Modern Varangian. Guards missile cruiser "Varyag"

The attitude of the Finns towards Russia could never be called friendly. In a country that was for several centuries the arena of wars between Sweden and Russia, the latter was steadily perceived as a "threat from the East."

The Finnish attitude towards the Russians somewhat normalized after the annexation of Finland to Russia in 1809. Having given Finland a very privileged place in the Empire, St. Petersburg managed to win the favor of the Finns. However, as Senator Brunner noted in his report to Alexander II in 1861, “it should not be concluded that the love and devotion [of the Finns] to the monarch also extends to the Russian people, to whom there has been no sympathy for many reasons until now, what are the essence: the difference religions, character, manners and customs, etc." A similar opinion about the nature of the attitude of the Finns towards Russia is shared by Finnish historians. But even such a picture seems idyllic in the light of the changes that followed.

Beginning with late XIX century, the attitude of the Finns towards Russia is again changing for the worse, which is connected with the so-called “Russification policy”, which the tsarist authorities tried to carry out in relation to Finland. In the Grand Duchy, which had previously been one of the most loyal parts of the Russian Empire to the emperor, unrest began, sabotage of royal decrees, separatism and nationalism began to develop. Many Russian revolutionary organizations find refuge and support there, Finnish “activists” (as supporters of the fight against Russia were called in Finland) prepare underground armed groups, and assassinate Russian officials.

During the years of the Russo-Japanese War, the leaders of the Finnish separatists tried to establish contacts with Japan, and in the First world war- with Germany, on the side of which the Jaeger battalion, recruited from among the Finnish volunteers, even fought. And although some underground organizations specifically emphasized that their goal was to incite hatred among Finns not for the Russian people, but for the Russian authorities, for many activists these concepts merged together.

Thus, the confrontation between the Finns and the tsarist government had a very serious impact on the attitude of the Finns towards the Russians even after Finland gained independence. It was from this moment (or rather, from the beginning of the Finnish Civil War in January 1918) that Russophobia in Finland (more precisely, in the White part of it) takes the most radical forms.

The reason for this state of affairs was very clearly formulated by the Finnish historian O. Karemaa: “During the civil war in Finland, fueled by Russophobia, it seems, was the desire of the whites to make Russians scapegoats for all cruelties and thereby substantiate their own ideas”, “according to psychological reasons they tried to disguise the cruel truth about the fratricidal war with an allegedly ideological struggle in defense of Western culture from the Russians, who were declared sworn enemies ... without an external enemy, it would be difficult to rouse the masses to war.”

In other words, whites in Finland needed some kind of external threat to distract their own population from those deep political and socio-economic problems that led Finnish society to split and war. And Soviet Russia and, in particular, Russian troops, which had not yet been withdrawn from the territory of Finland after its independence, were declared such a threat, and the mythologeme of the “liberation war” against Russia began to be actively introduced into the public consciousness of the Finns, which was supposed to replace the real civil war. war, although in reality the Russian troops did not pose any threat to Finnish independence, and all the assistance of the RSFSR to the Red Finns was reduced to secret supplies of weapons and ideological support. As a result, hatred of the Russians during this period resulted in open ethnic cleansing in Finland.

Russians were being massacred, regardless of whether they served as volunteers in the Red Guard or were white sympathizers. In Tammerfors, after it was taken by the Whites on April 6, 1918, about 200 Russians, including White officers, were destroyed, the number of executed Russians in Vyborg on April 26-27 is estimated at 1,000 people. (the vast majority of whom did not take any part in the civil war), including women and children.

So, in the far from complete, containing only 178 names, the list of Russians killed in Vyborg, stored in LOGAV, contains information about Alexander Smirnov (9 years old), Kasmen Svadersky (12 years old), Andrey Chubrikov (13 years old), Nikolai and Alexander Naumovs (15 years), etc. Some Poles also fell under the hot hand of the White Finns, who were shot, probably confusing them with Russians (moreover, similar “mistakes” happened in other places: for example, one Pole mistaken for a Russian was killed in Uusi Kaarlepyuyu ).

One of the Russian emigrants who lived at that time near Vyborg described what was happening in the city as follows: not far from the Pimenovs' house, two realists were killed, who ran out in uniforms to greet the whites; 3 cadets were killed in the city; Reds who surrendered were cordoned off by whites and driven into the moat; at the same time, they also captured part of the crowd that was on the streets, and indiscriminately and conversations finished off in the ditch and in other places. Who was shot, for what, all this was unknown to the heroes of the knife!

They were shot in front of the crowd; before being shot, they tore off people's watches, rings, took away wallets, pulled off boots, clothes, etc. They especially hunted Russian officers; Countless of them died, including their commandant, quartermaster, who had previously transferred his warehouse to the Whites, and a gendarmerie officer; many were called out of their apartments, ostensibly to view documents, and they never returned home, and their relatives later looked for them in heaps of bodies in the ditch: even their linen was removed from them.

The events in Vyborg caused a wide resonance in Russia. On May 13, the Soviet government turned to the German ambassador W. Mirbach with a request to create a joint commission to investigate the murders of Russian residents of Finland. In this case, what happened in the city was described as follows:

“Here mass executions of innocent residents of Russian origin took place, monstrous atrocities were committed against the peaceful Russian population, even 12-year-old children were shot. In one shed in Vyborg, as the witness reported, the latter saw 200 corpses, including Russian officers and students. The wife of the murdered Lieutenant Colonel Vysokikh told a witness that she saw how the Russians being destroyed were lined up in one line and shot from machine guns. According to witnesses, the total number of people killed in two days reaches 600 people.

After the occupation of Vyborg by the White Guards, a group of arrested Russian subjects, numbering about 400 people, among whom were women and children, old people and students, were brought to the station; after consulting among themselves for about 10 minutes, the officers announced to them that they were sentenced to death, after which the arrested were sent to the Friedrichsham Gate on the "shafts", where they were shot from machine guns; the wounded were finished off with butts and bayonets, a real extermination of the Russian population took place without any distinction, old people, women and children, officers, students and, in general, all Russians were exterminated.

The facts described above caused a lot of indignation in the ranks of the Russian White movement, as a result of which many of its leaders later spoke out against the discussed projects of a joint campaign with the Finns against Yudenich's army against Petrograd.

Maritime Minister of the Northwestern Government, Rear Admiral V.K. Pilkin wrote in 1919 to his colleague in the Kolchak government, Rear Admiral M.I. Smirnov: “If the Finns go [to Petrograd] alone, or at least with us, but in the proportion of 30 thousand against three or four, who are here in Finland, then with their well-known hatred of the Russians, their character as butchers ... they will destroy, shoot and they will slaughter all our officers, right and wrong, the intelligentsia, youth, high school students, cadets - everyone they can, as they did when they took Vyborg from the Reds.

The same opinion was shared by one of the leaders of the anti-Bolshevik Petrograd underground, V.N. Tagantsev: “None of us wanted the Finnish campaign against Petrograd. We remembered the massacre of Russian officers along with the red rebels. Moreover, according to the historian T. Vihavainen, such views on the fate of Petrograd in the event that it is taken by the Finns “are justified both in terms of the experience of 1918 and in the plans that were hatched in the extremist circles of the “activists”. Finnish women who had connections with the Russians were also persecuted: they cut their hair, tore their clothes, and in some places even discussed the possibility of branding them with a red-hot iron. In the town of Korsnias, a similar execution in last moment prevented by the local priest.

The problems of the purity of the nation in general, apparently, were very disturbing to Finnish society: when participants in the Kronstadt uprising were evacuated to Finland in 1921, the Finnish press sharply opposed the placement of refugees in the countryside, fearing that the Russians would mix with the local Finnish population. As a result, the Kronstadters were placed in several camps with very strict conditions of detention: it was forbidden to leave the border of the camp under the threat of execution, communication with local residents was also strictly prohibited.

With the end of the civil war, the physical extermination of Russians in Finland ceased, but the desire of the Finnish government to get rid of the Russian population and refugees did not disappear. Back in April 1918, the Finnish Senate decided to expel all former Russian subjects from the country, and during the spring and summer, about 20,000 Russians were expelled from the country.

However, the Finns soon abandoned this practice and provided Russian refugees with the opportunity to enter the country. This was justified by considerations of the formation of a favorable international image of Finland. O. Stenruut, who headed the Finnish Foreign Ministry at that time, believed that Finland's tolerant policy towards refugees would strengthen its independent status and free it from German dependence. The same opinion was shared by the border commandant Rantakari, who believed that the refusal to accept refugees would bring Finland "the hatred of the entire civilized world."

However, in parallel with such decisions, interethnic tensions were escalating in the country. The main conductors of Russophobia in Finnish society were former huntsmen, the Agrarian Union, which received 42 seats in parliament in 1919 and became the second largest party, the schütskor and the Academic Karelian Society (AKS) created in 1922. Moreover, the hatred incited by these organizations was, from the point of view of its members, of a creative nature, being an integral element in the construction of the Finnish national identity. In their opinion, the unity of the Finnish nation could only be achieved through inciting hatred for everything Russian.

“If we succeed,” thought Elmo Kayla, chairman of the AKC, “then the time will not be far off when our nation will be led by one thought, strong, all-conquering, when the proverb of Härmä’s husbands comes true, “you can only talk about russya by gnashing your teeth.” ". Then Finland will be free.”

