA (Advanta Group, Russia), Microsoft Enterprise project management(Microsoft, USA), etc.
- Advanced project management support systems. They represent the evolutionary development of systems belonging to the "Extended" class. They differ from them primarily in that they allow integrating project activities with other types of activities and processes of the organization by creating a single information space, using advanced data integration mechanisms. It would be more accurate to say that these are no longer specialized systems for supporting project management processes, but complex information systems that create a single information space of the organization, and include, among other things, functionality to support project management processes. Examples of such systems are Oracle e-Busines Suite (ORACLE, USA), SAP ERP (SAP, Germany).
The choice by an organization of a project management support system of a certain class depends on the level of development of project management processes in the organization, the scale of project activities, the level of development of management processes in the organization as a whole, the financial capabilities of the organization to purchase and operate the system, specific requirements to the system.
Before implementing a project management information system, an organization must answer a number of questions that set the scope for using PMIS:
- Should the system be used at all levels of management?
- Who will be the users of the system?
- Should the system be used only for high priority projects?
- What project management processes should PMIS automate?
- What business processes of the organization are planned to be integrated with PMIS?
- What effects are expected from the introduction of PMIS?
The information system can be seen as a substitute for live and informal communication, the transfer of skills and experience within the staff, but it should not replace this with rigid channels of communication.
For the effective implementation of PMIS, it is necessary A complex approach, including at the same time activities for integration with the organization's software, training of users of PMIS, development of regulatory documents for working with PMIS, continuous development and adaptation of PMIS to the needs of the organization's project management during operation.
Critical conditions for the successful implementation of PMIS are the support of the organization's management and the presence of a project management methodology in the organization.
The approach to the implementation of PMIS is similar to the approach to the implementation of the organization's project management system - "from simple to complex": first, the key and most easily automated basic and supporting project management processes are automated, such as scheduling, collection and reporting, organization of meetings and control of project execution. solutions, and then there is a consistent increase in the functionality of the PMIS.
Examples of processes automated using PMIS are given in the table.
Typical processes automated by ISUP
| No. p / p | Process name | Recommended order of implementation |
| Project management processes | ||
| 1. | Certification of projects | first |
| 2. | scheduling | first |
| 3. | Project performance management | first-second |
| 4. | Accounting labor resources project | second |
| 5. | Accounting for the working time of project personnel | second-third |
| 6. | Project finance management | first-third |
| 7. | Risk, issue and open issue management | second-third |
| 8. | Collection and generation of reports on the project (projects) | first-third |
| 9. | Change management | first |
| 10. | Storage of project documentation | first-third |
| 11. | Organizing meetings and entering meeting results | first |
| 12. | Control of execution of design decisions | first |
| 13. | Contract management and project delivery planning | third |
| 14. | Project Portfolio Management | third |
| PMIS processes | ||
| 15. | PMIS Administration | first |
| 16. | Logging of PMIS actions | first |
| 17. | Notification of project participants | second |
| 18. | Integration with related processes of the organization | third |
When implementing PMIS, at the initial stage of implementation, it is important to ensure the use of the system by users, because the usefulness of the system at first for users may not be obvious and appears after the accumulation of an array of design information in the PMIS.
An important indicator of the active use of PMIS is the presence of integration with other services and information systems of the organization. As a rule, first of all, PMIS is integrated with email(for notifications and alerts), the LDAP directory service, and document management system. The presence of integration with accounting and ERP systems indicates high degree relevance and reliability of information in the PMIS.
General recommendations for the implementation of a project management information system include the following: it is necessary to clearly understand the goals and benefits expected from the implementation new system; the results of the implementation of the system must be agreed with everyone who is associated with its implementation or will participate in its operation; consistent implementation of the developed solutions from "simple to complex", from local to global; development of design solutions on pilot projects; priority on the implementation of functionality that demonstrates to users and management the obvious usefulness of PMIS.
The directory service is a software package that allows the administrator to own an array of information about network resources (shared folders, print servers, printers, users, etc.) ordered by a number of features, stored in a single place, which provides centralized management of both the resources themselves and and information about them, as well as allowing you to control their use by third parties.
