What is profit? Profit structure, its planning, distribution and use in market conditions. Profit planning and distribution in the enterprise Profit distribution planning of the enterprise

Introduction


4. Planning and distribution of profits in the enterprise.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Settlement part
1. Calculation tables
2. Explanatory note

Introduction

In a market economy, profit occupies a central place, expressing versatile economic ties in the reproduction process and acting as the goal of entrepreneurial activity.
Profit planning management is part of the company's activities. Without profit planning, it is impossible to make adjustments to the future work of the enterprise. Profit is the most important indicator of the financial activity of the enterprise.
To improve the efficiency of the enterprise, it is of paramount importance to identify reserves for increasing production and sales volumes, reducing production costs, and increasing profits.
The economic essence of profit is one of the complex and debatable problems in the discipline "Finance of organizations". In this regard, the chosen topic of the course work is relevant.
From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between cash receipts and cash payments. From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between the property status of the enterprise at the end and beginning of the reporting period.
Financial results economic activity the enterprise is determined by the indicator of profit or loss, formed during the calendar (economic) year.
The financial result is the difference from comparing the amounts of income and expenses of the organization. The excess of income over expenses means an increase in the organization's property - profit, and expenses over income - a decrease in property - a loss. The financial result received by the organization for the reporting year in the form of profit or loss, respectively, leads to an increase in the capital of the organization.
The main goal of the course work is to study the mechanisms of planning and the principles of profit distribution and conduct a comparative analysis of the application of these methods in the enterprise.
Based on the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
reveal the economic essence of profit;
consider the key functions of profit;
characterize the types of profit in accordance with the current tax legislation;
determine the role of profit in the activities of the enterprise;
conduct comparative analysis profit planning methods;
to consider the mechanism of distribution and use of profits of the enterprise.
The object of research is the profit of the enterprise.
The subject of the study is the system of planning and distribution of profits in the enterprise.
This course work consists of an introduction, theoretical and practical parts, a conclusion and a list of references.
The methodological and theoretical basis of the course work are: legislative acts of the Russian Federation, regulations, educational literature, as well as articles by leading Russian economists.
The analysis of the theoretical aspects of profit planning made it possible to identify the most promising methods of planning financial results, to give recommendations on their application.

1. Profit and its role in a market economy

Of particular importance in the economic activity of the enterprise are financial relations.
The sphere of financial relations in the practical activities of the enterprise is formed by monetary relations that arise:
between the enterprise and other business entities and organizations related to payment for the supply of equipment, materials, raw materials, fuel, spare parts, tools or the sale of finished products;
between the enterprise and financial authorities when making taxes and payments to the budget, as well as when receiving appropriations from the budget;
between the enterprise and credit instruments (commercial banks) when receiving and repaying long-term and short-term loans and paying interest on them;
between the enterprise and its structural units and the employees employed in them when paying them wages, spending social funds;
between the enterprise and its structural subdivisions when it establishes the constituent elements of savings, the amount of costs, etc.;
between the enterprise and insurance organizations, investment funds and other organizations.
Financial results (revenue, profit) are generalizing the results of the economic activity of the enterprise and serve as the main indicators of its effectiveness.
In conditions market economy profit is the immediate goal of production. Profit creates certain guarantees for the continued existence of the enterprise, since only its accumulation in the form of various reserve funds helps to overcome the consequences of the risk associated with the sale of goods on the market.
The economic essence of profit is one of the complex and debatable problems in modern economic theory.
From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between cash receipts and cash payments. From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between the property status of the enterprise at the end and beginning of the reporting period.
The study of all aspects related to profit led to the understanding that the profit calculated in accounting does not reflect the actual result of economic activity. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of "accounting profit" and "economic profit". The first is the result of the sale of goods and services, the second is the result of the "work" of capital.
The simplest approach to the concept of profit is commonly used: profit is the excess of income by expenses:
Income - Expenses = Profit.
The reverse is called loss. But if you delve into the essence of profit as a source of capital gains, then such profit should actually bring an increase in wealth. That is, the equivalent of profit for those who receive it should be an increase in goods, property. Services from those who buy and pay for them.
Profit is a part of the added value, which is received as a result of the sale of products (goods), the performance of work, the provision of services. .
For an enterprise, profit is the indicator that creates an incentive to invest in those areas where the greatest increase in value can be achieved. Profit as a category of market relations performs the following functions:
characterizes the economic effect obtained as a result of the enterprise's activities;
is the main element of the financial resources of the enterprise;
is a source of formation of budgets of different levels.
Losses also play a role. They highlight the mistakes and miscalculations of the enterprise in the areas of using financial resources, organizing production and marketing products.
Profit should be considered in the following aspects:
1. Profit as an economic category;
2. Profit as a financial result;
3. Profit as a form of cash savings.
Profit as an economic category is a set of economic, distribution, financial relations that develop over the formation, distribution and use of a part of the newly created value, which acts as an increment in the amount of funds advanced for the implementation of economic activities, or as an excess over those incurred in the course of this activity and related with it the costs of production. The essence of profit, as an economic category, is manifested in its functions.
Firstly, profit performs the function of evaluating the results of the enterprise, since it reflects all aspects of its activities, both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of circulation.
The second profit function is distribution. Profit is used as a means of distributing the surplus product and its monetary form - net income (in terms of the corresponding profit) between the enterprise and the state, the enterprise and its employees, between the sphere of material production and the non-productive sphere of the enterprise. This function is implemented through the formation of enterprise cash funds (accumulation funds and consumption funds).
The third function is connected with the process of economic stimulation of the enterprise and its employees. Profit is used as a source and condition for the formation of incentive funds, as well as a source of financial resources for the process of expanded reproduction.
The fourth function characterizes profit as the main element of monetary savings, one of the main sources of formation of the revenue part of the state budget.
Profit, as a financial result, is the economic result of the economic activity of the enterprise, expressed in monetary terms.
In this capacity, profit acts as one of the main generalizing qualitative indicators of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, as a tool for measuring production efficiency, which most fully characterizes all aspects of the economic activity of the enterprise. However, the value of profit as a generalizing qualitative indicator should not be exaggerated, since its value is determined largely by factors independent of the activity of a given enterprise (price policy, changes in tax rates, structural changes in the economy, and so on).
And, finally, profit as a form of monetary savings of an enterprise is a source of financial resources directed to consumption and accumulation.
The desire for profit directs enterprises to increase production and reduce costs. In a market economy, this achieves not only the goal of entrepreneurship, but also the satisfaction of social needs. The enterprise always defines as its main strategic goal obtaining the maximum profit and forms, in accordance with this criterion, a financial strategy, a package of orders, a production program, accounting policy, long-term, annual and operational plans. Sometimes, in order to retain qualified personnel, the enterprise allocates significant funds to the wage fund, thereby increasing production costs and, accordingly, reducing the mass of profit. But all such steps are nevertheless tactical in nature and, ultimately, are subject to the decision of the main strategic objective- Getting the highest possible profit.
The formation of the amount of profit is influenced by such an indicator as the proceeds from the sale of products.
Revenue from the sale of products (works, services) is called cash, received on the settlement account of the enterprise for the products sold to the buyer. Revenue is the main regular source for the enterprise in terms of share among all possible receipts of funds. It is with the sale of products and the receipt of proceeds that the process of circulation of the enterprise's funds ends, which means the restoration of the financial resources spent on production and the creation of conditions for the renewal of the circulation of funds.
The proceeds received on the settlement account of the enterprise are immediately used (see figure) to pay the bills of suppliers of raw materials, materials, components, semi-finished products, spare parts, fuel, energy. From the proceeds, deductions are made to off-budget funds, taxes to the budget, wages are paid, depreciation of fixed assets is reimbursed, expenses provided for by the financial plan and not included in the cost are financed. At the same time, revenue in the strict sense is not income, since it is necessary to reimburse costs from it.
Enterprises exporting products receive foreign exchange earnings, for the crediting of which two accounts are opened in an authorized bank: a transit account for crediting the full amount of receipts and a current foreign exchange account for accounting for funds remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after the mandatory sale of foreign exchange earnings to the state. From the current account, funds can be used for any purpose: the purchase of raw materials and equipment from non-residents, payment for business trips abroad, directed as a contribution to the authorized capital of other enterprises, to pay for training and internships abroad.
There are two methods for recording sales revenue:
1) for the shipment of goods (performance of work, provision of services) and presentation of settlement documents to the counterparty - the accrual method. Here, the date of shipment is considered to be the formation of revenue, i.e. in this case, the receipt of funds is not a fact of determining revenue. This method is based on the legal principle of the transfer of ownership of the goods. However, in case of late payment for products, insolvency of the buyer or the bank, the enterprise may have problems: non-payment of taxes, failure of contracts, the emergence of a chain of non-payments. To mitigate possible negative consequences, the company has been given the right to form a reserve for doubtful debts, which is an additional source of financing current liabilities. This method is widely used in developed countries, where the presence of developed financial markets minimizes the risk. Recommendations to use this method in Russia are related to the transition to international standards accounting and statistics, although practice often does not allow this. If in retail operations for the sale of goods are completed by the receipt of money at the cash desk of the enterprise or to a bank account by check, in small wholesale trade - through advance (scheduled) payments, and in case of random deliveries, an advance payment for the goods can be made, then most of the operations are completed in moment of shipment. The collection of proceeds is ensured by the issuance of a bill of exchange, letter of credit, payment order to the payer's bank or through factoring operations.
2) B Russian practice distribution learned the method of reflecting revenue as you pay - the cash method. The moment of revenue generation is the date of receipt of funds to the accounts. This method is devoid of the disadvantages of the previous one. At the same time, in the case of advance payments, the total amount of funds does not coincide with the actual implementation, since the money has been received, and the products may not be shipped or even not yet produced.
Currently, an enterprise can independently choose the method of accounting for tax purposes, however, accounting must be kept on an accrual basis.
The following factors influence the amount of revenue:
- in the field of production;
- in the sphere of circulation: the rhythm of shipment, the timely execution of transport and settlement documents, the timing of the document flow, the optimal forms of settlement, the price level;
- not dependent on the enterprise: violation of contracts, shortcomings in the operation of transport, lack of funds from the buyer.
Directions for the use of revenue and the process of generating profits are shown in fig. one.