A very symbolic medal in this sense for members of the AKC was developed by one of its ideologists, priest Elias Semoyoki: one side of it personified love for Finland, the other - hatred for Russia. As a result, a systematic policy of inciting national enmity against Russians was pursued in Finland.

Back in 1920, E. Kayla, mentioned above, compiled “instructions and a program for the dissemination of “Russaphobia” (from the word “Russia” - a contemptuous name for Russians), which were sent to the district chiefs of the schützkor, “activists” and jaeger officers. The recipients had to organize the spread of Russophobia in their collectives and appoint persons responsible for this. In the villages, local heads of the schütskor and teachers should have been involved in this work.

A massive anti-Russian campaign was carried out in the Finnish press, where often there were even calls for the destruction of the Russians. In March 1923, the Julioppilaslehti newspaper published an article entitled “Russaphobia”, which stated that “if we love our country, we need to learn to hate its enemies ... Therefore, in the name of our honor and freedom, let our motto sound: Hatred and love! Death to the Russes, whether they be red or white.

In the same year, the AKC published a brochure called “Wake up, Suomi!” with a circulation of 10,000, containing similar ideas: “What good has ever come to us from Russia? Nothing! Death and annihilation, plague and the Russian stench lingered from there... Russia has always been and will forever remain an enemy of humanity and humane development. Was there ever any benefit from the existence of the Russian people for mankind? Not! And its disappearance from the face of the earth would, on the contrary, be a great happiness for mankind.

No less radical was the Shchyutskor newspaper Suojeluskuntalaisen, which in 1921 held a competition among its readers for the best proverb about Russians, the winner of which was the reader who proposed the following option: “Which animal is most like a person? This is "ryusa". Due to the great popularity of the competition, the second round was also held, in which the proverb became the best: “Beat on the back - you will get rid of the cough, kill it - and you will get rid of the“ ryussa ”. However, such newspaper attacks will not look too blatant, given that during this period even Finnish officials in official reports allowed comparisons of Russians with animals. At the same time, the school curriculum was subjected to censorship, from which references to Russians were removed in a positive way.

Purges also took place in the Finnish army, which the nationalists sought to rid of any traces of "Russianness". First of all, of course, Russian officers were dismissed from the army. So, for example, in September 1919, all Russian pilots who trained pilots for the Finnish Air Force were hastily dismissed. Following them came the turn of the Finnish officers who served in tsarist army. In 1920, the leader of the Agrarian Union, S. Alkio, demanded their dismissal from the pages of the Ilkka newspaper.

No less actively against the Finns who served in Russia were the officers-jägers. In 1924, they even threatened with collective resignation if the former tsarist officers were not fired from the army. As a result, the number of officers trained in Russia in the Finnish army was constantly decreasing throughout the 20-30s, and all key positions were occupied by Finns who served in the German army.

Subjected to certain harassment in Finland and Orthodox Church, in respect of which the government pursued a policy of Finnization. On March 3, 1923, the State Council issued a decree on the translation of services in Orthodox churches during the year into Finnish or Swedish. The number of parishes under the influence of the Finnish authorities also gradually decreased: some churches were demolished (for example, the church in Hämeenlinna in 1924), some were turned into Lutheran churches (Alexander Nevsky Church in Suomenlinna), some were transferred under municipal institutions(Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul in Tornio). Finnish nationalists also fought Orthodoxy in their own way: after 1918, Russian churches and cemeteries were repeatedly desecrated.

In addition to the “ideological” Russophobia descended from above, there was also everyday Russophobia in Finland. In the conditions of a very difficult post-war situation in the country and difficulties with food and housing, the Finns were very worried about refugees, who, in their opinion, only aggravated the already difficult economic situation in Finland.

The Finns were also afraid for their jobs, and it should be noted that it was not always unreasonable: in the 1920s and 30s, refugees (though mostly Ingrians) were repeatedly attracted by the strikebreaking organization Vientirauch Association to fill the places of striking workers. And although the proportion of such workers in the total mass of refugees was very small, the hatred of the Finns towards them was transferred to all immigrants from Russia as a whole. As a result, according to Karemaa, “by the 20s. 20th century almost all Finns were prone to the perception of "Russaphobia".

As we can see, in the 1920s in Finland there was indeed quite a serious problem ethnic intolerance towards Russians, which not only broke the fate of hundreds of former Russian subjects who ended up in Finland, but also created tension in Soviet-Finnish relations during the indicated period.

As noted in 1923 by the Plenipotentiary of the USSR in Finland A.S. Chernykh, “the Russophobia of the Finnish bourgeoisie can only be compared with their no less vivid anti-Semitism. In our current work, we daily feel this blank wall of nationalistic, zoological hatred.

The class hatred of the Finnish bourgeoisie for the Republic of Soviets, combined with violent Russophobia, determines the continuous and, at first glance, incomprehensible fluctuations in Finnish policy.

Objectively, there are no serious reasons for conflicts between us and Finland, on the contrary, everything seems to be conducive to business rapprochement, in practice our patient, compliant, benevolent political line does not meet with a response here. Here, the very idea, the idea of ​​the possibility of loyal, calm relations with Russia, provokes strong opposition.”

This state of affairs, of course, had a negative impact on the development of Soviet-Finnish relations and ultimately became another factor that led the two states to the Winter War.

A full-scale civil war began on the night of January 27. Both sides started it simultaneously - and independently of each other. In the north of Finland, the Whites attacked the Russian military units and the Red Guards, and in the south, the Red Guards carried out a coup. The country has split.

Whites held 4/5 of the territory, but it was sparsely populated and backward Northern Finland. Developed Southern Finland with large cities of Helsingfors (Helsinki), Tammerfors (Tampere), Vyborg, etc. remained with the Reds. In terms of population, both Finlands were approximately equal.

Power in red Finland passed to the Council of People's Deputies (SNU), whose chairman was Kullervo Manner. To control the SNU, the Main Workers' Council was created from representatives from the SDPF, trade unions and the Red Guard. No organizations similar to the Soviets appeared in Finland. The workers acted through their old organizations - the trade unions and the SDPF. the only new organization that arose during the revolutionary period was the Red Guard.

At the end of February, the SNU published a draft constitution, written mainly by Otto Kuusinen. It was supposed to be adopted in a referendum, which never took place due to the civil war. The Constitution recognized the supreme power of the Parliament, elected by universal suffrage. The power of parliament was supplemented and limited by popular referendums. In the event that the majority of Parliament violated the constitution and wanted to usurp power, the people had the right to revolt. It is curious that nothing was said about socio-economic transformations in the draft Constitution.

There was no split in the SDPF into left and right. Representatives of both the radical and moderate wings of the party are active in the revolution. Of the 92 deputies of the Seim from the SDPF, only one went over to the side of the Whites. This absence of a formalized split in the labor movement is an important difference between the Finnish revolution and other revolutions of that period.

The new government carried out the nationalization of industry very moderately and cautiously. Only enterprises abandoned by the owners were transferred under the control of the workers. In other cases, the enterprise remained with the capitalist, although there were elements of workers' control on it.

SNU took control of the state-owned Finnish Bank, but did not touch private banks. This duality in financial sector created many opportunities for fraud for the owners of private banks, which negatively affected economic life.

SNU transferred the ownership of the torpars - small tenants of Southern Finland - to the lands they cultivated. The rest of the land remained with the previous owners. The laborers received nothing from the revolution. Also, the Reds could not offer anything to the peasantry of Northern Finland, which formed the basis of the White Guard - and this became one of the main reasons for the defeat of the revolution.

The Finnish revolution did not create any specialized organization for the fight against counter-revolution - no analogue of the French Committee of Public Safety or the Russian Extraordinary Commission for the fight against counter-revolution, profiteering and banditry. As a result, counter-revolutionary conspiracies acted almost with impunity. By the time the civil war began, all members of the bourgeois government were in southern Finland. But the Red Guards did not bother to find and arrest them, and they were all able to get out to white, northern Finland.

On February 2, the SNU abolished the death penalty and did not reinstate it until the end of the war. A revolutionary government waging a civil war without resorting to the death penalty is an extremely rare occurrence.

In the battles for the entire war, 3.5 thousand Red Guards and 3.1 thousand Shyutskorovites died - approximately equal losses. 1,600 people became victims of the Red Terror - Red Guard lynching. According to the minimum estimates, the White Guards shot 8 thousand people, according to the maximum - 18 thousand. There were two waves of red lynching - at the beginning of the war, when the workers and torpari, who went to the Red Guard, took revenge on the propertied classes for centuries of humiliation, and at the end of the war, when the defeated Red Guards, knowing that they were doomed, sought to take with them to the next world fallen into the hands of their enemies.

Unlike the white command, the reds vigorously fought against lynching. The proclamation of the command of the Red Guard of February 2 prescribed:

"1). In relation to unarmed prisoners of war, any use of violence is strictly prohibited;

2). All criminals for crimes committed during the revolution must be handed over to the military courts of the working class. This also applies to captured enemies; mistreatment and revenge against them is unacceptable. The honor of the revolutionary people obliges us to this. The military courts now being set up also investigate and deal with all the crimes of the counter-revolutionaries; unauthorized revenge on the part of individual Red Guards is strictly prohibited.