LDAP (English Lightweight Directory Access Protocol - “lightweight directory access protocol”) is a network protocol for accessing a directory service.
Although the MTP and SCCP subsystems discussed in the previous two sections provide a very powerful transmission mechanism, including dynamic routing capability, they cannot interpret the meaning of Layer 4 messages being transmitted. Determines the meaning of messages being transmitted and assigns the order in which they are transmitted, and interacts with the call service software on the station is one of the user's subsystems. In order to control the connection establishment and release of the speech path, in particular, several SS7 user subsystems are specified, in particular, the user subsystem telephone communication(TUP), ISDN User Subsystem (ISUP).
The telephone user subsystem TUP was designed to manage the establishment and disconnection of telephone connections and was the European version of SS7, while on the North American continent another subsystem, ISUP, began to be implemented much earlier. In addition to managing basic telephone services, the TUP defines procedures and formats for supplementary services. However, due to the very nature of ISDN, Additional services defined in ISUP are more powerful and use more modern solutions than those defined for TUP.
The DUP data user subsystem was defined early in the development of SS7 to manage the establishment and release of circuit-switched data connections. DUP adoption is very low and few network operators have implemented dedicated circuit switched data networks. The requirements for data transmission are today met by ISUP, as a result of which the widespread use of DUP in telecommunication networks is unlikely.
For these reasons, TUP and DUP are not covered in this book. As telecommunication networks evolve towards ISDN, ISUP will eliminate the need for TUP and DUP subsystems. ISUP contains all the functions of TUP, but these functions are implemented in a more flexible way. It also provides one of the most important features of signaling protocols, which was discussed extensively in Chapter 1, end-to-end signaling, which allows two stations to exchange information without the participation of intermediate nodes parsing messages.
The ISUP subsystem supports two classes of services: basic and supplementary services. The base service class provides for the establishment of voice and/or data connections. Additional views services are all other connection-oriented services associated, sometimes, with the transmission of messages after the main connection has been established.
By actively using variables and optional fields in data structures, ISUP is a much more flexible and adaptable subsystem than TUP. In this regard, the formatting principles used in ISUP are similar to those described for SCCP in the previous section. At the same time, SCCP is inherently a non-talk channel subsystem and therefore uses a local convention number to identify a particular transaction, while ISUP supports a channel approach to identifying a transaction. That is, the ISUP message uses the speech channel number to identify information related to that channel. For this reason, ISUP (as well as TUP) uses the channel identification code CIC.
ISUP messages are sent in the SIF field of Significant Signal Units, as shown in Fig. 10.12. The top row in this figure is identical to the format of the significant signal unit MSU in fig. 10.2, which is useful to remind the reader. The signaling information field consists of a routing label, a channel identification code, a message type, and parameters. Parameters are subdivided into a mandatory fixed part, a mandatory variable part, and an optional part, as was the case for SCCP and shown in Fig. 10.6. The Channel Identification Code (CIC) indicates the number of the conversational channel between two stations to which the message relates. So, if a 2.048 Mbit/s digital path is used, then the five least significant bits of the CIC encode the speech time interval in binary form. The remaining bits are used when it is necessary to determine which PCM stream a given speech interval belongs to.
The message type code consists of a one-byte field and is required for all messages. This code uniquely defines the functionality and overall structure of each ISUP message.
Any message includes a number of parameters. Each parameter has a name, which is encoded as one byte. The parameter length can be fixed or variable. As was the case for the BSSR, the following three categories of parameters are provided: fixed mandatory, variable mandatory, optional.
Fixed mandatory parameters are always included in messages of this type and have a fixed length. The position, length, and order of parameters are uniquely determined by the message type, so parameter names and length indicators are not included in the message.
Variable required parameters are always required for this message type and are of variable length. To indicate the beginning
A special pointer is used for each parameter. A pointer is a byte that can be used in SIF processing to look up a particular piece of information. This eliminates the need to parse the entire message to find this information. The name of each parameter is implicit in the message type, so the names of required parameters are not included in the message itself.
Optional parameters may or may not be present in a particular message type. Each optional parameter contains a name (one byte) and a length indicator (one byte) before the content of the parameter.