In Russian practice, the following concepts of profit are used.
Gross profit - the amount of profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services), fixed assets (including land), other property of the enterprise and income from non-sales operations, reduced by the amount of expenses on these operations.
Profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services) is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale without VAT, excise taxes and the costs of production and sales, included in the cost.
The formation of revenue is tied to the features of the work performed and the forms of payment used. For example, in construction organizations, revenue reflects the cost of completed construction projects or work performed under contracts and subcontracts. To determine the profit, the actual cost of the delivered works is used. In trade, supply and marketing organizations, revenue corresponds to gross income from the sale of goods.
Gross income is calculated as the difference between the sale and purchase value of goods sold. To determine profit, it excludes the distribution costs of trade, supply, and marketing organizations. In transport and communications, revenue reflects the funds received for the services provided at current tariffs. The prime cost is the indicator of operating costs of transport and communications enterprises, taking into account the costs of forwarding and loading and unloading operations.
Gross profit also includes an excess of proceeds from the sale of fixed assets and other property, which primarily means capital gains. Profit (loss) from the sale of fixed assets, their other disposal, the sale of other property is a financial result not related to the main activities of the enterprise. It reflects profits (losses) on other sales, which include the sale to the side various kinds property on the balance sheet of an economic entity. The enterprise has the right to write off, sell, liquidate, transfer its property: buildings, structures, equipment, transport affinities, material assets and other types of property. The financial result takes place only when the listed types are sold. It is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of property (net of VAT, special tax) and their residual value, taking into account the costs incurred for the sale, adjusted for the inflation rate. Other property means raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, intangible assets (patents, licenses, trademarks, software products), currency values ​​(currency, securities in foreign currency, precious metals and stones), securities.
Gross profit is also influenced by income and expenses from non-operating operations.
Financial results from non-sales operations are profits (losses) on operations of a different nature that are not related to the main activity of the enterprise and are not related to the sale of products, fixed assets, other property, the performance of works and services. The financial result is defined as income minus expenses on non-sales operations.
Non-operating income includes:
- income earned on the territory of the Russian Federation and outside from equity participation in the activities of other enterprises (i.e. part of the profit received by the founder in the agreed amount or dividends on shares of which the enterprise owns);
- dividends on shares, income on bonds and other securities;
- Income from the rental of property;
- Income from revaluation of inventories and finished products;
- fines, penalties, forfeits and other sanctions awarded or recognized by the debtor, as well as income from compensation for losses;
- profit of previous years revealed in the reporting year (amounts received from suppliers for recalculations for services and material assets received and spent last year; amounts received from buyers for recalculations for sold products);
-positive exchange rate differences on currency accounts and transactions with currency;
- interest on funds on the accounts of the enterprise.
Non-operating expenses include:
- costs for canceled production orders, as well as for production that did not produce products, excluding losses reimbursed by customers;
- expenses for the maintenance of mothballed capacities, except for expenses reimbursed from other sources;
- losses not compensated by the perpetrators from downtime due to external reasons;
- losses from markdown of inventories and finished products;
- losses on operations with containers;
- court costs and arbitration fees;
- recognized by the enterprise fines, penalties, forfeits and compensation for damages;
- amounts of doubtful debts in settlements with other enterprises, individuals, subject to reservation in accordance with the law;
- losses on operations of previous years identified in the reporting year, losses from writing off bad receivables;
- uncompensated losses from natural disasters, including costs associated with the prevention or elimination of their consequences;
- uncompensated losses as a result of fires, accidents and other extreme conditions;
- losses from theft, the perpetrators of which are not identified;
-negative exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts, as well as on operations with foreign currency.
As gross profit although it is established by law, but is not reflected in the balance sheet, it is advisable to use the identical (before the adoption of the relevant regulatory document) concept of balance sheet profit.
Balance sheet profit - the final financial result reflected in the balance sheet of the enterprise and identified on the basis of accounting of all its economic operations and assessment of balance sheet items.
Balance sheet profit is used to assess the efficiency of production, identify the dynamics of its growth and determine the overall profitability of activities. Gross profit is used for profit tax purposes, for which the composition of non-operating income and losses is adjusted by the amount of fines and penalties transferred to the budget. For example:
- fines paid amounted to 350 thousand rubles. including to the budget in the form of sanctions - 190 thousand rubles;
- fines received - 371 thousand rubles;
Then 21 thousand rubles will be included in the balance sheet profit as income. rub. (371 thousand rubles - 350 thousand rubles), and 211 thousand rubles will be included in the gross. (371 - (350 - 190)).
Net profit - called the profit remaining at the enterprise after paying all taxes and used for the development of production and social needs.
The process of profit formation can be represented by the following scheme (Fig. 1.1):

Fig.1.1. Formation of profit indicators of the organization
Thus, the value of profit lies in the fact that it is the goal and the final financial result of the economic activity of the organization; the most important performance indicator; source for the implementation of expanded reproduction, as well as to meet material needs and social needs labor collective. In addition, financial obligations to the budget are fulfilled at the expense of profit.

2. Profit planning methods

Profit planning - component financial planning and an important area of ​​financial and economic work at the enterprise. Profit planning is carried out separately for all types of enterprise activities. Not only does this make planning easier, but it also matters for the expected amount of income tax, since some activities are not subject to income tax, while others are taxed at higher rates. In the process of developing plans for profit, it is important not only to take into account all the factors affecting the magnitude of possible financial results, but also, having considered the options for the production program, to choose the one that provides the maximum profit.
The main methods of profit planning are:
direct counting method;
analytical method;
combined calculation method.
The method of direct counting is most common in enterprises in modern business conditions. It is used, as a rule, with a small assortment of products. Its essence is that profit is calculated as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products at the appropriate prices, excluding VAT and excises, and its full cost. The calculation of the planned profit (P) is carried out according to the formula:
P \u003d (O × C) - (O × C),
where O is the volume of output in the planned period in physical terms;
C - price per unit of production (net of VAT and excises);
C is the total cost of a unit of production.
Profit on commodity output (Ptp) is planned on the basis of the cost estimate for the production and sale of products, which determines the cost of commodity output of the planned period:
Ptp \u003d Tstp - Stp,
where Ctp is the cost of commodity output of the planned period in current selling prices (excluding VAT, excises, trade and sales discounts);
Stp - the full cost of marketable products of the planned period.
It is necessary to distinguish the planned amount of profit per commodity output from the profit planned for the volume of products sold. Profit on sales (PRP) in general view calculated by the formula:
Prp \u003d Wrp - Crp,
where Vrp is the planned revenue from the sale of products in current prices (excluding VAT, excises, trade and marketing discounts);
CRP - the full cost of products sold in the coming period.
In more detail, the profit from the volume of products sold in the planned period is determined by the formula:
Prp \u003d Mon + Ptp - Pok,
where Mon - the amount of profit of the balance of unsold products at the beginning of the planning period;
Ptp - profit from the volume of output of marketable products in the planned period;
Pok - profit from the balance of unsold products at the end of the planning period.
This calculation method is applicable to the enlarged direct method of profit planning, when it is easy to determine the volume of products sold in prices and at cost.
A variation of the direct counting method is the assortment-wise profit planning method. With this method, the profit is summed up for all assortment positions. To the result obtained, profit is added in the balance of finished products not sold at the beginning of the planning period.
The analytical method is used with a large range of products, and also as an addition to the direct method, as it allows you to identify the influence of individual factors on the planned profit. With the analytical method, profit is calculated not for each type of product manufactured in the planned year, but for all comparable products as a whole. Profit on incomparable products is determined separately. Profit calculation analytical method includes three successive steps:
1) determination of the basic profitability as a quotient of the expected profit for the reporting year divided by the full cost of comparable marketable products for the same period;
2) calculation of the volume of marketable products in the planning period at the cost of the reporting year and the determination of profit on marketable products based on the basic profitability;
3) taking into account the impact on the planned profit of various factors: reducing the cost of comparable products, improving its quality and grade, changing the assortment, prices, etc.
After performing the calculations for all three stages, the profit from the sale of marketable products is determined.
In addition to profit from the sale of marketable products, profit, as noted earlier, takes into account profit from the sale of other products and services of a non-commercial nature, profit from the sale of fixed assets and other property, as well as planned non-operating income and expenses.
Profit from other sales (products and services of auxiliary agriculture, car fleets, non-industrial services for capital construction, overhaul, etc.) is planned using the direct account method. The result from other implementation can be both positive and negative.
Profit (loss) from traditional items of non-operating income and expenses (fines, penalties, forfeits, etc.) is determined, as a rule, on the basis of past experience.
After calculating the profit (loss) for other activities, as well as non-operating income and expenses, and taking into account the profit from the sale of marketable products, the gross (total) profit of the enterprise is determined.
The combined calculation method includes elements of the first and second methods. Thus, the cost of marketable products in the prices of the planned year and at the cost of the reporting year is determined by the direct calculation method, and the impact on the planned profit of such factors as changes in cost, quality improvement, changes in assortment, prices, and others is revealed using the analytical method. This or that method of profit planning is established by the enterprise itself for a long period for taxation purposes.
The types and level of applied prices ultimately determine the amount of proceeds from the sale of products and, consequently, profits.
The management of the enterprise is interested in surviving the competition and always striving to get the maximum profit, therefore, the method of determining the break-even point is often used when planning profits. It reflects the impact of variable and fixed costs on the amount of planned profit.

Fixed costs are those costs that do not change with changes in sales revenue. This group includes:
- rent;
- depreciation of fixed assets;
- depreciation of intangible assets;
- depreciation of low-value and quickly wearing out items, expenses for the maintenance of buildings, premises;
- costs of training and retraining of personnel;
- capital expenditures and other types of expenditures.
Variable costs are costs, the amount of which changes in proportion to the change in the volume of revenue from the sale of products. This group includes:
- the cost of raw materials;
- fare;
- labor costs;
- fuel, gas and electricity for production purposes;
- expenses for tare and packaging;
- Contributions to various funds.
The division of costs into fixed and variable allows you to clearly show the relationship between the proceeds from the sale of products, the cost and the amount of profit from the sale of products. This dependence is reflected using the break-even chart (Fig. 1.2 and 1.3).
Point K in fig. 2 and 3 is the breakeven point. It shows the maximum amount of proceeds from sales in valuation (Om) and in natural units (Оn), below which the activity of an economic entity will be unprofitable, since the cost line is higher than the line of proceeds from sales of products.
The break-even point can be calculated using the analytical method. It consists in determining the minimum amount of proceeds from the sale of products, at which the level of profitability of an economic entity will be more than 0.00%.
The above methods are not the only ones, there are other ways to make a profit plan, such as profitability limit analysis, profitability forecast, liquidity overlap analysis and many other analytical methods.

3. Distribution and use of profits in the enterprise

The main requirement that is presented today to the system of distribution of profit remaining in the enterprise is that it must provide financial resources the needs of expanded reproduction based on the establishment of an optimal ratio between funds allocated for consumption and accumulation.
When distributing profits, determining the main directions for its use, first of all, the state of the competitive environment is taken into account, which may dictate the need for a significant expansion and renewal of the production potential of the enterprise. In accordance with this, the scale of deductions from profits to production development funds is determined, the resources of which are intended to finance capital investments, increase working capital, ensuring research activities, introducing new technologies, switching to progressive labor methods, etc. The general scheme for distributing the profit of the enterprise:
Net Profit = Reserve Fund + Accumulation Fund + Consumption Fund