One of the veterans of the social democratic movement in Finland, very popular in working environment Yury Myakelin, who belonged to the right wing of the SDPF, published an appeal in which he condemned the Red Guard lynching:

“The feeling of revenge should be alien to the fighter for the cause of the proletariat .... With his weapon, the worker must hold back all the bad elements that usually come out in revolutionary times. These include, for example, robbers... They are no less dangerous for the proletariat than those who are currently fighting against the workers with arms in their hands, since many, even among those who sympathize with the aspirations of the proletariat, will by misunderstanding to attribute the crimes of these elements to the workers. We want to be sure that before the god of history and the international proletariat we dare to answer for every shot fired from our ranks ”(V.M. Kholodkovsky. Revolution of 1918 in Finland and German intervention. M., 1967, p. 107).

The Finnish Reds were not Bolsheviks. They were left-wing and not-so-leftist Social Democrats who were driven by the implacable intransigence of their enemy into a civil war they did not want. And which they lost.

The fate of the war was decided at the front. The front after the first battles stabilized for some time.

There were 75,000 fighters in the Red Guard, and 70,000 in the Shutskor. Quite comparable forces with a small quantitative advantage of the Reds. But White had a qualitative advantage. The core of the shutskor was made up of rangers who had experience of the war on the side of Germany. Former tsarist officers and generals, mostly from the Swedish-speaking Finnish elite, were thrown into the shutskor. The commander-in-chief of the whites, the Finnish Swede Mannerheim, who did not know the Finnish language, was also a tsarist general.

During the civil war in Russia, most of the Red Army soldiers had the experience of the First World War behind them. A considerable part of the talented Red commanders (as well as the commanders of the Makhnovists and other peasant rebels) advanced from the non-commissioned officers of the world war. The Finnish workers and torpari who joined the Red Guard had no military experience and had to learn basic things as they went, like how to handle a rifle. They had almost no commanders of their own with combat experience, and there were much fewer Russian officers who went to fight for the Finnish revolution, like Lieutenant Colonel Svechnikov or Colonel Bulatsel (the latter would be shot by the Whites - like his two teenage sons) than the officers who fought for the Whites. Intelligent red commanders gradually developed from among the Red Guards, but time was needed, and there was not enough time. All historians say that unexpectedly great military talents were discovered by metal worker Hugo Sammela, commander of the Red Western Front. He died on March 28, 1918 during the battles for Tammerfors as a result of an accidental explosion of military depots.

Military affairs were the weakest point of the Reds. There was none military intelligence, no reserves. Commanders were chosen, orders were often discussed even at the time of the battle and were not executed. In the first half of April, when, after catastrophic defeats, the command of the Red Guard ordered an organized retreat to the east of the country, the red detachments of the Western Front, who were fighting successful battles at that time, refused to retreat and fell into the cauldron, where most of them were destroyed.

Attempts by the Red Guard to go on the offensive in February and March ended in failure. White held their positions. Nevertheless, there was hope that the situation would change in the spring. The peasants of northern Finland - most of the fighters of the shutskor - will return to plow the land, and this will drastically weaken the whites.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk changed the situation sharply in favor of the Whites. Among his conditions was the withdrawal of Russian troops from Finland (which, however, was planned to be done in any case after the end of the war with Germany) and the refusal of the Bolsheviks to help Red Finland. Part of the army was released from the Germans, and by agreement with the head of the Finnish white government, Svinhufvud, 20 thousand German soldiers under the command of General von der Goltz were sent to Finland. In exchange for military assistance, the Finnish whites agreed to the complete control of German capital over the Finnish economy and to turning Finland into a vassal of Germany.

In conditions of an approximate balance of power between the Reds and the Whites, 20,000 German soldiers became a weight that tipped the scales in favor of the Whites.

On the moral impact of the news that German troops are coming to the aid of the Whites, M.S. Svechnikov writes:

“The moral impression made by the German intervention was enormous. The latter literally paralyzed the actions of the government, not to mention the masses, who, after a great upsurge, unprecedented in the history of the labor movement, had a time of nervousness, uncertainty about their successes, and brought on panic.

At this time, Germany reached the apogee of its glory, its power, and as a result of its successes, by this moment in the world war, it was able to dictate its demands to the Soviet Government. What could little Red resist?

Finland, when a big neighbor - Soviet Russia - gave in to the Germans? It was all the more impossible for her. that all its forces were at the front against the no less strong White Army” (MS Svechnikov, op. cit., p. 90).

German troops landed on the Finnish mainland on April 3 (they occupied the Åland Islands on March 5). Even before they landed, on March 26, the Shutskorites approached Tammerfors. The fighting for Tammerfors continued until 6 April and became the decisive battle of the civil war. The Reds fought desperately, many of the Whites lost up to two-thirds of their personnel in battles, but nevertheless Tammerfors fell when the Reds ran out of ammunition. The White Terror began.

The fall of Tammerfors and the landing of the Germans became a turning point in the civil war. The unstable balance changed dramatically in favor of White. And a significant part of the workers, and - what is more terrible - the Council of People's Deputies - ceased to believe in the possibility of victory. As a result, the SNU fled from Helsingfors to Vyborg on April 8, when it became known that German troops were approaching the capital of Red Finland.

The battles for Helsingfors went on April 12-13. Abandoned by their leadership, the Red Guards of Helsingfors fought with great courage, but were defeated.

“Women played a significant role in the defense of Helsingfors. One of the participants in the struggle tells about this: “It seemed that the outcome of the battle was already a foregone conclusion, the battle began to subside, the Germans were advancing from all sides, the streets were filled with “liberators” when armed women and young girls appeared. Fighting women had already been in the Red Guard, but now they appeared in multitudes. And their appearance in Helsingfors among the Red Guards gave the latter vigor and inspiration ... They put on their best dresses, realizing that this was the last time in their lives ”... 175 workers who occupied the Burgstrem tobacco factory held back the enemy’s offensive for 6 hours. Almost all of them died.

Perhaps it was the heroic defense of Helsingfors or Tammerfors that the Finnish labor poet Cassie Kaatra had in mind when he wrote in his Legend of the Red Banner:

The pavement smoked with blood;

At the cost of countless deaths

Men and women and children

The city held on ... "(V.M. Kholodkovsky. The Revolution of 1918 in Finland and the German intervention. M., 1967, p. 281).

The fall of Helsingfors meant that the civil war was lost. The SNU, having gone to Vyborg and having lost faith in victory, decided to organize the retreat of the Red Guard units to Soviet Russia. Members of the SNU frantically shuttled between Vyborg and Petrograd, rumors spread in the Red Guard units that “treason had settled in all headquarters” and that the leadership was going to escape, leaving the rank and file fighters behind. Rumors have been confirmed. When the Germans and White Finns approached Vyborg on April 24, most of the members of the SNU fled on a steamer to Petrograd.

Two years later, a group of former soldiers of the Finnish Red Guard, who became Bolsheviks and Red Army soldiers in Soviet Russia, committed a deed, the only one in the history of the world communist movement - on their own initiative they shot some of the leaders of the Communist Party of Finland. AT explanatory note To Lenin, which was written by members of the “revolving opposition” who surrendered to the Cheka, among the crimes of the leadership of the Communist Party of Finland, a double flight in April 1918 was indicated - from Helsingfors and Vyborg:

“... You [Vladimir Ilyich] did not hear the curses expressed by the workers when these gentlemen cowardly fled at the most decisive moment, leaving tens of thousands of workers to be torn to pieces by the White Guards. They could have saved them, but they didn't even try. We heard these furious curses, which were shouted out by a huge revolutionary-minded mass, left without a leadership in a disorganized state, not knowing what to do when the deadly ring of the White Guards was compressed from all sides. The horrific news was on everyone's lips that the management had run in disgrace to save their own skin - not to save the idea! (Comintern and Finland. 1919-1943. M., 2003, p. 79).

Of the members of the SNU, he refused to flee to Petrograd and remained with the doomed Red Guards until the end only Edward Gylling, who was in charge of finance in the SNU. An economist and historian by education, before the revolution he belonged to the moderate wing of the Finnish social democracy. Gylling participated in the battles for Vyborg all 5 days - from April 24 to April 29, then managed to escape, illegally made his way to Helsingfors, and from there to Sweden. There he moved to the Bolshevik positions, in 1920 he moved to Soviet Russia, met with Lenin and became the leader of Soviet Karelia, where he pursued a policy of Finnization. In 1935 he was removed from the leadership of Soviet Karelia, and in 1937 he was shot.

In the Stalinist concentration camp in 1939, the former chairman of the "red diet" and the Council of People's Deputies Kullervo Manner, who had headed the Communist Party of Finland for many years, died. In 1936, Eino Rakhia and Yurie Sirola died in the USSR. Both of them by that time had lost political influence. In 1923, Yury Mäkelin, a veteran of the Finnish labor movement, who by that time had become one of the leaders of the legal Socialist Labor Party, died under mysterious circumstances in a Finnish prison. Other leaders of red Finland survived Otto Kuusinen, who died in 1964 in the USSR, and who died in 1963 in the USA, who had long since retired from politics and did not become a Bolshevik, Oskari Tokoi.

After the fall of Vyborg, another orgy of white terror began. Among the victims of the White Terror, in addition to the Finnish workers and the Red Guards, there were also Russian speakers living in Vyborg. Moreover, the Russian speakers, who sympathized with the Reds, tried to escape from Vyborg together with the Red Guard detachments, and apolites or people in general who sympathized with the Whites and were waiting for them as liberators from the revolutionary nightmare fell under the distribution.