Rice. 10.13. Structure of parameters in ISUP
A number of message types and parameters are specified for ISUP. Examples of these message types are:
Initial Address Message (IAM), . request for information (INR),
Complete address acceptance message (ACM),
Response message (ANM),
Connection Modification Confirmation (CMC), . connection modification failure (RCM),
Blocking (BLO),
Blocking confirmation (BLA),
Response message from subscriber unit with automatic response (for example, data communication terminal) (CON),
Response message (ANM),
Liberation (REL),
Release Completion (RLC), etc.
For the Russian version of the ISUP protocol, some additional messages have been introduced that should be mentioned here, despite the negative attitude of the author of the book to the advisability of introducing them. This is an optional caller clear (CCL) message to support a two-way clear call procedure to determine the caller's number after a malicious call clears. Also introduced is a charging message (CRG), which is sent back after the ANM or CON message to charge the call, and a ringing message (RNG), which is sent at the beginning of each ringing on an incoming semi-automatic connection (recall). All these situations have been discussed in detail in the previous chapters.
The initial address IAM message is the first message to be sent when a connection is established. It contains address digits (for example, digits dialed by the subscriber to route a call). As a result of its transmission, the channel is occupied by the station. The IAM message type is encoded 00000001. The IAM format also includes the following parameters.
A fixed mandatory parameter of 1 byte length determines the nature of the connection being established. This parameter characterizes the status of the established connection, for example, the presence or absence of an echo suppressor, the inclusion of a satellite channel in the connection, etc.
Another fixed, mandatory parameter of 2 bytes long characterizes the forward direction of the call and defines the connectivity, such as end-to-end connection or ISUP availability throughout the connection.
Another fixed, mandatory one-byte parameter specifies the category of the caller, i.e. whether the calling party is a subscriber or an operator, including an indication of the language group, etc.
The last fixed mandatory one-byte parameter describes the requirements for the transmission medium, for example, a 64 Kbps channel is requested.
The IAM address message contains one mandatory variable parameter 4-11 bytes long, which defines the number of the called subscriber (for example, the dialed digits of the number), as well as optional parameters: the caller's number 4-12 bytes long and the user-user information itself, 3 -131 bytes, allowing subscribers to exchange data during the connection establishment procedure.
An ACM Complete Address Accept message is sent by the incoming exchange to indicate that it has successfully received enough digits to route the call to the called party. The ACM message type is coded 00000110.
The general ACM format also includes a fixed mandatory parameter 1 byte long, which determines the status of the connection being established in the same way as it was for IAM (presence or absence of an echo suppressor, inclusion of a satellite channel in the connection, etc.).
Another fixed, mandatory parameter of 2 bytes is also similar to the parameter in IAM, but characterizes the reverse direction of the call, for which it determines the connectivity, for example, end-to-end connection or ISUP availability throughout the connection.
In addition, optional 3 bytes round trip indicators and 3-131 bytes long user-to-user information may be included in the ACM as described for IAM.
As can be seen from the examples above, ISUP makes extensive use of optional parameter fields, thereby increasing the flexibility of the services provided by network operators. However, this flexibility, on the other hand, increases the cost of parsing messages in the PBX. For example, the ITU-T IAM message discussed above can contain up to 14 optional parameters and up to 131 bytes of user-to-user information. This size of some ISUP messages can cause problems if too many optional fields are included in one message at the same time. In addition, the flexible approach to optional fields itself requires additional processing to determine what information is present in a particular message and what is not.
However, even with the aforementioned fly in the ointment, which can always be properly accounted for without overusing optional parameters, the ISUP formatting method is extremely flexible and provides for the implementation of both already formulated and future requirements.
Rice. 10.14 illustrates the procedure for establishing and releasing a basic connection. Upon receiving a connection establishment request from a caller, originating PBX A parses the route information and generates an initial address IAM message. Called party number analysis allows outgoing PBX A to determine the direction of call routing. In the fig. In the 10.14 example, the call is routed to transit exchange B. The information in the fixed mandatory IAM parameter indicates the type of connection required by the caller, a 64Kbps connection. This information is sent to transit exchange B, as a result of which the corresponding conversational path is switched in the opposite direction to the calling subscriber.