The object of distribution in the enterprise is the balance sheet profit. Its distribution is understood as the direction of profit to the budget and according to the items of use in the enterprise. Legislatively regulated only part of the profit coming to the budget. Determining the directions of spending the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is within its competence. Thus, the profit is distributed between the state, the enterprise and the owners. Tax payments should not affect the interest of the enterprise in the performance results. The distribution between the enterprise and the owners should take into account not only the current situation of the enterprise, but also the prospects for its development.
The formation of funds and reserves of superior organizations (holdings, consortiums) at the expense of the profits of their constituent enterprises is carried out according to the standards established by the superior management body. These standards are individual in nature and depend on the financial position of the economic entity.
At the enterprise, net profit is subject to distribution, i.e. profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes and other obligatory payments. Sanctions paid to the budget and some off-budget funds are collected from it. The distribution of net profit reflects the process of formation of funds and reserves of the enterprise to finance the needs of production and the development of the social sphere.
The state does not directly intervene in the process of distributing net profit, but through the provision of tax incentives, it can stimulate the allocation of resources for capital investments, for charitable purposes, financing environmental protection measures, and for scientific research. The amount of reserve capital for joint-stock companies is legally established, and the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts is regulated.
The distribution of profits is regulated in the statutory documents of the enterprise. In accordance with the charter, funds are created: consumption, accumulation, social sphere. If funds are not created, then for the purpose of planned spending of funds, appropriate estimates are drawn up for the development of production, social needs, material incentives for workers, and charitable purposes.
The costs associated with the development of production include the costs of research, design, development and technological work, financing of development and development new products and technological processes, the costs associated with the technical re-equipment of production, the expansion of the enterprise, the implementation of environmental measures, the costs of repaying long-term loans. The accumulated profit can be directed to the authorized capital of other enterprises, long-term and short-term financial investments, and can also be transferred to higher organizations, concerns, associations, unions.
The reserve fund is created by business entities in case of termination of their activities to cover accounts payable. It is obligatory for joint-stock companies, cooperatives, enterprises with foreign investments. Joint-stock companies also transfer share premium to the reserve fund, i.e. the amount of the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received from their sale at a price exceeding their par value. This amount is not subject to any use or distribution, except in cases of sale of shares at a price below par value. The reserve fund of a joint-stock company is used to pay interest on bonds and dividends on preferred shares in case of insufficient net profit for these purposes. Its size must be at least 15% of the authorized capital. Every year, the reserve fund is replenished by deductions that make up almost 5% of the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. In addition to covering possible losses from business risks, the financial reserve can be used for additional costs of expanding production and social development, developing and implementing new technology, increasing own working capital, etc.
The Accumulation Fund (FN) is formed for future investment programs. Accumulation fund - funds aimed at the production development of the enterprise, technical re-equipment, reconstruction, expansion, development of the production of new products, construction and renewal of fixed production assets, development of new equipment and technologies in existing organizations and other similar goals provided for by the constituent documents of the enterprise (for creation of new property of the enterprise). The accumulation fund shows the growth of the property status of the economic entity, the increase in its own funds. At the same time, operations to acquire and create new property of an economic entity do not affect the accumulation fund. The accumulation fund is reduced only when its funds are used to cover the losses of the reporting year, as well as as a result of the write-off from the accumulation funds of expenses not included in the initial cost of fixed assets being put into operation.
The consumption fund (FP) is formed for:
1. Payment of dividends to shareholders.
2. Payments of income to shareholders.
3. Providing social assistance.
Consumption fund - funds allocated for the implementation of measures for social development (except for capital investments), material incentives for the enterprise team, the purchase of travel tickets, vouchers to a sanatorium, one-time bonuses and other similar activities and works that do not lead to the formation of new property of the enterprise.
The consumption fund consists of two parts: the wage fund and payments from the fund social development. The wage fund is a source of remuneration for work, any kind of remuneration and incentives for employees of the enterprise. Payments from the social development fund are spent on recreational activities, partial repayment of loans for a cooperative, individual housing construction, interest-free loans to young families and other purposes provided for by measures for the social development of labor collectives.
Legislatively, the distribution of profits is regulated in that part of it that goes to the budgets of different levels in the form of taxes and other obligatory payments.
Determining the directions of spending the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, the structure of the articles of its use is within the competence of the enterprise.
The principles of profit distribution can be formulated as follows:
the profit received by the enterprise as a result of production, economic and financial activities is distributed between the state and the enterprise as an economic entity;
profit for the state goes to the respective budgets in the form of taxes and fees, the rates of which cannot be arbitrarily changed. The composition and rates of taxes, the procedure for their calculation and contributions to the budget are established by law;
the amount of the enterprise's profit remaining at its disposal after paying taxes should not reduce its interest in increasing the volume of production and improving the results of production, economic and financial activities;
the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is primarily directed to accumulation, which ensures its further development, and only in the rest - to consumption.
Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation “Corporate Income Tax” was put into effect by Federal Law No. 110-FZ of August 6, 2001. In this chapter, the state regulates the amount of profit, the profit that will remain with the entrepreneur after all payments to the budget of tax fees established on profit. This chapter consists of 91 articles and each is important in its own way, both for the state and for the entrepreneur. Here, a lot has been revised, something has been excluded, and something, on the contrary, has been added or changed from May 29, 2002, it was then that the next changes took place, in particular Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Prior to this change, the tax rate was 35%, and now, as we see from Article 284 “Tax Rates”, the corporate income tax rate is set at 24%. Chapter 25 significantly reduced the list of income tax benefits and revised the application of many of the benefits that remained.
In modern economic conditions, the state does not establish any standards for the distribution of profits, but through the procedure for granting tax benefits, it stimulates the direction of profits for capital investments of an industrial and non-productive nature, for charitable purposes, financing environmental protection measures, expenses for the maintenance of objects and institutions of the social sphere, etc. The size of the reserve fund of enterprises is legally limited, and the procedure for forming a reserve for doubtful debts is regulated.
The distribution of net profit is one of the areas of intra-company planning, the importance of which is growing in a market economy. The procedure for the distribution and use of profits at the enterprise is fixed in the charter of the enterprise and is determined by the regulation, which is developed by the relevant divisions of economic services and approved by the governing body of the enterprise.
The estimate of expenses financed from profits includes expenses for the development of production, social needs of the workforce, material incentives for employees and charitable purposes.
The costs associated with the development of production include the costs of research, design, design and technological work, financing the development and development of new types of products and technological processes, the costs of improving technology and organizing production, upgrading equipment, costs associated with technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing production, expansion of enterprises. The same group of expenses includes expenses on repayment of long-term bank loans. The costs for environmental protection measures, etc., are also planned here. Contributions of enterprises from profits as contributions of the founders to the creation of the authorized capital of other enterprises, funds transferred to unions, associations, concerns, which include the enterprise, are also considered to be the use of profits for development.
The distribution of profits for social needs includes expenses for the operation of social facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise, financing the construction of non-production facilities, the organization and development of subsidiary agriculture, health-improving, cultural events, etc.
The costs of material incentives include one-time incentives for the performance of particularly important production tasks, the payment of bonuses for the creation, development and implementation of new technology, the cost of providing material assistance to workers and employees, lump-sum benefits for labor veterans retiring, pension supplements, compensation to workers rise in the cost of food in canteens, buffets of the enterprise due to price increases, etc.
All profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is divided into two parts. The first increases the property of the enterprise and participates in the process of accumulation. The second characterizes the share of profit used for consumption. At the same time, it is not necessary to use all the profits allocated for accumulation in full. The rest of the profit not used to increase the property has an important reserve value and can be used in subsequent years to cover possible losses and finance various expenses.
Retained earnings in a broad sense as profit used for accumulation, and retained earnings of past years, indicate the financial stability of the enterprise, the availability of a source for further development.

Analysis of the relationship between profit, working capital movement and cash flow

Analysis of funds by the direct method makes it possible to assess the liquidity of an enterprise, since it reveals in detail the movement of funds in its accounts and allows you to draw prompt conclusions regarding the sufficiency of funds for payments on current liabilities, for investment activities and additional payments.
At the same time, this method has a serious drawback, since it does not reveal the relationship between the financial result obtained and the change in cash on the company's accounts.
As it was found out, the amount of cash inflow differs significantly from the amount of profit received, and there are several reasons for this. Let's name the main ones.
1. Profit (loss), or financial result, reflected in the statement of financial results and their use, is formed in accordance with the accounting principles, according to which expenses and incomes are recognized in the accounting period in which they were accrued (regardless of from real cash flow):
accounting for sold products at the time of its shipment (issuing settlement documents to buyers) is associated with a discrepancy between the amount of shipment and the receipt of funds from buyers. The reason for this discrepancy is the change in the balances of receivables;
the presence of expenses related to future periods leads to the fact that the actual amount of payments differs from the cost of production, which, as you know, includes expenses only for the reporting period;
the presence of deferred payments, i.e., expenses accrued but not incurred in the reporting period, increases the cost of production for these expenses, and there is no cash outflow;
division of expenses into capital and current. If current expenses are directly related to the cost of goods sold, then capital expenses are reimbursed over a long period of time through depreciation. However, capital expenditures are often accompanied by the most significant cash outflows.
2. The source of the increase in funds is not necessarily profit (for example, the inflow of funds can be provided by attracting them on a loan basis). In the same way, cash outflows are often not associated with a decrease in financial results.
3. The acquisition of long-term assets and the associated cash outflow are not reflected in the amount of profit, and their implementation changes the total financial result by the amount of the result from this operation. The change in cash in this case is determined by the amount of proceeds received from sales.
4. The value of financial results is influenced by expenses that are not accompanied by an outflow of cash (for example, depreciation deductions), and income that is not accompanied by their inflow (for example, when accounting for sold products at the time of their shipment).
5. The discrepancy between the financial result and profit is directly affected by changes in the composition of own working capital. An increase in the balances of current assets leads to an additional outflow of funds, a decrease - to their inflow. The activity of an enterprise accumulating stocks of inventory items is inevitably accompanied by an outflow of funds; however, until the moment when the reserves are released into production (sold), the value of the financial result will not change.
6. The outflow of funds associated with the purchase of inventory items is determined by the nature of settlements with creditors. The presence of accounts payable allows the company to use stocks that have not yet been paid. Consequently, the longer the period of repayment of accounts payable, the greater the amount of unpaid stocks is in the turnover of the enterprise and the greater the discrepancy between the volume of material assets released into production (cost of goods sold) and the amount of payments to creditors.
Thus, in order to calculate the increase or decrease in cash as a result of production and economic activities, it is necessary to carry out the following operations:
1) Calculate current assets and short-term liabilities based on the method cash flows. When adjusting the articles of current assets, their increase should be subtracted from the amount of net profit, and their decrease over the period should be added to net profit. This is due to the fact that when evaluating current assets using the cash flow method, we overestimate their amount, that is, we underestimate profit. In fact, the increase in working capital does not entail an increase in cash to the same extent as profits.
When adjusting short-term liabilities, on the contrary, their growth should be added to net profit, since this growth does not mean an outflow of funds; the decrease in short-term liabilities is deducted from net income.
2) Adjustment of net profit for expenses that do not require the payment of cash. To do this, the corresponding costs for the period must be added to the amount of net profit. An example of such expenses is depreciation of tangible non-current assets.
3) Exclude the impact of profits and losses from extraordinary activities, such as results from the sale of non-current assets and securities of other companies. The impact of these transactions, also taken into account when calculating the amount of net profit in the income statement, is eliminated to avoid double counting: losses from these operations should be added to net profit, and profits should be subtracted from net profit.
Analysis of the cash flow by the direct method does not imply a direct linkage of the cash flow balance with the balance sheet. Compliance between them is achieved due to the balance of funds at the beginning and end of the period, which must be identical in both balance sheets.
The second method - indirect - allows you to "link" the balance sheet and the balance of cash flows for each item and therefore acquires additional analytical significance.
However, it has a significant drawback: it breaks away from the real circulation of money in accounts, cash.

Conclusion

In conclusion, some conclusions can be drawn.
Financial planning is necessary for any enterprise: large - since it is difficult for it to rebuild, it is necessary to calculate the strategy for years; small - as it is less protected from external factors: inflation, economic and political fluctuations. In this situation, experience in the field of financial planning is of great importance.
Western experience in profit planning is often not acceptable in Russia, this is due to different approaches to planning financial results.
AT term paper I have been reviewed theoretical aspects profit planning.
The economic essence of profit is revealed and its characteristics are given as the main goal of entrepreneurial activity, as an economic basis for the development of the state, as a criterion of efficiency production activities, as an internal source of formation of the financial resources of the enterprise, as a source of appreciation of the market value of the enterprise, as the most important source of meeting the social needs of society and, of course, as the main protective mechanism that protects the enterprise from bankruptcy.
The methods of profit planning and their practical application are considered in detail. Calculations are made according to the data of a particular enterprise.
The distribution and use of profits is important economic process providing coverage of the needs of entrepreneurs and the formation of income in Russia.
The mechanism for distributing profits must be constructed in such a way as to contribute in every possible way to increasing the efficiency of production and to stimulate the development of new forms of management.
First of all, gross profit is reduced by the amount of: income from equity participation in the activities of other enterprises located within Russia; dividends and interest received on shares owned by this enterprise, as well as from income from government securities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments; income from renting and other types of use of property. The remaining balance sheet profit is subject to taxation. Income tax is paid to the budget from this profit. After taxes are paid, the net income remains. This profit is at the full disposal of the enterprise and is used by it independently.
To determine the main directions of increasing profits, the factors influencing its value were considered, classified according to various criteria. External factors include natural conditions, state regulation of prices, tariffs, interest, tax rates and benefits, penalties, etc. These factors do not depend on the activities of the enterprise, but can have a significant impact on the amount of profit.
Internal factors divided into production and non-production. Production factors characterize the availability and use of means and objects of labor, labor and financial resources and, in turn, are divided into extensive and intensive. Extensive factors affect the process of making a profit through quantitative changes: the volume of funds and objects of labor, financial resources, equipment operation time, number of personnel, working time fund. Intensive factors affect the process of making a profit through "qualitative" changes: increasing the productivity of equipment and its quality, the use of advanced types of materials and improving the technology of their processing, accelerating the turnover of working capital, improving the skills and productivity of personnel, reducing the labor intensity and material intensity of products, improving the organization labor and more efficient use of financial resources. Non-production factors include supply and marketing, environmental activities, etc.
Financial planning is still a relatively new activity. However, its importance should not be underestimated. With its help, the enterprise will not only be able to control all cash and material flows, but also evaluate ways out of possible crisis situations, plan profits and its distribution.