The names of 327 Russians shot by the Whites after the occupation of Vyborg have been precisely established. According to the modern Finnish researcher L. Westerlund, the number of those executed was somewhat higher - from 360 to 420 people. In 1910, 5240 Russian-speaking people lived in Vyborg. Thus, about a tenth of the Russian-speaking population of Vyborg was shot, and given that almost exclusively adult men were shot, in this group of the Russian population, the proportion of those shot is generally off scale. Among the 327 "Russians" shot there were 37 non-Russians, including 23 Poles and 4 Ukrainians. (L. Westerlund. We were waiting for you as liberators, and you brought us death. St. Petersburg, 2013, pp. 28, 40, 87).

Very often, the motive for the execution was the desire of the advocates of sacred private property to enrich themselves at the expense of the property of the person being shot:

“It was said that the director of the grocery store, Antonovsky, shouted: “They took all the money from me, 16,000.” In some cases, the fingers of the executed were cut off to remove the rings.

The Russians who were shot on April 29, 1918 between the ramparts were robbed so thoroughly that the next day the relatives found their dead half-naked. On the morning of April 30, 1918, merchant Vilhelm Kontula visited the place of executions, "when the partisans took off clothes and other things from the dead."

The commander of the Vyborg guard Turunen also visited there in the interval of 04/01/05/1918. “The bodies were in the same positions as on April 29, all the officers were robbed almost naked. Only a few were still wearing blue officer trousers. Georg Hemberg, a military officer from the Vaasa regiment, who was present on the scene, saw how some of the soldiers participating in the mass shooting began to inspect the belongings of the dead, apparently in order to appropriate boots and belts, as well as valuable items such as watches,

wallets and money. When one of the soldiers threw away a pair of bad boots, Hemberg took them for himself. In the stories of the relatives of the dead and in the demands for compensation, there are many statements about the missing money from the deceased and valuables. The tailor Markus Weiner, according to his wife, lost his ring, silver pocket watch and 5,000 marks after his death. On the day of his death, the executed civil engineer Nikolai Nikitin had with him a silver cigarette worth 200 marks, a gold ring with a signet for 100 marks, ten gold Finnish coins, a nickel watch for 50 marks and 1,500 marks, which disappeared after his death.150 A military engineer Konstantin Nazarov lost a gold watch on a gold chain for 600 marks, an engagement ring for 90 marks and a wallet containing 2,500 marks and an unknown but even larger sum Russian money. On the day of his death, the former junior artillery officer Martin Eck had with him 1,200 rubles, a silver watch, a gold ring, and others. family values that were not found on the body. Piano maker Fritz Tuklenok had money and money sewn into the lining of his pocket. securities that have been stolen. He had 4,000 marks, 2,000 rubles and securities whose total value was approximately 30,000 marks. The sexton of the Roman Catholic Church, Stanislav Zakrevsky, had 1,000 marks on the day of the murder, a silver pocket watch worth 80 marks, an engagement ring worth 125 marks, as well as a rosary and clothes worth 200 marks. Money and things are gone. Body

worker Alexei Zykov was found robbed. He had 800 marks and 800 rubles with him. On the day of his death, the tailor Andrei Pchelkin had a silver watch worth 100 marks, an engagement ring and 25 marks, which were missing. Tailor Alexander Pchelkin lost a gold ring with a stone for 75 marks and 50 marks in cash.

Based on all these data, it can be concluded that the embezzlement of money and valuables was at least one of the good reasons for the murders of Russians that occurred in connection with the capture of Vyborg. It is possible that some of the killers participated in the executions, primarily guided by their own thirst for profit, while the motive of the Jaeger leadership was the elimination of Russians in Finland. The goals of looting are explained by the mixed composition of the executioners. Probably, the opportunity to get easy money seduced adventurers, criminals and money-hungry ordinary soldiers to participate in mass executions, clearly organized by people from the command. ((L. Westerlund. We were waiting for you as liberators, and you brought us death. St. Petersburg, 2013, pp. 58–59)

In total, after the defeat of the revolution, from 80 to 90 thousand Reds were arrested. Of these, from 8 to 18 thousand were shot, from 12 to 15 thousand starved to death in concentration camps. At that time, 3.5 million people lived in Finland, while half of the country's population supported the Reds, so the proportion of those executed and tortured among the Reds' supporters is huge.

“What is happening in the country is terrible. Executions continue unceasingly. The red madness was actually replaced by white terror. And these executions give the impression of arbitrariness, for the victims are seized where no violence [by the Reds] has been committed and arouse unquenchable hatred where there was none before. Thousands of widows, tens of thousands of orphans have lost their breadwinners, and the state has not taken the slightest step to mitigate their need, or even give instructions about it. In the camps prisoners are dropping like flies. In the prison camp at Jakobstad, in the first three weeks of May, 21 prisoners died from an epidemic and 26 from starvation. In Sveaborg, the prisoners are in an unheard-of difficult situation. And representatives of the good upper classes walk around and say: "Let them die, they deserve it, the infection will be destroyed by the roots." But a simple person in the village, even one who throughout the entire rebellion, despite all the threats and promises, was white, says: this will give rise to hatred that will not go away for generations. It goes without saying that for those who survive these months of horror, anxiety and despair due to the death of their relatives, due to the destruction of their home or because of the humiliation of the fatherland, it will be difficult to forget this ... ”(V.M. Kholodkovsky. Revolution 1918 in Finland and the German intervention. M., 1967, p. 298).

Back in the 1980s in Finland, veterans of the Red Guard and veterans of the shutskor were sent to different nursing homes to avoid fights caused by the events of 70 years ago.

What would happen if the Reds won the civil war in Finland? The Finnish Reds were not Bolsheviks. They advocated not for the dictatorship of the proletariat, but for a parliamentary system and their socio-economic goals were very moderate. Left to its own devices, the Finnish Revolution, if it had won, would have created a welfare state with a parliamentary system - and this could have influenced events throughout Northern Europe. A modern author writes:

“The victory of the Reds in Finland would greatly change the course of historical events in Scandinavia and the Northwest. With a high probability, the Norwegian Workers' Party could come to power in Norway, which at that time was much more left-wing than the current one - it even entered the Comintern.

In Sweden, the Social Democrats were also very strong, although there were not as leftists as Lenin's Social Democrats. But the Finnish socialists were by no means as radical as the Bolsheviks - by the way, maybe that's why they lost.

So there was quite the prospect of forming a left-wing socialist alliance in Scandinavia, which would be in allied relations with Soviet Russia and to some extent replace Germany, which Lenin counted on in the event of the victory of the German revolution - as a source of technology and an example of industrial culture.

This, once again, is guesswork, but the entire development, including the USSR, including its configuration, could have taken a different path. The Russian revolution and everything that followed it, precisely because it took place in the weak link of capitalism, depended very much on many accidents: let Lenin live a little longer, do not prevent the rebellion of Grigoriev of the Red Army from coming to the aid of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, develop according to the Battle of Warsaw is different... And there are a number of such points that could change the course of history in the USSR and in Europe very much.

So the idea that the victory of the Red Finns would have simply made another republic in the USSR, and everything else would have been as it was, is very naive.

We don't know how it would be. But very, very much would have been very different. Maybe even better.

This option has not been implemented. The defeat of the Reds and the rampant white terror in Finland became an important factor, because of which events in Soviet Russia went exactly the way they went. The Finnish Reds wanted to preserve democracy, sought to avoid the Red Terror, abolished the death penalty and did not create the Cheka. The Finnish propertied classes, having won a victory over a humane enemy, did not make any concessions to the vanquished for their humanity and flooded the country with blood. The Bolsheviks made the logical conclusion from this that they have one alternative in front of them - victory or death. And that you need to win at any cost. Otherwise, the Russian whites will flood the workers and peasants with blood on Russia, just as the Finnish whites flooded Finland with the blood of the workers and torpari. The victorious White Terror in Finland became one of the important incentives for the introduction of the Red Terror in Russia...

Alexey Kupriyanov, for Strike.

June 4th, 2018

The first Soviet-Finnish war - fighting between the White Finnish troops and units of the Red Army on the territory of Soviet Russia from March 1918 to October 1920.

At first it was conducted informally. Since March 1918, during the Civil War in Finland, the White Finnish troops, pursuing the enemy (Finnish "Reds"), crossed the Russian-Finnish border and in a number of places went to Eastern Karelia.

At the same time, the ongoing military operations were not always partisan in nature. Officially, the war with the RSFSR was declared by the democratic government of Finland on May 15, 1918 after the defeat of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic.

The first Soviet-Finnish war was part of the Russian Civil War and the Foreign Military Intervention in northern Russia.

It ended on October 14, 1920 with the signing of the Tartu Peace Treaty between the RSFSR and Finland, which fixed a number of territorial concessions from Soviet Russia.

background

The October Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd marked the beginning of the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks in all the major cities of Russia. At the same time, centers for the unification of anti-Bolshevik forces were emerging throughout the country. A civil war broke out in Russia.