© - switching the conversational path in the opposite direction
Q - connection of the speech path in the forward direction O - release of the speech path Fig. 10.14. Basic Connection Establishment and Release in ISUP
Switching the path only in the reverse direction at this stage allows the calling party to hear the tones sent by the network, but prevents the information from the calling party from being transmitted to the conversational path. If block mode is used, all address digits needed to route the call to the called party are included in the IAM message. If the overlap mode is used, the IAM is sent when only the B digits necessary for routing to the transit PBX have been received, and the other address digits are transmitted over the network in subsequent address messages.
Transit exchange B receives the IAM and parses the information contained in the message. Analysis of the called party number digits at transit exchange C determines the further route to the incoming exchange B. Analysis of the remaining information contained in the IAM determines the choice of the appropriate conversational path, for example, a 64 Kbps channel. Further, IAM is transmitted to PBX B, from which the conversational path is also switched off.
When an IAM message arrives at incoming PBX B, it analyzes the called party's number and whether additional information is required from outgoing PBX A before connecting to the called subscriber. If additional information is required, then an end-to-end message is sent to outgoing exchange A, in which this requirement is formulated. Note that transit exchange B does not need to parse this message from end to end, since transparent transmission takes place for such a message. The outgoing PBX provides the relevant information by sending a response message from end to end.
After taking necessary information At the incoming exchange B, the called subscriber is informed of the incoming call, and from the incoming exchange B to the transit exchange C, an ACM message is sent to accept the full address. The ACM Complete Address Accept message is then transmitted to originating PBX A. Reception of the Complete Address Accept message at any station participating in the connection establishment indicates successful call routing to subscriber B and allows the routing information associated with the connection to be cleared from memory.
When the called party answers the call, the incoming exchange B closes the voice path and sends an answer message to the transit exchange C, which in turn forwards the answer message to the outgoing exchange A. When the answer message is received, the outgoing exchange cuts the voice path in the forward direction. Thus, the connection between the calling and called subscribers is established, the call charging starts and the conversation or data transfer takes place.
Unlike TUP, both the caller and the called party can initiate an immediate release of the connection, i.e. ISUP uses a one-way release method. On fig. 10.14 Caller A first sends a release signal to originating exchange A. The originating exchange initiates call release and sends a release REL message to transit station C, which sends a release message to originating exchange B and starts clearing the conversational path. After the release of the speech path and the readiness to service a new call, the transit exchange C sends an RLC release complete message to the outgoing exchange A. Similarly, when the REL release message is received, the release of the speech path is performed at the incoming exchange B.
It should be noted that the principle of organizing the disconnection procedure described above, which guarantees the most efficient disconnection of the connection at the request of any of the subscribers, increases the speed of call processing in the network and differs from the organization of disconnection not only in TUP, but also in earlier versions of ISUP.
The original ISUP specifications defined a triple sequence for the transmission of release messages: a release message (REL - release), a release request (RLSD - realesed) and a release complete (RLC - release complete). This procedure has been replaced by the procedure described above and as much as possible unified with the SCCP disconnect procedures.
The ISUP subsystem supports a range of additional features for telephone and data services that TUP does not provide. Some of these additional features are implemented in the Russian ATSC-90 and are given in Table. 10.2 as an example.
The fundamental difference between caller ID identification services in Table. 10.2 from the Caller ID procedure described in Chapter 8, consists in the control modes indicated in the table for switching on and off the identification of the subscriber's number.
Direct Dialing Inward (DDI) allows you to establish a connection with a subscriber of a private branch exchange (PBX) without the intervention of the PBX operator. ISUP defines procedures for providing DDI for both analog and digital PBXs.
The basic call forwarding procedures are similar to the call forwarding service in TUP. However, ISUP call forwarding can be initiated in three different modes: when the called party is busy (1), when there is no answer from the called party within a certain time (2) and for all calls without additional conditions (3).