Bibliography

1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Part 1. Federal Law No. 30.11.1994 No. 51-FZ (as amended on December 23, 2003). Part 2. Federal Law No. 26.01.1996 No. 14-FZ (as amended on December 23, 2003). - M.: Infra-M. - 2004. - 459 p.
2. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Part 1. Federal Law No. 31.07.1998 No. 146-FZ (as amended on December 30, 2004). Part 2. Federal Law No. 117-FZ of August 5, 2000 (as amended on December 30, 2004). - St. Petersburg: Gerda. - 2000. - 358 p.
3. Federal Law No. 198-FZ of December 31, 2001 “On the Introduction of Additions and Amendments to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on Taxes and Duties” (as amended and supplemented on July 24, 2002 No. , June 29, July 20, 29, 2004)
4. Belolipetsky V.G. Firm finances. - M.: INFRA-M, 2001. - 570 p.
5. Blank I.A. Profit management. - Kyiv: Nika-Center, Elga, 2002. - 540s.
6. Blank I.A. Financial management: Training course. - K .: Nika - Center, Elga, 2002. - 528 p.
7. Kovalev V.V. Financial management. - M.: FBK-PRESS, 2003. - 540 p.
8. Kodatsky V.P. Your profit in market conditions. - M: Finance and statistics, 1994
9. Kollas B. Financial management of the enterprise. Per. from French - M.: Finance, UNITI, 2002. - 564 p.
10. Kreinina M.N. Financial management.-M.: Business and Service, 2001. - 520s.
11. Lavrukhina N.V., Kazantseva L.P. Enterprise finance. - M.: MESI, 2003.
12. Taxes./ Edited by Chernik D.G. - M.: Finance and statistics. - 2006.
13. Pavlova P.N. Enterprise finance. - M.: Finance, UNITI, 2005. - 678s.
14. Sergeev I. V. Economics of the enterprise: Tutorial.-M.: Finance and statistics, 2006-304 p.
15. Stoyanova E.S. Financial management. Russian practice. - M.: Prospect, 2002. - 540 p.
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A system of measures aimed at providing conditions for the formation of the required amount of profit and its distribution in accordance with the development plan of the organization.

Features and meaning

Profit planning is an essential procedure for every commercial enterprise. Such measures developed by the firm are one of the milestones business development. Adhering to the approved tasks for the future, the company, with a minimum possible costs trying to get as much income as possible. The formation of profit at the enterprise is aimed at:

• increase in the size of business profitability, taking into account resources, market conditions;
• fulfillment of obligations (loans, government agencies, investors, owners);
• accumulation of capital for modernization, equipment, expansion of the technical base;
• strengthening positions in the market, increasing competitiveness;
• stimulation of employees, development of corporate values.

The profit planning procedure is a multifaceted process that must take into account many factors. Here it is important to take into account the market situation, the level of competitiveness, the strengths and weaknesses of companies operating in the same area, promising areas of development. When the country's economy is stable, then profitability planning can be carried out for a long period of time, for example, 3-5 years.

Effective Methods

To plan profits, modern business uses several methods. The first method of direct counting is used by companies with a small range of products or services. Its calculation is quite simple. Income is defined as the difference between the planned revenue received from the sale and the full cost (planned costs). The second method is analytical, which is used by firms with a wide range of products. Its peculiarity is the focus on profitability and costs, analysis based on the data of the company's work for previous periods. When the possibilities of the two methods are applied, the firm is said to be using a complex, that is, a combined method.

Naturally, not all methods of income planning are reflected in the material. The three listed are the most common. Some enterprises use the standard method, extrapolation method, assortment planning. Each of them has its own advantages and features. Currently, special software products are widely used. In automated mode, it is convenient to predict profit.

Choice of method

You can most accurately predict the level of profit using special calculation methods. When choosing a method, an enterprise must take into account its relevance to its business, the accuracy of the data that can be obtained when performing calculations. Each company must make timely adjustments (taking into account changes in the market situation, its activities, etc.)

Stages

Profit planning is carried out in stages. First, the enterprise, in accordance with strategic plans, determines a realistic goal. The company then forecasts the sales volume. Here it is important to take into account market trends, the activities of competitors. The next step is to conduct a cost estimate that shows the amount of expenses for the planned sales volume. The final stage is the definition of profit. At this stage, the planned gross income, planned operating and net profit, retained earnings are determined.

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COURSE WORK

BY DISCIPLINE: "Finance of the organization"

TOPIC: "Planning and distribution of profits"

Option 2

Introduction	3
I	Theoretical part	5
1.		5
1.1.		5
1.2.	Sources of profit	13
1.3.		14
2.	Profit planning methods	19
2.1.	Direct Count Method	19
2.2.	Analytical Method	20
2.3.		21
3.		23
II	Settlement part	27
Conclusion	45
List of used literature	47

Introduction

The market economy determines the specific requirements for the enterprise management system. It is necessary to respond more quickly to changes in the economic situation in order to maintain a stable financial condition and constantly improve production.

The enterprise independently plans its activities and determines development prospects based on the demand for manufactured products and the need to ensure industrial and social development. Among others, profit was a self-planned indicator.

In a market economy, the importance of profit increases. This is the most important indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise, the source of its life. However, it cannot be assumed that planning and profit formation remained exclusively in the sphere of interests of only the enterprise. The profit of the enterprise creates the basis for the economic development of the state as a whole. The mechanism of redistribution of enterprise profits through the tax system makes it possible to fill the revenue part of state budgets of all levels. This gives the state the opportunity to successfully fulfill the functions assigned to it and implement the planned programs for the development of the economy.

Commercial banks, investment structures, shareholders and other holders of securities are no less interested in this.

The formation of a mechanism of fierce competition, the volatility of the market situation have made it necessary for the enterprise to effectively use the internal resources at its disposal, on the one hand, and on the other hand, to respond in a timely manner to changing external conditions, which include: the financial and credit system, the tax policy of the state, the mechanism pricing. As a result of these reasons, the directions of analytical activity are also changing.

The enterprise, having received financial independence and independence, has the right to decide for what purposes and in what amounts to direct the profit remaining after paying taxes to the budget and other obligatory payments and deductions. Determining the ability of an enterprise to finance its needs is the most important goal of profit planning.

To ensure high economic efficiency production, a state economic policy is needed that would contribute to the formation of an environment conducive to economic activity and orient the enterprise to maximize profits.

Optimization of the distribution and use of profits consists in identifying trends and proportions that have developed in the distribution of profits for the reporting year compared to the previous one. As a result of the analysis, recommendations are developed for changing the proportions in the distribution of profits and its most rational use.

The purpose of this work is to consider the economic content of profit, determine its functions in the economy and identify the sources of its formation. Based on the goal, the following tasks can be distinguished:

Study of the role of profit in the economy;

Consideration of profit planning methods;

Analysis of ways to use and distribute profits in the enterprise.

I Theoretical part

1. Profit and its role in a market economy

Economic content, functions and types of profit

The economic essence of profit is one of the most difficult problems in modern economic theory.

From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between cash receipts and cash payments. From an economic point of view, profit is the difference between the property status of the enterprise at the end and beginning of the reporting period. Profit is the excess of income over expenses.

Under income enterprise means an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of cash, other property and the repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in capital. The income of the enterprise, depending on their nature, the conditions for obtaining and the directions of its activities, are divided into:

Income from ordinary activities - proceeds from the sale of products and goods, income related to the performance of work, the provision of services;

Other income - operating, non-operating, as well as extraordinary income.

The study of all aspects related to profit led to the understanding that the profit calculated in accounting does not reflect the actual result of economic activity. This led to a distinction between the concepts of accounting and economic profit. The first is the result of the sale of goods and services, the second is the result of the "work" of capital. Analyzing various interpretations of profit, we can formulate the following definition.

Profit - this is that part of the added value that is created as a result of the sale of products (goods), the performance of work, the provision of services.

Profit, as an economic category, reflects the net income created in the sphere of material production in the process of entrepreneurial activity. The result of the combination of factors of production (labor, capital, natural resources) and the useful productive activity of economic entities is the finished product, which becomes the main commodity if it is sold to the consumer.

At the stage of sale, the value of the commodity is revealed, including the value of past embodied labor and living labor. The value of living labor reflects the newly created value and is divided into two parts:

The first one is wages workers involved in the production of products. Its value is determined by a number of factors due to the need to reproduce the labor force. In this sense, for the entrepreneur, it represents part of the cost of production.

The second part of the newly created value reflects the net income that is realized only as a result of the sale of products, which means public recognition of its usefulness.

At the enterprise level, in terms of commodity-money relations, net income takes the form of profit. In the commodity market, enterprises act as relatively isolated commodity producers. Having set the price for the product, they sell it to the consumer, while receiving cash receipts, which does not mean making a profit. To identify the financial result, it is necessary to compare revenue with production and sales costs, which take the form of production costs.

When revenue exceeds cost, the financial result indicates a profit. An entrepreneur always aims at profit, but does not always receive it. If the revenue is equal to the cost price, then it was only possible to reimburse the costs of production and sale of products. When implemented without loss, there is no profit as a source of production, scientific, technical and social development. With costs exceeding revenue, the company receives losses - a negative financial result, which puts it in a rather difficult financial situation, which does not exclude bankruptcy.

1. Profit is a criterion and indicator of the effectiveness of the enterprise. But it is impossible to evaluate all aspects of the enterprise's activity with the help of profit. Such a universal indicator cannot exist. That is why when analyzing the production, economic and financial activities of an enterprise, a system of indicators is used.

2. Profit has a stimulating function. Acting as the final financial and economic result of enterprises, profit acquires key role in the market economy. It is assigned the status of a goal, which predetermines the economic behavior of economic entities, the well-being of which depends both on the amount of profit and on the mechanism of its distribution adopted in the national economy, including taxation.

Profit in a market economy is the driving force and source of renewal of production assets and products. The share of net profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes and other obligatory payments should be sufficient to finance the expansion of production activities, scientific, technical and social development of the enterprise, material incentives for employees.

3. Profit is a source of revenue generation for budgets of various levels. It enters the budgets in the form of taxes, as well as economic sanctions, and is used to finance joint public needs, to ensure that the state performs its functions, state investment, production, scientific, technical and social programs.

In Russian practice, definitions are used: gross profit, balance sheet profit, net profit, profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, profit subject to taxation, etc. These definitions are not normatively fixed and can be used in a variety of contexts.

The final financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise is the balance sheet profit.