The fall of the Russian autocracy and the October Revolution of 1917 allowed the Finnish Senate to declare independence on December 6, 1917. On December 18 (31), 1917, the independence of the Republic of Finland was recognized by the Council of People's Commissars. Finland recognized, in turn, the government of the Bolsheviks. At the same time, unrest intensified in the country and the struggle between the “reds” and “whites” intensified, which by January 1918 had escalated into a civil war. The Belofinsk detachments controlled the northern and central parts of the country, while the southern part, with most of the large cities, where the de-Bolshevized units of the former Russian Imperial Army were concentrated, was occupied by detachments of the Finnish Red Guard.

By the spring of 1919, the Bolshevik government was in a difficult position. The supreme ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak and General Denikin, were approaching Moscow from the northeast and south. In the Northern region and Estonia, Russian military volunteer units were completing their formations, the goal of which was red Petrograd.

Causes

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918, when huge territories were torn away from Russia, showed the weakness of the Soviet government and caused discontent on the part of various social groups.

Uprisings broke out, such as the Yaroslavl, Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising, Tambov, even independent territories were proclaimed. In the case of Ingria, the North Karelian state, the Rebolskaya volost, Porayarvi, the rebels hoped for help from neighboring Finland, with which they had a common language and historical ties. On the wave of success in Finland, whites hoped for more. Soviet Russia was surrounded by white armies and could not resist Germany. Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia were also an example of a successful struggle against Bolshevism, relying on foreign support. The idea of ​​Greater Finland was widely spread. According to the Finnish researcher Toivo Nigord, General Mannerheim had the opportunity to go down in history as a liberator from the Bolsheviks, if not all of Russia, then Petrograd for sure. Therefore, events can be divided into two stages. First: an international struggle against the Bolsheviks, everywhere, in the hope of the victory of the white movement as a whole in Russia. And the second stage, when it became clear that Soviet authority will stand, and one can only hope for tactical successes on the ground, relying on the national movement and foreign aid. The concepts of occupation and liberation in this historical period are extremely relative and vague. In Soviet historiography, it was customary to consider only the territorial and military aspects of the war. But at the same time, the 30,000 migrants who left for Finland show the attitude of the population towards Sovietization.

On February 23, 1918, while at the Antrea station (now Kamennogorsk), referring to the troops, the Supreme Commander of the Finnish Army, General Carl Gustav Mannerheim, delivered his speech on it, the “sword oath”, in which he stated that he “would not sheathe his sword, ... before Lenin's last warrior and hooligan is expelled from both Finland and East Karelia." However, there was no official declaration of war from Finland. The desire of General Manerheim to become the savior of "old Russia" in Finland was treated negatively. At the very least they needed support. Western countries and guarantees that white Russia will recognize Finnish independence., the white movement failed to create a united front, which sharply reduced the chances of success. Other leaders of the white movement refused to recognize the independence of Finland. And for more active action, without risk to their country, allies were needed.

On February 27, the Finnish government sent a petition to Germany that, as a country at war against Russia, considering Finland as an ally of Germany, it would demand that Russia make peace with Finland on the basis of joining East Karelia to Finland. The future border with Russia proposed by the Finns was to run along the line of the Eastern coast of Lake Ladoga - Lake Onega - the White Sea.

By the beginning of March, a plan was developed at Mannerheim's headquarters to organize "national uprisings in Eastern Karelia" and special Finnish instructors were allocated - military personnel to create centers of uprising.

On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Soviet Russia and the countries of the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria). Russian garrisons were withdrawn from Finland. The Red Finns were defeated and fled to Karelia.

On March 6, the commander of the Northern Military District (Fin. Pohjolan sotilaspiiri), senior lieutenant of the rangers Kurt Wallenius, suggested that Mannerheim launch an offensive in Eastern Karelia.

On March 6-7, an official statement appeared by the head of the Finnish state, regent Per Evind Svinhufvud, that Finland was ready to make peace with Soviet Russia on "moderate Brest conditions", that is, if East Karelia, part of Murmansk, were ceded to Finland. railway and the entire Kola Peninsula.

On March 7-8, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany responded to the request of the Finnish government that Germany would not wage war for Finnish interests with the Soviet government, which signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and would not support Finland's military actions if they moved them beyond its borders.

On March 7, the Finnish Prime Minister claims East Karelia and the Kola Peninsula, and on March 15, Finnish General Mannerheim approves the "Wallenius Plan", which provides for the capture of part of the former territory of the Russian Empire up to the Petsamo (Pechenga) line - the Kola Peninsula - the White Sea - Lake Onega - the Svir River - Lake Ladoga.

By mid-May 1918, the White Finns controlled the entire territory of the former Grand Duchy of Finland and began military operations to conquer East Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.

The landing of German troops in Finland and their occupation of Helsingfors caused serious concern among the Entente countries that fought against Germany. Starting from March 1918, in Murmansk, by agreement with the Bolshevik government, Entente troops landed to protect Murmansk and the railway from a possible offensive by the German-Finnish troops. From the Red Finns who retreated to the east, the British formed the Murmansk Legion, led by Oskari Tokoi, to act against the White Finns associated with the Germans.

In November 1918, Germany capitulated and began to withdraw its troops from the territories of the former Russian Empire, which fell under German occupation as a result of the hostilities of the First World War and the conditions of the Brest Peace, including from the territories of the Baltic countries. On December 30, 1918, Finnish troops under the command of General Wetzer landed in Estonia, where they assisted the Estonian government in the fight against the Bolshevik troops.

In January 1919, the Finns occupied the Porosozernaya volost of the Povenets district.

On April 21-22, the Olonets Volunteer Army from the territory of Finland launched a massive offensive in Eastern Karelia in the Olonets direction.

On April 21, the volunteers occupied Vidlitsa, on April 23 - Tuloksa, in the evening of the same day - the city of Olonets, on April 24 they occupied Veshkelitsa, on April 25 they approached Pryazha, went to the Sulazhgora region and began to threaten Petrozavodsk directly. At the same time, English, Canadian and White Guard troops threatened Petrozavodsk from the north. At the end of April, the Red Army managed to hold back the advance of the volunteers on Petrozavodsk.

In May, the White Guard troops in Estonia began hostilities, threatening Petrograd.

In May and June, on the eastern and northern shores of Lake Ladoga, Red Army detachments held back the offensive of the Finnish volunteers. In May-June 1919, Finnish volunteers advanced on the area of ​​Lodeynoye Pole and crossed the Svir.

At the end of June 1919, the counteroffensive of the Red Army began in the Vidlitsky direction and on July 8, 1919, in the Olonets sector of the Karelian front. Finnish volunteers were thrown back over the border line.

On May 18, 1920, units of the Red Army liquidated the North Karelian state with its capital in the village of Ukhta (Arkhangelsk province), which received financial and military assistance from the Finnish government. Only in July 1920, the Finns were driven out of most of eastern Karelia. Finnish troops remained only in the Rebolsk and Porosozersk volosts of Eastern Karelia.

In 1920, under the Tartu Peace Treaty, Soviet Russia made significant territorial concessions - independent Finland received Western Karelia up to the Sestra River, the Pechenga region in the Arctic, the western part of the Rybachy Peninsula and most of the Sredny Peninsula.

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Official historical note:
The cruiser was laid down on July 31, 1979 at shipyard"Name of the 61st Communards" as the RRC "Chervona Ukraine". Named at the request of the Council of Veterans of the Great Patriotic War KChF in honor of the cruiser that died in 1942 in the Sevastopol Bay, defending Sevastopol.

Launched on July 27, 1982.
On December 1, 1986, a crew was formed at the 10th Operational Squadron of the Pacific Fleet. By order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 284 of August 10, 1988, he was enrolled as an honorary sailor Hero Soviet Union, Cavalier of the Orders of Glory of the 3rd degree of the guards foreman, retired Dubinda Pavel Khristoforovich.
From August 15 to December 1, 1989, the ship underwent sea and state trials.
On December 25, 1989, the cruiser was accepted into the USSR Navy.
On January 7, 1990, the Navy flag of the USSR was hoisted on the cruiser.
From September 27 to November 05, 1990, the cruiser in the escort of the EM "Fast" made an inter-fleet transition from the port of Sevastopol to the port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky with the performance of combat service tasks. During the transition from October 22 to 24, he made a business call at the port of Cam Ranh (SR Vietnam). The transition and performance of combat service tasks were rated as “good”.
With the arrival at the KTOF on November 05, 1990, the cruiser was enrolled in the 173 brigade of missile ships of the Kamchatka flotilla.
According to the results of the BP for 1991, the ship took second place in combat training, declared the best ship of the KTOF in missile training for 1991.
In 1991, rocket firing with cruise missiles at a sea target and firing at the Malachite target missile of the Fort UMZRK were successfully completed.
On July 26, 1992, the Navy flag of the USSR was lowered on the cruiser and the St. Andrew's flag was raised.
The cruiser was declared the best at the KTOF in missile and artillery preparation and air defense and won the prize of the Navy Civil Code for firing cruise missiles at a sea target and firing at 3 Malachite target missiles of the Fort UMZRK.
In 1991 - 1994, the cruiser was the best ship of the formation.
In 1994, the cruiser was declared the best ship of the 1st rank at the KVF.
In 1995, after a long stay, the cruiser made the transition from the base point of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Vladivostok in 4 days to the naval parade in honor of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Peace in the Pacific Ocean (September 2).
On September 04, 1995, the ship was transferred to the 36th division of missile ships of the 10th Operational Squadron.
On February 9, 1996, the Red Army "Chervona Ukraine" was solemnly renamed the Guards by order of the Navy Civil Code. missile cruiser"Varangian".
In 1996, the cruiser fired artillery at coastal and sea targets. The fire of anti-aircraft missile systems destroyed 2 La-17 target aircraft and 1 RM-15 “Termit” target missile. Declared the best ship of the KTOF in air defense.
From 09 to 13 February 1997, the cruiser made an official friendly visit to the port of Incheon of the Republic of Korea to the site of the battle between the armored cruiser Varyag and the Japanese squadron.
03 September 1997 shooting cruise missile according to the actual naval target (the target is a decommissioned landing ship). Naval target destroyed by a direct hit from the CR. For this shooting, the cruiser was awarded the prize of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy as the best surface ship of the Navy for missile training. In 1997, the cruiser was declared the advanced NK KTOF.
In 1998, the cruiser underwent dock repairs. After the repair, the ship worked out a course of combat training. Performed firing anti-aircraft missile systems and artillery at air, coastal and sea targets.
In 1999, the cruiser performed missile firing with the main complex for the prize of the Navy Civil Code.
From October 02 to October 06, 1999, the cruiser "Varyag" in conjunction with the destroyer "Stormy" under the flag of the commander of the KTOF, Admiral ZAKHARENKO M.G. participated in an official visit to the port of Shanghai - the People's Republic of China in connection with the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the PRC.
On October 28, 1999, the cruiser participated in the complex control exit of the KTOF ships to Peter the Great Bay with the Prime Minister Russian Federation Vladimir Putin.
From October 10 to 15, 2002, the cruiser made an official visit to the port of Yokosuka (Japan) on the 50th anniversary of the Japanese Naval Self-Defense Forces, participated in the naval parade in Tokyo Bay. In 2003, the cruiser successfully completed missile firing with the main complex for the prize of the GKVMF.