Table 1G.2. Some additional ISUP services
|
Direct Dial |
|
|
Caller number representation |
|
|
Caller ID display restriction |
|
|
Called party number representation |
|
|
Called party number display inhibition |
|
|
Malicious call identification |
|
|
Additional addressing |
|
|
Forwarding when subscriber B is busy |
|
|
Forwarding when there is no answer from subscriber B |
|
|
Forwarding without additional conditions |
|
|
Call rejection |
|
|
Incoming Call Waiting Notification |
|
|
Interrupting and resuming the same call |
|
|
Terminal Portability |
|
|
conference call |
|
The article discusses the development of user programming tools in a SCADA system - from solving non-standard control and monitoring problems in the ST technological language to automating the design process in the built-in environment of the C# scripting language. In continuation of this line, a new controller programming environment was announced for the first time, which fully implements the requirements of the IEC 61131-3 standard and retains the object ideology adopted in it, which provides convenience and speed of development, replication of design solutions.
From "drag and drop"
to "write and run"
The object-oriented SCADA system initially did not contain any programming tools, not even traditional scripting languages (or in the technical jargon "scripts"). This was explained by the conceptual position of the developers, who considered it necessary to accustom users to the object ideology and standard tools, providing a simple "drag-and-drop" (drag-and-drop) of project elements to establish any data transfer links, as well as the inclusion of some elements in others (for example, a dynamic symbol or a button for calling documents of one object into the mnemonic diagram of another). Nevertheless, it was necessary to find opportunities for those users who would like to solve non-standard tasks within the framework.
The universal recipe for creating library blocks and visual controls in professional programming languages is not suitable for all engineers. Another reason to take care of the ways of programming applied tasks was related (starting from the 2nd version of MasterSCADA) to the fact that it became a vertically integrated system, within which it was possible to arbitrarily distribute control and management logic between workstations and controllers with an open architecture (for they released the executive system).
The first technological programming tool within the framework was the graphical language of function block diagrams. But this is a way to create solutions based on existing libraries, and their functionality is limited even in the face of constant expansion. The decisive development of the necessary tools began already in the 3rd version of . The library of function blocks has been expanded with blocks of user programs. Two types of blocks were implemented - for engineering programming in the ST language (IEC 61131-3 standard) and for automating the development of projects or the implementation of complex tasks in the C# language. Whereas ST programs run both at the top level of systems and in controllers, C# programs are designed exclusively for functioning within workstations. Since a single project is created for the entire system with automatic organization of communication between its parts, the project developer must take this specialization of languages into account initially.
ST Programming
The ST language is easy for engineers to learn. The generations that graduated from universities in the nineties and zero years, as a rule, are familiar with the Pascal language from the curriculum, from which ST borrowed the main ideas. In addition, the ST program contains purely engineering concepts - inputs / outputs, variables with the "time" type, etc. Adding new variables to the INPUT or OUTPUT sections automatically results in new I/Os for the ST function block in the project. Any inputs/outputs in the project can be linked with the inputs/outputs of other objects or project variables by simple drag and drop.
From the point of view of development convenience, the ST editor provides a modern environment (Fig. 1), built, as is customary, directly into the integrated project manager so that the developer does not think about how to open the editor (simply selects the "Code" tab of the corresponding block in the project ), nor where the program files are stored (the issue of storing and naming files is resolved in a systemic way and remains behind the scenes - the developer does not need to know how these files are called and where they are stored).
The created program is compiled into a special interpreted code that can be executed both in a computer and in all types of controllers supported by the included executive system. These are controllers with almost any modern and not very processors (x86, ARM7, ARM9, etc.) and common operating systems(from DOS and Windows CE to Linux and Ecos). It is also significant that debugging does not require a controller to be available. The program can be debugged both on the so-called Windows controller (executive system of the controller running on the same workstation as the project for the top level), and directly in the development mode, running the code of only one developed block. At the same time, the traditional step-by-step execution of the program is available, including the ability to enter nested procedures.
Rice. 2. An example of the implementation of a computational algorithm in C#
Programming in C#
For comparison, here is an example program in C#. AT this example a computational algorithm for filtering the input analog value is implemented. From fig. 2 you can see that program variables are created on a special panel by specifying a name, choosing a type and writing permission. As soon as they are entered, they appear in the program declarations and algorithm I/Os in the project tree.