Balance sheet profit - this is the sum of income (expenses) of the enterprise both from the sale of products and from income (expenses) not related to its production and sale. The balance sheet profit as the final financial result is determined on the basis of the accounting of all business transactions and the assessment of balance sheet items. The use of this term is due to the fact that the final financial result of the work is reflected in its balance sheet, compiled at the end of the quarter, year. Balance sheet profit includes three enlarged elements:

Profit from the sale of products, performance of work, provision of services- this is the financial result obtained from the main activity of the enterprise, which can be carried out in any form, fixed in its charter and not prohibited by law. Profit from the sale of products (works, services) characterizes the net income created by the enterprise. It is equal to the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) at current prices and the costs of its production and sale.

Revenue is taken into account without value added tax and excises, which, being indirect taxes, go to the budget. Also excluded from the proceeds is the amount of markups (discounts) received by trade and supply and marketing enterprises participating in the sale of products. Enterprises exporting products also exclude export tariffs directed to the state revenue. At the same time, cash receipts associated with the disposal of fixed assets, tangible (current) and intangible assets, the sale value of currency values, securities are not included in the proceeds.

The composition of the costs of production and sale of products (works, services), included in the cost price, are regulated by law. The costs that form the cost price are grouped according to the following elements: material costs, labor costs, social contributions, depreciation of fixed assets, etc.

For the sale of products that have a natural-material form, the calculation of profit is based on the proceeds and the total cost of production, determined by the volume of products sold. In physical terms, it includes the balance of finished products at the beginning of the reporting period, not sold in the previous period, and the release of marketable products of the reporting period minus that part of the products that cannot be sold at the end of the reporting period. The composition of the balances of unsold products at the beginning and end of the period depends on the method of accounting for revenue chosen by the enterprise - by receipt of money to the settlement account (cash) of the enterprise or by shipment of products.

Profit from the performance of work and the provision of services is calculated similarly to profit from the sale of products.

Profit from the sale of fixed assets, their other disposal, the sale of other property of the enterprise - This is a financial result not related to the main activities of the enterprise. It reflects the profit (loss) on other sales, which includes the sale to the side of various types of property listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

The enterprise independently manages the property itself. It has the right to write off, sell, liquidate, transfer to authorized funds other enterprises buildings, structures, equipment, transport and other fixed assets, material assets obtained in the process of demolition and dismantling of buildings, structures, sell individual objects, inventory and other types of property. The financial result takes place only when the listed types of property are sold, as well as when other disposals of under-depreciated objects in some cases.

When selling fixed assets, the financial result is determined as the difference between the sale price of fixed assets sold to the side and their residual value, taking into account the costs incurred for their sale.

Other property of an enterprise is understood as raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, intangible assets (patents, licenses, trademarks, computer software products, etc.), currency values ​​(foreign currency, foreign currency securities, precious metals and natural precious stones, except for jewelry and household items), securities. The difference between the sale price of these types of property of the enterprise and their book value (taking into account the costs incurred in connection with this) is the financial result that affects the amount of book profit.

Financial results from non-sales operations - this is profit from operations of a different nature that do not relate to the main activity of the enterprise and are not related to the sale of products, fixed assets, other property, the performance of work, the provision of services. The financial result is defined as income (losses) minus expenses on non-sales operations.

The list of non-operating profits (losses) of the enterprise is heterogeneous and quite extensive. A significant share can be income from long-term and short-term financial investments and income from property rental (if this is not the main activity of the enterprise).

Financial investments mean such placement of the enterprise's own funds in the activities of other enterprises, which makes it possible to receive income. Long-term financial investments are understood as the costs of an enterprise for investing funds in the authorized capital of other enterprises (partnerships, joint-stock companies), acquiring shares and other securities, and lending funds for a period of more than a year. The forms of short-term financial investments include the acquisition of short-term treasury bills, bonds and other securities, the provision of loans for a period of less than a year. Cash or other property assets of the parties to the agreement on joint activities without formation for this purpose legal entity are also considered financial investments - long-term or short-term depending on the term of the contract, therefore income from them is also included in non-operating income.

Income from equity participation in authorized capital of another enterprise represent a part of its net profit, which goes to the founder in a predetermined amount or in the form of dividends on shares, the block of which is owned by the founder. Income from the rental of property is formed from the received rent, which the tenant pays to the landlord.

Non-operating profits (losses) also include the balance of received and paid fines, penalties, forfeits and other types of sanctions (except for sanctions paid to the budget and a number of extra-budgetary funds in accordance with the law); other income and expenses.

These incomes include:

Profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year;

Income from revaluation of goods;

Receipts of amounts on account of repayment of receivables written off in previous years at a loss;

Positive exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts and operations in foreign currency;

Interest received on funds in the accounts of enterprises.

Costs and losses include:

Losses on operations of previous years, identified in the reporting year, from the markdown of goods, write-off of bad receivables;

Lack of material assets identified during the inventory;

Costs for canceled production orders and for production that did not produce products, excluding losses reimbursed by customers;

Negative exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts and operations in foreign currency;

Uncompensated losses from natural disasters, taking into account the costs of preventing or eliminating the consequences of natural disasters (this excludes the cost of received scrap metal, fuel, and other materials);

Uncompensated losses as a result of fires, accidents, other emergency events caused by extreme situations;

Costs for the maintenance of mothballed production facilities and facilities, with the exception of costs reimbursed from other sources;

Legal costs and arbitration fees, etc.

In a market economy, the importance of profit is enormous. The desire to obtain it directs commodity producers to increase the volume of production needed by the consumer, reduce production costs. With developed competition, this achieves not only the goal of entrepreneurship, but also the satisfaction of social needs. For the entrepreneur, profit is a signal that indicates where the greatest increase in value can be achieved, creates an incentive to invest in these areas. Losses also play their part. They highlight mistakes and miscalculations in the direction of funds, organization of production and marketing of products.

Economic instability, the monopoly position of commodity producers distort the formation of profit as a net income, lead to the desire to receive income mainly as a result of price increases. The financial recovery of the economy, the development of market pricing mechanisms, and an optimal tax system contribute to the elimination of inflationary filling of profits. These tasks should be performed by the state in the course of implementing economic reforms.

Sources of profit

In the conditions of market relations, an enterprise should strive, if not to obtain maximum profit, then at least to that amount of profit that would allow it not only to firmly maintain its position in the market for its goods and services, but also to ensure the dynamic development of its production in a competitive environment. Ultimately, this involves knowing the sources of profit generation and finding methods for the best use of them.

There are three main sources of income:

1. The first source is formed due to the monopoly position of the enterprise in the production of a particular product or the uniqueness of the product. Maintaining this source at a relatively high level implies constant product updates. Here, one should take into account such counteracting forces as the antitrust policy of the state and the growing competition from other enterprises.

2. The second source is directly related to production and entrepreneurial activities. It applies to almost all businesses. The effectiveness of its use depends on the knowledge of market conditions and the ability to adapt the development of production to it. It all comes down to relevant marketing.

The amount of profit in this case depends, firstly, on the correct choice of the production direction of the enterprise for the production of products (the choice of products that are in stable and high demand); secondly, from the creation of competitive conditions for the sale of their goods and the provision of services (price, delivery time, customer service; after-sales service, etc.); thirdly, on the volume of production (the greater the volume of production, the greater the mass of profit); fourth, from the structure of production cost reduction;

3. The third source stems from the innovative activities of the enterprise. Its use involves the constant updating of products, ensuring their competitiveness, growth in sales volumes and an increase in the mass of profits.

Factors affecting the amount of profit

Profit is the main indicator of the break-even operation of the enterprise. It is referred to as indicators economic effect, but not efficiency, since the absolute amount of profit does not allow us to judge the return on investment. At the same time, the analysis of the dynamics of balance sheet profit, its growth rates in comparison with the dynamics of the value and growth of net profit is of considerable interest. The results of the analysis may indicate a decrease in the growth rate of net profit compared to the balance sheet and vice versa. Useful information can be gleaned from the analysis of the dynamics of the share of net profit in the balance sheet. If the share of net profit is growing, then this indicates the optimal amount of taxes paid, the interest of the enterprise in the results of work and efficient management.

Profit from the sale of products, works, services occupies the largest share in the structure of the balance sheet profit of the enterprise. Its value is formed under the influence of three main factors: the cost of production, the volume of sales and the level of current prices for products sold.

Production cost is the most important of the above factors. Quantitatively, it occupies a significant share in the price structure, so the cost reduction has a very noticeable effect on profit growth, all other things being equal. On the other hand, a decrease in costs on the scale of the national economy of the country indicates the level of management in general and reflects positive processes in the economy.

Many enterprises have subdivisions of economic services that analyze the cost price item by item and find ways to reduce it. But to a large extent, this work is depreciated by inflation and rising prices for raw materials and fuel and energy resources. In conditions of a sharp rise in prices and a lack of own working capital of enterprises, the possibility of profit growth as a result of cost reduction is excluded.

Increase sales volume in physical terms, other things being equal, leads to an increase in profits. Increasing production volumes of products that are in demand can be achieved with the help of capital investments, which requires the use of profits for the purchase of more productive equipment, the development of new technologies, and the expansion of production. This path is now difficult or almost impossible for many enterprises due to inflation, rising prices and the unavailability of long-term credit. Enterprises that have the means and opportunities to make capital investments actually increase their profits if they provide a return on investment above the rate of inflation.

It does not require capital expenditures to accelerate the turnover of working capital, which also leads to an increase in production volumes and product sales. However, inflation quickly devalues ​​working capital, enterprises are directing an increasing part of them to purchase raw materials and fuel and energy resources, buyers' non-payments and the required prepayment divert a significant part of the funds from buyers' turnover. The reasons for non-payments are not only a lack of working capital and the unstable financial situation of enterprises, but also low financial and settlement discipline, shortcomings in the banking system, and underdevelopment of bill circulation.

The profit of the enterprise is growing at a high rate, mainly due to rising prices. The average monthly growth rate, exceeding the growth rate of prices, testifies to the inflationary nature of the formation of profits. With an increase in production costs and a decrease in its output, profits grow due to constantly rising prices. The increase in price in itself is not a negative factor. It is quite justified if it is associated with an increase in demand for products, an improvement in the technical and economic parameters and consumer properties of products.

Since profit from the sale of products occupies the largest share in the structure of balance sheet profit, the analysis of the factors that determine it is important to identify growth reserves for all balance sheet profit.

With stable economic conditions management the main way to increase profits from the sale of products is to reduce the cost of material costs. This is especially important for manufacturing enterprises (engineering and metalworking, metallurgical, petrochemical), where the share of the cost of raw materials in the cost price is significantly higher than in similar enterprises in developed countries.

In the extractive industries, it is quite difficult to ensure profit growth by reducing the cost of mining due to natural causes. This can mainly be achieved due to an increase in production volumes.

In consumer-oriented industries, demand-driven production and sales volumes, as well as cost levels, are critical, without compromising the quality of consumer goods.

The amount of profit from the sale of products is affected by the composition and size of unrealized balances at the beginning and end of the reporting period. A significant amount of balances leads to an incomplete receipt of revenue and a shortfall in expected profit. The remaining unsold products are formed for the following reasons:

Part of the finished product naturally settles in the warehouse due to the need for its assembly, packaging, preparation for shipment, accumulation up to the size of the transport lot, and issuance of settlement documents;

The rest of the shipped goods, the due date for which has not come, may be formed when certain forms of calculation are applied. Full prepayment for shipped products excludes the formation of such residues and is practiced by many enterprises, but as a form of payment, it has its drawbacks;

The products were shipped and received by the buyer, but the latter legally refused to pay for it. The most likely reason for the refusal may be the supplier's failure to comply with the terms of the supply agreement.

The reserve for increasing the balance sheet profit may be the profit received from the sale of fixed assets and other property of the enterprise. Previously, operations related to the disposal of fixed assets did not have a significant impact on financial results. However, now that the enterprise has the right to dispose of its property, it makes sense to get rid of unnecessary and uninstalled equipment, having previously weighed what is more profitable - to sell it or rent it out. Other transactions, such as the donation of property, plant and equipment to an enterprise, are not charged to balance sheet income, but are recovered from net income held for savings.