In 2004, from February 10 to 15, the ship made an official friendly visit as part of a detachment of KTOF warships (together with the BOD "Admiral Tributs", MPK "Koreets") under the flag of the Commander of the KTOF, Admiral FYODOROV V.D. to the port of Incheon of the Republic of Korea to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the feat of the armored cruiser Varyag. During the visit, joint exercises were held with the ships of the Navy of the Republic of Korea.
In April 2004, during the KShU KTOF, the ship successfully carried out rocket and artillery firing, shot down an air target of the Gyurza and AK-630 air defense systems.
The chiefs of the ship are the administration of the Tula region and the city of Tula (contract BN dated December 19, 1996), the administration of the Noginsk district (contract No. 84 dated December 23, 1996), labor collective JSC "VLADIVOSTOK-AVIA" (contract BN dated August 14, 1999), Charitable Foundation support of the Navy "Cruiser" Varyag "(BN contract dated February 08, 2011)
In September-December 2005, the cruiser as part of the OBC (BPC "Admiral Panteleev", BPC "Admiral Tributs" tanker "Pechenga") successfully completed the tasks of a long-range voyage with visits to the ports of the port of Vishakhapatnam (India) - the port of Singapore - the port of Jakarta - the port of Sattahip - Port of Haiphong. The cruiser took part in the international exercises "INDRA-2005". A number of officers and midshipmen were awarded state and departmental awards.
In December, the cruiser was declared the best in the main types of training in 2005.
In March-April, the cruiser cleaned the fuel tanks and unloaded all the ammunition.
In May 2006, dock repairs began on the cruiser.
In the period from June 2006 to February 2008, the cruiser carried out separate repair work with the replacement of the main and sustainer engines and the modernization of weapons by the forces of JSC "HK Dalzavod".
In April 2008, the crew of the cruiser successfully worked out and passed the course task "K-1".
In May 2008, the cruiser joined the permanent readiness forces.
In October 2008, the Varyag, as part of a detachment of ships, made an unofficial visit to the port of Busan in the Republic of Korea and took part in the international maritime parade.
According to the results of 2008, the cruiser was declared the best ship of the 1st rank of the association.
In April 2009, the Varyag SC as part of a detachment of KTOF ships made an unofficial visit to the port of Qingdao, China, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the PLA Navy.
In October-December 2009, the Varyag MRC made a business call to the Changi Naval Base of the Republic of Singapore in order to ensure the security of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev, who participated in the APEC-2009 summit.
The cruiser was visited by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev, Governor of Primorsky Krai S.M. Darkin, Vladyka of Primorsky and Vladivostok Veniamin.
According to the results of 2009, the cruiser won two prizes of the Navy Civil Code for missile firing.
In 2010, the guards missile cruiser "Varyag" paid an unofficial visit to the US port of San Francisco. During the visit, a number of meetings were held with the command of the US Navy, the administration of the city of San Francisco.
The cruiser board was visited by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev.
In November 2010, the guards missile cruiser "Varyag" visited the port of Incheon, Republic of Korea. The crew of the cruiser took part in the ceremony of leasing the armored cruiser Varyag to the Russian Federation Guys.

I already had a chance to visit this summer aboard the Moskva, similar to the Varyag, but then everything was limited to a simple inspection of the ship, and here, in Kamchatka, I had to go to sea and live firing.

So, on the evening of September 14, we went by boat to the ship. "Varyag" at that time received supplies from the supply vessel - the medium sea tanker "Irkut"

2. Mooring

3. Guards missile cruiser pr.1164 "Varyag", the flagship of the Pacific Fleet

4. Descent of the guy

Throughout the night and morning of September 15, the ships sailed to the site of the final stage of bilateral exercises between fleet formations, which was located 154 miles from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Escort ships.
Small rocket ship pr.12341 "Razliv"

6. Destroyer pr.956 "Fast"

7. In front of Razliv RTO, in the background - a large anti-submarine ship pr.1155 "Admiral Vinogradov"

8. BOD "Admiral Tributs", MPK "Koreets", RTO "Moroz" also took part in the exercises.
What happened during the exercises themselves: the naval strike group of the Primorsky flotilla of diverse forces carried out anti-aircraft missile fire to repel enemy air attacks from various directions.
Unfortunately, the escort ships were moving at a very large distance, actively using interference and smoke, so their work could not be filmed. MRK "Moroz" fired two P-120 "Malachite" anti-ship missiles, which served as targets for escort ships, and the "Koreets" MPK fired with a Saman target missile, at which the "Varyag" fired with a missile of the S-300F anti-aircraft complex " Fort". The cruiser also worked as an AK-130 artillery mount, but I don’t know for what type of target.
Shooting "Fort" from two shooting points (photos taken by Vadim Savitsky)

14. The firing of the AK-130 and the video of the operation of the "Fort" can be viewed in the plot of the Zvezda TV channel.
The commander of the Primorsky Flotilla called the shooting successful.

A short tour of the ship.
Three-coordinate airborne target detection radar MR-600 Voskhod

15. Radar MR-123 "Vympel" fire control artillery mount AK-630

16. 30-mm six-barreled automatic gun mount AK-630. On the right - the installation operator

18. And here is a video from the spring exercises, where the "Varyag" worked with the PK-10 "Brave" and AK-630 electronic warfare complex

Rocket launcher RBU-6000 "Smerch-2"

19. You can watch a video of her work in my exercise report. Northern Fleet, and this is one of the shooting "Varyag"

21. Under this cover is the Osa-M shipborne anti-aircraft missile system

21. Rocket 9M33 "Osy-M"

22. This is removed by any photographer who visited the cruiser - the silhouettes of ships and aircraft. Ours and a potential enemy

23. Optical direction finder PGK-2

24. The command post of the ship. It is almost identical to "Moscow", a video tour of which you can watch in the corresponding entry.
Combat Information system CICS "Lumberjack-1164"

Navigational safety systems - complexes "Bal" and "Vaigach"

26. On this complex electronic maps are displayed

27. But paper calculations are always carried out, in case of failure of electronics due to an accident, hostilities, etc.

28. A device that broadcasts navigation data

Satellite navigation device GLONASS/GPS CH-3101

30. Signal table

31. At the post of energy and survivability. Video from various compartments is broadcast on the monitor

The website of the Ministry of Defense has a good virtual photo tour of the cruiser, there is also this post, I strongly advise you to look at http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/museums/varyag.htm.

View from helipad. The hangar gate for the Ka-27 helicopter and the famous "tit" - the "Volna" radar station of the antenna fire control post of the "Fort" air defense missile system

Missile cruiser "Chervona Ukraine" goes to the test, 1988-1989.

- The third ship of project 1164 - missile cruiser "Chervona Ukraine" laid down on July 31, 1979 at the shipyard named after the 61st Communards. At the request of the Council of Veterans of the Great Patriotic War of the Red Banner Black Sea Fleet the ship is named after the cruiser, which died in 1942 in the Sevastopol Bay, defending Sevastopol. Launched into the water July 27, 1982

Travel speed - up to 34 knots. Cruising range - 9 thousand miles (17.5 thousand km, or almost half an equator). Crew - 416 people. Instead of the standard Bazalt anti-ship missiles, the missile cruiser carries 16 3M-70 Vulkan anti-ship missiles, a Fort missile system, a twin 130-mm gun mount, two Osa anti-aircraft missile systems (80 missiles), six six-barreled 30-mm machine guns, two five-pipe torpedo tubes, two jet bombers, a Platinum hydroacoustic station with a towed device, a Ka-27 helicopter.