Rice. 3. View of the project tree before the script is executed
Project Automation in C#
The tasks that designers face in their work sometimes require a large number of routine operations, and after all, the transfer of “mechanical” work to a computer is the main objective automation. Here is a typical task - you need to create a system for apartment accounting of resources in apartment building. Suppose a project fragment - accounting in one apartment - has been created. Now it needs to be multiplied by the required number of apartments and entrances, create a mnemonic diagram with a call to the required apartment to view its indicators (Fig. 3).
It is for these purposes that you can execute scripts written in C # inside and referring to its object model (Fig. 4).
After running the script (this example is taken from the sample scripts library), a new Home object is added to the project based on the sample Home object. Based on the quantitative parameters set by us in the settings, the specified number of entrances, floors, apartments is inserted into it (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. View of the project tree after script execution
In addition to automatically creating the project structure, the script creates mimics, message logs, reports, and trends belonging to new objects, using the documents of the original (manually created) object as samples. And, as the final result, the main mnemonic diagram of the project is formed with automatically created buttons for calling the apartment windows in the required number (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. View of the mnemonic diagram with scripted window call buttons
Summing up the consideration of this example, we must admit that since it is a very large software product, it is difficult even for a fairly experienced developer to navigate its object model for the first time, although it is documented. Therefore, the services of the service technical support for writing project development automation scripts are quite in demand, especially considering that in most cases they are free even for users of the demo version, and the created scripts will not be in vain, because they fall into the common treasury - a library available to everyone.
Development logic - full support for IEC 61131-3
The sharp increase in user interest in programming open architecture controllers in the technological languages described by the IEC 61131-3 standard led us to the idea not only to implement in full support of the standard, but also to release separate product for those who program controllers for stand-alone use, and not for use within vertically integrated systems. So it appeared. It is a full-featured, fully compliant IDE that has retained the object ideology adopted in it, allowing you to increase not only the quality of automation projects, but also the productivity of designers. Due to the use of the latest software architecture, the functionality of this environment is not included in version 3, but will be part of a future version 4.
Thus, now, within the framework of the MasterSCADAv.3 toolkit, EnSAT proposes to program systems that contain both the lower controller level and operator stations, and it is recommended to develop projects for autonomous controllers using a much more powerful new product - . Both development environments use the same execution system for controllers, so in terms of specifications and structural functionality (list of supported controllers and platforms, drivers, archives, protocols, performance), their capabilities are almost the same. The new environment can also be used for programming those controllers that still interact with the upper level, but use the existing OPC server or one of the supported protocols for this, and not the “transparent” data exchange accepted in the technology that does not require configuration.
Rice. 7. Ladder Diagram Editor
Let's look at an example of a project developed in the environment (Fig. 7). The main advantage of the new environment is the ability to create a program simultaneously in all languages of the standard, using for each part of the algorithm the language that will be the most obvious for its implementation. As a rule, for dynamic algorithms, such as regulation, it is more convenient to use the function block language (FBD), relay circuits are more familiar to electrical engineers for describing logic, and step-by-step control is perfectly described by the step sequence language (SFC). Computing and any other problems can be solved in the Structured Text (ST) language.
In the fig. 7 example, the parameter control program is “drawn” in the LD language and is further used as a library FB in a program already created in the function block language (Fig. 8).
Rice. eight. Function block diagram editor
The peculiarity of the software architecture (and, consequently, the future MasterSCADAv4, which will include this product) is that it is completely open for expansion. This means that we will be able to build support for another graphic language (for example, a flowchart language for describing algorithms or UML for describing the interaction of project objects) into the toolkit as soon as we feel its demand by our consumers. In the case of such consumers are primarily manufacturers of controllers and their customers. The list of supported controllers is growing at a fast pace, and therefore the variety of requests from a growing customer base is growing just as fast. It is close interaction with qualified users that is the source of replenishment of script libraries and algorithms, the motive for the continuous development of development tools that can cope with increasingly complex automation tasks.
I.E. Ablin, CEO,