The financial result from the sale of other property can be both positive and negative. It depends on the composition and sale price of the assets being sold. If we are talking about tangible assets, then one should proceed not only from the possibility of making a profit, but from the availability of reserves, which, due to changes in the economic situation, the range of products produced and for other reasons, turn out to be unnecessary or exceed the level sufficient for the planned output in size. .

Profit can be obtained from the sale of intangible assets that are in demand in the market. To calculate profit, the sale price excludes the costs associated with the creation or purchase of intangible assets, taking into account the costs of bringing them to a state in which they are able to generate income.

Securities are acquired by an enterprise for different purposes: the enterprise, quickly converting them into money, can make payments and settlements, repay obligations. It is possible to acquire securities only if there is reasonable confidence in the growth of their market value, then their sale will give a positive financial result. With a fall in the market value, it is almost impossible to sell these securities, and in the absence of income on them, such an investment of funds can be considered not assets, but losses.

2. Profit planning methods

Direct Count Method

The most important role of profit, which increases with the development of entrepreneurship, determines the need for its correct calculation. The successful financial and economic activity of the enterprise will depend on how reliably the planned profit is determined.

Profit planning is carried out separately for all types of activities of the organization:

From the sale of marketable products;

From the sale of other non-commercial products and services;

From the sale of fixed assets and other property;

From non-operating income and expenses.

Separate planning is due to differences in the methodology for calculating and taxing profits from various types of activities. In the process of developing financial plans, all factors affecting the amount of profit are taken into account, and financial results are modeled from the adoption of various management decisions. Consider the main methods of planning profit from the sale of marketable products.

Direct counting method - it is based on assortment calculation of profit from the production and sale of products. Profit is calculated as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products in the relevant prices and its full cost, excluding VAT and excises.

The volume of proceeds and the total cost of products sold are determined taking into account the carry-over balances of finished products at the beginning and end of the planning period. To calculate the profit from the sale of products according to the enlarged method, the universal formula is used:

The volume of products sold, calculated at sales prices and at full cost;

Remains of finished products in stock at the beginning and end of the planning period;

The volume of output of marketable products, calculated in two estimates.

After that, the profit from sales is calculated as the difference between the price and the cost: , where

Revenue from product sales;

Cost of goods sold.

Calculation of profit by the direct account method is simple and accessible. However, it does not allow to identify the influence of individual factors on the planned profit and, with a large range of products, is very laborious.

Analytical Method

The analytical method of profit planning is used for minor changes in the range of products. This method is applicable in the absence of inflationary growth in prices and costs. Its advantage is that it allows you to determine the influence of individual factors on the planned profit. Profit is determined not for each type of product manufactured in the planned year, but for all comparable products as a whole. The calculation of profit by the analytical method consists of three stages:

1. Determination of basic profitability , where

Expected profit for the reporting period;

The full cost of marketable products of the base year.

2. Calculation of the volume of marketable products in the planning period at the cost of the reporting year and the determination of profit on marketable products based on the basic profitability;

3. Accounting for the impact on the planned profit of various factors: reducing (increasing) the cost of production, improving its quality, changing the assortment, etc.

The profit plan for the next year is developed at the end of the reporting period. Therefore, to determine the basic profitability, reporting data for the past time (usually for nine months) and the expected fulfillment of the plan for the period remaining until the end of the year (for the IV quarter) are used.

Profit in the reporting period is taken in accordance with the level of prices in force at the end of the year. Therefore, if during the past year there were changes in prices or rates of value added tax and excises that affected the amount of profit, then they are taken into account when determining the expected profit for the entire reporting period, regardless of the time of the changes. If, for example, prices were increased from October 1 of the reporting year, then this increase should be extended to the entire period until October 1, since otherwise the level of profitability of the reporting year cannot serve as a baseline for the planned one.

Based on the level of basic profitability found in this way and the planned volume of marketable output at the cost of the reporting year, the profit of the planned year is calculated taking into account the influence of one factor - changes in the volume of comparable marketable output.

The advantage of this method is that it allows you to determine the influence of individual factors on the planned profit, but only if there are stable business conditions.

Leverage Efficiency Method

This profit planning method is based on the principle of dividing costs into fixed and variable costs. They are used to calculate contribution margin- additional profit received from the growth of sales proceeds with unchanged conditional fixed costs Oh. .

Conditionally variable costs are subtracted from the proceeds from the sale of products and marginal profit is obtained. Further, semi-fixed expenses are subtracted from the marginal profit and the financial result (profit or loss) is determined.

To do this, you need to find the break-even point. Breakeven point - this is the amount of revenue at which the company receives neither profit nor loss (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Determination of the break-even point

Three main lines show the dependence of variable costs, fixed costs and revenues on the volume of production. The point of critical production volume shows the volume of production at which the amount of proceeds from sales is equal to its full cost.

After determining the break-even point, profit planning is based on the effect of operating leverage, i.e. that stock financial strength, at which the enterprise can afford to reduce the volume of sales without leading to a loss. The effect of operating leverage is that any change in sales revenue results in an even larger change in profits. The action of this effect is associated with the disproportionate impact of conditionally fixed and conditionally variable costs on the financial result when the volume of production and sales changes. The higher the share of semi-fixed costs in the cost of production, the stronger the impact of operating leverage. Conversely, with an increase in sales volume, the share of semi-fixed costs in the cost price falls, and the impact of operating leverage decreases.

The method of operating leverage in modern conditions is widely used in profit planning. It opens the possibility for entrepreneurs to plan for the future the size of profit growth depending on economic success in the production of competitive products and to take appropriate measures in advance to change the value of variable and fixed costs in one direction or another.

3. Distribution and use of profit in the enterprise

The mechanism of the impact of finance on the economy, on its economic efficiency is not in production itself, but in distributive monetary relations. The nature of their impact on production depends on how the specific distribution system, forms and methods of its organization correspond to the objective needs of society, the level of development of the productive forces, the economic interests of the state, enterprises and each individual worker.

The distribution of profit is an integral and inseparable part of the general system of distribution relations. Specific forms and methods of profit distribution are constantly changing and developing with the growth social production and with the changing challenges facing the economy.

Essentially, the distribution of profits should be considered in three directions (Fig. 2).

The object of distribution is the balance sheet profit of the enterprise. Its distribution is understood as the direction of profit to the budget and according to the items of use in the enterprise. Legislatively, the distribution of profits is regulated in that part of it that goes to the budgets of different levels in the form of taxes and other obligatory payments. Determining the directions of spending the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, the structure of the articles of its use is within the competence of the enterprise.

The principles of profit distribution can be formulated as follows:

The profit received by the enterprise as a result of production, economic and financial activities is distributed between the state and the enterprise;

Profit for the state comes to the appropriate budgets in the form of taxes and fees, the rates of which cannot be arbitrarily changed;

The amount of the enterprise's profit remaining at its disposal after paying taxes should not reduce its interest in increasing the volume of production and improving the results of production, economic and financial activities;

The profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is primarily directed to accumulation, which ensures its further development, and only in the rest - to consumption.

At the enterprise, net profit is subject to distribution, i.e. profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes and other obligatory payments. The distribution of net profit reflects the process of formation of funds and reserves of the enterprise to finance the needs of production and the development of the social sphere.

In modern economic conditions, the state does not establish any standards for the distribution of profits, but through the procedure for granting tax incentives, it stimulates the direction of profits for capital investments of an industrial and non-productive nature, for charitable purposes, financing environmental protection measures, expenses for the maintenance of objects and institutions of the social sphere.

The distribution of net profit is one of the areas of intra-company planning, the importance of which in a market economy is growing. The procedure for the distribution and use of profits at the enterprise is fixed in the charter of the enterprise and is determined by the regulation, which is developed by the relevant divisions of economic services and approved by the governing body of the enterprise. In accordance with the charter of the enterprise, estimates of expenses financed from profits can be drawn up, or special funds can be formed: accumulation funds (production development fund or production, scientific, technical, social development fund) and consumption funds (material incentive fund).

The estimate of expenses financed from profits includes expenses for the development of production, for the social needs of the labor collective, for material incentives for employees and for charitable purposes.

The costs associated with the development of production include the costs of research, design, design and technological work, financing the development and development of new types of products and technological processes, the costs of improving technology and organizing production, upgrading equipment, costs associated with technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing production, expansion of enterprises. The same group includes expenses on repayment of long-term bank loans and interest on them. Contributions of enterprises from profits as contributions of founders to the creation of the authorized capital of other enterprises, funds transferred to unions, associations, concerns, which include the enterprise, are also considered to be the use of profits for development.

The distribution of profits for social needs includes expenses for the operation of social facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise, financing the construction of non-production facilities, organizing and developing subsidiary agriculture, and holding recreational, cultural and mass events.

The costs of material incentives include one-time incentives for the performance of particularly important production tasks, the payment of bonuses for the creation, development and implementation of new technology, the cost of providing material assistance to workers and employees, lump-sum benefits for labor veterans retiring, pension supplements.

All profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise is divided into two parts. The first part increases the property of the enterprise and participates in the process of accumulation, the second characterizes the share of profit used for consumption. At the same time, it is not necessary to use all the profits allocated for accumulation in full. The rest of the profit not used to increase the property has a reserve value and can be used in subsequent years to cover possible losses and finance various expenses.

The presence of retained earnings increases the financial stability of the enterprise, indicates the presence of a source for subsequent development.

II Settlement part

estimate I production costs of a limited liability company

Table 1

page no.	Cost item	Estimate option
		1.2.
		just for a year	including For the fourth quarter
1	2	3	4
1	Material costs (excluding returnable waste)	33000.00	8250.00
2	Labor costs	17440.00	4360.00
3	Depreciation of fixed assets*	1981.00	495.00
4	Other expenses - total,* including:	5914.00	1479.00
4.1.	a) paying interest on a short-term loan	360.00	100.00
4.2	b) taxes included in the cost,* including:	5294.00	1324.00
4.2.1.	unified social tax (26%)*	4534.00	1134.00
4.2.2.	other taxes	760.00	180.00
4.3.	c) rent payments and other expenses	260.00	65.00
5	Total production costs*	58335.00	14584.00
6	Written off to non-production accounts	715.00	267.00
7	Gross output costs*	57620.00	14405.00
8	Change in work-in-progress balances*	404.00	101.00
9	Change in deferred expense balances	20.00	5.00
10	Production cost of marketable products*	57196.00	14299.00
11	Non-manufacturing (commercial) expenses	5266.00	1413.00
12	Full cost of commercial products*	62462.00	15616.00
13	Marketable products at selling prices (excluding VAT and excises)	88000.00	24000.00
14	Profit for the production of marketable products*	25538.00	6385.00
15	Costs per 1 ruble of marketable products*	0.71	0.18

We fill in the table. 1. All enrollments for the fourth quarter are calculated by dividing "Total for the year" by 4.

item 3 - calculated in Table 3.

clause 4.1. ESN=17440*26%=4534

clause 4.2. Taxes included in the cost price = UST + other taxes = 4534+760= 5294

item 4 = 360+5294+260=5914

Clause 5 Total production costs = Mat. Costs + wages + depreciation + other expenses = 33000+17440+1981+5914=58533

item 7 Costs for gross output = 58335-715=57620

p.8 - calculated in table. ten

Clause 10 Production cost \u003d Costs for gross output - deferred balances - change in work in progress balances \u003d 57620-404-20 \u003d 57196

item 12 Full cost = item 10+ selling expenses = 57196+5266= 62462

item 14 Profit on the release of marketable products \u003d Marketable products at selling prices - item 12 \u003d 88000-62462 \u003d 25538

p.15 Costs per 1 ruble of marketable products = p.12 / p.13 = 62462/88000 = 0.71

table 2

Data for the calculation of depreciation charges for fixed production assets

The cost of fixed assets, on which depreciation is charged at the beginning of the year, is 15,530 thousand rubles.