Rocket launcher RBU-6000 "Smerch-2".

The development of the P-1000 "Volcano" complex was launched in accordance with the government decree of May 17, 1979 in connection with the constant increase in the range of attack carrier-based aircraft of the US Navy.The Vulkan anti-ship missile complex (P-1000) entered service in 1987. The 3M-70 anti-ship cruise missile had a turbojet engine similar to the P-500, but due to the use of a more powerful booster stage (CPC) with controlled nozzles, as well as more modern structural materials (in particular, titanium alloys), as well as weakening armor protection , had a range increased to 700 km.

The rocket of the Vulkan complex is strikingly different from its predecessor due to the use of a more powerful launch-acceleration stage (CPC) with controlled nozzles, as well as more modern structural materials

Similar replacementRCC "Basalt" on the RCC "Volcano" It was also assumed for the previous ships of the project, which was subsequently carried out on the Moskva cruiser during its modernization, and since 2011 the Marshal Ustinov has been modernized. The reloading of the Vulkan complex is carried out only at the ship bases, as it is a rather laborious operation. Serial production of 3M-70 missiles was carried out at the Strela Production Association (Orenburg).

In short, the P-1000 Vulkan SCRC is a highly improved Basalt. The "Basalt" complex was modernized and put into service on 10/13/1987, but already under the name "Volcano", from which it follows that RRC pr. 1164 armed with "Volcano" and only "Volcano".

However, these anti-ship missiles cannot use regular launch stages, since their operation can lead to the destruction of the launcher. As a result, they are equipped with P-500 anti-ship missile launchers, which somewhat reduces the flight range. For unknown reasons (economic, political, technical or production nature), the Vulkan SCRC was installed on the cruisers of the 1164th project in a truncated form- without replacing the SM-248 fiberglass launchers with new ones made of heat-resistant alloys, allowing the use of 3M70 missiles with new-design booster rocket engines.

The Varyag missile cruiser has heat-resistant launchers. But given that anti-ship missiles with powerful launchers are not yet / yet being produced, they are still used, then For this reason, the Marshal Ustinov RRC is armed with the Vulkan SCRC with 3M70 missiles equipped with launch boosters from the 4K80 RCC of the decommissioned Bazalt complex. In connection with the above. it remains to be assumed that the range of the Vulkan SCRC today is either the same as that of the Bazalt (550 km), or (according to some sources) 150 km more due to a decrease in the mass of the rocket.

In fact, missile cruisers of project 1164 use the Vulkan SCRC with 3M70 missiles equipped with launch boosters from the 4K80 anti-ship missiles of the decommissioned Bazalt complex

On December 1, 1986, a crew was formed at the 10th Operational Squadron of the Pacific Fleet. By order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 284 of August 10, 1988, he was enlisted as an honorary sailor, Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of the orders of Glory of the 3rd degree of the guard, retired foreman Pavel Khristoforovich Dubinda. From August 15 to December 1, 1989, the ship underwent sea and state trials. On December 25, 1989 he was accepted into the USSR Navy.On January 7, 1990, the Navy flag of the USSR was hoisted on the cruiser.

Missile cruiser "Chervona Ukraine" during the transition to the Pacific Fleet, 1990. Author Muratov V.N.

From September 27 to November 05, 1990, the cruiser in the escort of the EM "Fast" made an inter-fleet transition from the port of Sevastopol to the port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky with the performance of combat service tasks. During the transition from October 22 to 24, he made a business call at the port of Cam Ranh (SR Vietnam). The transition and performance of combat service tasks were rated as “good”.
With the arrival at the KTOF on November 05, 1990, the cruiser was enrolled in the 173 brigade of missile ships of the Kamchatka flotilla.
According to the results of the BP for 1991, the ship took second place in combat training, declared the best ship of the KTOF in missile training for 1991.
In 1991, rocket firing with cruise missiles at a sea target and firing at the Malachite target missile of the Fort UMZRK were successfully completed.
On July 26, 1992, the Navy flag of the USSR was lowered on the cruiser and the St. Andrew's flag was raised.The cruiser was declared the best at the KTOF in missile and artillery preparation and air defense and won the prize of the Navy Civil Code for firing cruise missiles at a sea target and firing at 3 Malachite target missiles of the Fort UMZRK.
In 1991 - 1994, the cruiser was the best ship of the formation.In 1995, after a long stay, the cruiser made a transition from the base point of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Vladivostok in 4 days for a naval parade in honor of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Peace in the Pacific Ocean (September 2). On September 04, 1995, the ship was transferred to the 36th division of missile ships of the 10th Operational Squadron.

In connection with the redistribution of the fleet after collapse of the USSR, February 09, 1996 missile cruiser "Chervona Ukraine" by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, the famous Yeltsin "reformer", Admiral of the Fleet Felix Gromov renamed to guards missile cruiser "Varyag". The missile cruiser became the last worthy receiver of the glorious name of the legendary cruiser "Varyag" during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.Moreover, the aircraft-carrying cruiser of the same name of project 1143.5 "Varyag", who never took up military service Russian fleet,at that time it had not yet been sold for scrap and did not belong to Thailand.

In 1996, the cruiser fired artillery at coastal and sea targets. The fire of anti-aircraft missile systems destroyed 2 La-17 target aircraft and 1 RM-15 “Termit” target missile. "Varyag" was declared the best ship of the KTOF in air defense.
In 1997 cruiser "Varyag" participated in a training trip to Korea and Japan. For the first time in the Navy, there was a clergyman as a member of the team. Bishop of Vladivostok and Primorsky Veniamin became them. From 09 to 13 February 1997, the cruiser made an official friendly visit to the port of Incheon of the Republic of Korea to the site of the battle between the armored cruiser Varyag and the Japanese squadron.
On September 03, 1997, a cruise missile was fired at an actual sea target (the target was a decommissioned landing craft). Naval target destroyed by a direct hit from the CR. For this shooting, the cruiser was awarded the prize of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy as the best surface ship of the Navy for missile training. In 1997, the cruiser was declared the advanced surface ship of the KTOF.

Missile cruiser "Varyag". Rocket firing by the Vulkan complex. Photo by V. Ankov, Muratov V.N.

In 1998, the cruiser underwent dock repairs. After the repair, the ship worked out a course of combat training. Performed firing anti-aircraft missile systems and artillery at air, coastal and sea targets.
In 1999, the cruiser performed missile firing with the main complex for the prize of the Navy Civil Code.
From October 02 to October 06, 1999, the cruiser "Varyag" in conjunction with the destroyer "Stormy" under the flag of the commander of the KTOF, Admiral ZAKHARENKO M.G. participated in an official visit to the port of Shanghai - the People's Republic of China in connection with the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the PRC.
On October 28, 1999, the cruiser participated in the complex control exit of the KTOF ships to Peter the Great Bay with the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin.
In May 2001, the cruiser was visited by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II.

Since 2002, the project 1164 Varyag missile cruiser has become the flagship of the Pacific Fleet in exchange forProject 1144 Admiral Lazarev heavy nuclear missile cruiser. From October 10 to 15, 2002, the cruiser made an official visit to the port of Yokosuka (Japan) on the 50th anniversary of the Japanese Naval Self-Defense Forces, participated in the naval parade in Tokyo Bay.

In 2003, the cruiser successfully completed missile firing with the main complex for the prize of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.

The missile cruiser "Varyag" goes on a trip to South Korea, February 3, 2004. Photo by Sayapin Vladimir

From February 10 to 15, 2004, the ship made an official friendly visit as part of a detachment of KTOF warships (together with the BOD Admiral Tributs, MPK Koreets) under the flag of the Commander of the KTOF Admiral V.D. FYODOROV. to the port of Incheon of the Republic of Korea to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the feat of the armored cruiser Varyag. During the visit, joint exercises were held with the ships of the Navy of the Republic of Korea. In April 2004, during the KTOF command and staff exercises, the ship successfully carried out rocket and artillery firing, shot down an air target of the Gyurza and AK-630 air defense systems.

In September-December 2005, the cruiser as part of a detachment of warships (BPK "Admiral Panteleev", BOD "Admiral Tributs", tanker "Pechenga") successfully completed the tasks of a long-range voyage with visits to the ports of the port of Vishakhapatnam (India) - the port of Singapore - the port of Jakarta - Sattahip port - Haiphong port. The cruiser took part in the international exercises "INDRA-2005". A number of officers and midshipmen were awarded state and departmental awards. In December, the cruiser was declared the best in the main types of training in 2005.

In 2006, the flagship of the Pacific Fleet, the guards missile cruiser Varyag, was delivered for scheduled repairs to the walls of Dalzavod. In March-April, the cruiser cleaned the fuel tanks and unloaded all the ammunition. In May 2006, dock repairs began on the cruiser.Repairs were planned to be carried out quickly. But due to the lack of qualified shipbuilders at the crisis Dalzavod (as, indeed, at all enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation), a quick scheduled repair dragged on for almost two years. In the period from June 2006 to February 2008, separate repairs were carried out on the cruiser with the replacement of the main and sustainer engines and the modernization of weapons by the forces of OAO HC Dalzavod.