The average annual cost of fully depreciated equipment (in current prices) is 1,030 thousand rubles. The weighted average depreciation rate is 14%.

Table 3

Calculation of the planned amount of depreciation and its distribution

page no.	Indicator	Amount thousand rubles
1	The cost of depreciable fixed assets at the beginning of the year	15530.00
2	Average annual cost of input fixed assets	3717.00
3	Average annual cost of retiring fixed assets	4067.00
4	Average annual cost of fully depreciated equipment (in current prices)	1030.00
5	Average annual cost of depreciated fixed assets (in current prices) - total	14150.00
6	Average depreciation rate	0.14
7	Amount of depreciation deductions - total	1981.00
8	The use of depreciation deductions for cap. investments	1981.00

item 1 - data of table 2 - 15530

item 2 = ((4100*(12-2))/12)+((3600*(12-11))/12)=3417+300=3717

item 3 = ((6360*(12-5))/12)+((1070*(12-8))/12)=3710+357=4067

item 4 - data of table 2 - 1030

p.5 = 15530+3717-4067-1030=14150

p.7 \u003d 14150 * 14% \u003d 1981

Table 4

Data for the calculation of sales volume and profit

page no.	Indicator	budget option 1.2.
1	2	3
1
1.1.		2500.00
1.2.		1950.00
2
2.1.	a) in days of stock	7
2.2.	b) in current prices (excluding VAT and excises)*	1867.00
2.3.	c) at production cost *	1112.00
Other income and expenses
3	Proceeds from the sale of retired property	7600.00
4	Income received from securities (bonds)	940.00
5	Profit from equity participation in the activities of other enterprises	866.00
6	Expenses from the sale of retired property	5340.00
7	Percentage to be paid*	576.00
8	Bank service charges	70.00
9	Income from other operations	10960.00
10	Expenses on other operations	9100
11		1504
12	Maintenance of social facilities - total,* including:	1220
12.1.	a) health care institutions	200
12.2.	b) preschool institutions	730
12.3.	c) maintenance of a boarding house	290
13	R&D expenses	200

* Define

clause 2.2. \u003d Commercial products in selling prices * clause 2.1. / 90 \u003d 24000 * 7/90 \u003d 1867;

clause 2.3. \u003d Production cost * clause 2.1./90 \u003d 1112;

item 7. from Table 8 - 576;

item 12 = item 12.1+ 12.2+12.3= 200+730+290= 1220.

Table 5

Calculation of the volume of products sold and profit

page no.	Indicator	Amount thousand rubles
1	2	3
1	Actual balances of unsold products at the beginning of the year
1.1.	a) in the prices of the base year, excluding VAT and excises	2500.00
1.2.	b) at production cost	1950.00
1.3.	c) profit	550.00
2	Release of marketable products (performance of works, provision of services)
2.1.		88000.00
2.2.	b) at full cost	62462.00
2.3.	c) profit	25538.00
3	Planned balances of unsold products at the end of the year
3.1.	a) in days of stock	7
3.2.	b) in current prices without VAT and excises	1867.00
3.3.	c) at production cost	1112.00
3.4.	d) profit	755.00
4	Sales volume of products in the planned year
4.1.	a) in current prices without VAT and excises	88633.00
4.2.	b) at full cost	63300.00
4.3.	c) profit from the sale of marketable products (works, services)	25333.00

Table 6

Indicators for capital construction

Table 7

Data for calculating the need for working capital

page no.	Indicator	Estimate option
1	2	3
1	Change in deferred expenses	20.00
2	Growth of sustainable liabilities	230.00
3	Standard at the beginning of the year:
3.1.	Productive reserves	3935.00
3.2.	Unfinished production	236.00
3.3.	Future spending	15.00
3.4.	Finished products	501.00
4	Stock rates in days:
4.1.	Productive reserves	45
4.2.	Unfinished production	4
4.3.	Finished goods	7

Table 8

Calculation of funding sources cap. investments, thousand rubles

page no.	Source	Capital investments for production purposes	Capital investments for non-production purposes
1	2	3	4
1	Appropriations from the budget
2	Profit directed to cap. investments	2750.00	2250.00
3	Depreciation deductions for fixed production assets	1981.00
4	Planned savings according to the estimate for construction and installation work performed by an economic method	329.00
5	Receipts of funds for housing construction in the order of share participation	710.00
6	Other sources
7	Long-term bank loan	3040.00	160.00	3200.00
8	Total investments in non-current assets	8100.00	3120.00
9	Loan interest payable (at the rate of 18% per annum)	547.00	29.00	576.00

p.4 Planned savings according to the estimate for construction and installation work = the volume of construction and installation work performed by households. way * norm plans. savings = 3500 * 9.41% = 329;

p.7 Long-term loan = cap. production costs. destination - profit per cap. investments - depreciation - plans. deductions according to the estimate for construction and installation work = 8100 - 2750 - 1981- 329 = 3040;

Long-term loan = cap. non-production costs. destination - profit - receipts of funds for housing. construction = 3120 - 2250 - 710 = 160;

item 9 we find 18% of the value of a long-term loan:

3040*18% = 547;

Table 9

Profit distribution data

** Make your own decision on this indicator

Table 10

Calculation of the need for working capital

page no.	Expenditures	Standard at the beginning of the year, thousand rubles	Costs IV., thousand rubles, total	Costs IV., thousand rubles/day	Inventory rates in days	Standard at the end of the year, thousand rubles	Growth (+), decrease (-)
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1	Productive reserves	3935.00	8250.00	92	45	4140	205
2	Unfinished production	236.00	14405.00	160	4	640	404
3	Future spending	15.00	X	X	X	35	20
4	Finished goods	501.00	14299.00	159.00	7	1113	612
5	Total	4687.00	X	X	X	5928	1241
Sources of growth
6	Sustainable Liabilities						230.00
7	Profit						1011.00

Table 11

Data for the calculation of sources of financing for the social sphere and R&D

Table 12

Draft income statement

page no.	Indicator	Amount, thousand rubles
1	2	3
1. Income and expenses from ordinary activities
1	Revenue (net) from the sale of products in the planned year	88633.00
2	Cost of goods sold in the planned year	63300.00
3	Profit (loss) from sale	25333.00
2. Operating expenses and income
4	Interest receivable	940.00
5	Percentage to be paid	70.00
6	Other operating income	7600.00
7	Other operating expenses	5340.00
8	Income from participation in other organizations	866.00
Total		3996.00
3. Other income and expenses
9	Other income	10960.00
10	Other expenses - total, including:	12024.00
10.1.	a) maintenance of health care facilities	200
10.2.	b) maintenance of preschool institutions	730
10.3.	c) maintenance of a boarding house	290
10.4.	d) R&D expenses	200
10.5.	e) taxes attributable to the financial result	1504
10.6.	f) other expenses	9100
Total		-1064.00
11	Profit (loss) of the planned year	28265.00

Table 13

Income tax calculation

page no.	Indicator	Amount thousand rubles
1	2	3
1	Profit - total, including:	28265.00
1.1.	Profit taxable at 9%	866.00
1.2.	income taxable at the rate of 20%	27399.00
2	The amount of tax payable at the rate of 20% - total, including:	5480.00
2.1.	to the federal budget - 2%	548.00
2.2.	to the budget of the subject of the Federation - 18%	4932.00
2.3.	to the local budget
3	The amount of tax payable at the rate of 9% - total, including:	173.00
3.1.	to the federal budget	17.00
3.2.	to the budget of the subject of the Federation	156.00
3.3.	to the local budget
4	The total amount of tax to the federal budget	565.00
5	The total amount of tax to the budget of the subject of the Federation	5088.00
6	The total amount of tax to the local budget
7	Total amount of income tax (at the rates of 20% and 9%)	5653.00
8	Profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise after paying income tax (at the rates of 20% and 9%)	22612.00

The calculation of income tax is made in accordance with Article 284 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation:

The tax rate is set at 20 percent, except for the cases provided for by paragraphs 2-5 of this article. Wherein:

The amount of tax calculated at a tax rate of 2 percent is credited to the federal budget;

The amount of tax calculated at a tax rate of 18 percent is credited to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Table 14

Profit distribution of the planned year

page no.	Indicator	Amount, thousand rubles
1	2	3
1	Total profit	28265.00
2	Contributions to the reserve fund	3000.00
3	Cap. investments for production purposes (reconstruction of the workshop)	2750.00
4	Cap. investments for non-production purposes (construction of a residential building)	2250.00
5	Deductions to the consumption fund - total, including:	3020.00
5.1.	a) for the payment of material assistance to employees of the enterprise	1120.00
5.2.	b) cheaper food in the canteen	1000.00
5.3.	c) to pay remuneration at the end of the year	900.00
6	Increase in working capital	1011.00
7	Taxes paid out of profits	980.00
8	Income tax 20%	5480.00
9	Tax on other income 9%	173.00
10	Repayment of a long-term loan	576.00
11	Remaining retained earnings before dividend payment	9025.00
12	Payment of dividends*	9025.00
13	Retained earnings after dividend payment

Table 15

Checking the correspondence of income and expenses

page no.	Sales proceeds	Targeted funding	Receipts from parents for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions	Growth of sustainable liabilities	Operating income	Non-operating income	Accumulation for construction and installation work performed by an economic method			Release of the environment from circulation (mobilization)	Obtaining new loans, credits	Profit	Total expenses
														Income
														Expenses
														1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
														1	Expenses	56025	56025
														2		13431
														2.1.	Taxes included in the cost of production	5294	5294
														2.2.	income tax	5653	5653
2.3.	Taxes paid from profits remaining at the disposal of the enterprise	980	980
2.4.	Taxes attributable to financial results	1504	1504
3	Payments from the consumption fund (material assistance, etc.)	3020	3020
4		230	1011	1241
5	Cap. industrial investments	1981	329	3040	2750	8100
6	Cap. non-productive investments	710	160	2250	3120
7	R&D costs	200	200	400
8	Operating expenses	5340	5340
9	other expenses	9100	9100
10	Maintenance of social facilities	100	50	1220	1370
11		576	576
12		70	70
13	Payment of dividends	9025	9025
14	Contributions to the reserve fund	3000	3000
15	Profit	25333	3996	-1064	28265
16	Total income	88633	100	50	230	9406	10960	329	200	710	3200	113818

Table 16

Balance of income and expenses (financial plan)

Line cipher	Sections and balance sheet items	Amount thousand rubles
1	2	3
001	I. Income (cash inflow)
002	A. From current activities
003	Proceeds from the sale of products, works, services (without VAT, excises and customs duties)	88633
004	Other income - total, including:
005	earmarked funds	100
006	income from parents for the maintenance of children in preschool institutions	50
007	Growth of sustainable liabilities	230
008	Results for Section A	89013
009	B. From investment activities
010	Revenue from other sales (excluding VAT)	7600
011	Income from other operations	10960
012	Savings for construction and installation works performed by an economic method	329
013	Funds from customers under R&D contracts	200
014	Funds received in the order of equity participation in housing construction	710
015	Release of funds from circulation
016	Results for Section B	19799
017	B. From financial activities
018	Increase the authorized capital
019	Income from financial investments	1806
020	Increase in debt - total, including:
021	obtaining new loans, credits	3200
022	bond issue
023	Results for Section B	5006
024	Total income	113818
025	II. Expenses (cash outflow)
026	A. Current activities
027	Production costs of sold products (excluding depreciation and taxes charged to cost)	56025
028	Payments to the budget - total, including:
029	taxes included in the cost of production	5294
030	total income tax	5653
031	taxes paid on profits remaining at the disposal of enterprises	980
032	income tax	1504
033	payments from the consumption fund (material assistance, etc.)	3020
034	Growth of own working capital	1241
035	Total for Section A	73717
036	B. For investment activities
037	Investments in fixed assets and intangible assets - total, of which:
038	cap. industrial investments	8100
039	cap. non-productive investments	3120
040	R&D costs	400
041	payments for leasing operations
042	long-term financial investments
043	other sales expenses	5340
044	expenses on other operations	9100
045	maintenance of social facilities	1370
046
047	Total for Section B	27430
048	B. Financial activities
049	Repayment of long-term loans	576
050	Payment of interest on long-term loans	70
051	Short-term financial investments
052	Payment of dividends	9025
053	Contributions to the reserve fund	3000
054
055	Total for Section B	12671
056	Total expenses	113818
057	Exceeding income on expenses (+)
058	Excess of expenses over income (-)
059	Current activity balance	15296
060	Investment activity balance	-7631
061	Balance on financial activities	-7665

Explanatory note

Let's summarize the structure of income and expenses from various activities in the table:

In the composition of income, the main share is brought by income from current activities (78% of all income), and the income from the main activity consists entirely of revenue (77.8% of the organization's income). A significant part of the income was received from investment activities - 17%. Of these 17% income from other operations is 15.4%.

In the coming year, the organization planned to attract a loan in the amount of 3200 thousand rubles. at a rate of 18% per annum for investments in non-current assets. The need for a faster repayment of the loan will depend on the efficiency of the use of funds by the enterprise. To do this, we calculate the efficiency of current activities - this will be the ratio of income from current activities to expenses for current activities:

89013/73717= 1,2

This means that every ruble invested in the main activity will bring an income of 20 kopecks. for the planned period. A relatively small amount of borrowed funds (3% of all receipts) indicates a low dependence of the enterprise on external financing. The enterprise has the potential to attract additional external financial sources if necessary.

Basically, the organization receives income from the main (current activity), i.e. sale of the main products.

In the structure of expenses, a large share is also occupied by expenses from current activities - 64%. The profit received by the enterprise is distributed as follows: taxes - 13431, contributions to the consumption fund - 3020, reconstruction of the workshop - 8100, construction of a residential building - 3120, repayment of a long-term loan - 576, payment of dividends - 9025 and contributions to the reserve fund - 3000.

The positive balance was ensured only by the current activity - +15296 - which is a good indicator that ensures the stability of the enterprise.

The negative balance on investment activity - -7631 shows that the company makes capital investments and finances them, including from income from current activities. Sources of financing capital investments are profits allocated for investments in non-current assets, depreciation deductions for fixed production assets, planned savings according to estimates for construction and installation work performed in an economic way, funds for housing construction in the form of equity participation, a long-term bank loan.

The negative balance on financial activities - -7665 arose as a result of the payment of dividends, deductions to the reserve fund of 3000 rubles. to ensure stable operations, as well as to pay interest on a long-term loan. It is necessary to reduce the size of these payments and allocate funds for the development of production in order to increase the property of the enterprise.

Conclusion

Profit is one of the key indicators of the success of financial and economic activities. Since the factors of its formation, and those are certain types income and expenses, a lot.

Attention should be focused on the importance of profit for the activities of the enterprise, as well as the state as a whole. Profit must be considered not only from the side of the quantitative nature of its measurement, that is, not only to calculate it correctly (profit is the excess of gross income over gross expenses), but also to be able to handle profit, that is, use it as one of the main, universal financial indicators for planning and evaluating the economic activities of the company.

It should also be noted the great influence of the size of profits on the financing of scientific, technical and socio-cultural development, as well as an increase in the wage fund. If the enterprise has a loss, then the financing of these items may be reduced, there will be interruptions in financing, or it may stop altogether. Profit is not only a source of ensuring the intra-economic needs of enterprises, but is becoming increasingly important in the formation of budgetary resources, extra-budgetary and charitable funds.

Task government controlled, realized mainly on the basis of taxation, is to maintain the stability of the growth of budget revenues, to promote economic growth in enterprises.

Bibliography

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2. Financial Management: Textbook / Ed. I.G. Kukukina. - M.: Jurist, 2003;

3. Finance: Textbook / Ed. A.M. Babich, L.N. Pavlova. - M.: FBK-PRESS, 2000;

4. Financial management: cost approach: Textbook / Ed. I.V. Ivanova, V.V. Baranov. – M.: Alpina Business Books, 2007

5. Finance of organizations: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.V. Kovalev. – M.: Prospekt, 2005;

6. Finance of enterprises: Textbook / Ed. E.I. Borodina, N.V. Kolchina. - M .: Banks and stock exchanges, 2002;

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Profit planning is an integral part of financial planning and an important area of ​​financial and economic work in a tourism enterprise. Separately for all activities of the tourist organization, profit planning is carried out. Not only does this make planning easier, but it also matters for the expected amount of income tax, since some activities are not subject to income tax, while others are taxed at higher rates. In the process of developing profit plans, it is important not only to take into account all the factors that affect the magnitude of possible financial results, but also ensure maximum profit.

The object of planning is the planned elements of balance sheet profit, mainly profit from the provision of tourist services. The basis for the calculation is the volume of the production program, which is based on customer orders and business contracts.

Profit is planned separately by type, namely:

Profit from the provision of tourist services;

Profit from the sale of other services;

Profit from the sale of fixed assets;

Profit from the sale of other property and property rights;

Profit from payment for services rendered, etc.;

Profit (loss) from non-sales operations.

The main methods of profit planning are:

Direct count method;

Analytical method;

Method of combined calculation.

Direct Count Method

It is used, as a rule, with a small range of services offered. Its essence is that the profit is calculated as the difference between the revenue from the services rendered in the relevant prices, excluding VAT and excises, and its full cost. The calculation of the planned profit (P) is carried out according to the formula:

P \u003d (O? C) - (O? C) (1.5),

where O is the volume of sales of tourist services in the planned period in physical terms;

P - price per unit of service (net of VAT and excises);

C is the total cost per unit of service.

Profit from the provision of services (PO) is planned on the basis of the cost estimate for the formation and implementation of tourist services, which determines the cost of the sale of services for the planned period:

Pou = Tsru - Sru (1.6),

where Tsru is the cost of selling services for the planned period at current selling prices (excluding VAT, excises, trade and sales discounts);

Sru -- the full cost of the implementation of tourist services of the planned period.

Profit on services sold (Pru) in general terms is calculated by the formula:

Pru = I lie - Cru (1.7),

where Vru is the planned revenue from the sale of tourist services in current prices (excluding VAT, excises, trade and marketing discounts);

Сру - the full cost of services sold in the coming period.

In more detail, the profit from the volume of tourism services sold in the planned period is determined by the formula:

Pru \u003d Pon + Ptp - Pok (1.8),

where Mon is the sum of the profit of the balances of unsold tourist services at the beginning of the planning period;

Pru -- profit from the volume of services sold in the planning period;

So far - profit from the balance of unsold tourist services at the end of the planning period.

This calculation method is applicable to the enlarged direct method of profit planning, when it is easy to determine the volume of tourism services sold in prices and at cost.

Analytical Method

This method is used with a large range of services offered, and also as an addition to the direct method, as it allows you to identify the influence of individual factors on the planned profit. With the analytical method, profit is calculated not for each type of service offered in the planned year, but for all services as a whole. Profit on incomparable services is determined separately. The calculation of profit by the analytical method includes three successive stages:

1) the definition of basic profitability as a private division of the expected profit for the reporting year by the full cost of comparable services for the same period;

2) calculation of the volume of marketable products in the planning period at the cost of the reporting year and determination of profit for the provision of tourist services based on the basic profitability;

3) taking into account the impact on the planned profit of various factors: reducing the cost of comparable tourist services, improving its quality, changing the range, prices, etc.

After performing the calculations for all three stages, the profit from the services rendered is determined.

In addition to profit from the rendered tourist services, as noted earlier, profit from the provision of other services, profit from the sale of fixed assets and other property, as well as planned non-operating income and expenses, are included in the profit.

Profit from other sales is planned using the direct counting method. The result from other implementation can be both positive and negative.

Profit (loss) from traditional items of non-operating income and expenses (fines, penalties, forfeits, etc.) is determined, as a rule, based on the experience of past years.

After calculating the profit (loss) for other types of activities, as well as non-operating income and expenses, and taking into account the profit from the rendered tourist services, the gross (total) profit of the tourist enterprise is determined.

Combined calculation method

In this case, elements of the first and second methods are applied. Thus, the cost of providing tourist services in the prices of the planned year and at the cost of the reporting year is determined by the direct calculation method, and the impact on the planned profit of such factors as changes in cost, quality improvement, changes in assortment, prices, etc., is identified using the analytical method.

Receiving a certain amount of profit determines the efficiency of the provision of services, but the amount of profit itself does not characterize how efficiently the tourism enterprise works. To do this, it is necessary to "weigh" the mass of profits against the costs of the tourist enterprise. These goals are met by the indicator of profitability. Profitability is a relative indicator of the effectiveness of service delivery, characterizing the level of return on costs and the degree of use of resources, expressed as a percentage. The basis for constructing profitability ratios is the ratio of profit (most often, net profit is included in the calculation of profitability indicators) either to the funds spent, or to sales proceeds, or to the assets of the enterprise. Thus, the profitability ratios show the degree of efficiency of the tourist enterprise.

The order of distribution of a tourist organization is largely determined by its organizational and legal form. At the same time, the main requirement that is presented today to the system of distribution of profits remaining in the organization is that it must provide financial resources for the needs of expanded reproduction on the basis of establishing an optimal ratio between funds allocated for consumption and accumulation.

When distributing profits, i.e. determining the main directions of its use, first of all, the state of the competitive environment is taken into account, which may dictate the need for a significant expansion and renewal of the production potential of the tourist organization. In accordance with this, the scale of deductions from profits to the production development fund is determined, the resources of which are intended to finance capital investments, increase working capital, ensure research activities, introduce new technologies, switch to progressive labor methods, etc.

The general scheme for the distribution of profits of a tourist organization can be represented by an equation of the following form:

Pch = Fr + Fn + Fp (1.9),

where Fr - reserve fund (rubles), intended to cover unforeseen losses caused by natural disasters and balance sheet losses. The formation of reserve funds in enterprises of various organizational and legal forms has some differences. Thus, the size of the reserve fund of a joint-stock company must comply with the constituent documents and be at least 15% of the authorized capital. It is in these amounts that the taxable profit of the joint-stock company decreases.

Fn - the accumulation fund (rubles), formed at the expense of profit, is used to expand the tourism business. The funds of the fund are spent on the acquisition and construction of buildings, structures, equipment and technologies, and other expenses are predominantly repayable: funds invested in fixed capital lead to an increase in the value of the property of a tourist organization.

Фп - consumption fund (rubles), used to finance social needs and material incentives for employees: payment of bonuses not related to performance indicators (for long-term work, in connection with the anniversary, etc.); provision of material assistance; payment for vouchers, treatment, medicines for employees and their family members; payment of dividends, etc. Fund expenses are non-refundable.

There is a simpler option for using net profit - without the formation of planned accumulation and consumption funds. However, in large tourist organizations, their presence helps to rationally allocate financial resources and exercise control over them. efficient use. It is important to note that each tourist organization independently distributes net profit, taking into account the internal business policy. The market strategy of the company determines the directions of expenses of the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, as well as the structure of the articles of its use. The procedure for the distribution and use of profits of a tourist organization is fixed in its charter and is determined by the regulation, which is developed by the relevant departments of economic and financial services and approved by the governing body of the tourism organization.