After the repair and restoration of the undercarriage, the Varyag missile cruiser under the command of the guard captain 1st rank Eduard Moskalenko took part in sea trials.During one of the exits from the plant to the waters of Peter the Great Bay, the Varyag, as in the best years of the past, developed a maximum cruising speed of 32.5 knots. Military sailors, having missed real combat work at sea at the quay wall, even in these few days, were charged with a positive attitude. After all, before sea ​​trials a whole conscription of sailors and foremen was forced to study marine science only on simulators and during ship training in their specialty.

Sailor Nikolai Ivanov, the commander of the operator's section of the control group of the anti-aircraft missile division of the guard, was drafted into the fleet from Sverdlovsk region in the fall of 2006 stated that "... he felt completely different as soon as the ship finally left the factory for the sea. I wanted to take a sip of sea romance in full, there were thoughts about concluding a contract after the completion of military service «.

Commander of the Guards rocket ship"Varyag" (2008) Guard Captain 1st Rank EDUARD MOSKALENKO: “The current repair is the first in the entire 18-year life of the missile cruiser. The plant workers carried out a planned replacement of all engines, galley equipment, household systems - showers, latrines. If we measure such repairs by monetary investments, then it cost the state about 350 million rubles. The main burden fell on the residents of Dalzavodsk, but dozens of other Russian defense enterprises also contributed to the restoration of the Varyag. I can say one thing: a huge job has been done with honor, and now our Varyag is technically in excellent shape, which was shown by its sea trials at sea. This repair extended the ship's full-fledged service for at least another fifteen years. And practically without restriction of navigation. Even during such a long period of repair, we tried to keep the full staff of the ship, so that the personnel in the conditions of parking in the dock would maintain their departments in a normal state, studied functional responsibilities by specialty. You can't do everything with a reduced crew: the economy is vast! During the first trips to the sea, the sailors worked out shifts, all the elements of mooring. So soon the cruiser will take its usual place as a flagship. And not a single important event in the fleet - be it a military parade or a large-scale exercise in the ocean - can do without it.

During one of the exits from the plant to the waters of Peter the Great Bay, the Varyag, as in the best years of the past, developed a maximum cruising speed of 32.5 knots. Military sailors, having missed real combat work at sea at the quay wall, even in these few days, were charged with a positive attitude. Indeed, before sea trials, a whole call of sailors and foremen was forced to study marine science only on simulators and during shipboard training in their specialty. Sailor Nikolai Ivanov, who was drafted into the fleet from the Sverdlovsk region in the autumn of 2006, said that he felt completely different as soon as the ship finally left the factory and went to sea. I wanted to take a sip of sea romance in full, there were thoughts about concluding a contract after the completion of military service.

One of the most significant events of 2008 for the "Varangians" was February 9, when they celebrated two memorable dates at once: the 104th anniversary of the heroic battle and the death of the Varyag cruiser in the Russo-Japanese War and the day the Guards flag was raised. 104 years ago, February 9, 1904, the great-grandfather of the flagship of the Pacific Fleet - the cruiser "Varyag" of the imperial fleet - after a fierce battle with the Japanese squadron in the roadstead of the Korean port of Chemulpo, was flooded by his team. So the commissioning of the new "Varyag" precisely to this significant date in its history - the main task for the entire crew.

In April 2008, the crew of the cruiser successfully worked out and passed the course task "K-1". In May 2008, the cruiser joined the permanent readiness forces. In October 2008, the guards RKR "Varyag" as part of a detachment of ships made an unofficial visit to the port of Busan of the Republic of Korea and took part in the international maritime parade. According to the results of 2008, the cruiser was declared the best ship of the 1st rank of the association.

Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pacific Fleet (2008) Rear Admiral ANDREY VOYTOVICH: “For all of us, Pacific sailors, the return of the guards missile cruiser Varyag to combat formation is an exceptionally important and humanly joyful event. Still would! The power of the fleet immediately increases noticeably. It is no coincidence that according to the NATO classification, this class of Russian warships was nicknamed the killers of aircraft carriers. Our "Varyag" is armed with a powerful multi-purpose shock missile system, which allows you to hit large surface and ground targets at a considerable distance. In addition, its arsenal includes rocket launchers, torpedo tubes and several artillery mounts of various calibers and purposes. I am sure that the flagship will remind of itself more than once by participating in large-scale exercises and long-distance cruises. Today, the name of the Guards missile cruiser "Moskva" from the Black Sea Fleet, which recently announced itself loudly in the Atlantic, is heard more often from the pages of central newspapers. I am sure that the Pacific Varyag will soon be in the spotlight.

Missile cruiser "Varyag" at berth 33 of the Golden Horn Bay before leaving for China to participate in the naval parade in the Yellow Sea in honor of the 60th anniversary of the PLA Navy, April 13, 2009. Author of the photo Muratov V.N.

April 2009 guards missile cruiser The Varyag, as part of a detachment of KTOF ships, made an unofficial visit to the port of Qingdao, China, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Navy of the People's Liberation Army of China.

Missile cruiser "Varyag" in Qingdao during the events in honor of the 60th anniversary of the PLA Navy, April 20, 2009

In October-December 2009, the Varyag GRK made a business call to the naval base of Changi of the Republic of Singapore in order to ensure the security of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev, who participated in the APEC-2009 summit.
The cruiser was visited by the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev, Governor of Primorsky Krai S.M. Darkin, Vladyka of Primorsky and Vladivostok Veniamin. According to the results of 2009, the cruiser won two prizes of the Navy Civil Code for missile firing.

Missile cruiser "Varyag". Missile anti-ship complex Vulkan P-1000

In 2010, the guards missile cruiser "Varyag" paid an unofficial visit to the US port of San Francisco. During the visit, a number of meetings were held with the command of the US Navy, the administration of the city of San Francisco. On June 23, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev visited the Varyag missile cruiser, which is currently in San Francisco on an unofficial friendly visit. The head of state boarded the flagship of the Pacific Fleet before heading to Silicon Valley.

Rear Admiral Vladimir Kasatonov reported to President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev about the tasks performed by Russian sailors during the long voyage and the activities in which they took part in San Francisco. The President inspected the missile cruiser and talked with the crew

GRK "Varyag", 2010

In November 2010, the guards missile cruiser "Varyag" visited the port of Incheon, Republic of Korea. The crew of the cruiser took part in the ceremony of leasing the armored cruiser Varyag to the Russian Federation Guys.

Shooting with a missile of the S-300F "Fort" anti-aircraft complex at the "Saman" target missile, September 2011. Photos taken by Vadim Savitsky

Rocket 9M33 "Osy-M" after launch. GRK "Varyag", September 2011

April-May 2011 GRK "Varyag" participated in the Russian-Chinese exercises "Peace Mission-2011" in the Yellow Sea with a call at the port of Qingdao.

September - December 2011 at the head of a detachment of ships of the Pacific Fleet "Varyag" completed the tasks of combat service in the Pacific Ocean with calls to the naval base of Maizuru (Japan) - here they took part in a joint exercise with the Japanese Naval Self-Defense Forces to search for and rescue a ship in distress, Apra (Guam Island , USA) - here they took part in the Russian-American anti-terrorist exercises "Pacific Eagle-2011", and then, an unofficial visit to Vancouver (Canada).

From 23 to 27 April 2012 together with the BOD "Admiral Vinogradov", "Marshal Shaposhnikov", "Admiral Tributs" and supply ships of the GRK "Varyag" took part in the Russian-Chinese exercises "Peace Mission-2012" in the Yellow Sea.

A group of warships led by the flagship of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy Guards missile cruiser "Varyag" arrived in China to participate in the Sino-Russian joint naval exercises "Naval Interaction-2012"

At the beginning of 2013 it underwent scheduled repairs at Dalzavod. From 5 to 12 July 2013 participated in the joint Russian-Chinese exercises "Peace Mission-2013" in the Sea of ​​Japan. Further, the cruiser will lead the permanent task force of the Navy in the Mediterranean Sea, replacing the missile cruiser of the Black Sea Fleet RKR "Moskva". September 07, 2013 took part in the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Australian Navy in Sydney.

November 04, 2013 performs a combat mission in the Mediterranean Sea, and makes a friendly visit to Egypt, the port of Alexandria.

From 20 to 26 May 2014 GRK "Varyag" took part in the Russian-Chinese exercises "Marine Interaction - 2014". During the exercise, the Russian squadron visited Shanghai.

From 15 to 19 July 2014 the ship took part in the Russian-Indian exercises "Indra-2014" in the Sea of ​​Japan.

In September 2014 took part in large-scale exercises "Vostok-2014".

In November 2014, on the eve of the Australian G20 summit, two groups of ships arrived on the shores of Australia Pacific Fleet led by the cruiser "Varyag", to ensure the security of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin.

Board numbers GRK "Varyag": 119 (1989), 031 (09.1990), 011 (1994)

At the post of energy and survivability. Video from various compartments is broadcast on the monitor

View from the helipad. The hangar gate for the Ka-27 helicopter and the famous Volna radar station of the antenna fire control post of the Fort air defense missile system

Sailor's canteen

Officer's mess-campaign at the GRK "Varyag"

Bread making

The chiefs of the ship are the administration of the Tula region and the city of Tula (contract no. dated December 19, 1996), the administration of the Noginsk district (contract No. 1999), Charitable Foundation for the support of the Navy "Cruiser" Varyag "(agreement no. of February 08, 2011).

GRK "Varyag" in Vladivostok, view from the monument to Muravyov-Amursky